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businesses upset with Mayor Ellis for supporting the strike, companies successfully lobbied for the city to change from a twelve-ward government – which more accurately represented the city's ethnic groups – to a three ward system in 1916 that placed more power into the demands of Dutch citizens. Since 1916, the proposal to increase the number of wards occurred in the 1950s and the 1970s, though they were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2020, the city's Task Force on
Elected Representation proposed establishing four wards with two representatives after being approached by the groups Empower the Citizens and GR Democracy Initiative.
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same year, the
Peninsular Club was founded by wealthy citizens – including department store owners, attorneys and newspaper owners – alongside the most prominent furniture businessmen who sought to control the city's banking industry. Half of the banks in Grand Rapids had furniture businessmen as their directors. Local businessmen then created a complex network to share insider information amongst each other about local factories and banks. The state of Grand Rapids' industry developed a
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418:. In 1905, the Furniture Manufacturers Employers' Association (FMEA) was created by the local furniture industry to monitor employees to determine if they were "competent or worthy" to be employed and to protect businesses from political and governmental "encroachments". The FMEA created cards for every employee in each furniture factory; the cards listed the worker's productivity, union-sympathies and wage.
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committee to return in
January 1910 at the end of the selling season and when the workers returned, the leader of the committee – who was employed for twenty-six years at Oriel – was fired on charges of "being an agitator", resulting with the workers temporarily deserting their jobs. The incident inspired other workers in different factories who became a charter of the
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518:. The board of aldermen in Grand Rapids condemned such practices, stating that importing workers "cannot but have serious effect upon the social conditions in this city, both because of the large number of unemployed which will result ... nd the bringing in of men of questionable character" Furniture manufacturers were also aided by the
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thirty minutes, knocking many down into the street resulting with the riots dispersal. In total, six were reported injured, four individuals were arrested and nearly all windows of the
Widdicomb plant were destroyed. Two leaders of the fire department were also fired after turning their hoses on protesters, mainly women and children.
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wages to discourage competition, with some skilled workers leaving their factories to work for other businesses demanding increased wages only to be told by their new employer that they would not pay more than at the former factory. Similar complaints would negatively affect the FMEA cards of furniture workers. Workers also required
456:. In July 1910, the UBCJ approached the FMA demanding revised work hours and an increased wage, though their demands were ignored and the FMA said they would only negotiate with workers on an individual basis. In the fall of 1910, the UBCJ attempted to meet with the FMEA, but were immediately dismissed.
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Fire trucks then began to arrive on the scene and soon after, Mayor Ellis approached the demonstrators and praised their passionate actions, but ultimately called on them to return home. The crowd applauded the mayor though they refused to leave; firefighters then turned their hoses on the crowd for
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George E. Ellis, whose voter base comprised the working class in the city, supported the initiatives of the unions and helped organize the
Commission of Inquiry in order to avoid a strike; the unions agreed to delay their strike and participate though the businesses refused any discussions entirely.
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for controlling the production of goods, with bankers and furniture manufacturers in Grand Rapids uniting in order to compete with larger cities and to monitor the cost of labor. The first of these alliances in Grand Rapids was the
Furniture Manufacturers Association (FMA), established in 1881. That
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The strike ultimately did not achieve its objectives and the event resulted with lasting changes to the structure of labor and governance in Grand Rapids. Some workers who were involved with the strike were allegedly blacklisted by factories, prohibiting these workers from obtaining jobs. Thousands
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One police officer posted at the factory, Officer
Sprague, approached the women but was immediately attacked by them with stones. Sprague responded by drawing his weapon and firing in the air, temporarily dispersing the crowd and entered the plant with a detained man who attacked him. More officers
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We understand that certain officials of an organized body of workmen of the city have expressed a wish to confer with us about the management of our business. We have always operated on an open shop basis; dealing with every man, union and non-union, without discrimination, on the basis of ability
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Dissatisfied with the response of furniture companies, the UBCJ held a referendum on March 25, 1911, to vote for a labor strike; ninety-five percent of the 3,244 unionized workers voted to begin a strike on April 1. In the following days, the finishers union of 1,500 workers and the carvers union
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Despite economic growth, governmental reports in 1907 revealed that while Grand Rapids lead the furniture industry in product output, its furniture workers were paid lower wages compared to other areas despite the renowned quality of laborers. The groups of businesses collaborated to maintain low
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Finally, on August 9 the
Christian Reformed Church's classes of seventeen churches condemned the union membership, arguing that nowhere in the organization did it call for the interests of serving God. According to Erdmans, this was the "death blow" for the strike as the majority of workers were
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initially believing that they posed no threat of public disorder. On May 15, a riot of 2,000 people occurred during the closing hours of a demonstration in the evening near the plant. Five strikebreakers and factory owner Harry
