Knowledge (XXG)

1993 New Zealand general election

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voters who had felt betrayed by Labour's reforms now felt betrayed by the National Party as well. The Mother of all Budgets not only caused widespread public contempt for the National Party but also wreaked havoc internally. The budget was lamented by the conservative wing of the National Party; former Prime Minister
739:. The National Party divided as to the merits of the reforms, with conservatives generally opposed and libertarians generally in favour. The party had fought the 1990 election saying that the Labour government's program was too radical, and was being carried out without any thought of the social consequences – 4218:, an electoral redistribution was carried out; the last one had been carried out in 1987 based on the previous census in 1986. This resulted in the abolition of nine electorates, and the creation of eleven new electorates. Through an amendment in the Electoral Act in 1965, the number of electorates in the 4809:
were won from the National Party by Labour challengers. Seventeen of these seats (Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui & the West Coast) had been won by National
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to a hitherto unprecedented polling low of 22%. Mike Moore, ousted by Bolger in a landslide just three years before, attacked National's caucus as dangerous right-wing extremists, and enjoyed considerable personal popularity. While the high unemployment Ruthanasia had caused had recovered somewhat by
781:
These policies, a steep departure even from Rogernomics, led to a major backlash in multiple aspects of society, both on the left and the right. Students and trade unionists led protests and marches in Wellington and Auckland against university cuts and the Employment Contracts Bill. Many of the
873:. Peters had broken with his party after a number of policy disputes with its leadership, and resigned from parliament to contest his seat as an independent. After being overwhelmingly re-elected, Peters established New Zealand First to promote his views. Peters was the party's sole MP. 1002:
since 1931, with no party gaining the 50 seats required for a majority. The National Party won 49 seats, a drop of 15 from before the election, and Labour had won 46 seats, with the balance of power held with the Alliance and New Zealand First, which won two seats each. This led to
762:", released in 1991, slashed available unemployment, sickness and welfare benefits. The families benefit by $ 25.00 to $ 27.00, unemployment benefit was cut by $ 14.00 a week, sickness benefit by $ 27.04. Universal payments for family benefits were completely abolished, and 4988: 988:
The election was held on 6 November. 2,321,664 people were registered to vote, and 85.2% turned out. This turnout was almost exactly the same as for the previous election, although slightly less than what would be seen for the following one.
686:
If MMP had been in use, the left-wing bloc of Labour and the Alliance – having secured a larger share of the vote than National or New Zealand First – would likely have formed a government. This was the last time prior to the
659:
With a vote difference of just 7,133 between the two major parties, the election was one of the closest in New Zealand history. Bolger's 17-seat majority gained in 1990 was pared back to a bare majority of one seat. The
1022:
to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as prime minister. However National won one more seat and was returned to power when the official count saw the seat of
997:
With a vote difference of just 7,133 between the two major parties, the election was one of the closest in New Zealand history. Preliminary results based on election night counts saw the country facing its first
861:, who had been re-elected under a NewLabour banner in the seat he had formerly held for Labour, while the other two belonged to the National MPs who formed the Liberal Party. In its first electoral test, the 1007:
saying on public television, "Bugger the pollsters", as polls had predicted a comfortable National victory. Bolger reacted to the election results by giving a conciliatory speech, while Labour leader
880:
process, the referendum was held following the September 1992 indicative referendum, which saw 85% of voters voting for change from the existing First Past The Post (FPP) system, and 70% choosing the
888:
system which would make it easier for smaller parties to win seats. It asked voters to choose whether to keep the existing FPP system or change to MMP, with 53.9% of voters opting to change to MMP.
683:
of parties to the left of Labour - both outperformed expectations and won significant shares of the vote. However, the first-past-the-post system kept them from gaining more than two seats each.
355: 799: 652: 102: 5936: 754:, who wished to expand, not end, the economic reforms. Upon gaining power, Richardson intensified the deregulation, creating an portfolio of neoliberal policies popularly known as 5245: 635:
Having broken electoral campaign promises and embarked on supply-side economics and wide-sweeping cuts during his first term, Bolger led the most unpopular government since the
1038:
The 1993–1996 parliamentary term would see a number of defections from both major parties, meaning that National would eventually be forced to make alliances to retain power.
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Another consequence of dissatisfaction with both major parties was the referendum conducted alongside the 1993 election. The culmination of the larger decade-long
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sought to weaken trade unions, by meaning employees had to have individual contracts or be on a single-employer collective agreement. Richardson also ended free
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delivered a speech later described by political scientist Jack Vowles as "damaging" and "more appropriate for a decisive Labour win than a narrow defeat."
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was fixed at 25, so the new electorates increased the number of the North Island electorates by two. In the South Island, one electorate was abolished (
632:, win a second term in office, despite a major swing away from National in both seats and votes, and the carrying of the referendum by 53.9% to 46.1%. 5986: 5976: 5971: 4889: 3647: 3057: 1711: 6032: 4384: 4255: 4164:
left National in 1991, becoming Independent, then joining the Liberal Party, which became part of the Alliance, finally New Zealand First in 1992–93
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In many cases an MP from an abolished seat stood for, and was elected to a new one that broadly covered their previous electorate.
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were required due to the resignation of incumbent local body politicians following their election to Parliament:
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Four MPs, including three National MPs and one Labour MP, intended to retire at the end of the 43rd Parliament.
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being decisively defeated. The Labour Party had become unpopular for its ongoing economic reforms, nicknamed
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While National and Labour usually stood candidates in every seat, National was one candidate short as their
862: 791: 617: 5447: 5052: 4665:– parts taken from the West Auckland, Te Atatu, and Titirangi electorates. Won by former West Auckland MP 4177: 2440: 2423: 1653: 1270: 822: 4881: 4725:– the abolished Wellington Central seat, plus part of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by new National MP 1778: 814:. By September 1991, support for National had plummeted to a hitherto unprecedented polling low of 22%. 759: 648: 155: 810:
that aired less than two weeks before the election, Bolger led the most unpopular government since the
1597: 540: 4030: 3746: 4892:, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Gordon Hodson. 2996: 2258: 1035:(so that National would not lose a vote in the house). Hence National had a majority of one seat. 3042: 2003: 783: 3946: 369: 743:
spoke about "the Decent Society", promising a return to a more moderate and balanced platform.
