185:
31:
58:
261:
273:, the last Sejm of the Commonwealth, in the presence of Russian forces, agreed to the Russian and Prussian territorial demands. The Grodno Sejm became infamous not only as the last sejm of the Commonwealth, but because its deputies had been bribed and coerced by the Russians (Russia and Prussia wanted legal sanction from Poland for their demands).
268:
On 23 January 1793, Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked and both countries would receive broad swaths of
Commonwealth territory. Russian and Prussian troops took control of the territories they claimed, with Russian troops already present, and Prussian
425:
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king, Stanisław August
Poniatowski, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support. The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support. In March 1794 the
276:
Imperial Russia annexed 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi), while
Prussia took 58,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi). The Commonwealth lost about 307,000 km, being reduced to 215,000 km.
443:
449:
240:, however, saw those events as an opportunity to strengthen his country. Frederick demanded from Catherine that for his country's abandoning Poland as a close ally, for Prussian participation in the
1126:
1101:
414:
161:
By 1790, on the political front, the
Commonwealth had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was forced into an alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The
143:
360:
1121:
309:
388:
1131:
1116:
165:
of 1790 was signed, giving false hope that the
Commonwealth might have at last found an ally that would shield it while it reformed itself. The
1080:
317:
173:. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. The Empress
1041:
973:
914:
867:
798:
761:
721:
687:
653:
552:
518:
485:
399:. This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 23 September or 25 September (sources vary). Prussia organized its newly acquired territories into
396:
372:
364:
368:
115:
36:
376:
252:, Prussia should be compensated – preferably with parts of the Polish territory. Russia soon decided to accept the Prussian offer.
232:
Russia invaded Poland to ensure the defeat of the Polish reforms, with no overt goal of another partition (it viewed Poland as its
237:
226:
169:
enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of the
200:
123:
1111:
225:
a defensive war with some measure of success, but were ordered to abandon their efforts by their supreme commander, King
162:
1136:
248:, because Russia had encouraged Prussian participation, and because Prussia had recently suffered a major defeat at the
889:Сергей А. Тархов. "Изменение административно-территориального деления за последние 300 лет". (Sergey A. Tarkhov.
184:
264:
The Treaty of Grodno between
Prussia and Poland (a French edition), later referred to as the Second Partition Treaty
406:
The
Commonwealth lost about 5 million people; only about 4 million people remained in the Polish–Lithuanian lands.
241:
166:
454:
431:
380:
313:
151:
221:. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, the badly outnumbered Polish pro-Constitution forces fought under Prince
127:
1106:
427:
320:. This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 22 July. Russia reorganized its newly acquired territories into
293:
333:
204:
189:
597:
The
Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor eastern states, China, Japan
245:
222:
119:
107:
356:
329:
305:
174:
30:
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601:
344:
297:
203:
in
Defense of the Constitution, the Polish forces supporting the Constitution fought against the
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321:
301:
285:
1033:
963:
904:
788:
677:
504:
392:
289:
753:
57:
544:
The Price of
Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
249:
193:
510:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
384:
1028:
A question of honor: the Kościuszko Squadron : the forgotten heroes of World War II
891:
Changes of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Russia in the past 300 years
595:
150:) in a short-lived attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland, the
218:
131:
1095:
1026:
400:
229:. The King decided to join the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russians.
410:
233:
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260:
857:
827:
508:
1021:
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170:
147:
430:
began. The defeat of the Uprising in November that year resulted in the final
181:
then at high tide in France, Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792.
178:
111:
211:, known as the Targowica Confederation. The conservative nobility (see also,
348:
352:
325:
213:
480:. Vol. I (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 394.
413:
with a puppet king, and Russian garrisons keeping an eye on the reduced
236:, and saw little need to give up chunks of Poland to other countries).
208:
139:
259:
183:
1002:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–159. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
790:
Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture
269:
troops meeting only limited resistance. In 1793, deputies to the
62:
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the first two partitions
177:
was angered; arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical
130:
of 1792, and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries, the
965:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
679:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
645:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
450:
Administrative division of Polish territories after partitions
444:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
829:
Dzieje Polski: od czasów najdawniejszych do chwili bieżącej
217:) believed that the Russians would help them restore their
1087:
The Web Chronology Project: The Second Partition of Poland
478:
God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795
499:
497:
92:
84:
76:
71:
44:
23:
1025:
745:
851:
849:
847:
862:. Społeczny Inst. Wydawniczy Znak. p. 703.
716:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182.
648:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103.
207:, invited by the pro-Russian alliance of Polish
906:The German Myth of the East:1800 to the Present
1127:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
968:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–98.
821:
819:
817:
713:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
409:What was left of the Commonwealth was a small
943:. CUP Archive. p. 152. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
8:
903:Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius (27 August 2009).