Widdicomb were leaving the plant by car when they were approached by
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The strike began on April 19, 1911, at 9:00 am with over 6,000 workers refusing to go to work. Days later on April 22, the janitors at the city hall began a strike and entered the mayor's office, demanding a wage increase while detailing the difficulties they faced, causing Mayor Ellis to nearly
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used at the time. City leadership and the local media supported the meeting, though furniture businesses opposed any meetings with unions since they believed any encounter meant companies recognized organized labor groups. Such behavior by the businesses resulted with the majority of observers
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Labor disputes in Grand Rapids began in
November 1909 when a committee of forty-five workers employed by the Oriel Furniture Company recognized that the company had experienced a ten percent increase in its sales, with the workers demanding an increase in pay. The leadership of Oriel told the
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Before the strike, furniture businesses in the city resisted any economic and political changes that negatively affected their interests in subtle approaches, but after the labor movement grew local businessmen began to establish power through a formal route of municipal office-holders. With
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Lithuanian and Polish women – some still holding their children – who initialized the confrontation, throwing stones at Widdicomb's automobile and destroying the vehicles window. Strikers and supporters then rushed the vehicle and began throwing any object at hand towards the occupants.
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solely focusing on the interests of furniture businessmen while ignoring wider economic implications with one-in-three workers in Grand Rapids employed by furniture companies in 1890. The Grand Rapids' furniture businesses at the time were so influential that they were able to engage in
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was initially proposed by citizens of the West Side in the 1980s, though funding for the material and logistical work for the statue's location required years to finalize. Since the work's dedication, the memorial has been the site for labor demonstrations in the Grand Rapids area.
572:" by officers and then transported bloodied to the city jail. Officers then began to fire into the crowd, with police saying they possibly struck two individuals with gunfire. Rioters were also reported to have fired guns, but no gunshot injuries were reported among authorities.
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and individual agreement. From its organization this company has always recognized liberty of every man to sell his labor freely, independently and at the best price obtainable. This company will continue to conduct its business in these respects in the future as in the past.
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of furniture laborers did not increase, with the city's furniture businesses collaborating on controlling their workers by establishing identical wages and creating an identification system that monitored the political sympathies and productivity of individual employees.
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in order to afford ownership of basic homes near factories; furniture businessmen in contrast lived in opulent homes on the east side of the city and would receive income from their employees' home loans due to their positions in banking. Such disparities instituted a
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the following day, Mayor Ellis called for one hundred citizens to join the police force, stating "The gathering of large crowds near factories must be discontinued. ... Remember, any person causing disorder is the worst enemy the laboring man has."
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The UBCJ responded to the riot saying they would remove any members involved in violence and stated they "deeply deplore all acts of violence and if in any way we can avoid such actions we will gladly assist the authorities in so doing".
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By the early twentieth century, Grand Rapids experienced some of the largest economic growth in the United States at the time; the city's value added by manufacturing was forty-second in the country, ahead of
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The strike resulted with city businesses becoming more direct with their political involvement, with companies placing their own representatives into public office and successfully lowering the number of
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The UBCJ leadership sent letters to the FMEA on February 9, 1911, asking for a meeting to consider a ten percent wage increase, ten hours of pay for nine hours of labor and the institution of a
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of workers then decided to abandon their jobs in Grand Rapids and sought to continue their careers in regions where they were provided more compensation. Following the signing of the
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between laborers and employers. After months of businesses refusing to meet with their workers, the strike began on April 19, 1911. It lasted for four months until leaders of the
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economic crisis. The furniture industry in the city then began to grow significantly; in 1870 there were eight factories employing 280 workers and by the time of the strike, the
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neighborhood, attended Fountain Street Church and fearing a loss of contributions from the wealthy members, Reverend Alfred W. Wishart expressed disapproval of the strike.
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from twelve wards that accurately represented the city's various ethnicities to three wards that provided more voting power to the larger demographic of Dutch Americans.
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arrived on the scene and struggled with holding on to detained individuals, eventually resorting to "use their clubs freely". John Kosc and Joseph Kotowski were "beaten
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expressed support for the striking workers on May 3, noting the deplorable conditions of their living and the low wages they received. Schrembs' congregation of mainly
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Dutch and belonged to the Christian Reformed Church. On August 18, workers voted three to one on returning to work and on August 19, the strike officially ended.