5490: 5471: 5357: 5332: 5203: 4885: 4823: 4655:– parts of the abolished Clevedon, Maramarua, and Coromandel seats. Won by former Clevedon MP 1725: 1644: 1174: 866: 673: 404: 354: 140: 5399: 5250: 4726: 4518: 4149: 3915: 2792: 2597: 2454: 2190: 1912: 1749: 1062: 1015: 842: 4193:
Albiston was first on election night for Waitaki, but lost when special votes were included
4973: 4827: 4625:– most of the abolished East Cape seat, plus part of Tarawera. Won by former East Cape MP 4014: 3626: 3609: 3369: 2918: 2865: 1735: 1718: 1027:
swing from Labour to National, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats. Labour's Sir
999: 751: 640: 4705:– the abolished Ashburton seat, plus part of the Selwyn seat. Won by former Ashburton MP 850: 4645:– part of the abolished Maramarua seat and part of Papakura. Won by former Maramarua MP 4173: 4122: 3595: 3554: 3547: 3161: 3132: 2928: 2911: 2500: 2384: 2367: 2319: 2214: 1934: 1824: 939: 892: 870: 802:
while attacking National's caucus as right-wing extremists. According to an episode of
767: 724: 676:, which he formed after leaving National over conflict with their economic policy, and 669: 389: 608:, up from 97 members at the 1990 election. The election was held concurrently with an 6084: 5126: 4706: 4540: 4330: 4161: 3956: 3939: 3925: 3837: 3393: 3318: 3230: 3086: 3064: 2967: 2756: 2739: 2566: 2050: 1375: 1019: 951: 857:(a National splinter). The Alliance held three seats in Parliament – one belonged to 834: 728: 720: 5223: 4837:
was won from the Labour Party by a New Zealand First challenger. The challenger was
1014:
On election night result with the two major parties tied, the Governor-General Dame
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1993, Bolger's approval ratings remained dire against Moore up until election day.
384: 4152:
left National in 1992, joining the Liberal Party which became part of the Alliance
865:, the Alliance had performed well, taking second place. Another smaller group was 5548: 5328:
Voters' Victory?: New Zealand's First Election under Proportional Representation
5288: 4696: 4468: 3970: 3890: 3883: 3459: 3296: 3205: 3006: 2945: 2770: 2717: 2626: 2522: 2221: 1810: 716: 5202:. Wellington: Radio New Zealand & Bridget Williams Books. pp. 97, 98. 5018: 4838: 4656: 4646: 4626: 4445: 4422: 4376: 4076: 3815: 3724: 3688: 3671: 3616: 3252: 2604: 2573: 2544: 2374: 2247: 2169: 2152: 2138: 2128: 2075: 1959: 1800: 1771: 1604:
The table below shows the results of the 1993 general election by electorate:
1004: 927: 755: 740: 644: 629: 579: 564: 170: 4635:– most of the abolished Bay of Islands seat. Won by former Bay of Islands MP 5127:"Tertiary sector reform from the 1980s – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 4822:
was won from the Labour Party by an Alliance challenger. The challenger was
3347: 3325: 2670: 2430: 763: 668:, enjoyed a 16-seat rise and almost won outright. The two smaller parties - 5173: 4715:– chiefly, the abolished seat of West Auckland. Won by former Te Atatu MP 3379: 5048:"New Zealand as it might have been: From Ruthanasia to President Bolger" 4989:"Bolger remains NZ's unpopular choice: The leader of the National Party" 5377: 5149:"How Ruth Richardson's Mother of all Budgets is still f*cking us today" 5077:"How New Zealand's employment laws changed forever, 30 years ago today" 736: 4685:– part of the abolished Coromandel seat. Won by former Coromandel MP 807: 732: 778:
altogether, after the Fourth Labour Government had ended bursaries.
711:
had been a major victory for the National Party, with the unpopular
4506:
One MP from an abolished electorate failed to win a new electorate
5200:
The 9th Floor: Conversations with five New Zealand Prime Ministers
1596: 4695:– the core of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by former Ohariu MP 5312:"Pollsters, prophets and politics: On the ball or off the mark?" 4555:
Due to boundary changes, two MPs moved to safer new electorates
600:
was held on 6 November 1993 to determine the composition of the
5519: 5174:"Demonstration against Employment Contracts Bill, Wellington" 4675:– the eastern part of the Otara seat. Won by former Otara MP 4230:). In the North Island, five electorates were newly created ( 1660:
Electorate results for the 1993 New Zealand general election
5354:
The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General
1061: 4852:
passed from an incumbent National MP to a new National MP.
4939:"Results of the 1993 referendum on the electoral system" 5378:"Elections to the New Zealand House of Representatives" 4974:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9KqjmvaTu4&t=1091s
4884:
was caused after Hauraki Gulf Islands Ward councillor
4859:
passed from an incumbent Labour MP to a new Labour MP.
