36:
47:
376:
500:. In the first step, the tissue is stained with a basic fuchsin solution, which stains all cells pink. In the second step, the tissue is incubated in an acid alcohol solution, which decolorizes all cells except for acid-fast cells, which retain the color and appeared as red. The mechanisms by which this color is produced are not well understood, but it is thought that the interaction of the basic
1512:
474:
362:
discovered the etiology of tuberculosis. Soon after Koch's discovery, Paul
Ehrlich developed a stain for mycobacterium tuberculosis, called the alum hematoxylin stain. Franz Ziehl then altered Ehrlich's staining technique by using carbolic acid as the mordant. Friedrich Neelsen kept Ziehl's choice of
315:
enters the body and goes to the lungs where the spores turn into yeast. The yeast gets into the blood stream and affects lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Usually people do not get sick from inhaling the spores, but if they do they usually have flu like symptoms. Another variation on this
296:
Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a type of narrow spectrum fungal stain. Narrow spectrum fungal stains are selective, and they can help differentiate and identify fungi. The results of Ziehl–Neelsen staining is variable because many fungal cell walls are not acid fast. An example of a common type of
265:
bacterium that typically infects the human lungs. Testing for TB includes blood testing, skin tests, and chest X-rays. When looking at the smears for TB, it is stained using an acid-fast stain. These acid-fast organisms like
464:
Studies have shown that an AFB stain without a culture has a poor negative predictive value. An AFB culture should be performed along with an AFB stain; this has a much higher negative predictive value.
2001:
363:
mordant but changed the primary stain to carbol fuchsin. Ziehl and
Neelsen's modifications together have developed the Ziehl–Neelsen stain. Another acid-fast stain was developed by
1342:
Ahmed, Gehan
Mohammed; Mohammed, Ali Seed Ahmed; Taha, Albadawi Abdulbagi; Almatroudi, Ahmad; Allemailem, Khaled S.; Babiker, Ali Yousif; Alsammani, Mohamed Alkhatim (2019-03-24).
334:. Some free endospores can be confused with small yeasts, so staining is used to identify the unknown fungi. It is also useful in the identification of some protozoa, namely
1409:
1994:
481:
The mechanism of action of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is not completely understood, but it is thought to involve a chemical reaction between the acidic dyes and the
1344:"Comparison of the Microwave-Heated Ziehl-Neelsen Stain and Conventional Ziehl-Neelsen Method in the Detection of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Lymph Node Biopsies"
1853:
367:
by using the Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique but removing the heating step from the procedure. This new stain from
Kinyoun was named the Kinyoun stain.
155:
1987:
270:
contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell walls called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as a
203:, respectively. Non-acid-fast bacteria and other cellular structures will be colored by the counterstain, allowing for clear differentiation.
2480:
1930:
676:
634:
383:
A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.
493:. This results in the selective staining of only those cells that have a high density of cell wall material, such as acid-fast bacteria.
2294:
780:
1252:
1110:
1085:
1126:
Youngberg, George A.; Wallen, Ellen D. B.; Giorgadze, Tamar A. (November 2003). "Narrow-spectrum histochemical staining of fungi".
2538:
2448:
1554:
1267:
698:
191:, acid-fast bacteria are observable as vivid red or pink rods set against a blue or green background, depending on the specific
1656:
2543:
2356:
2130:
880:
251:
causes tuberculosis in cattle. Since tuberculosis can be spread to humans, milk is pasteurized to kill any of the bacteria.
1516:
35:
1748:
568:
2351:
2314:
2299:
173:
1885:
46:
1424:
162:
1915:
1789:
613:
Talbot, Elizabeth A.; Raffa, Brittany J. (2015-01-01), Tang, Yi-Wei; Sussman, Max; Liu, Dongyou; Poxton, Ian (eds.),
489:. The acidity of the dyes causes them to bind more strongly to the cell walls of the bacteria than to other cells or
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136:
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2019:
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2011:
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127:
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176:. These acid-fast bacteria possess a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of
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with the cell wall components of bacteria creates a new molecule that is responsible for the color.