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into law, furniture businesses in Grand Rapids faced financial crisis as they were intertwined with local banks, beginning their trajectory of decline.
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Displeased with their treatment by employers, workers demanded furniture companies to provide increased pay, lower work hours and the creation of
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Furniture businessmen of Grand Rapids held control of the city's industry and banking sectors, growing so influential that they were able to
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boosting the city's furniture craftsmanship into the national spotlight and proving an opportunity for Grand Rapids to rebound from the
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were the main organizations leading opposition to the strikes. The furniture factory businessmen, who lived in nearby mansions in the
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At the end of the nineteenth century, business alliances in the United States experienced rising popularity in order to establish a
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On July 15, a parade of 3,000 strikers marched through the main streets of Grand Rapids after Mayor Ellis approved of the event.
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members comprised the majority of the labor movement – publicly denounced the efforts of workers, effectively ending the strike.
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Kleiman, Jeffrey (1986). "The Rule from above: Businessmen, Bankers, and the Drive to Organize in Grand Rapids, 1890-1906".
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living on the west side of Grand Rapids were the lowest paid class and lived in an area that frequently flooded.
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faint. The first of few factories to abide by the demands of workers was Veit Manufacturing on April 24.
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On April 18, workers gave one last chance of reply to the businesses, though they received no answer.
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supporting the workers since the furniture companies resisted all opportunities for dialogue.
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1072:"Lost inTranslation:the Dutch, the Churches, and the Grand Rapids Furniture Strike of 1911"
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988:"Labor strife in Wisconsin reminiscent of great furniture strike of 1911 in Grand Rapids"
1231:"History in bronze: Influential figures immortalized at 12 sites so far in Grand Rapids"
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was unveiled on April 19, 2007, in commemoration of the 1911 strike's anniversary. The
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and discussions of deploying troops from other regions of the state were discussed.
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the industry beginning in 1898, controlling thirty percent of the national market.
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agreed on May 26 to provide its workers ten hours of pay for nine hours of labor.
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The furniture industry was instrumental in developing Grand Rapids, with the
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History of the Grand Rapids Furniture Strike With Facts Hitherto Unpublished
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sentiment among workers, further fueling discontent with their employers.
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national furniture production. While Grand Rapids' economy grew, the
838:"The Poles, the Dutch and the Grand Rapids Furniture Strike of 1911"
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temporarily visited Grand Rapids shortly after the strike began.
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Photographs of the furniture businessmen of Grand Rapids in 1908
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wrote that about 8,500 were employed by forty-seven factories.
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A $ 1.3 million memorial designed by Robert Chenlo titled the
1166:"Expansion from 3 wards to 8 to be proposed in Grand Rapids"
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Oriel Furniture Company, where labor disputes first occurred
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Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
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1262:"Grand Rapids unions rally on International Workers Day"
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The FMEA responded with a letter dated March 1, 1911:
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United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America
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A card used to identify a Grand Rapids furniture worker
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United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America
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Perley L. Abbey observed the riot while on a train to
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Furniture Manufacturers Employers' Association (FMEA)
1148:"Rioters Battle Police for Hours at Widdicomb Plant"
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498:Businesses responded to the strike by using
1197:"Election changes proposed in Grand Rapids"
762:Bray, Nicole & DuShane, Robert (2013).
287:1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers' strike
30:1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers' strike
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121:Christian Reformed Church denounces strike
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18:1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike
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768:. The History Press. pp. 13–14.
57:April 19 – August 19, 1911 (121 days)
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1677:Gerald R. Ford International Airport
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1698:Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum
555:For days, women gathered near the
520:American Home Furnishings Alliance
293:performed by furniture workers in
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2449:History of Grand Rapids, Michigan
986:Martinez, Shandra (2011-04-03).
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128:Workers blacklisted by employers
2424:1911 labor disputes and strikes
1498:Helen DeVos Children's Hospital
1493:Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home
1468:Aldrich Godfrey and White Block
1274:from the original on 2021-05-02
1243:from the original on 2021-05-11
1209:from the original on 2020-02-07
1178:from the original on 2019-05-09
1070:Schoone-Jongen, Robert (2019).
1031:from the original on 2021-08-22
1000:from the original on 2021-06-13
747:Flaherty, Viva (October 1911).