1362:
Increase over Alliance's constituent member parties' (
825:", was a broad coalition of five smaller groups – the 5102:"How we racked up $ 16 billion in student debt in NZ" 616:
system, with all members elected from single-member
6015: 5929: 5920: 5862: 5564: 1384:Increase of one over Alliance's constituent party, 1033:
speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
108: 90: 5487:Temple's Guide to the 44th New Zealand Parliament 1071: 691:where a party won an absolute majority of seats. 651:in 1991 caused huge protests. By September 1991, 5246:"A Hung Parliament Seems Likely For New Zealand" 790:electorate in protest of Richardson's policies, 552: 4888:resigned her seat after she was elected MP for 794:. Polling declined massively for National, and 545:Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin 4912:Alliance results compared with 1990 totals of 5531: 5275: 5273: 5147:Rapira, Laura O'Connell (28 September 2019). 4202:Campion became an Independent on 3 March 1993 703:governed with 64 seats, while the opposition 8: 5505:Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place 5012: 5010: 895:candidate apparently did not apply in time. 869:, a party established by former National MP 21: 4532: 4510: 5926: 5538: 5524: 5516: 5445:"Lee ally wins her seat on city council". 4908: 4906: 1658: 20: 4270:), and eight electorates were abolished ( 4307: 1050: 905: 750:role was taken not by a moderate but by 622:mixed-member proportional representation 5432: 5420: 4902: 4142: 643:, his Minister of Finance, were termed 5017:Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). 884:(MMP) as its preferred replacement: a 4226:), and one electorate was recreated ( 746:Once in government, however, the key 7: 5380:. Election Resources on the Internet 5224:"Historical Pollling Data 1974–2021" 4983: 4981: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4250:), five electorates were recreated ( 1054:New Zealand House of Representatives 6096:November 1993 events in New Zealand 604:. Voters elected 99 members to the 333: 119: 4972:, TVNZ 1, 27 October 1993. Link - 653:support for National had plummeted 14: 6091:1993 New Zealand general election 5400:"New Zealand Elections 1972–1993" 5310:McCulloch, Craig (2 April 2017). 5254:. 8 November 1993. Archived from 598:1993 New Zealand general election 22:1993 New Zealand general election 5547: 4543: 4521: 539: 525: 524: 517: 516: 482: 475: 368: 353: 321: 320: 313: 312: 274: 273: 266: 265: 154: 139: 28: 5489:. Dunedin: McIndoe Publishers. 5281:"History of the National Party" 4841:and the defeated incumbent was 4826:and the defeated incumbent was 4609: 4601: 4586: 4578: 4539: 4517: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4321: 1294:minor parties and independents 1052:Summary of the 6 November 1993 664:, led by former Prime Minister 16:General election in New Zealand 5468:Electoral Atlas of New Zealand 5028:. Event occurs at 14:44-15:18 483: 476: 97:50 seats needed for a majority 1: 5937:1894–1987 (alcohol licensing) 5331:. Auckland University Press. 4810:from Labour in 1990, so were 766:schemes were introduced in a 5402:. New Zealand Election Study 878:New Zealand electoral reform 639:. The neoliberal actions of 5075:Braae, Alex (15 May 2021). 610:electoral reform referendum 602:44th New Zealand Parliament 6112: 6038:2009 (corporal punishment) 5558:referendums in New Zealand 5451:. 30 May 1994. p. 10. 5356:. Otago University Press. 5285:New Zealand National Party 1343:total registered electors 1018:asked her predecessor Sir 863:1992 by-election in Tamaki 723:, which were based around 719:after Minister of Finance 6055: 5967:1990 (parliamentary term) 5957:1967 (parliamentary term) 4562: 4559: 4554: 4530: 4515: 4505: 4313: 4310: 4121: 4101:Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 4099: 4044: 4028: 4013: 3991: 3969: 3909: 3858: 3836: 3814: 3787: 3767: 3745: 3723: 3701: 3524: 3502: 3480: 3458: 3436: 3414: 3392: 3368: 3346: 3295: 3273: 3251: 3224: 3204: 3182: 3131: 3109: 3085: 3063: 3041: 3019: 2966: 2939: 2888: 2835: 2813: 2791: 2769: 2716: 2689: 2669: 2647: 2625: 2543: 2521: 2499: 2475: 2453: 2395: 2342: 2318: 2291: 2271: 2240: 2127: 2069: 2049: 2022: 2002: 1980: 1953: 1933: 1911: 1889: 1867: 1845: 1823: 1799: 1748: 1695: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1378:) combined vote share in 1355: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1313: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1060: 921: 919: 908: 882:Mixed Member Proportional 829:(a Labour splinter), the 699:Before the election, the 575:Subsequent Prime Minister 550: 537: 329: 116: 101: 72: 50:6 November 1993 38: 26: 5947:1949 (military training) 5470:. Wellington: GP Books. 5019:"Revolution (part four)" 1788:Olivia Scaletti-Longley 792:triggering a by-election 772:Employment Contracts Act 713:Fourth Labour Government 606:House of Representatives 94:House of Representatives 6070:Supplementary elections 5597:(First Māori elections) 5485:Temple, Philip (1994). 5198:Espiner, Guyon (2017). 4216:1991 New Zealand census 1944:Heather-Anne McConachy 624:. It saw the governing 5962:1967 (licensing hours) 5952:1949 (licensing hours) 5509:Chief Electoral Office 5466:McRobie, Alan (1989). 5448:The New Zealand Herald 5352:McLean, Gavin (2006). 5053:The New Zealand Herald 1601: 1066: 647:by the media, and her 6060:Parliamentary makeups 5325:Vowles, Jack (2013). 4882:Auckland City Council 4623:Eastern Bay of Plenty 4431:Eastern Bay of Plenty 4232:Eastern Bay of Plenty 1950:Eastern Bay of Plenty 1600: 1065: 760:Mother of all Budgets 731:, and the removal of 649:Mother of all Budgets 5987:2011 (voting method) 5977:1993 (voting method) 5972:1992 (voting method) 5930:Parliament-initiated 5507:(Technical report). 