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247:
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2159:
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because the eggs in sputum sample for ovum and parasite (O&P) can be dissolved by the stain
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2106:
1942:
1777:
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1383:
1365:
1268:
Acid-Fast Stain- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation and
Examples. May 8, 2015 by Sagar Aryal
1248:
1225:
1184:
1163:"Editorial Commentary: 1, 2, 3 (Years) ... and You're Out: The End of a 123-year Historic Era"
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917:
876:
776:
753:
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120:
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1905:
1803:
1500:"Microbiology with Diseases by Body System", Robert W. Bauman, 2009, Pearson Education, Inc.
1469:
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1373:
1355:
1215:
1174:
1135:
973:
965:
909:
735:
724:"Clinical Performance of Mycobacterial Immunohistochemistry in Anatomic Pathology Specimens"
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622:
490:
230:
655:
Shingadia, Delane; Burgner, David (2008-01-01), Taussig, Lynn M.; Landau, Louis I. (eds.),
2279:
2179:
2169:
2049:
1785:
1540:
953:
541:– glacial acetic acid used, no heat applied, secondary stain is Loeffler's methylene blue.
450:
336:
200:
130:, serves as the standard diagnostic tool and is widely accessible for rapidly diagnosing
1522:
1052:"Symptoms of Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Histoplasmosis | Fungal Disease | CDC"
2259:
2080:
2075:
1813:
1741:
1732:
1706:
1378:
1343:
1027:"Sources of Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Histoplasmosis | Fungal Disease | CDC"
978:
821:
626:
446:
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1979:
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107:
98:
90:
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929:
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846:
258:
192:
177:
131:
112:
94:
17:
1858:
796:
1220:
1203:
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2209:
1968:
1910:
1895:
1758:
1601:
1575:
1139:
588:
359:
299:
116:
297:
acid-fast fungus that is usually stained with Ziehl–Neelsen staining is called
70:(bottom) and background cellular material in blue using the Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2468:
2164:
1963:
1818:
1753:
1697:
1679:
942:
Haque, A. (2010). Special Stains Use in Fungal
Infections. Connection: 187-194
573:
529:
271:
181:
102:
1369:
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1621:
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969:
873:
Laboratory Manual and
Workbook in Microbiology: Applications to Patient Care
551:
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987:
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1162:
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518:
501:
497:
486:
477:
Mechanism of acid-fast staining in acid-fast cells and non-acid-fast cell
342:
317:
276:
242:
86:
1161:
DiNardo, Andrew R.; Lange, Christoph; Mandalakas, Anna M. (1 May 2016).
896:
Veerappan, R; Miller, LE; Sosinski, C; Youngberg, GA (3 November 2006).
775:(11 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 541.
180:, rendering them resistant to conventional staining techniques like the
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2039:
1868:
1848:
1666:
330:
145:
307:
is found in soil and the feces of birds and bats. Humans can contract
2324:
555:
321:
169:
699:"Acid-Fast Stain- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation and Examples"
115:(1854–1915) and subsequently modified by the German bacteriologists
346:. The Ziehl–Neelsen stain can also hinder diagnosis in the case of
2438:
2400:
2269:
1593:
1425:"Ziehl-Neelsen Stain-Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method - Microbiology"
472:
374:
325:
320:
to differentially stain acid-fast incrustations in the cuticular
1571:
1279:
223:. Both of them are superior to traditional Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
1983:
1536:
871:
Morello, Josephine A.; Granato, Paul A.; Morton, Verna (2006).
233:
that are slightly curved or straight, and are considered to be
722:
Crothers, Jessica W; Laga, Alvaro C; Solomon, Isaac H (2021).
954:"Acid-Fastness of Histoplasma in Surgical Pathology Practice"
274:. It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as
1303:
1002:"Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
473:
1245:
Microbiology
Laboratory Theory & Application Essentials
1204:"Microscopy as a diagnostic tool in pulmonary tuberculosis"
952:
Rajeshwari, M.; Xess, I.; Sharma, M. C.; Jain, D. (2017).
771:
Sandman, Kathleen; Willey, Joanne; Wood, Dorothy (2020).
535:
0.25–0.5% sulfuric acid alcohol for bacterial endospores.
