489:, where Kaya was from. Riots and protests quickly spread across the island. Numerous shops, public buildings, police stations, and vehicles were looted and set on fire by rioters whilst 250 prisoners were released by rioters from a local prison. Protesters and rioters blocked roads with burning tires. The death of another Roche Bois musician, Berger Agathe, after he was shot 92 times by the police, further enraged rioters. Agathe was shot whilst appealing to police for calm. An estimated 2,000 rioters participated in the disturbances.
433:
policy-making, had the effect of reducing ethnic tensions. During this period the Hindu majority in
Mauritius gained dominance within the government. The period of high economic growth also lead to significant wealth disparities despite overall increasing living standards for all Mauritians. The education system, although free and universal, was highly competitive and reliant on additional private tutoring; this resulted in widening economic inequalities by limiting access to higher education for poorer, often
164:
497:. Following a judicial inquiry the court found that three officers have used excessive force disproportionate to the events and in breach of the Standing Orders of the Police Force and recommended sanctions against the three police officers involved. The family of late Berger Agathe was represented by counsel Dick Ng Sui Wa.
420:, better known by his stage name "Kaya", in police custody. The rioting lasted for four days from 21 to 25 February 1999. Four civilians and one police officer were killed in the riots with hundreds of people suffering injuries. It was the first incidence of mass rioting in Mauritius since the country's
540:
20 million) Trust Fund for the Social
Integration of Vulnerable Groups that amounted to 1.8% of the government's total budget for the financial year 1999-2000. The purpose of the fund was to fund micro-projects for people in poor regions of the country to facilitate national reconciliation and social
432:
Following independence and a period of ethnic riots shortly before independence, Mauritius experienced a thirty year period of peace and rapid economic growth. This, along with the efforts by
Mauritian political and bureaucratic leaders to be inclusive of representatives of minority communities in
492:
Misinformation and rumours were rife. Instigators spread rumours of temples, mosques, and churches being attacked. Rumours were also spread of ethnic groups from Creole regions coming to attack other communities. This resulted in
Creoles and Asian youths engaging in sporadic ethnic clashes in the
510:
within a few months of the riots. As the riots worsened, the absence of the head of security forces was felt; Commissioner of Police André Feillafé was overseas on holidays in Hawaii as his part of his pre-retirement celebrations. Feillafé had been promoted as
Commissioner of Police after the
572:
VĂ©ronique Topize, Kaya's wife from Beaux-Songes, sued the
Government of Mauritius for damages and loss of income worth Rs 10 Millions through her lawyer Rex Stephen. In late 2005 hair stylist VĂ©ronique Topize accepted the sum of Rs 4.5 Millions from the Government of Mauritius after
560:
was solely responsible for the problem of Creole exclusion. The AMHC rejected calls for dialog issued by the
Catholic Church. The majority of Mauritian Creoles are Roman Catholics and the church is often seen as expressing grievances on behalf of that community.
548:. Some members of the Hindu community argued that intellectuals and church leaders were to blame for the riots for talking too much about the 'exclusion' of Creole Mauritians from broader Mauritian society, thereby misleading them about the real causes of the
519:
during the purchase of breathalysers and renovation of the main gates of police headquarters (Line
Barracks). There was confusion within the police regarding who was in charge. Eventually, it was the intervention of the President Cassam Uteem on
424:. The riots resulted in a majority of the island's police stations being sacked by protesters with 250 prisoners escaping prison. Many businesses were looted and substantial property damage was done with over 200 vehicles being set on fire.
505:
For several days after the riots broke out there was a lack of centralised response by the authorities. There was no swift reaction from the relatively young Prime
Minister, who had been elected in 1995 and was about to face
456:
at Edward VII Square, Rose-Hill. Kaya was a vocal proponent of Creole rights and was viewed as an important voice of the Creole community. On 23 February, three days after Kaya's arrest, he died in police custody. The
812:
996:
556:
and 3,500 other
Mauritian Hindu religious leaders founded the All Mauritius Hindu Conference (AMHC). The AMHC denounced perceived social criticism of Hindus and alleged that
1157:
387:
801:
71:
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997:"Cassam Uteem (Ex-Président de la République) SUR LES ÉMEUTES POST-KAYA : « Éviter les discours creux et parler avec le cœur! »"
564:
A monument to the riot and Kaya's death, depicting two crossed guitars, stands at the entrance to the Roche-Bois neighbourhood of Port Louis.