5314:. Radio New Zealand. 4864:Post-election events 4311:Abolished Electorate 1818:Christchurch Central 1223:McGillicuddy Serious 899:MPs retiring in 1993 92:All 99 seats in the 6033:1999 (MP reduction) 6023:1995 (firefighters) 4560:Marginal Electorate 3803:Barbara Hutchinson 2997:Taito Phillip Field 2259:Jeanette Fitzsimons 1683:General electorates 1661: 1057: 748:Minister of Finance 614:first-past-the-post 437:Last election 422:Leader's seat 227:Last election 212:Leader's seat 23: 6043:2013 (asset sales) 6016:Citizens-initiated 4870:local by-elections 4512:Wellington Central 4296:Wellington Central 4210:Summary of changes 3043:Maurice Williamson 2802:Colleen Pritchard 2004:Christine Fletcher 1840:Christchurch North 1659: 1602: 1593:Electorate results 1476:Christian Heritage 1199:Christian Heritage 1067: 1051: 993:Summary of results 786:resigned from his 784:Sir Robert Muldoon 776:tertiary education 707:held only 29. The 491:Popular vote 450:Seats before 411:Leader since 283:Popular vote 238:Seats before 221:Christchurch North 197:Leader since 112:1,922,796 (82.82%) 103:Opinion polls 6078: 6077: 6051: 6050: 5598: 5566:General elections 5226:. Patrick Leyland 5056:. 12 January 2007 4995:. 6 November 1993 4723:Wellington-Karori 4618:New electorates. 4616: 4615: 4534:Wellington-Karori 4248:Wellington-Karori 4138:Table footnotes: 4136: 4135: 4031:Māori electorates 3906:Wellington-Karori 3747:Katherine O'Regan 3171:Rosemarie Thomas 3030:Margo Martindale 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1360: 1359: 1056:election results 1031:agreed to become 981: 980: 867:New Zealand First 674:New Zealand First 594: 593: 590: 589: 533: 532: 472:Seat change 262:Seat change 233:29 seats, 35.14% 230:67 seats, 47.82% 68: 67: 6103: 5992:2015–2016 (flag) 5927: 5596: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5517: 5512: 5500: 5481: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5291:on 16 April 2014 5287:. Archived from 5277: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5251:Orlando Sentinel 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5106:www.renews.co.nz 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5023: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4935: 4929: 4918:Democratic Party 4910: 4890:Auckland Central 4820:Auckland Central 4814:National seats. 4727:Pauline Gardiner 4550: 4547: 4546: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4519:Pauline Gardiner 4308: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182:1993 by-election 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4150:Hamish MacIntyre 4147: 4110:Jules Parkinson 3916:Pauline Gardiner 3648:Suzanne Sinclair 3058:Palmerston North 2824:Margaret Emerre 2793:Geoff Braybrooke 2598:Hamish MacIntyre 2510:Rosalie Steward 2455:Elizabeth Tennet 2307:David Jorgensen 2191:Martin Gallagher 1991:Peter MacMillan 1913:Clive Matthewson 1750:Larry Sutherland 1712:Auckland Central 1662: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1518:Parliament seats 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1058: 1042:Detailed results 1016:Catherine Tizard 906: 853:party), and the 843:environmentalist 812:Great Depression 800:approval ratings 758:. Richardson's " 637:Great Depression 553: 543: 528: 527: 520: 519: 486: 485: 479: 478: 414:1 December 1991 372: 357: 324: 323: 316: 315: 277: 276: 269: 268: 206:4 September 1990 158: 143: 118: 117: 77:outgoing members 57: 55: 40: 39: 33: 32: 31: 24: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6047: 6011: 5942:1949 (gambling) 5916: 5864:Local elections 5858: 5560: 5546: 5544: 5503: 5497: 5484: 5478: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5258:on 4 March 2016 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4993:The Independent 4987: 4986: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4914:NewLabour Party 4911: 4904: 4899: 4866: 4828:Richard Prebble 4566:New Electorate 4548: 4544: 4526: 4522: 4317:New Electorate 4212: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4015:Margaret Austin 3947:Damien O'Connor 3910:New electorate 3825:Bruce Albiston 3788:New electorate 3627:Maurice McTigue 3610:Maurice McTigue 3513:Gordon Dickson 3370:Ruth Richardson 3262:Maureen Little 3225:New electorate 3074:Barbara Stones 3052:Heather MacKay 2940:New electorate 2919:Richard Northey 2866:Harry Duynhoven 2846:Cliff Robinson 2727:John Pemberton 2690:New electorate 2554:Murray Simpson 2477:Robert Anderson 2396:New electorate 2330:Heather Simpson 2292:New electorate 2282:Peter Reynolds 2241:New electorate 2231:Cynthia Bowers 2070:New electorate 2038:Maryanne Baker 2023:New electorate 1954:New electorate 1928:East Coast Bays 1736:Richard Prebble 1719:Richard Prebble 1649: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1564: 1551: 1538: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1481: 1468: 1455: 1442: 1429: 1398: 1383: 1049: 1044: 1000:hung parliament 995: 986: 901: 827:NewLabour Party 821:, the largest " 752:Ruth Richardson 697: 641:Ruth Richardson 612:to replace the 582: 577: 567: 562: 560:before election 551: 546: 538: 461:Seats won 440:1 seat, 14.28% 376: 375: 374: 373: 361: 360: 359: 358: 330: 249:Seats won 162: 161: 160: 159: 147: 146: 145: 144: 96: 91: 86: 85: 82:elected members 79: 53: 51: 34: 29: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:1999 (justice) 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:1997 (pension) 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5501: 5495: 5482: 5476: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5437: 5435:, p. 111. 5425: 5423:, p. 127. 