672:
876:
first bloodshed of the riots was reported when an Indian Moor shot dead an eighteen year old
Sinhalese boy in Colombo Street, in Kandy and the shooter was not arrested by the policemen who witnessed it. This aggravated the situation and rioting escalated. Shops in the bazaars were damaged, Sinhalese bazaars were attacked by Moors, Moorish buildings in Katugastota and Mahaiyawa were damaged. In Kandy the police took steps to control the rioting and police reinforcements were brought in from Colombo. On leaning a train load of Moors were enrout to Kandy, the Government Agent ordered the carriages halted at Katugastota, faced with arrest these Moors returned to Colombo the following day.
929:
1174:, Western Province, was appointed Commissioner by the Government to inquire into the riots. At the same time Special Commissioners (Military Commissioners) with extraordinary punitive powers were appointed by Brigadier Malcolm. These Special Commissioners were mostly Government Agents or Military Officers who had powers to threaten penalties to gain information about the riots. They gained valuation of damage and looted items by the Moors themselves and demanded compensation from the local Sinhalese, failure of payment to the
846:
larger group of the procession arriving and proceeded along Castle Hill Street, which was soon attacked by stones and empty bottles. The members of the procession responded and a fight ensued. The crowd entered the mosque and shops from which they were attacked and caused damage. Inspector Cooray and the six constables present could not control the crowd and he called for reinforcements from the police station. Several
Sinhalese and Moors were injured as well as the Inspector Cooray and 25 were arrested.
860:
814:
1155:
1061:
the streets," and IGP Dowbiggin had given instructions to their armed constables to "shoot down, without a challenge, certain people whose identity was to be gathered from description, if they were found in the streets after hours". With the streets cleared of rioters, uniformed police and the military enforced curfews in cities and towns, shooting any one that violated it, soon they began expanding their operations to the rural areas.
2546:
1431:
511:
1445:
79:
998:, Godapitiya and Akuressa. Areas where large populations of Moors saw fighting, with Moors attacking Sinhalese and elsewhere Sinhalese mobs attacked Moors. The uniformed police lost central control and coordination as its senior officers were on streets and its constables lacked numbers to disperse the crowd, it soon began to depend on military and arbitrary shooting to disperse crowds.
181:
574:, who had come to Ceylon for trade. By 1915, the Ceylon Moors who had controlled trade in most parts of the island had been ousted by the Indian Moors. The 1911 Census indicates that Ceylon Moors numbered 232,927 and Indian Moors 33,527. Establishing themselves in rice importation, sale, and distribution, Indian Moors gained much wealth and established themselves across the country.
1011:
38:
1459:
900:
firing a shot. The cadets were ordered to patrol the streets and the
Punjabis mounted sentries at key locations in the city. The lack of police action aggravated the rioting, the presence of the Punjabi soldiers deterred the rioters, who dispersed to other parts by foot and train, along the railway line to Rambukkan, Polgashawela,
696:
of 1865 and the Local Boards
Ordinance, No. 13 of 1898. Tikiri Banda Elikewela, the Basnayaka Nilame (Chief Trustee) of the Wallahagoda Dewale, consulted the other trustees of Buddhist Temples in the province on the order preventing them conducting the a practice carried-out from time immemorial, safeguarded by the terms of the
949:
surrounded the station and demanded their release. Once again the situation escalated due to the initial inaction of the police, it was contributed to by the large number of petty criminals and the unemployed due to the
European war. Soon the crowds spread from Maradana to other parts of the city, specially
977:
During the next nine days or so the clashes and assaults spread through the
Central, North Western, Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces; and at one point, on 2 June, were reported to be occurring simultaneously at 116 locations. Large crowds were involved in the attacks on the Moors; mobs of
899:
which included teachers and students. They were deployed to deter riots on
Trincomalee Street. Soon Vaughan and IGP Dowbiggin came to Trincomalee Street by car, with the rioters not dispersing, Dowbiggin left and return on foot with the Punjabis and constables, forcing the rioters to disperse without
695:
of the
Central Province, as the head of the police in the province, ordered the police to erect markers 100 yards from the mosque and informed the Trustee of the Wallahagoda Dewale to conducted the Perahera without music within the markers on 27 August 1912 as required by the Police Ordinance, No. 16
1209:
denied it down citing that the
Supreme Court lack jurisdiction over the military courts that were functioning under martial law at the time. Captain Pedris's death sentence was not referred to the Governor for ratification as it was required. An omission that was protested by the Governor, and later
1169:
Police and
Punjabi soldiers set about searching villages for looted items, with the later in turn looting the villages and harassing women. Summary police courts were conducted on case of looting at police stations by passing legal procedure. Thousands were arrested in some cases whole villages, its
1069:
were appointed from among the European planters in remote areas. Hundreds of Sinhalese peasants were shot down throughout the country. Persons who couldn't answer a challenge due to language differences of the Europeans and Punjabis were shot. In the villages, the Punjabis who were also Muslims came
1060:
Officer Commanding the Troops, Brigadier Malcolm ordered the police and the military to shoot any one who they deemed a rioter without a trial. It was reported that Brigadier Malcolm had ordered his troops to "not to waste ammunition, but to shoot through the heart any Sinhalese that may be found on
1352:
and G. S. Schnieder. The Commission found that, "In each of the cases that have been under investigation the act of shooting cannot be justified on the ground of existence of Martial Law; in short, it had no legal justification.’ But, they said, they were bona fide for the maintenance of good order
1347:
who succeeded Chalmers as Governor appointed a Commission on October 26, 1916, to inquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the shooting of L Romanis Perera, Telenis Appu, Podi Sinno, James Bass, Juvanis Fernando, W G Serahamy, Pugoda Peter, Uduwa Arachchi and Juwanis Appu. The
1235:
which indemnified himself, Brigadier Malcolm, and any other who had carried out any acts to maintain the peace and suppress rioting during the period of martial law. It further confirmed sentences and orders pronounced by military courts during the period of martial law were deemed to be sentences
948:
tried to pacify the crown. The railway workers soon brock out of the yard and were met by others gathered near by and began rampaging, with several senior police officers injured. The police arrested several and took them to the Maradana police station, but had to set them free after a large crowd
845:
preventing their passage instructing them to move through a side street. At this point Police Inspector F. T. Cooray intervened and directed the procession to turn towards the side street. As the procession to turn towards the side street, hooting and derision of the Indian Moors followed. With a
835:
In May, the Buddhist Temple authorities in Kandy sort a police permit from the Government Agent to conduct its customary Perahera procession through the streets of Kandy on the night of 28 May 1915. Embolden by the Supreme Court judgment, the Indian Moors in Kandy objected to the Buddhist Perahera
800:
represented the Basnayaka Nilame. The court ruled that granted leave to appeal and set-aside the earlier judgement of the District Court, on the basis that the Kandyan Convention does not invalidate the provisions of subsequent legislative enactments in this case the Police Ordinance and the Local
875:
in Kandy, which was the holiest of places of worship for the Buddhist in the island. Soon crowds gathered in the city and peasants from the nearby villages came to the city to defend their Temple. Soon more cases of violence were reported when a mostly Buddhist mobs attacked Moorish bazaars. The
826:
On 27 January 1915, while the Supreme Court was deliberating, a Buddhist religious procession few miles from the town of Kurunegala was attacked by Moors, as the procession reached a building used by them for worship. Kurunegala police were called in and arrested 14 Moors on rioting and unlawful
1244:
According to some official estimates, which must be taken as approximate, there were 25 murdered, 189 wounded, 4 incidents of rape associated with the riots. 4075 houses and boutiques looted, 250 houses and boutiques burned down, 17 mosques burnt and 86 mosques otherwise damaged. Other official
973:
under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A. G. de V. Chichester, the only regular regiment stationed in Ceylon at the time and was called out in force. By night fall of 1 June and morning of 2 June, armed police began patrolling the streets with orders to shoot issued by the Police Magistrate of
840:
unanimously recommended that the license be granted. Government Agent, having ascertained that the closing time of the mosque was midnight, issued the license on the condition that the Perahera procession does not enter Castle Hill Street until past midnight. He failed to deploy adequate police
687:, a dispute arose between the Indian Moors and the Buddhist Temple authorities of the Wallahagoda Dewala in 1912. The Indian Moors objected to the Police on the Buddhist Perahera (religious pageant) procession from the Wallahagoda Dewala traveling through Ambegamuwa Street en route to the
1077:, some believed that there was a German link and the riots was the start of an upraising against British rule. In the early stages of the rioting prominent Sinhalese were arrested on accusations on inciting the riots while as others volunteered to disperse the crowds peacefully.
1393:
and strong cultural traditions. Also Muslims would side up with the Sinhalese against the indigenous Tamils to protect their political turf and business interests in the later ethnic conflict that would take place between the two communities after the country's independence.
884:(IGP) was dispatched to Kandy with a detachment of 50 soldiers from the 28th Punjabi Regiment which was stationed in Colombo and arrived in Kandy at 3 AM on 30 May. In the morning of 30 May several leading gentlemen of Kandy, Dunuwille Dissawa, Advocate Arthur Perera and
590:
at any time, within any town, without a license issued by the government, with punishment that included fines or imprisonment for up to three months. The Local Boards Ordinance, No. 13 of 1898, extended these regulations across Ceylon to include rural areas.
1056:
and under the control of Brigadier General Malcolm. This order was extended to the Central Province, the Southern Province, and the North-Western Province on 2 June, while the Province of Uva and the North-Central Province was subjected on the 17 June.
671:
658:
that challenged the highly profitable liquor trade. Coinciding was the Islamic revivalist movement that had taken shape in Ceylon, with a distinct Muslim identity taking shape which was influenced by the ultra-conservative strands based on
1218:
were turned down citing Supreme Court's lack jurisdiction over the military courts. Edmund Hewavitarne was imprisoned and died in prison due to lack of medical care. Many respected Sinhalese were removed from colonial appointments such as
1070:
down hard on the Sinhalese villages that had reported incidents of rioting. In villages males slept in the verandas of their huts, villages who slept as such were shot on the account that martial law dictated that all sleep indoors.
1273:, pleading for the repeal of martial law and describing atrocities claimed to have been committed by the colonial authorities was carried in the soles of the shoes braving mine and submarine-infested seas (as well as the
1376:
The events of 1915 would ultimately be what would be called the unfolding of explicit manifestation of ethnic tensions in the country which was to increase in number and intensity once the country attained independence.