1103:
How to identify fungi to genus III: microscopic features
111:
genus. This staining method was initially introduced by
875:(10 ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
215:
and modifications of Ziehl–Neelsen staining (such as
1202:
Singhal, Ritu; Myneedu, Vithal Prasad (March 2015).
547:(or cold Ziehl–Neelsen technique) is also available.
219:) have comparable diagnostic utility in identifying
56:
Microscopic visualisation of the acid-fast bacteria
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2129:
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2032:
2018:
1951:
1836:
1776:
1688:
1665:
1637:
1592:
1570:
379:
Basic steps of the Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure
288:. Acid-fast bacilli are bright red after staining.
280:. The reagents used for Ziehl–Neelsen staining are
126:The acid-fast staining method, in conjunction with
1348:Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences
898:"Narrow-spectrum staining pattern of Pityrosporum"
389:Summary of acid-fast stain (Ziehl–Neelsen stain)
187:After the Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure using
1243:Leboffe, Michael J.; Pierce, Burton E. (2019).
1128:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
958:Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
661:Pediatric Respiratory Medicine (Second Edition)
619:Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition)
621:, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1637–1653,
1995:
1548:
1450:"Safer staining method for acid fast bacilli"
8:
1408:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
524:0.5–1% sulfuric acid alcohol for oocysts of
847:"Tuberculosis (TB) - Testing and Diagnosis"
2137:
2029:
2002:
1988:
1980:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1078:Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord
851:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
826:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
801:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
245:that cause disease in animals and humans.
123:(1854–1898) during the late 19th century.
1473:
1377:
1359:
1219:
1208:International Journal of Mycobacteriology
1178:
1101:Largent, D; D Johnson; R Watling (1977).
977:
739:
663:, Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 597–614,
615:"Chapter 92 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
385:
657:"Chapter 39 - Mycobacterial Infections"
605:
1854:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain
1401:
728:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
496:The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a two step
7:
554:is substituted for the highly toxic
311:by inhalation of the fungal spores.
237:. Some mycobacteria are free-living
2295:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
822:"Tuberculosis (TB)- How TB Spreads"
797:"Tuberculosis (TB)- Basic TB Facts"
1931:Grocott's methenamine silver stain
1448:Ellis, RC; LA Zabrowarny. (1993).
1247:. Morton Publishing. p. 179.
627:10.1016/b978-0-12-397169-2.00092-5
157:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
25:
2421:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2228:biochemical and immunologic tests
1564:Microbial and histological stains
1423:Sharma, Dr Anubhav (2022-10-01).
558:in the fuchsin staining solution.
211:In anatomic pathology specimens,
2449:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2141:Manual testing: basic techniques
1510:
914:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00537.x
669:10.1016/b978-032304048-8.50043-8
45:
34:
1105:. Mad River Press. p. 25.
140:) and other diseases caused by
2357:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2347:Bacitracin susceptibility test
902:Journal of Cutaneous Pathology
105:, particularly members of the
1:
2240:Amino acid decarboxylase test
1454:Journal of Clinical Pathology
513:1% sulfuric acid alcohol for
172:, gastric washing fluid, and
2352:Optochin susceptibility test
2315:Sulfide indole motility test
2300:Phenylalanine deaminase test
1221:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.12.006
1167:Clinical Infectious Diseases
229:are slow-growing rod-shaped
174:bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
1280:"Online Microbiology Notes"
1140:10.5858/2003-127-1529-NHSOF
697:Aryal, Sagar (2022-08-10).
316:staining method is used in
2590:
1657:Periodic acid–Schiff stain
254:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
137:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
58:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2396:Polymerase chain reaction
1284:Online Microbiology Notes
399:
396:
393:
388:
27:Bacteriological technique
2386:Analytical profile index
1799:Light Green SF yellowish
1790:Masson's trichrome stain
1749:Auramine–rhodamine stain
1329:Textbook of Microbiology
1327:Kumar, Surinder (2012).
569:Lowenstein–Jensen medium
128:auramine phenol staining
2539:Microbiology techniques
1364:(inactive 2024-07-09).
1361:10.3889/oamjms.2019.215
970:10.4132/jptm.2017.07.11
773:Prescott's Microbiology
85:, is a bacteriological
2320:Triple sugar iron test
1916:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
1886:Gömöri trichrome stain
1304:"Home – microbeonline"
1076:Romagnesi, H. (1967).