5413: 5391: 5369: 5362: 5344: 5337: 5317: 5302: 5269: 5237: 5215: 5208: 5190: 5178:natlib.govt.nz 5165: 5139: 5118: 5093: 5067: 5039: 5006: 4977: 4955: 4930: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4835:Northern Maori 4831: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4710: 4700: 4690: 4680: 4670: 4660: 4650: 4640: 4630: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4346:Bay of Islands 4342: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4272:Bay of Islands 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4174:Winston Peters 4166: 4154: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4132:Ricky Taiaroa 4130: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4094:Southern Maori 4090: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063:Northern Maori 4059: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3900:Gael Donoghue 3898: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3847:K F Lehmstedt 3845: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3756:John Kilbride 3754: 3752: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3712:Gregg Sheehan 3710: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555:Winston Peters 3552: 3550: 3548:Winston Peters 3545: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3535:Geoff Rowling 3533: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3469:Richard Green 3467: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416:Michael Cullen 3413: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3403:Raewyn Dawson 3401: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3357:Keith Ridings 3355: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275:Denis Marshall 3272: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162:Trevor Mallard 3159: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133:Ross Robertson 3130: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111:John Robertson 3108: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2977:Janet Yiakmis 2975: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2955:George Mathew 2953: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929:Grahame Thorne 2926: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912:Grahame Thorne 2909: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876:John Armstrong 2873: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2859:John Armstrong 2856: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2780:Vanessa Brown 2778: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2658:Mark Chalmers 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649:George Hawkins 2646: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501:Lockwood Smith 2498: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2464:Chris Shields 2462: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385:Hamish Hancock 2382: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2368:Hamish Hancock 2365: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320:Peter McCardle 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2215:Jeff Whittaker 2212: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2085:Judy Bischoff 2083: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1969:Diane Collins 1967: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935:Murray McCully 1932: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1878:Jeff Buchanan 1876: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825:Lianne Dalziel 1822: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1759:Marie Venning 1757: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1486: 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893:Southern Maori 871:Winston Peters 725:liberalisation 701:National Party 696: 693: 678:Jim Anderton's 670:Winston Peters 626:National Party 592: 591: 588: 587: 572: 558:Prime Minister 548: 547: 544: 535: 534: 531: 530: 522: 514: 510: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 488: 487: 480: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 451: 447: 446: 441: 438: 434: 433: 428: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 402: 397: 393: 392: 390:Winston Peters 387: 382: 378: 377: 367: 366: 365: 364: 362: 352: 351: 350: 349: 347: 343: 342: 339: 336: 332: 331: 327: 326: 318: 310: 306: 305: 302: 297: 293: 292: 289: 284: 280: 279: 271: 263: 259: 258: 255: 250: 246: 245: 242: 239: 235: 234: 231: 228: 224: 223: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 168: 164: 163: 153: 152: 151: 150: 148: 138: 137: 136: 135: 133: 129: 128: 125: 122: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 99: 98: 88: 87: 80: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 59: 47: 36: 35: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6108: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6071: 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5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5496:0-86868-159-8 5492: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5477:0-477-01384-8 5473: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5365: 5363:1-877372-25-0 5359: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5338:9781869407131 5334: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5209:9781988533223 5205: 5201: 5194: 5191: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5140: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5007: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922:Mana Motuhake 4919: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843:Bruce Gregory 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743:Hamilton West 4740: 4739:Hamilton East 4736: 4733:The seats of 4728: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707:Jenny Shipley 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4677:Trevor Rogers 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4603:Trevor