577:
The British colonial government enacted many legislations and administrative measures to codify laws and govern every aspect of life, which here through were govern by rituals and tradition that had been practiced from
1170:
men, women and boys, on charges of looting and being in possession of stolen property, and no bail allowed. These were immediately tried and in certain instances sentenced to lashing and/or imprisonment. J. G. Eraser,
1085:
was taken in to custody by Punjabi soldiers and was found dead on arrival in Kandy. The colonial authorities had the house of many prominent Sinhalese searched and many were arrested without charges. These included
2992:
2278:
Vythilingam, M.: The Life of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, vol.2 (1910–1930), 1977, chapters 10 (Riots-1915, pp.229–250), 11 (Riots-Speeches, pp.251–320) and 12 (Ramanathan's Mission to England – His Return,
974:
Colombo. Armed police with the Town Guard mounted sentries at street junctions to prevent rioters from gathering. In many cases the police and soldiers fired or bayonet charged rioters to disperse.
1361:
After 1915 a number of Sinhalese leaders gradually emerged from the educated middle class, who were to leave an indelible mark on the political life of the country. It marked the beginning of the
1253:
The heavy handed actions of colonial authorities to suppress the riots and the punishments handed down by it were heavily criticized in the Legislative Council by those such as Tamil politician
940:
On 31 May, some of those intend on mischief had entered Colombo following incidents of looting in the rural areas. An incident took place on 1 June at the Ceylon Government Railway yard at
2947:
1138:, who was also interned in Calcutta, where he had been during the unrest. After the arrests, riot compensation was exacted under threat of force. The colonial authorities suspected the
650:
The late 19th Century, saw the Buddhist revivalism and Sinhala nationalist movements taking form within Ceylon. This saw the formation of Sinhala-Buddhists schools established by the
748:
appeared for the plaintiff. After review evidence, the District Judge gave his judgement in favor of the Temple trustees citing that its rights were protected under the terms of the
888:
met with Vaughan, the Government Agent and IGP Dowbiggin. By this time several persons have been killed and wounded in the rioting, including a government clerk. 60 members of the
1845:
871:
The following day, the 29 May rumors spread around the city after some Indian Moors claim to have a group of Afghan fighters coming up from Colombo to raze to the ground the
841:
personal to the location. At 1 AM, 29 May 1915 when the lead group of the Perahera procession entered Castle Hill Street, they found the mosque lit up with Indian Moors and
2731:
2470:
2710:
2511:
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on 2 June, extended to other provinces in the following days, and terminated on 30 August. During the suppression of the rebellion, colonial forces supplemented by
1257:, who gained much national popularity. In September 1915, a meeting with over 5,000 people in attendance was held at the public hall in Colombo. It was chaired by
2932:
2907:
2269:
Rutnam, J.T.: The Rev.A.G.Fraser and the riots of 1915. Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, July–December 1971, vol.1, no.2 (new series), pp.151–196.
1867:
2922:
96:
51:
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and the Government Agent, uniformed and paid Constables were stationed only far between along major roads. These two groups rarely co-operated, if at all.
2927:
2912:
2780:
2533:
2181:
2156:
2131:
1925:
1308:
1193:, which handed out summary judgments under martial law on arrested Sinhalese civilians and military personnel. The earliest such trail was of Captain
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past their newly built mosque with music, even though older mosques along the same route belonging to Ceylon Moors did not object. G. S. Saxton, the
1041:
and the Police to maintain order and fearing an all out rebellion against British rule in Ceylon, Chalmers turn to the military under the command of
2982:
2952:
2695:
1186:
and Special Commissioner proposed a levy on Sinhalese in the wards of Colombo to pay in proportion to their wealth as compensation to the Moormen.
1288:
The colonial administration established a Police Inquiry Commission to inquire into the riots in late 1915 made up five members with Chief Justis
881:
1609:
Gunasinghe, Newton (2004). "4: The Open Economy and Its Impact on Ethnic Relations in Sri Lanka". In Winslow, Deborah; Woost, Michael D. (eds.).
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on the lines of the Colombo Town Guard was formed in the local towns with European volunteers recruited from planters and mercantile executives.
1344:
2736:
2331:
1655:
1312:
614:
mercenaries employed in the Ceylon Rifle Regiment joining the Police Force as constables for paid employment. Rural policing was carried out
2457:
3022:
245:
143:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2363:
1482:
1477:
1353:
and government and for the public safety of the Colony, and, that action was protected by the Ceylon Indemnity order in Council, 1915."
1270:
1119:
639:
217:
115:
2987:
1103:
1049:
2917:
2838:
2115:
2037:
1905:
1624:
1593:
1528:
1330:
282:
264:
162:
65:
2658:
224:
202:
195:
122:
2242:
Kearney, R.N.: The 1915 riots in Ceylon – a symposium; Introduction. Journal of Asian Studies, Feb.1970, vol.29, no.2, pp.219–222.