530:Industrial Workers of the World
183:Industrial Workers of the World
1844:Grand Rapids Community College
1743:Innovation Central High School
1654:Interurban Transit Partnership
561:Grand Rapids Police Department
46:Grand Rapids Police Department
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2281:Grand Rapids Owls (1977–1980)
1892:Grand Rapids Business Journal
1849:Grand Valley State University
1638:Woodbridge N. Ferris Building
1364:1911 furniture workers strike
655:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
1934:Fulton Street Farmers Market
1787:Catholic Central High School
1718:Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium
1603:Steelcase Plants No. 2 and 3
454:American Federation of Labor
2071:Christian Labor Association
2021:National Heritage Academies
1708:Grand Rapids Public Library
1107:. 23 April 1911. p. 2.
930:Central Michigan University
557:Widdicomb Furniture Company
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2434:Labor disputes in Michigan
2312:West Michigan ThunderHawks
2134:Grand Rapids Civic Theatre
2076:Our Daily Bread Ministries
2011:Lake Michigan Credit Union
1839:Grace Christian University
1713:Grand Rapids Public Museum
921:Michigan Historical Review
125:Strike ends unsuccessfully
2091:Cathedral of Saint Andrew
2026:Schuler Books & Music
1792:West Catholic High School
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1154:. 16 May 1911. p. 1.
778:– via Google Books.
630:Christian Reformed Church
463:to replace the system of
452:(UBCJ), affiliate of the
318:Christian Reformed Church
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210:Christian Reformed Church
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2124:Celebration on the Grand
2086:Basilica of St. Adalbert
1748:Ottawa Hills High School
1671:Vernon J. Ehlers Station
1598:St. Cecilia Music Center
1578:River House Condominiums
1503:JW Marriott Grand Rapids
1386:Killing of Patrick Lyoya
1380:Carroll v. United States
624:Opposition from churches
263:Reverend Wesley Wishart
2348:Frederik Meijer Gardens
2261:Grand Rapids Dragonfish
2225:West Michigan Whitecaps
1990:Family Christian Stores
1703:Grand Rapids Art Museum
1473:Amway Grand Plaza Hotel
1152:The Grand Rapids Herald
1105:The Grand Rapids Herald
843:Polish American Studies
595:Michigan National Guard
586:The Grand Rapids Herald
1960:Baker Publishing Group
1899:The Grand Rapids Press
1829:Cornerstone University
1775:Grand Rapids Christian
1320:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1024:The Grand Rapids Press
765:Ghosts of Grand Rapids
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634:Fountain Street Church
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215:Fountain Street Church
2389:Paul Henry–Thornapple
2246:Grand Rapids Blizzard
2241:Grand Rapids Alliance
2215:Grand Rapids Griffins
2205:Grand Rapids Cyclones
2172:Grand Rapids Marathon
2139:Grand Rapids Symphony
1659:Rapid Central Station
1613:Third Reformed Church
1588:Saint Joseph Seminary
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608:Days after the riot,
483:Mayor of Grand Rapids
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314:collective bargaining
97:collective bargaining
2444:History of furniture
2302:Kansas City Monarchs
2297:Grand Rapids Rockets
2292:Grand Rapids Rampage
2167:Amway River Bank Run
2129:Festival of the Arts
1953:Businesses/Companies
1939:Shops at CenterPoint
1834:Davenport University
1558:Mt. Mercy Apartments
1528:The Lofts Apartments
688:Spirit of Solidarity
684:Spirit of Solidarity
676:Spirit of Solidarity
666:Spirit of Solidarity
648:Aftermath and legacy
551:Widdicomb Plant riot
2271:Grand Rapids Flight
2256:Grand Rapids Danger
2251:Grand Rapids Chicks
2103:Van Andel Institute
2036:Turnstone (company)
1995:Gordon Food Service
1976:De Vaux Continental
1758:Creston High School
1730:Grand Rapids Public
1593:Sixth Street Bridge
1488:Exhibitors Building
1369:2011 shooting spree
157:Other labor unions
2307:West Michigan Edge
2276:Grand Rapids Hoops
1965:Celebration Cinema
1802:The Potter's House
1478:Civil War Monument
1101:"City Hall Strike"
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259:Francis D. Campau
236:William MacFarlane
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2098:Noorthoek Academy
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1824:Calvin University
1753:Union High School
1453:Tallest buildings
1346:Police department
1087:Calvin University
591:Brigadier general
367:Old National Bank
355:1876 World’s Fair
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251:Auxiliary Bishop
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153:Furniture workers
16:(Redirected from
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1927:Welsh Auditorium
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1681:Cascade Township
1633:Willard Building
1538:Marywood Academy
1533:Loraine Building
1518:Lexington School
1483:Clearwater Place
1463:Aldrich Building
1458:Abram Pike House
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751:. pp. 1–29.