Rogers 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4542: 4541:Chris Laidlaw 4538: 4535: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4484:West Auckland 4481: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4331:Jenny Shipley 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:West Auckland 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4214:Based on the 4209: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4162:Gilbert Myles 4158: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4116:Western Maori 4114: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087:Bruce Gregory 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4070:Bruce Gregory 4068: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046:Peter Tapsell 4042: 4040: 4039:Eastern Maori 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024:David Watson 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3957:Margaret Moir 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3940:Margaret Moir 3938: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3926:Chris Laidlaw 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Peter Gresham 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3778:Peter Teahan 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3491:Stephen Wood 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3482:Roger Maxwell 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394:David Caygill 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3335:Allan Spence 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3319:Gilbert Myles 3317: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306:Mary Tierney 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3231:Jenny Shipley 3229: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Judith Tizard 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065:Steve Maharey 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2990:Trevor Rogers 2988: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968:Warren Cooper 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899:Joel Cayford 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837:Jonathan Hunt 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2757:Graeme Reeves 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2740:Graeme Reeves 2738: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2636:Len Richards 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614:Gray Baldwin 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2567:Gail McIntosh 2565: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2411:James Clarke 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402:Trevor Rogers 2400: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2177:Hamilton West 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2146:Hamilton East 2144: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2051:Philip Burdon 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922:Ollie Turner 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900:Hugh Perkins 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1884:Dunedin North 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1396:Votes summary 1395: 1393: 1391: 1388:'s result in 1387: 1381: 1377: 1376:Mana Motuhake 1373: 1369: 1365: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029:Peter Tapsell 1026: 1021: 1020:David Beattie 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 992: 990: 983: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 961: 958: 955: 953: 952:Gail McIntosh 950: 949: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 918: 914: 911: 907: 904: 898: 896: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:Liberal Party 852: 848: 847:Mana Motuhake 844: 840: 836: 835:social credit 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 770:fashion. The 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:privatisation 726: 722: 721:Roger Douglas 718: 714: 710: 709:1990 election 706: 702: 694: 692: 690: 689:2020 election 684: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 586: 585: 581: 576: 573: 571: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 554: 549: 542: 536: 523: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 501: 500: 496: 493: 490: 489: 481: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 449: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 435: 432: 429: 427: 424: 421: 420: 417:18 July 1993 416: 413: 410: 409: 406: 403: 401: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 380: 379: 371: 363: 356: 348: 345: 344: 341:Fourth party 340: 337: 334: 328: 319: 311: 308: 307: 303: 301: 298: 295: 294: 290: 288: 285: 282: 281: 272: 264: 261: 260: 256: 254: 251: 248: 247: 243: 240: 237: 236: 232: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 202: 201:26 March 1986 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 172: 169: 166: 165: 157: 149: 142: 134: 131: 130: 127:Second party 126: 123: 120: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 95: 89: 84: → 83: 78: 75:←  71: 64: → 63: 60: 58: 48: 46: 43:←  42: 41: 37: 25: 19: 6065:By-elections 5852: 5796: 5504: 5486: 5467: 5446: 5440: 5433:McRobie 1989 5428: 5421:McRobie 1989 5416: 5404:. Retrieved 5394: 5382:. Retrieved 5372: 5353: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5289:the original 5260:. Retrieved 5256:the original 5249: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5218: 5199: 5193: 5183:29 September 5181:. Retrieved 5177: 5168: 5158:29 September 5156:. Retrieved 5152: 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5121: 5111:29 September 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5096: 5086:29 September 5084:. Retrieved 5080: 