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infantry regiment which would be stationed in Ceylon to supplement the garrison units that was made up of four companies from the
482:
was raging in Europe, the British authorities feared that the riots were possibly a rebellion against colonial rule; in response,
2972:
2791:
2670:
2653:
1362:
1334:
1139:
892:
655:
57:
2251:
Jayewardena, K.: Economic and Political Factors in the 1915 riots. Journal of Asian Studies, Feb.1970, vol.29, no.2, pp.223–233.
944:, the authorities led by the Fraser, Government Agent, Western Province, E. C. Jayawardane, member of the municipal council and
2809:
2352:
1293:
953:
were fights ensued with the large number of Moors who owned many of the shops there. There were looting and police shooting in
2726:
708:
The Basnayaka Nilame when filed action through C. A. La Brooy in the District Court of Kandy on 30 September 1913 against the
2526:
2446:
2094:
1768:
1378:
1052:
to suppress the riots by any means. To this end on 2 June 1915, Chalmers declared that the Western Province was subjected to
721:
231:
129:
100:
2421:
2216:
1518:
2604:
2316:
2580:
1381:
took hold, in the beginning led by reformers in the name of religion. The event also led to a major distrust between the
1269:; at its conclusion he collapsed and died on the stage. A secret memorandum initiated and drafted by James Peiris to the
2977:
2937:
1231:
On 30 August 1915, the Sir Robert Chalmers, issued an order terminating martial law in the island and with it he issued
1171:
692:
213:
111:
3017:
3012:
2957:
2705:
1585:
1300:
1131:
1087:
487:
319:
315:
2294:
1161:, a captain in the Colombo Town Guard; Pedris was executed by the colonial administration after being convicted on a
928:
2902:
2750:
2610:
1871:
1327:
1022:
709:
191:
89:
3007:
3002:
2843:
2519:
2260:
Blackton, C.S.: The action phase of the 1915 riots. Journal of Asian Studies, Feb.1970, vol.29, no.2, pp.235–254.
1487:
1197:
which started on 1 July 1915, within three days he was found guilty of treason executed swiftly on the 7 July. A
2406:
1975:
Kannangara, A. P. (February 1984). "The Riots Of 1915 In Sri Lanka: A Study In The Roots Of Communal Violence".
2997:
2942:
2869:
2803:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2205:
1616:
1575:
1223:, who was stripped of his title of Adigar on the account he was not present in his home area during the riots.
917:
623:
514:
A group of British appointed Kandyan chiefs, with Hon. J. P. Lewis, Government Agent, Central Province in 1905.
422:
4075 houses and boutiques looted, 250 houses and boutiques burned down, 17 mosques burnt and 86 mosques damaged
1037:
when the riots started and he moved to Kandy by 1 June after the rioting was stopped. With the failure of the
474:
on 31 May and other towns thereafter. It was suppressed by 9 June with final incidents occurring on 11 May in
2616:
2206:
Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South ... By Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah
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837:
761:
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889:
813:
564:
who originated from the Arab traders who settled in the island about five or six centuries before and the
1846:"Regulating Religious Rites: Did British Regulation of 'Noise Worship' Trigger the 1915 Riots in Ceylon?"
1549:
238:
136:
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2715:
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1316:
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1206:
1107:
945:
859:
741:
599:
491:
323:
2056:
Kannangara, A. P. (1984). "The Riots of 1915 in Sri Lanka: A Study in the Roots of Communal Violence".
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2775:
2770:
2760:
2720:
2682:
2001:
Ali, Ameer (Spring 2007). "The 1915 racial riots in Ceylon(Sri Lanka): A reappraisal of its causes".
1947:
1412:– died in prison after imprisoned for treason by a field general court martial, posthumously pardoned
1135:
1038:
958:
773:
651:
635:
607:
2832:
2382:
The Judicial Role Under the Constitution of Ceylon / Sri Lanka – An Historical and Comparative Study
2962:
2892:
2676:
1370:
1198:
1002:, a leading businessmen was shot by the police and his death on 2 June was recorded as accidental.
970:
872:
765:
631:
619:
603:
2471:"103rd death anniversary of Henry Pedris: Supreme sacrifice that led to the national independence"
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2077:
1823:
1409:
1220:
1215:
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896:
749:
713:
697:
531:
1073:
There was a belief in higher echelons of the administration that the riots were per-planned and
836:
processions from passing their mosque in Castle Hill Street, Kandy. The elected members of the
2310:
2111:
2069:
2033:
1901:
1764:
1651:
1620:
1589:
1524:
1304:
1115:
1110:, D. P. A. Wijewardene, John de Silva, W. H. W. Perera, Martinus Perera, John M. Senivaratne,
1066:
1042:
877:
797:
789:
777:
769:
757:
745:
733:
611:
499:
380:
372:
534:. The island saw little conflict as in the past century only two anti-British uprisings (the
2664:
2574:
2061:
2010:
1980:
1436:
1338:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1183:
1123:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1045:
962:
559:
547:
539:
523:
456:
449:
375:
586:
under the Section 96 of the Police Ordinance, No. 16 of 1865, which forbade the beating of
2826:
2491:
1450:
1390:
1386:
1323:
1162:
1154:
1026:
950:
627:
579:
555:
367:
1798:
1211:
1179:
1111:
1099:
1015:
885:
781:
725:
688:
510:
460:
445:
327:
1311:
where he served unit December 1915. The 28th Punjabis regiment was transferred to the
2886:
1721:
1415:
1190:
999:
966:
802:
785:
753:
717:
535:
527:
598:
regiment was withdrawn from the island in 1881 and the local military regiment, the
17:
1464:
1403:
1382:
1278:
1258:
1194:
1158:
1034:
793:
737:
595:
587:
566:
2380:
2425:
1641:
1610:
1579:
1365:
with the educated middle class demanding more legislative power that lead to the
1245:
figures place total of 116 people were killed, 63 by military and police forces.