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534:Auxiliary Bishop
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2000:Herpolsheimer's
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1819:Aquinas College
1807:
1797:Wellspring Prep
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1270:. 2021-05-02.
1253:
1239:. 2013-08-11.
1219:
1205:. 2020-02-06.
1188:
1174:. 2019-05-08.
1157:
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1027:. 2008-05-21.
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500:strikebreakers
491:
488:
436:
435:Disputes begin
433:
424:mortgage loans
342:
341:Furniture City
339:
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322:Dutch American
291:general strike
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238:Garrit Verburg
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2353:John Ball Zoo
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1583:Rood Building
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1563:Paddock Place
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1432:Heritage Hill
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638:Heritage Hill
635:
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363:Panic of 1873
360:
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60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2143:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1804:(K-8 campus)
1623:Turner House
1573:Plaza Towers
1437:Medical Mile
1402:Belknap Hill
1378:
1276:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1234:
1211:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1151:
1104:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1033:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
991:
925:
919:
874:– via
847:
841:
764:
757:
748:
687:
683:
681:
675:
665:
659:
651:
642:
627:
619:
616:Other events
607:
603:
585:
583:
574:
566:
554:
526:Bill Haywood
524:
497:
493:
479:
474:
470:
461:minimum wage
458:
446:
420:
396:
384:price fixing
379:parochialism
371:
359:Philadelphia
352:
326:
311:
299:
295:Grand Rapids
286:
284:
262:
258:
245:
235:
228:Lead figures
198:
197:
191:
161:
160:
156:
145:
109:Labor strike
67:Grand Rapids
2288:(1993-2010)
1922:DeVos Place
1905:Media Mouse
1780:High School
1664:Silver Line
1628:Villa Maria
1548:McKay Tower
1422:Grand River
1412:Cherry Hill
1331:Kent County
850:(2): 5–22.
240:John Timmer
115:Resulted in
42:Riot police
2413:Categories
2394:White Pine
2329:Recreation
2031:Terryberry
1984:Eberhard's
1972:(defunct)
1852:Pew Campus
1568:Peck Block
1374:2013 flood
1278:2021-08-22
1247:2021-08-22
1213:2021-08-22
1182:2021-08-22
1035:2021-08-22
1004:2021-08-07
695:References
570:insensible
465:piece work
336:Background
330:city wards
271:Casualties
91:work hours
83:Increased
2046:Zondervan
2041:Yesterdog
2002:(defunct)
1986:(defunct)
1978:(defunct)
1907:(defunct)
1691:Education
1446:Landmarks
1427:Heartside
1395:Geography
932:: 45–68.
872:254436229
599:Ludington
502:, hiring
302:price fix
2119:ArtPrize
1812:Tertiary
1760:(closed)
1673:(Amtrak)
1272:Archived
1241:Archived
1207:Archived
1176:Archived
1089:: 14–22.
1029:Archived
998:Archived
946:20173080
864:20148725
580:Response
516:smallpox
504:vagrants
429:rat race
412:Portland
374:monopoly
276:Arrested
199:Support:
162:Support:
89:Revised
71:Michigan
62:Location
2234:Defunct
2112:Culture
1970:De Vaux
1915:Economy
1768:Private
1523:The Lit
1417:Eastown
1356:History
1079:Origins
593:of the
539:of the
528:of the
508:Chicago
416:Seattle
400:Atlanta
149:(UBCJ)
135:Parties
105:Methods
48:in 1911
44:of the
2372:Trails
2198:Active
2160:Sports
2016:Meijer
2006:HopCat
1341:People
1336:Mayors
944:
870:
862:
772:
490:Strike
404:Denver
320:– its
289:was a
2336:Parks
2191:Teams
1876:Media
1862:WMCAT
1267:MLive
1236:MLive
1202:MLive
1171:MLive
1085:(2).
1075:(PDF)
993:Mlive
942:JSTOR
928:(2).
876:JSTOR
868:S2CID
860:JSTOR
512:Ionia
506:from
408:Omaha
306:wages
247:Mayor
85:wages
78:Goals
2384:Kent
1679:(in
770:ISBN
632:and
628:The
510:and
414:and
285:The
54:Date
934:doi
852:doi
584:In
357:in
2415::
1264:.
1233:.
1222:^
1199:.
1168:.
1150:.
1113:^
1103:.
1083:37
1081:.
1077:.
1044:^
1021:.
996:.
990:.
954:^
940:.
926:12
924:.
884:^
866:.
858:.
848:62
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840:.
784:^
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406:,
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1281:.
1250:.
1216:.
1185:.
1038:.
1007:.
948:.
936::
878:.
854::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