550:A protocol in which a
478:
380:
324:of certain species of
2544:Laboratory techniques
2378:point-of-care testing
2059:Cultures by body site
2012:clinical microbiology
1891:Luxol fast blue stain
1766:Auramine phenol stain
703:Microbiology Info.com
539:Differential staining
476:
469:Mechanism explanation
378:
261:(TB) in humans is an
142:atypical mycobacteria
2337:Voges–Proskauer test
2245:Bile solubility test
2100:Cultures by organism
2033:Isolation techniques
1936:Warthin–Starry stain
1809:Phosphomolybdic acid
1519:at Wikimedia Commons
1466:10.1136/jcp.46.6.559
741:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa119
545:Kinyoun modification
284:, acid alcohol, and
217:Fite-Faraco staining
213:immunohistochemistry
151:Mycobacterium leprae
81:, also known as the
65:Mycobacterium leprae
2444:McFarland standards
2434:Disk diffusion test
2429:Beta-lactamase test
2362:Lancefield grouping
2342:X and V factor test
2310:Salt tolerance test
2185:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2148:Colonial morphology
1952:Tissue stainability
1724:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1584:Perls Prussian blue
1517:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
248:Mycobacterium bovis
164:Mycobacterium avium
79:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
18:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
2513:Inoculation needle
1926:Bielschowsky stain
1828:Van Gieson's stain
1794:Lillie's trichrome
1180:10.1093/cid/ciw041
479:
381:
168:) in samples like
89:technique used in
2574:Acid-fast bacilli
2521:
2520:
2498:Biosafety cabinet
2457:
2456:
2305:Reverse CAMP test
2125:
2124:
2107:Bacterial culture
1977:
1976:
1778:Connective tissue
1515:Media related to
1308:microbeonline.com
678:978-0-323-04048-8
636:978-0-12-397169-2
594:Friedrich Neelsen
462:
461:
121:Friedrich Neelsen
16:(Redirected from
2581:
2508:Inoculation loop
2406:Rapid strep test
2138:
2030:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1804:Biebrich scarlet
1557:
1550:
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1534:
1514:
1488:
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1477:
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1438:
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1414:
1413:
1407:
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1381:
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1324:
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1300:
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1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1173:(9): 1089–1091.
1158:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1067:
1066:
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498:staining process
386:
119:(1859–1926) and
71:
69:
62:
49:
38:
21:
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2554:Histotechnology
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2523:
2522:
2517:
2453:
2415:
2371:
2280:Methyl red test
2227:
2226:Manual testing:
2221:
2180:India ink stain
2170:Acid-fast stain
2133:
2121:
2095:
2071:Genital culture
2054:
2050:Selective media
2022:
2014:
2008:
1978:
1973:
1947:
1832:
1786:trichrome stain
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1262:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1134:(11): 1529–30.
1125:
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1120:
1113:
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1095:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
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1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
995:
951:
950:
946:
941:
937:
908:(11): 731–734.
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890:
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865:
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854:
845:
844:
840:
831:
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654:
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637:
612:
611:
607:
602:
565:
510:
471:
451:malachite green
373:
356:
337:Cryptosporidium
294:
241:, but many are
209:
201:malachite green
101:bacteria under
83:acid-fast stain
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
60:
55:
52:
51:
50:
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40:
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28:
23:
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11:
5:
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2549:Histopathology
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2376:Automated and
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2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2282:
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2267:
2262:
2260:Coagulase test
2257:
2252:
2247:
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2177:
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2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2131:Identification
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:Fungal culture
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Throat culture
2078:
2076:Sputum culture
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2010:Techniques in
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1943:Wright's stain
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:Fast Green FCF
1811:
1806:
1801:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:Methylene blue
1739:
1733:Carbol fuchsin
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1707:Gentian violet
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1460:(6): 559–560.
1440:
1415:
1354:(6): 903–907.
1334:
1331:. p. 315.
1319:
1295:
1271:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1194:
1153:
1118:
1111:
1093:
1086:
1068:
1043:
1018:
993:
964:(5): 482–487.