542:) took place. The native population of the island at this time was predominately
470:
in the night of 28 May 1915 and spread to neighbouring villages on 30 May and to
1676:
1143:
1062:
1053:
1030:
987:
729:
571:
495:
483:
479:
180:
78:
1701:
1444:
2797:
2014:
1426:
1010:
679:
during the imperial tour of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901.
2503:
2458:
The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy
2416:
2414:
2073:
2065:
1984:
2545:
1647:
983:
905:
660:
452:
1205:
to stay the execution, the Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice
1029:, a career civil servant and a Pali scholar, who had spent 31 years in the
1210:
cases were dully forwarded. Further writs filled in the Supreme Court for
1081:, Basnayaka Nilame (the Lay Chief) of the Ancient Temple of Gadaladeniya,
630:(thought the Royal Engineers were withdrawn in 1911 and replaced with the
1074:
995:
941:
909:
543:
502:
and other repressive measures in an attempt to put an end to the riots.
1827:
1811:
912:
towards Colombo. Policing in the rural areas were carried out by unpaid
2494:, by L.J.M. Cooray (Ourcivilisation Web), Retrieved on 28 November 2014
1812:"Social and Economic Statistics of Sri Lanka in the Nineteenth Century"
1142:
led by educated middle class Ceylonese to be supporting the Germans in
1082:
991:
957:. On the morning of 1 June, the European and Ceylonese sections of the
954:
933:
842:
684:
471:
2081:
1643:
Architecture and Nationalism in Sri Lanka: The Trouser Under the Cloth
1322:
Governor Chalmers was removed from the post in December 1915 and made
979:
913:
901:
615:
606:
maintained law and order in towns and urburn areas, with many of the
551:
519:
475:
338:
Attempt to prevent an attack on a Buddhist procession by Indian Moors
1282:
1153:
1009:
927:
864:
858:
812:
752:. On the insistence of the Government Agent, the Attorney General
676:
670:
509:
467:
1581:
Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka
27:
1915 period of ethnic violence in colonial Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
764:. The case was heard in February 1915, by the bench of Justices
2515:
1319:, suffering a total of 1,423 casualties by the end of the war.
817:
Punjabi Muslims of a British Indian Army Punjab Regiment, 1910.
716:. The Attorney General responded through F. C. Liefching, with
618:. The British military presence in the colony was limited to a
1553:
1114:, H. Amarasurya, D. E. Weerasuriya, Reverent G. D. Lanerolle,
444:) was a widespread and prolonged ethnic riot in the island of
174:
72:
31:
2187:. National Library and Documentation Services Board Sri Lanka
2162:. National Library and Documentation Services Board Sri Lanka
2137:. National Library and Documentation Services Board Sri Lanka
1033:
before his appointment to Ceylon. Chalmers was holidaying at
2295:"Asia Times: Chapter 3: Muslim riots and communal rumblings"
1299:
In September 1915, Brigadier Malcolm was transferred to the
712:
for a declaration of rights granted under the treaty of the
594:
Due to the relative peaceful nature of the colony, the last
1926:"Judgment that triggered Martial Law riots in 1915 Ceylon"
2993:
World War I crimes by the British Empire and Commonwealth
2422:"Sinhalese-Muslim Riots of 1915: A Synopsis - Sangam.org"
2110:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 31–37.
1550:"28 May 1915 :: Peace and Conflict Timeline (PACT)"
2332:"Judicial assassination of Patriot Edward Henry Pedris"
1900:(1st ed.). Colombo: Sri Lanka Army. pp. 1–3.
1406:– executed for treason by a field general court martial
728:. The trail came up before the District Judge of Kandy
700:. Due to this, the procession was not held that year.
398:
116 (25 murdered and 63 killed by the police/military)
1816:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Sri Lanka Branch
805:
was filed against the decision of the Supreme Court.
2032:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 9.
654:
contesting the Christian missionary schools and the
558:. The Moor community consisted of two segments, the
2749:
2694:
2644:
2565:
2554:
2379:Cooray, Mannamarakkalage Joseph Anthony. "thesis".
1373:which lead to Ceylon gaining independence in 1948.
1315:by January 1916 where they was to take part in the
522:was a British colony. The last native kingdom, the
418:
410:
402:
394:
389:
358:
350:
346:
Rioting, looting, assault, robbery, assault, murder
342:
334:
310:
302:
297:
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1292:as chairman and it contained one Sinhalese member
1512:
1510:
1508:
827:assembly, produced before the Police Magistrate.