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5051: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5025: 4999:27 September 4997:. Retrieved 4992: 4969: 4948:24 September 4946:. Retrieved 4942: 4933: 4868:A number of 4867: 4856: 4855:The seat of 4849: 4848:The seat of 4834: 4833:The seat of 4819: 4818:The seat of 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771:New Plymouth 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755:Invercargill 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4722: 4717:Brian Neeson 4712: 4702: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4662: 4652: 4642: 4632: 4622: 4617: 4580:Brian Neeson 4563:MP relocated 4314:MP relocated 4304: 4220:South Island 4213: 4198: 4189: 4176:had been an 4169: 4157: 4145: 4137: 4056:Alamein Kopu 4029: 3964:Western Hutt 3870:Lesley Soper 3860:Bill English 3794:Brian Neeson 3769:Wyatt Creech 3734:Susan Moore 3703:Roger McClay 3696:Waikaremoana 3658:Marie Hasler 3641:Marie Hasler 3586:Chris Carter 3579:Brian Neeson 3504:Max Bradford 3438:Jim Anderton 3215:Bill Harris 3193:Lagi Sipeli 3184:Graham Kelly 3155:Sonja Davies 3120:Nancy Hawks 3097:Bruce Jesson 3021:John Falloon 2890:Bruce Cliffe 2852:New Plymouth 2815:John Blincoe 2764:Mount Albert 2747:Annette King 2584:David Carter 2538:King Country 2417:Invercargill 2354:Frank Grover 2344:Ross Meurant 2273:Michael Laws 2246: 2201:Grant Thomas 2184:Grant Thomas 2160:Dianne Yates 2115:Wayne Kimber 2105:Janet Mackey 2098:Wayne Kimber 2013:Verna Smith 1975:Eastern Hutt 1906:Dunedin West 1891:Pete Hodgson 1834:Andrew Rowe 1697:Don McKinnon 1682: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1531: 1422: 1409:Popular Vote 1361: 1314: 1047:Party totals 1037: 1013: 996: 987: 984:The election 971:Sonja Davies 902: 890: 886:proportional 875: 859:Jim Anderton 837:party), the 816: 803: 780: 745: 705:Labour Party 698: 685: 662:Labour Party 658: 634: 597: 595: 578: 574: 563: 556: 443: 385:Jim Anderton 338:Third party 299: 286: 252: 216:King Country 124:First party 49: 18: 5922:Referendums 5406:17 December 5384:17 December 5153:The Spinoff 5132:11 February 5081:The Spinoff 4926:Green Party 4878:by-election 4719:(National). 4709:(National). 4697:Peter Dunne 4679:(National). 4637:John Carter 4469:Peter Dunne 4354:John Carter 4178:Independent 4123:Koro Wētere 4002:Mark Furey 3980:Vern Walsh 3971:Joy Quigley 3891:Jill Pettis 3884:Cam Campion 3679:Mark Burton 3596:Laila Harré 3565:John Cronin 3460:Clem Simich 3447:Greg Coyle 3425:Leah McBey 3297:Doug Graham 3240:John Howie 3206:Simon Upton 3007:Shane Frith 2946:Peter Dunne 2883:North Shore 2771:Helen Clark 2718:John Luxton 2705:John Neill 2680:Ron Howard 2664:Marlborough 2627:David Lange 2532:Rob Calder 2523:Roger Sowry 2487:Peter Brown 2222:Rick Barker 2029:John Carter 1856:Lee Morgan 1811:Ann Hartley 1706:Jill Jeffs 1665:Electorate 1654:Independent 1315:total votes 1247:Natural Law 1078:% of votes 915:Electorate 823:third party 798:shot up in 768:libertarian 717:Rogernomics 618:electorates 502:Percentage 296:Percentage 6085:Categories 6005:euthanasia 5460:References 5295:25 October 5262:25 October 5060:8 December 5032:4 February 4886:Sandra Lee 4839:Tau Henare 4824:Sandra Lee 4807:West Coast 4751:Horowhenua 4687:Graeme Lee 4667:Jack Elder 4657:Warren Kyd 4647:Bill Birch 4627:Tony Ryall 4492:Jack Elder 4446:Bill Birch 4423:Tony Ryall 4400:Graeme Lee 4392:Coromandel 4377:Warren Kyd 4280:Coromandel 4180:since the 4077:Tau Henare 3993:John Banks 3933:West Coast 3816:Alec Neill 3725:Rob Storey 3689:Ian Peters 3672:Ian Peters 3617:Jim Sutton 3526:Nick Smith 3268:Rangitīkei 3253:Jim Gerard 3126:Papatoetoe 2696:Graeme Lee 2605:Jill White 2574:Ruth Dyson 2545:Jim Bolger 2448:Island Bay 2375:Judy Keall 2361:Horowhenua 2313:Heretaunga 2298:Jack Elder 2266:Hawkes Bay 2248:Warren Kyd 2170:Tony Steel 2153:Tony Steel 2139:Ann Batten 2129:Peter Hilt 2076:Bill Birch 1982:Paul Swain 1960:Tony Ryall 1869:Robin Gray 1847:Mike Moore 1801:Ian Revell 1794:Birkenhead 1772:Jeff Grant 1726:Sandra Lee 1677:Runner up 1668:Incumbent 1346:2,321,664 1319:1,922,796 1271:Mana Māori 1009:Mike Moore 1005:Jim Bolger 957:Lyttlelton 928:Jeff Grant 796:Mike Moore 756:Ruthanasia 741:Jim Bolger 695:Background 666:Mike Moore 645:Ruthanasia 630:Jim Bolger 580:Jim Bolger 565:Jim Bolger 176:Mike Moore 171:Jim Bolger 54:1993-11-06 5607:1875–1876 5584:1860–1861 5554:Elections 4970:Frontline 4857:Pencarrow 4799:Tongariro 4795:Titirangi 4759:Lyttelton 4713:Waitakere 4699:(Labour). 4669:(Labour). 4663:Henderson 4633:Far North 4588:Waitakere 4500:Henderson 4438:Maramarua 4415:East Cape 4362:Far North 4323:Ashburton 4288:Maramarua 4284:East Cape 4268:Waitakere 4260:Henderson 4236:Far North 4224:Ashburton 4008:Yaldhurst 3986:Whangarei 3831:Waitotara 3784:Waitakere 3762:Wairarapa 3665:Tongariro 3634:Titirangi 3387:St Albans 3348:Paul East 3326:Phil Goff 3284:Bob Peck 3148:Pencarrow 3142:Jim Wild 3036:Pakuranga 2671:Doug Kidd 2560:Lyttelton 2441:Rob Munro 2431:Mark Peck 2424:Rob Munro 2288:Henderson 2122:Glenfield 2060:Tony Day 2044:Fendalton 2019:Far North 1674:Majority 1386:NewLabour 1372:Democrats 1368:NewLabour 976:Pencarrow 831:Democrats 804:Frontline 737:subsidies 628:, led by 444:New party 6000:cannabis 5230:10 March 4812:one-term 4803:Wanganui 4787:Te Atatu 4775:Onehunga 4763:Manawatu 4747:Hastings 4735:Gisborne 4683:Matakana 4643:Franklin 4572:Te Atatu 4454:Franklin 4408:Matakana 4369:Clevedon 4276:Clevedon 4252:Franklin 4244:Matakana 3877:Wanganui 3572:Te Atatū 3541:Tauranga 3497:Tarawera 3475:Taranaki 3431:Sydenham 3409:St Kilda 3380:Ron Mark 3246:Rangiora 3104:Papakura 3014:Pahiatua 2905:Onehunga 2830:New Lynn 2711:Matamata 2686:Matakana 2642:Manurewa 2591:Manawatu 2208:Hastings 2091:Gisborne 2066:Franklin 1779:Eric Roy 1645:NZ First 1636:Alliance 1618:National 1572:NZ First 1559:Alliance 1532:National 1463:NZ First 1450:Alliance 1423:National 1353:turnout 1179:161,481 1175:NZ First 1155:350,064 1151:Alliance 1131:666,759 1107:673,892 1103:National 945:Hastings 923:National 845:party), 819:Alliance 764:user pay 681:Alliance 584:National 569:National 497:161,481 494:350,063 431:Tauranga 426:Sydenham 405:NZ First 400:Alliance 291:666,759 186:National 5511:. 