944:
935:
888:
881:
863:
838:
813:
788:
782:978-1260211887
781:
763:
714:
689:
677:
647:
635:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
564:
561:
560:
559:
548:
542:
536:
533:
522:
509:
506:
470:
467:
460:
459:
456:
453:
447:Methylene blue
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
419:
417:Carbol fuchsin
414:
410:
409:
408:Non-acid fast
406:
402:
401:
398:
395:
394:Application of
391:
390:
372:
369:
365:Joseph Kinyoun
355:
352:
348:paragonimiasis
309:histoplasmosis
293:
290:
286:methylene blue
282:carbol fuchsin
208:
205:
197:methylene blue
195:used, such as
189:carbol fuchsin
54:
53:
44:
43:
42:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2586:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Staining dyes
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:Anaerobic jar
2479:
2475:
2474:Growth medium
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2411:Monospot test
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2117:Viral culture
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2091:Wound culture
2089:
2087:
2086:Urine culture
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Blood culture
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Movat's stain
1904:
1902:
1901:Moeller stain
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Janus Green B
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:H&E stain
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Cresyl violet
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:Kinyoun stain
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:Methyl violet
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1639:Carbohydrates
1636:
1628:
1627:Sudan Black B
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1523:Ziehl–Neelsen
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:9781640430327
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1112:0-916422-09-7
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1087:0-934454-87-6
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
878:
874:
867:
864:
852:
848:
842:
839:
827:
823:
817:
814:
802:
798:
792:
789:
784:
778:
774:
767:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
737:
734:(1): 97–105.
733:
729:
725:
718:
715:
704:
700:
693:
690:
680:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
648:
638:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
606:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Acid-fastness
582:
580:
579:Kinyoun stain
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
515:actinomycetes
512:
511:
508:Modifications
507:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
475:
468:
466:
457:
454:
452:
448:
445:
443:Counter stain
442:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
392:
387:
384:
377:
370:
368:
366:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:
328:in the genus
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:Mycobacterium
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:Gram positive
232:
228:
227:Mycobacterium
224:
222:
221:Mycobacterium
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
160:
158:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
108:Mycobacterium
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:cytopathology
88:
84:
80:
66:
59:
48:
37:
19:
2569:Bacteriology
2285:Nitrite test
2255:Citrate test
2196:Rapid tests
2184:
2175:Giemsa stain
2045:Streak plate
1969:Chromophobic
1921:Silver stain
1881:Giemsa stain
1864:Haematoxylin
1723:
1495:Bibliography
1457:
1453:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1404:cite journal
1351:
1347:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1058:. 2021-01-14
1055:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1033:. 2021-02-19
1030:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1008:. 2020-12-29
1005:
996:
961:
957:
947:
938:
905:
901:
891:
872:
866:
855:. Retrieved
853:. 2022-05-03
850:
841:
830:. Retrieved
828:. 2022-05-03
825:
816:
805:. Retrieved
803:. 2019-06-19
800:
791:
772:
766:
731:
727:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:
692:
682:, retrieved
660:
650:
640:, retrieved
618:
608:
495:
480:
463:
432:Acid alcohol
400:Cell colour
382:
357:
341:
335:
329:
312:
304:
298:
295:
275:
267:
259:tuberculosis
257:that causes
252:
246:
226:
225:
220:
210:
207:Mycobacteria
193:counterstain
186:
178:mycolic acid
163:
156:
149:
135:
132:tuberculosis
125:
113:Paul Ehrlich
106:
97:to identify
95:microbiology
82:
78:
76:
64:
57:
2493:Durham tube
2325:Urease test
2134:and testing
1959:Acidophilic
1911:Neutral red
1896:Methyl blue
1759:Rhodamine B
1652:Mucicarmine
1647:Alcian blue
1602:Sudan stain
1576:hemosiderin
1056:www.cdc.gov
1031:www.cdc.gov
1006:www.cdc.gov
589:Franz Ziehl
429:Decolorizer
413:Primary dye
360:Robert Koch
313:Histoplasma
305:Histoplasma
300:Histoplasma
239:saprophytes
161:(caused by
148:(caused by
134:(caused by
117:Franz Ziehl
2534:Microscopy
2528:Categories
2469:Agar plate
2265:DNAse test
2165:Gram stain
1964:Basophilic
1819:Sirius Red
1754:Auramine O
1698:Gram stain
1680:Thioflavin
1525:protocol (
1434:2022-10-03
1313:2017-11-29
1289:2017-11-29
1214:(1): 1–6.