2948:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1910s
2407:Army General Service Corps Association holds AGM
2364:A vignette of British Justice in Colonial Ceylon
2217:"Memorandum upon recent disturbances in Ceylon"
1189:The officers of the 28th Punjabis established a
1671:
1669:
1667:
1418:– died of wounds sustained by a police shooting
1702:"Sri Lanka's Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire"
602:, had been disbanded in 1873. Since then, the
570:who were at the time natives and residents of
459:. The riots were eventually suppressed by the
2527:
2297:. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009
2230:Memorandum Upon Recent Disturbances in Ceylon
1970:
1968:
1919:
1917:
1893:Army, Sri Lanka (October 1999). "Chapter 1".
1799:Memorandum upon recent disturbances in Ceylon
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1751:
1749:
1182:. Those who paid were pardoned. R. W. Byrde,
8:
2542:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka
1839:
1837:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1722:The Independence Movement – its early phases
1612:Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka
1265:made a strong speech demanding inquiry by a
1094:(later the first prime minister of Ceylon),
2732:2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt
1233:The Ceylon Indemnity Order in Council, 1915
784:, Crown Counsel representing the crown and
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2781:Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon
2711:1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt
2562:
2534:
2520:
2512:
2003:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1948:"BASNAYAKE NILAME v. THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL"
294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
1544:
1542:
1540:
582:. One such measure was the regulation of
283:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2051:
2049:
916:who were petty headmen reporting to the
908:, Meerigama, Veyangoda, Henaratgoda and
1504:
1296:. The findings were published in 1916.
1050:Officer Commanding the Troops in Ceylon
2308:
1711:: 4. Spring 2007 – via refworld.
1106:, E. T. de Silva, Dr Casius Ferreira,
201:Please improve this article by adding
2933:20th-century mass murder in Sri Lanka
2908:Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka
2737:2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis
2030:Riots and martial law in Ceylon, 1915
1996:
1994:
1227:The Ceylon Indemnity Order in Council
1126:, Battaramulla Unanse — a monk,
7:
2605:Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession
1398:List of notable convicts and victims
1178:resulted in arrest and subjected to
704:Basnayaka Nilame Vs Attorney General
646:Religious revivalism and nationalism
478:. Taking place at the time when the
101:adding citations to reliable sources
2923:Military discipline and World War I
2859:2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2854:2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2849:2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2581:First Polonnaruwa War of Succession
1483:2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
1478:2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
1341:as requested for by the Ceylonese.
1271:Secretary of State for the Colonies
801:Boards Ordinance. An appeal to the
675:A Perahera procession organized in
831:Castle Hill Street, Kandy incident
25:
2928:Anti-Islam sentiment in Sri Lanka
2913:Mass murder of Sri Lankan Muslims
2839:2005 Inuvil shooting and protests
1763:. London: Gyan Publishing House.
978:over a thousand were reported at
518:By the turn of the 20th century,
47:This article has multiple issues.
2792:Burning of Jaffna Public Library
2654:Sri Lankan independence movement
2544:
1517:Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005).
1457:
1443:
1429:
1348:Commissioners were Chief Justis
1236:passed by courts of the colony.
873:Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic
760:, referred the judgement to the
390:Reported fatalities and injuries
179:
77:
36:
2983:1915 in international relations
2953:Attacks on mosques in Sri Lanka
2353:THE RECENT CEYLON DISTURBANCES.
2108:Riots and martial law in Ceylon
1868:"For the love of one's country"
1810:Karunatilake, H. N. S. (1986).
1761:Riots and Martial Law in Ceylon
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
2492:Sir James Peiris (Public Life)
2228:Perera, Edward Walter (1915).
2182:"Proclamation by the Governor"
2157:"Proclamation by the Governor"
2132:"Proclamation by the Governor"
1379:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
438:1915 Buddhist Mohammedan riots
1:
2611:Kandyan independence movement
1146:that was raging at the time.
546:mostly from the ethnic group
214:"1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots"
203:secondary or tertiary sources
112:"1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots"
2659:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818
1848:. London School of Economics
461:British colonial authorities
3023:Marketplace attacks in Asia
2706:1962 Ceylonese coup attempt
1586:University of Chicago Press
1523:. Sterling Publishers Pvt.
1339:Royal Commission of Inquiry
1309:British Expeditionary Force
1191:field general court martial
882:Inspector General of Police
430:1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots
298:1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots
3039:
2727:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
2447:"GRAND OLD MAN" OF CEYLON.
2369:Retrieved 23 December 2014
2232:. E. Hughes & Company.
1328:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1023:British Governor of Ceylon
486:was first declared in the
2988:British military scandals
2844:2012 Welikada prison riot
2635:Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt
2315:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2015:10.1080/00856408108723017
1897:"50 YEARS ON" – 1949–1999
1576:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja
1520:Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka
1488:Islam and other religions
1350:Sir Alexander Wood Renton
1290:Sir Alexander Wood Renton
667:Gampola perahera incident
663:, which renounced music.
626:and two companies of the
434:anti-Muslim riots of 1915
363:
2918:Persecution by Buddhists
2870:2022 Sri Lankan protests
2804:Welikada prison massacre
2629:2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt
2623:1st Kuruvita rala Revolt
2330:Rajapathirana, Ranjith.
1617:Indiana University Press
1014:Sir Robert Chalmers, as
780:, Solicitor General and
624:Royal Garrison Artillery
2973:War crimes in Sri Lanka
2617:Kangara arachchi Revolt
2106:Ramanathan, P. (1916).