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streets. A number of homes where Creoles were in minority were burnt down and their occupants chased out of the area in sporadic acts of
278:
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380:
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999:[Cassam Uteem (former President of the Republic) on the 1999 riots: "Avoid empty words and speak from the heart!"].
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dismissal of former Commissioner of Police Raj Dayal who was the main subject of a Commission of Enquiry led by Judge
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232:
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Following the announcement of Kaya's death riots erupted in the predominantly-Creole Roche-Bois neighbourhood of
417:
315:
293:
273:
107:
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Carroll, Barbara Wake; Carroll, Terrance (25 March 2000). "Trouble in paradise: Ethnic conflict in Mauritius".
444:
The popular Mauritian Creole seggae musician Joseph Topize (Kaya) was arrested on 18 February 1999 for smoking
925:
606:
189:
948:
512:
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1018:"'The Most Cosmopolitan Island under the Sun'? Negotiating Ethnicity and Nationhood in Everyday Mauritius"
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474:
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promised a full inquiry to investigate the incident. At the time accusations of police brutality by the
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Rioting, clashes with law enforcement, looting, property damage, protests, ethnic clashes
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was common with many vagrants being registered as having died whilst in police custody.
553:
545:
1136:
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612:
574:
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870:["The antipatriotic action" of Cassam Uteem, according to Navin Rangoolam].
1001:
690:
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771:"Mort du seggaeman Kaya suivie d'émeutes à Roche-Bois et dans d'autres régions"
802:"City Life - Port Louis, Mauritius: Melting pot that is starting to boil over"
659:
515:. Sik Yuen's enquiry focussed on allegations of fraudulent practices with the
486:
466:
60:
1058:
86:
73:
465:. The government denied allegations of brutality and blamed Kaya's death on
445:
409:
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437:, Mauritians. In the 1990s, this phenomenon of exclusion became known as
413:
923:[Former Commissioner of Police André Feillafé passed away].
1110:
867:
868:"«L'ACTE ANTIPATRIOTIQUE» DE CASSAM UTEEM, SELON NAVIN RAMGOOLAM"
405:
537:
1040:"Post-Colonialism: The So-Called Malaise Creole in Mauritius"
532:
Following the riots the Mauritian government established a
921:"L'ancien commissaire de police André Feillafé n'est plus"
544:
The riots and resulting inter-ethnic conflict increased
686:"Rioting in Mauritius set off by jail death of singer"
16:
Riots and protests following a death in police custody
1082:"Shadow of 'reggae riots' still hangs over Mauritius"
577:, who was then the nominated Attorney General of the
552:. The Mauritian Hindu religious and political leader
461:
led protesters to assume his death was the result of
897:[Feature: Landmark commissions of inquiry].
122:
114:
102:
51:
28:
23:
1080:
834:
800:
605:
716:Le Malaise Créole (Ethnic identity in Mauritius)
942:"Dossier on Kaya's Death and Feb 1999 Uprising"
524:television that seemed to calm down spirits.
970:"Mauritian Riot after murder of Berger Agathe"
381:
8:
895:"Dossier: Les commissions d'enquĂŞte phares"
929:(in French). La Sentinelle. 19 April 2019.
388:
374:
137:
20:
1109:Gangaram, Jean Marie; Veeramundar, Rudy.
1111:"Comment je vais dépenser mes millions"
1047:Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology
1016:Dobson, Reena Jane (15 December 2009).
749:"Kaya, 20 ans après: les grandes dates"
648:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
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684:Vellien, Clifford (25 February 1999).
130:Extensive looting and property damage
1158:Riots and civil disorder in Mauritius
1079:England, Andrew (22 September 2015).
836:"Mauritius riots over singer's death"
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7:
1027:. University of Western Sydney: 229.
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600:
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412:following the death of the popular "
995:Uteem, Cassam (21 February 2019).
799:Marks, Kathy (13 September 1999).
747:Walter, Karen (21 February 2019).
522:Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation
279:Excision of the Chagos Archipelago
14:
568:State compensation to Kaya's wife
162:
847:from the original on 1 May 2022
815:from the original on 1 May 2022
1163:February 1999 events in Africa
581:, made an agreement with her.
579:PTR–PMXD–VF–MR–MMSM government
1:
773:. L'Express. 21 February 2018
269:1943 Belle Vue Harel Massacre
206:Dutch Expedition to Mauritius
1025:Centre for Cultural Research
713:Bosswell, Rosabelle (2006).