1993. 5026:YouTube 5022:(video) 4880:to the 4783:Roskill 4767:Miramar 4653:Hauraki 4385:Hauraki 4256:Hauraki 3853:Wallace 3809:Waitaki 3718:Waikato 3341:Rotorua 3312:Roskill 3290:Remuera 3177:Porirua 3080:Panmure 2733:Miramar 2620:Māngere 2494:Kaipara 2237:Hauraki 1671:Winner 1576:  1563:  1550:  1537:  1493:  1480:  1467:  1454:  1441:  1428:  1356:82.82% 1322:100.00 1297:10,747 1227:11,706 1203:38,749 1113:-12.78 1095:change 1089:change 1025:Waitaki 733:tariffs 620:, with 505:18.21% 381:Leader 346:  335:  317:12.77% 304:34.68% 287:673,892 167:Leader 132:  121:  109:Turnout 52: ( 5493:  5474:  5360:  5335:  5206:  4850:Awarua 4791:Timaru 4703:Rakaia 4693:Onslow 4673:Howick 4611:Howick 4477:Onslow 4461:Ohariu 4339:Rakaia 4298:, and 4292:Ohariu 4266:, and 4264:Onslow 4246:, and 4240:Howick 4228:Rakaia 4127:3,777 4105:6,340 4050:6,666 4019:2,997 3997:1,587 3975:1,542 3951:2,920 3895:3,371 3864:5,578 3842:4,545 3798:3,180 3773:2,229 3751:3,730 3729:2,286 3707:4,021 3683:1,951 3621:2,940 3603:Timaru 3590:1,388 3559:7,924 3530:4,059 3519:Tasman 3508:4,155 3486:4,871 3464:7,951 3453:Tāmaki 3442:7,476 3420:5,071 3398:3,425 3363:Selwyn 3330:2,205 3301:8,619 3279:3,422 3257:4,469 3235:4,540 3221:Rakaia 3210:4,540 3199:Raglan 3188:6,713 3166:2,641 3137:5,977 3091:3,277 3069:3,764 3047:5,460 3025:5,178 3001:5,981 2972:3,220 2950:1,065 2936:Onslow 2894:4,723 2870:3,126 2841:1,598 2819:2,007 2808:Nelson 2797:4,926 2786:Napier 2775:4,656 2751:2,595 2722:5,977 2675:2,548 2653:4,014 2631:5,958 2549:4,506 2527:1,038 2516:Kapiti 2505:2,958 2470:Kaimai 2459:5,422 2435:1,174 2406:5,754 2392:Howick 2379:2,347 2348:2,697 2337:Hobson 2302:2,130 2277:3,143 2253:1,870 2226:2,571 2133:1,983 2109:1,068 2080:3,543 2055:4,982 2033:3,425 2008:3,394 1986:4,718 1939:4,516 1917:4,477 1895:3,794 1873:4,117 1862:Clutha 1851:6,024 1829:6,189 1783:2,236 1765:Awarua 1754:5,643 1730:1,291 1701:3,651 1690:Albany 1652:  1650:  1643:  1641:  1634:  1632:  1627:Labour 1625:  1623:  1616:  1614:  1554:45.45% 1546:Labour 1541:50.50% 1489:Others 1458:18.21% 1445:34.68% 1437:Labour 1432:35.05% 1364:Greens 1303:+0.34 1281:+0.17 1275:3,342 1257:+0.31 1251:6,056 1233:+0.06 1209:+1.49 1161:+3.93 1158:18.21 1137:-0.46 1134:34.68 1127:Labour 1110:35.05 1092:total 1081:Seats 1075:Votes 1072:Party 966:Labour 933:Awarua 839:Greens 808:TVNZ 1 788:Tamaki 529:8.40% 521:3.93% 513:Swing 508:8.40% 396:Party 325:0.46% 309:Swing 300:35.05% 191:Labour 182:Party 5996:2020 4943:TEARA 4897:Notes 4779:Otara 4595:Otara 3740:Waipa 2983:Otara 2961:Otago 1580:2.02% 1567:2.02% 1497:1.65% 1484:2.02% 1471:8.40% 1300:0.56 1278:0.17 1254:0.31 1230:0.61 1206:2.02 1185:+8.4 1182:8.40 909:Party 851:Māori 5912:2022 5907:2019 5902:2016 5897:2013 5892:2010 5887:2007 5882:2004 5877:2001 5872:1853 5853:Next 5847:2023 5842:2020 5837:2017 5832:2014 5827:2011 5822:2008 5817:2005 5812:2002 5807:1999 5802:1996 5797:1993 5792:1990 5787:1987 5782:1984 5777:1981 5772:1978 5767:1975 5762:1972 5757:1969 5752:1966 5747:1963 5742:1960 5737:1957 5732:1954 5727:1951 5722:1949 5717:1946 5712:1943 5707:1938 5702:1935 5697:1931 5692:1928 5687:1925 5682:1922 5677:1919 5672:1914 5667:1911 5662:1908 5657:1905 5652:1902 5647:1899 5642:1896 5637:1893 5632:1890 5627:1887 5622:1884 5617:1881 5612:1879 5602:1871 5594:1868 5589:1866 5579:1855 5574:1853 5556:and 5491:ISBN 5472:ISBN 5408:2011 5386:2011 5358:ISBN 5333:ISBN 5297:2011 5264:2011 5232:2022 5204:ISBN 5185:2023 5160:2023 5134:2024 5113:2023 5088:2023 5062:2014 5034:2017 5001:2023 4950:2023 4924:and 4805:and 4081:416 3920:480 3652:340 3374:888 3352:429 3115:484 2923:407 2700:893 2609:164 2578:677 2481:372 2324:832 2195:449 1997:Eden 1964:806 1805:104 1743:Avon 1390:1990 1380:1990 1374:and 1143:+16 1119:-17 912:Name 841:(an 817:The 735:and 596:The 62:1996 45:1990 4302:). 3820:53 2164:80 1608:Key 1330:+2 1327:99 1191:+2 1167:+1 1140:45 1116:50 849:(a 833:(a 806:on 278:16 270:13 257:45 244:29 241:63 6087:: 5283:. 5272:^ 5248:. 5176:. 5151:. 5104:. 5079:. 5050:. 5024:. 5009:^ 4991:. 4980:^ 4958:^ 4941:. 4920:, 4916:, 4905:^ 4876:A 4801:, 4797:, 4793:, 4789:, 4785:, 4781:, 4777:, 4773:, 4769:, 4765:, 4761:, 4757:, 4753:, 4749:, 4745:, 4741:, 4737:, 4607:→ 4599:→ 4584:→ 4576:→ 4496:→ 4488:→ 4473:→ 4465:→ 4450:→ 4442:→ 4427:→ 4419:→ 4404:→ 4396:→ 4381:→ 4373:→ 4358:→ 4350:→ 4335:→ 4327:→ 4294:, 4290:, 4286:, 4282:, 4278:, 4274:, 4262:, 4258:, 4254:, 4242:, 4238:, 4234:, 1392:. 1370:, 1366:, 1309:– 1306:0 1287:– 1284:0 1263:– 1260:0 1239:– 1236:0 1215:– 1212:0 1188:2 1164:2 1086:% 727:, 672:' 467:2 464:2 456:2 453:2 253:50 5539:e 5532:t 5525:v 5499:. 5480:. 5410:. 5388:. 5366:. 5341:. 5299:. 5266:. 5234:. 5212:. 5187:. 5162:. 5136:. 5115:. 5090:. 5064:. 5036:. 5003:. 4952:. 4928:. 4845:. 4830:. 4729:. 4689:. 4659:. 4649:. 4639:. 4629:. 4549:N 4527:Y 4184:. 1382:. 56:)

Index

1990
1996
outgoing members
elected members
House of Representatives
Opinion polls
Jim Bolger edited (cropped).jpg
Mike Moore visit to Bangkok cropped.png
Jim Bolger
Mike Moore
National
Labour
26 March 1986
4 September 1990
King Country
Christchurch North
Jim Anderton 2000 (cropped).jpg
Winston Peters 1991 (cropped).jpg
Jim Anderton
Winston Peters
Alliance
NZ First
Sydenham
Tauranga

Prime Minister
Jim Bolger
National
Jim Bolger
National

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