2028:Ramanathan, P. (1916).
1294:Sir Solomon Obeyesekere
1203:Supreme Court of Ceylon
1104:F. R. Dias Bandaranaike
838:Kandy Municipal Council
762:Supreme Court of Ceylon
2810:1987 Trincomalee riots
2587:Queen Sugala rebellion
2367:The Island (Sri Lanka)
2066:10.1093/past/102.1.130
1985:10.1093/past/102.1.130
1924:Gunasekera, Jayantha.
1757:Ponnambalam Ramanathan
1640:Pieris, Anoma (2012).
1367:Donoughmore Commission
1313:Middle Eastern theatre
1255:Ponnambalam Ramanathan
1166:
1019:
937:
890:Trinity College, Kandy
868:
818:
680:
554:minority known as the
526:had been ceded to the
515:
492:Sabaragamuwa Provinces
354:Shops, homes destroyed
306:28 May – 8 August 1915
190:relies excessively on
2815:Kalutara prison riots
2787:1977 Sri Lankan riots
2766:1953 Ceylonese Hartal
2716:1971 JVP insurrection
1493:Buddhism and violence
1473:1915 Singapore Mutiny
1363:independence movement
1317:Mesopotamian campaign
1240:Casualties and damage
1207:Alexander Wood Renton
1157:
1013:
946:Charles Batuwantudawe
931:
862:
816:
742:Charles Batuwantudawe
736:with C. A. La Brooy,
734:Sir Stewart Schneider
674:
600:Ceylon Rifle Regiment
513:
498:carried out numerous
466:The riots started in
2821:Bindunuwewa massacre
2776:1958 Ceylonese riots
2771:1956 Ceylonese riots
2761:1915 Ceylonese riots
2721:Sri Lankan Civil War
2683:Cocos Islands mutiny
1874:on 23 September 2015
1844:Wettimuny, Shamara.
1389:who shared a common
1136:Anagarika Dharmapala
1132:C. A. Hewavitharatne
1128:Edmund Hewavitharana
1116:E. A. P. Wijeyeratne
1039:Ceylon Civil Service
959:Ceylon Defense Force
774:James Van Langenberg
652:Theosophical Society
636:Ceylon Defence Force
496:European auxiliaries
442:1915 Ceylonese riots
97:improve this article
18:1915 Ceylonese riots
2978:1910s controversies
2938:Mass murder in 1915
2677:Suriya-Mal Movement
2671:Temperance movement
2095:SOCIAL AND PERSONAL
1371:Soulbury Commission
1275:Ceylon Police Force
1199:writ of prohibition
1140:temperance movement
1027:Sir Robert Chalmers
971:British Indian Army
822:Kurunegala incident
656:temperance movement
634:). In addition the
620:British Indian Army
604:Ceylon Police Force
432:(also known as the
3018:Arson in the 1910s
3013:August 1915 events
2958:Arson in Sri Lanka
2864:Mahara prison riot
2599:Rajarata Rebellion
2428:on 4 February 2012
2058:Past & Present
1977:Past & Present
1556:on 29 October 2013
1410:Edmund Hewavitarne
1337:did not appoint a
1335:British government
1216:Edmund Hewavitarne
1201:was filled in the
1167:
1134:, the brothers of
1067:Special constables
1020:
961:were mobilized at
938:
932:A street scene in
897:special constables
869:
863:A street scene in
819:
750:Kandyan Convention
714:Kandyan Convention
698:Kandyan Convention
681:
550:. There existed a
532:Kandyan Convention
530:in 1815 under the
516:
500:summary executions
2903:Anti-Muslim riots
2878:
2877:
2745:
2744:
2723: (1983-2009)
2679: (1933–1939)
2661: (1817–1818)
2637: (1616–1617)
2631: (1616–1619)
2607: (1186–1187)
2589: (1157–1158)
2583: (1110-1153)
2473:. Sunder Observer
2334:. Sunday Observer
1657:978-0-415-63002-3
1345:Sir John Anderson
1305:Brigade Commander
1120:A. H. E. Molamure
1063:Auxiliaries units
1043:Brigadier General
895:were sworn in as
878:Herbert Dowbiggin
798:D. R. Wijewardena
770:Thomas De Sampayo
746:D. R. Wijewardena
722:Solicitor General
640:volunteer reserve
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3003:June 1915 events
2665:Matale rebellion
2593:Ruhuna Rebellion
2575:Velakkara revolt
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1437:Sri Lanka portal
1434:
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1281:, a lawyer from
1267:Royal Commission
1263:Solomon Fernando
1221:Hulugalle Adigar
1184:Mayor of Colombo
1172:Government Agent
1124:A. E. Goonesinha
1108:C. Batuvantudawe
1096:D. B. Jayatilaka
1092:D. S. Senanayake
1088:F. R. Senanayake
1079:F. B. Walgampahe
1046:H. H. L. Malcolm
1025:at the time was
963:Echelon Barracks
893:cadet contingent
772:, Bertram with
710:Attorney General
693:Government Agent
638:functioned as a
632:Ceylon Engineers
540:Matale Rebellion
524:Kingdom of Kandy
376:H. H. L. Malcolm
320:Western Province
316:Central Province
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1650:. p. 106.