452:which had been organised by
284:Expulsion of the Chagossians
40:- 25 February 1999
469:. Mauritian prime minister
316:Modern History of Mauritius
1179:
874:(in French). La Sentinelle
607:"Reggae rage in Mauritius"
32:21 February 1999
660:10.1080/14662040008447817
294:Independence of Mauritius
274:1965 Mauritius race riots
1038:Maurer, Sylvie (2014).
501:Response by authorities
459:fracturing of his skull
190:Portuguese in Mauritius
517:Mauritius Police Force
475:Mauritius Police Force
471:Navinchandra Ramgoolam
418:Joseph RĂ©ginald Topize
174:Discovery of Mauritius
108:Joseph RĂ©ginald Topize
866:Karghoo, Christophe.
558:Roman Catholic Church
310:Mauritius (1968–1992)
132:250 escaped prisoners
87:20.14694°S 57.51111°E
843:. 23 February 1999.
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536:500 million (around
404:were national-scale
402:1999 Mauritian riots
324:1999 Mauritian riots
289:1968 Mauritian riots
254:Indentured labourers
24:1999 Mauritian riots
1148:Murder in Mauritius
448:at a rally for its
302:Independence (1968)
259:1911 Curepipe riots
241:British (1810–1968)
92:-20.14694; 57.51111
83: /
976:. Trinicenter News
974:Raceandhistory.com
616:. 25 February 1999
225:French (1710–1810)
1143:1999 in Mauritius
1117:. 5-Plus Dimanche
893:Bappaya, Jessie.
508:general elections
450:decriminalisation
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264:Uba riots of 1937
249:British Mauritius
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128:Hundreds injured
110:in police custody
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495:ethnic cleansing
463:police brutality
408:and protests in
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541:integration.
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332:Specific themes
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211:Dutch Mauritius
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1119:. Retrieved
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1092:. Retrieved
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1074:
1062:. Retrieved
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1024:
1011:
1005:(in French).
1002:Le Mauricien
1000:
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978:. Retrieved
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903:. Retrieved
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876:. Retrieved
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849:. Retrieved
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829:
817:. Retrieved
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775:. Retrieved
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753:. Retrieved
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730:. Retrieved
715:
708:
696:. Retrieved
694:. Port Louis
691:The Guardian
689:
654:(2): 25–50.
651:
647:
618:. Retrieved
611:
571:
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531:
504:
491:
484:
443:
431:
401:
399:
323:
18:
1121:15 November
901:(in French)
878:10 November
777:21 February
755:21 February
751:. L'Express
416:" musician
213:(1638–1710)
153:History of
123:Resulted in
90: /
1153:1999 riots
1137:Categories
585:References
487:Port Louis
467:meningitis
428:Background
422:1968 riots
182:Portuguese
78:57°30′40″E
75:20°08′49″S
61:Port Louis
57:Roche Bois
44:1999-02-25
36:1999-02-21
1094:20 August
1064:25 August
1059:1973-2880
926:L'Express
851:20 August
819:20 August
732:25 August
698:20 August
668:144830644
620:20 August
446:marijuana
410:Mauritius
356:Political
351:Economics
155:Mauritius
106:Death of
103:Caused by
65:Mauritius
905:14 April
845:Archived
813:Archived
481:Violence
341:Timeline
144:a series
142:Part of
52:Location
954:7 March
899:BizWeek
406:rioting
217:Slavery
126:5 dead
115:Methods
42: (
34: (
1115:5-Plus
1057:
980:31 May
723:
666:
528:Legacy
435:Creole
414:seggae
146:on the
1053:(1).
1043:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
949:Lalit
945:(PDF)
664:S2CID
361:Years
198:Dutch
1123:2005
1096:2018
1066:2020
1055:ISSN
982:2020
956:2019
907:2017
880:2008
853:2018
821:2018
779:2018
757:2019
734:2020
721:ISBN
700:2018
622:2018
538:US$
400:The
29:Date
656:doi
1139::
1113:.
1085:.
1051:10
1049:.
1045:.
1023:.
972:.
839:.
811:.
805:.
787:^
719:.
688:.
676:^
662:.
652:38
650:.
630:^
610:.
593:^
534:Rs
441:.
345:fr
63:,
59:,
1125:.
1098:.
1068:.
984:.
958:.
909:.
882:.
855:.
823:.
781:.
759:.
736:.
702:.
670:.
658::
624:.
389:e
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347:)
343:(
46:)
38:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
