99:. The protests sparked in 1989 and in 1996 appear identical in terms of government policy and public response, they differ considerably in terms of the Jordanian state's reaction to the unrest. Response to the unrest of the 1989 protests that saw the Hashemite regime government relent to the demonstrators demands, sacking the government and reforming electoral laws would differ from the response in 1996 where the king stood behind the government, offered no concessions and, to the contrary, threatened to use any means necessary to quell the disturbances.
174:’s main demands was for the government to resign, better conditions, withdrawal of austerity measures and food prices programs despite shortages and half of their demands was met. On November 12 King Hussein instructed the government to close the file on the riots and to release all of those who were still in prison for connected offences. All charges related to the incident were dropped. The affair undoubtedly played a part in the King's decision to sack Kabariti in March 1997.
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state television where he said he was "pained and saddened" by the violence but equally determined to crush the protest. Despite his speech, after returning to the capital, new clashes continued to break out and a curfew was imposed on Karak, residents were permitted to leave their homes only to buy necessary goods and all public gatherings were banned. The curfew would not be lifted until August 25 accompanied with military withdrawal.
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million in food items, including $ 147 million for wheat products alone. Increases in wheat prices on the international market saw a sharp increase in subsidies, according to Prime
Minister Kabariti the government had only budgeted around $ 53 million for subsidies, thus creating a deficit unacceptable to the IMF.
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The first few days preceding the lifting of subsidies was met without incident. Protests would not begin until three days later on August 16, after Friday noon prayer more than 1,000 residents in Karak, Jordan began demonstrating. Rioters built roadblocks and set fire to several buildings with police
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On August 13, 1996 the
Jordanian government lifted its subsidies on wheat, its second major economic adjustment after the '89 measures, in cooperation with IMF policy causing all bread prices to immediately double. To offset the economic burden of the lifted subsidies, the government had created a
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The next day, two-dozen armored military vehicles, helicopters, and dozens of troop transporters entered Karak forcing demonstrators to retreat but still threw stones at soldiers from balconies and roofs. When the demonstrators were cleared, King
Hussein gave a short speech that was broadcast on
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Though touted as part of the economic reform process in the country, the mechanisms and timing of this policy were also direct considerations of
Kabariti's policy in Iraq. It was obvious to others in the government this would provoke unrest in the country, especially pro-Iraqi strongholds in the
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By early 1996 the preceding government had introduced a 5% sales sax and ended an economic boycott on Israel, meaning all requirements of the IMF program had been met except for the lifting of the subsidies. Unofficial estimates in 1995 held that the
Jordanian government subsidized almost $ 380
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In 1996, Karim
Kabariti was appointed Prime Minister of Jordan and entered into a political situation marked by a period of recovery from the domestic and regional crises that had surrounded the preceding protests in 1989. Jordan was stabilizing its economic situation, distancing itself from the
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Ryan, Curtis R. (1998) Peace, bread and riots: Jordan and the international monetary fund. Middle East Policy 6:2 (October 1998), p. 54-66. Published by Wiley-Blackwell. The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.com]. DOI:
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A day after lifting the subsidies, an IMF donor meeting in Paris promised more than $ 1 billion to finance economic projects over the next three years. Japan also began negotiating a $ 90 million soft loan to finance Jordan's budget deficit.
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responding with the use of tear gas. Poor and middle class-led protests erupted throughout the nation as countrywide rioting had turned into an opposition and unprecedented wave of political tensions and popular uprising. In
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began a peaceful march when police appeared in full riot gear dispersing the march. The military was positioned outside the towns of Karak, Mazar, Ma'an, al-Tafilah, as well as around refugee camps.
144:, protestors chanted antigovernment slogans and threw rocks until eventually dispersed by police and tear gas. In Ma'an, more than 300 demonstrators had to be dispersed similarly. Residents in
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at a time of rapid growth and regional instability. Jordan's economy, for the entire history of the
Hashemite Kingdom, has been dependent upon various sources of foreign aid, earlier from the
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regime of Saddam
Hussein, signing peace with Israel, and rapproaching the United States, the Gulf States, and Saudi Arabia. In effect Jordan had become an enthusiastic participant in the "
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In April 1989, seven years before the events of 1996, the
Jordanian government implemented an IMF sponsored economic adjustment and austerity plan that cut food subsidies sparking violent
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Jordan's history of food subsidies began with subsidies on wheat as well as other commodities to various sectors of society in the 1960s as to nurture loyalty to the
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measures to be withdrawn. The protests would be the bloodiest and deadliest wave of anti-government violence and sustained strikes since the
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in the 1992 Gulf War also forcing many
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and fodder decreased and the government made concessions with protesters, decreasing IMF-led programs and reforms. The
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subsidy of $ 1.80 per person per month to be paid directly to the head of each eligible household.
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After weeks of protests by thousands of civilians the deaths of 3 protesters, the prices of
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south, but this was Kabariti's intention so as to have basis for the arrest of the
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261:"Leavened Apprehensions: Bread Subsidies and Moral Economies in Hashemite Jordan"
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increased food prices and basic good prices hiked, sparking rioting in
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continued to support a bilateral alliance with Iraqi leader
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element of the country and sympathizers of Saddam Hussein.
320:"Bread Riots in Jordan Force King to Wield an 'Iron Fist'"
24:: انتفاضة 1996 في الأردن) were mass protests and riots in
392:"In Jordan, Bread-Price Protests Signal Deep Anger"
56:and other southern cities, where poverty is high.
368:ASHTON, NIGEL. “The Liberation of Iraq, 1995–7.”
28:for 2–4 weeks in August–September against new
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265:International Journal of Middle East Studies
372:, Yale University Press, 2008, pp. 336–47.
378:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nqbgd.24
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370:King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life
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416:Riots and civil disorder in Jordan
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259:Martínez, José Ciro (2018).
184:2011-2012 Jordanian protests
30:International Monetary Fund
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324:Christian Science Monitor
277:10.1017/S0020743818000016
380:. Accessed 27 Sep. 2022.
107:" predicating itself in
246:"Bread Riots in Jordan"
189:1989 Jordanian protests
161:1989 Jordanian protests
109:economic liberalization
80:. Substantial aid from
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248:. MERIP. Winter 1996.
213:The Victoria Advocate
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410:Categories
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195:References
142:al-Tafilah
76:and other
60:Background
421:Intifadas
332:0882-7729
285:0020-7438
125:Ba'athist
303:33380746
219:25 March
178:See also
172:Intifada
135:Protests
97:protests
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54:Madaba
26:Jordan
22:Arabic
374:JSTOR
168:Grain
50:Amman
46:Zarqa
42:Ma’an
38:Karak
328:ISSN
299:PMID
281:ISSN
221:2013
16:The
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273:doi
157:IMF
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