1080:. Bordas.
1062:2024-03-06
1037:2024-03-06
1012:2024-03-06
882:0073522538
857:2024-03-06
832:2024-03-06
807:2024-03-06
708:2023-07-28
684:2023-07-28
642:2023-07-28
600:References
574:Gram stain
530:cyclospora
483:cell walls
438:Colorless
272:Gram stain
182:Gram stain
144:, such as
103:microscopy
63:(top) and
2503:Incubator
2462:Equipment
2391:MALDI-TOF
2290:ONPG test
2250:CAMP test
2153:Hemolysis
2020:Isolation
1719:Acid-fast
1675:Congo red
1622:Oil Red O
1612:Sudan III
1396:108292027
1370:1857-9655
750:0002-9173
552:detergent
405:Acid fast
371:Procedure
243:pathogens
159:infection
99:acid-fast
2564:Staining
2367:RPR test
2275:KOH test
2235:ALA test
2205:Catalase
2192:Wet prep
2160:Staining
1737:Fuchsine
1712:Safranin
1690:Bacteria
1617:Sudan IV
1607:Sudan II
1529:format).
1388:30976331
1230:26655191
1189:26839384
1148:14567744
988:28934824
930:39812297
922:17083692
758:32915191
563:See also
526:isospora
519:nocardia
487:bacteria
358:In 1882
343:Isospora
318:mycology
277:Nocardia
263:airborne
87:staining
2486:Gas-pak
2200:Oxidase
2040:Asepsis
2025:culture
1869:Eosin Y
1849:Cyanine
1667:Amyloid
1484:7687254
1429:Witfire
1379:6454162
979:5611531
502:fuchsin
491:tissues
485:of the
397:Reagent
354:History
331:Russula
231:bacilli
166:complex
146:leprosy
2210:Indole
1594:Lipids
1482:
1475:501296
1472:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1368:
1251:
1228:
1187:
1146:
1109:
1084:
986:
976:
928:
920:
879:
779:
756:
748:
675:
633:
556:phenol
322:hyphae
303:(HP).
170:sputum
154:) and
68:
61:
2439:Etest
2401:VITEK
2330:rapid
2270:IMViC
1837:Other
1392:S2CID
926:S2CID
458:Blue
326:fungi
292:Fungi
2023:and
1572:Iron
1480:PMID
1410:link
1384:PMID
1366:ISSN
1249:ISBN
1226:PMID
1185:PMID
1144:PMID
1107:ISBN
1082:ISBN
984:PMID
918:PMID
877:ISBN
777:ISBN
754:PMID
746:ISSN
673:ISBN
631:ISBN
424:Red
340:and
93:and
77:The
2215:PYR
1527:PDF
1470:PMC
1462:doi
1374:PMC
1356:doi
1216:doi
1175:doi
1136:doi
1132:127
974:PMC
966:doi
910:doi
736:doi
732:155
665:doi
623:doi
455:Red
435:Red
421:Red
199:or
2530::
1788::
1478:.
1468:.
1458:46
1456:.
1452:.
1427:.
1406:}}
1402:{{
1390:.
1382:.
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1171:62
1169:.
1165:.
1142:.
1130:.
1054:.
1029:.
1004:.
982:.
972:.
962:51
960:.
956:.
924:.
916:.
906:33
904:.
900:.
849:.
824:.
799:.
752:.
744:.
730:.
726:.
701:.
671:,
659:,
629:,
617:,
528:,
517:,
184:.
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1792:/
1735:/
1726:/
1705:/
1574:/
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1542:v
1486:.
1464::
1437:.
1412:)
1398:.
1358::
1352:7
1316:.
1292:.
1257:.
1232:.
1218::
1212:4
1191:.
1177::
1150:.
1138::
1115:.
1090:.
1065:.
1040:.
1015:.
990:.
968::
932:.
912::
885:.
860:.
835:.
810:.
785:.
760:.
738::
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667::
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532:.
521:.
449:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