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1451:Religion portal
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1391:native language
1359:
1324:Under-Secretary
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1008:
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833:
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628:Royal Engineers
580:time immemorial
508:
480:First World War
385:
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371:
368:Robert Chalmers
330:
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1939:
1928:. Sunday Times
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1619:. p. 99.
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1212:W. A. de Silva
1180:courts-martial
1151:
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1112:Arthur V. Dias
1100:W. A. de Silva
1016:Baron Chalmers
1007:
1004:
994:, Rambukkana,
925:
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886:Cudah Ratwatte
856:
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782:V. M. Fernando
726:V. M. Fernando
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188:This article
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2866: (2020)
2835: (2002)
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2823: (2000)
2817: (1997)
2806: (1983)
2800: (1983)
2794: (1981)
2685: (1942)
2673: (1895)
2667: (1848)
2625: (1603)
2619: (1603)
2601: (1168)
2595: (1160)
2577: (1084)
2499:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2464:
2453:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2381:
2374:
2359:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2325:
2299:. Retrieved
2279:pp.321–330).
2274:
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2189:. Retrieved
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2006:
2002:
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1955:. Retrieved
1951:
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1930:. Retrieved
1898:
1894:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1819:
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1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1642:
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1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1519:
1465:Islam portal
1404:Henry Pedris
1375:
1360:
1343:
1321:
1298:
1287:
1279:E. W. Perera
1259:James Peiris
1252:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1195:Henry Pedris
1188:
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1159:Henry Pedris
1072:
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1035:Nuwara Eliya
1021:
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794:E. W. Perera
738:E. W. Perera
724:assisted by
707:
682:
649:
596:British Army
593:
583:
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567:Indian Moors
565:
561:Ceylon Moors
560:
517:
465:
457:Ceylon Moors
441:
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429:
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366:
359:Lead figures
324:Sabaragamuwa
279:
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242:
235:
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159:
153:January 2015
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2566:Monarchical
2009:(2): 1–20.
1878:26 December
1709:Asia Report
1165:of treason.
1150:Prosecution
1144:World War I
1054:martial law
1031:HM Treasury
1006:Martial law
988:Kadugannawa
766:Walter Shaw
730:Paul Pieris
572:South India
484:martial law
351:Resulted in
2963:1915 fires
2893:1915 riots
2887:Categories
2798:Black July
2559:rebellions
1770:8121239613
1677:"Midwee07"
1499:References
1176:Riot Fund
506:Background
373:Brig. Gen.
225:newspapers
192:references
123:newspapers
52:improve it
2751:Riots and
2696:Sri Lanka
2568:Sri Lanka
2557:coups and
2555:Attempted
2392:13 August
2191:13 August
2166:13 August
2141:13 August
2074:0031-2746
1957:10 August
1932:11 August
1852:11 August
1822:: 40–61.
1648:Routledge
1385:and the
1261:, and Dr
1249:Aftermath
1075:seditious
984:Wattegama
906:Ambepussa
661:Wahhabism
548:Sinhalese
453:Buddhists
450:Sinhalese
335:Caused by
58:talk page
2504:Features
2388:. London
2311:cite web
1828:23731036
1759:(1915).
1578:(1992).
1423:See also
1369:and the
1018:in 1920.
996:Panadura
965:and the
942:Maradana
910:Kelaniya
610:and the
608:Javanese
544:Buddhist
538:and the
455:and the
448:between
411:Arrested
403:Injuries
395:Death(s)
311:Location
2477:10 July
2338:18 June
1326:to the
1307:in the
1130:and Dr
1083:Gampola
992:Gampola
969:of the
955:Borella
934:Colombo
924:Colombo
914:Vidanes
850:Rioting
843:Afghans
685:Gampola
488:Western
472:Colombo
440:or the
436:or the
343:Methods
239:scholar
137:scholar
2783:(1971)
2432:1 June
2301:1 June
2114:
2082:650762
2080:
2072:
2036:
1904:
1826:
1767:
1686:26 May
1654:
1623:
1592:
1560:1 June
1527:
1357:Legacy
1333:. The
1163:charge
980:Matale
951:Pettah
902:Alawwa
880:, the
809:Events
552:Muslim
520:Ceylon
476:Chilaw
446:Ceylon
419:Damage
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
2386:(PDF)
2185:(PDF)
2160:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
2078:JSTOR
1824:JSTOR
1705:(PDF)
1383:Tamil
1303:as a
1283:Kotte
1277:) by
865:Kandy
855:Kandy
792:with
677:Kandy
612:Malay
556:Moors
468:Kandy
246:JSTOR
232:books
144:JSTOR
130:books
2479:2023
2434:2013
2394:2021
2340:2021
2317:link
2303:2013
2193:2021
2168:2021
2143:2021
2112:ISBN
2070:ISSN
2034:ISBN
1959:2021
1934:2021
1902:ISBN
1880:2014
1854:2021
1765:ISBN
1688:2019
1652:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1562:2013
1525:ISBN
1214:and
796:and
768:and
744:and
490:and
428:The
322:and
303:Date
218:news
116:news
2062:doi
2011:doi
1981:doi
1048:,
683:In
414:N/A
406:189
194:to
99:by
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