782:
780:
434:, ending the existence of the Commonwealth.
859:Boże igrzysko. 1. Od początków do roku 1795
547:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 128.
1102:1793 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
682:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
328:Viceroyalty (which in 1795 was split into
962:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
909:. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
676:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
642:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
471:
469:
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20:
1024:; Stanley Cloud (16 September 2003).
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192:1792, Polish withdrawal; painting by
7:
1081:The Period of Partitions (1772–1918)
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138:. The division was ratified by the
1122:Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
1066:Tadeusz Cegielski, Łukasz Kądziela
114:) that ended the existence of the
14:
996:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
937:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
744:Norman Davies (20 January 1998).
122:occurred in the aftermath of the
39:after the Second Partition (1793)
1068:, Rozbiory Polski 1772–1793–1795
832:. Księgarnia Polska. p. 152
710:H. M. Scott (15 November 2001).
56:
29:
1132:Frederick William II of Prussia
999:The Cambridge History of Poland
940:The Cambridge History of Poland
513:. EJJ Books. pp. 186–187.
238:Frederick William II of Prussia
1117:Treaties of the Russian Empire
116:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
37:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
594:Henry Smith Williams (1904).
541:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001).
600:. Outlook Company. pp.
227:Stanisław August Poniatowski
446:in the course of partitions
377:Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship
1153:
787:Richard C. Frucht (2005).
242:War of the First Coalition
201:Polish–Russian War of 1792
124:Polish–Russian War of 1792
104:Second Partition of Poland
24:Second Partition of Poland
752:. HarperCollins. p.
455:Third Partition of Poland
432:Third Partition of Poland
314:Brest Litovsk Voivodeship
67:
55:
48:
28:
793:. ABC-CLIO. p. 16.
167:May Constitution of 1791
476:Davies, Norman (2005).
334:Volhynian Viceroyalties
128:Targowica Confederation
16:1793 division of Poland
856:Norman Davies (1991).
381:Inowrocław Voivodeship
310:Nowogródek Voivodeship
265:
196:
826:Adam Nowicki (1945).
318:Volhynian Voivodeship
263:
205:Imperial Russian Army
187:
1112:Partitions of Poland
397:Masovian Voivodeship
246:revolutionary France
163:Polish-Prussian Pact
118:by 1795. The second
1137:Catherine the Great
428:Kościuszko Uprising
387:, and parts of the
365:Sieradz Voivodeship
357:Gniezno Voivodeship
306:Vilnius Voivodeship
304:, and parts of the
294:Bracław Voivodeship
146:) in 1793 (see the
142:Polish parliament (
389:Kraków Voivodeship
369:Kalisz Voivodeship
361:Poznań Voivodeship
340:Prussian Partition
298:Podole Voivodeship
266:
197:
190:battle of Zieleńce
136:Kingdom of Prussia
106:was the second of
72:Territorial losses
1043:978-0-375-41197-7
1032:. Knopf. p.
975:978-0-521-55917-1
916:978-0-19-161046-2
869:978-83-7006-400-6
800:978-1-57607-800-6
763:978-0-06-097468-8
748:Europe: A History
723:978-0-521-79269-1
689:978-0-521-55917-1
655:978-0-521-55917-1
554:978-0-415-25490-8
520:978-0-7818-0637-4
487:978-0-19-925339-5
373:Płock Voivodeship
322:Minsk Viceroyalty
302:Minsk Voivodeship
281:Russian Partition
223:Józef Poniatowski
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50:Cumulative losses
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1070:, Warszawa 1990
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393:Rawa Voivodeship
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290:Kiev Voivodeship
256:Partition treaty
188:Scene after the
152:Third Partition.
108:three partitions
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1061:Further reading
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250:Battle of Valmy
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96:250,000 km
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1083:– resources
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271:Grodno Sejm
199:During the
171:Repnin Sejm
148:Grodno Sejm
112:annexations
1096:Categories
1049:10 January
1006:10 January
806:10 January
461:References
179:Jacobinism
157:Background
85:To Prussia
981:8 January
769:8 January
729:8 January
695:8 January
661:8 January
608:8 January
560:8 January
526:13 August
421:Aftermath
120:partition
102:The 1793
93:To Russia
507:(1998).
438:See also
330:Podolian
326:Izyaslav
316:and the
244:against
214:szlachta
209:magnates
134:and the
126:and the
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875:23 July
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140:coerced
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353:Toruń
77:Total
1051:2012
1038:ISBN
1008:2012
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970:ISBN
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924:2013
911:ISBN
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864:ISBN
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610:2013
562:2013
549:ISBN
528:2011
515:ISBN
482:ISBN
415:army
395:and
332:and
324:and
300:and
288:the
144:Sejm
35:The
754:719
604:–91
336:).
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