965:, through the Hunting Species section of the General Directorate of Natural Environment of the Ministry of Environment, has been forced to publish a series of tips to avoid problems related to the pest. Unfortunately, few had previously been concerned about this issue because they considered it a mere nuisance, at most an extraneous problem to be dealt with by farmers. But the prospect of a poisoned (or suffocated by its muzzle) dog, a hunter infected with tularemia or even poisoned by rodenticides has generated alarm and controversy. The lack of foresight and haste, both on the part of the Hunting Societies (who congratulated themselves on the good expectations for the season), as well as on the part of the competent authorities, has been all too evident. As a result, everyone is trying to throw the baby out with the bathwater, blaming each other.
1601:
1155:
556:
1577:
586:
498:
512:
614:
723:
542:
526:
600:
570:
1470:...). It is natural that there is a significant number of marginal individuals, leftovers, who are not able to integrate socially, who lack a stable territory, who have serious difficulties to access food or to reproduce. In short, they occupy the bottom of the social pyramid of the colony. Thus it is intra-population mechanisms that control their density, change odorant signals, communication systems and other mechanisms that affect mainly lower-ranking individuals in which
738:
1483:
1589:
1613:
1826:. From them it is inferred that, being a first generation anticoagulant, the poison in question is more virulent in small mammals than in birds or cattle, although this depends on the degree of exposure. In addition, Chlorophacinone loses toxicity in contact with humidity. Nevertheless, it could be established that there is a real risk with all types of animals, not only rodents, being especially sensitive some birds such as
254:
1118:
no danger of invasion. This author even argues that it is possible to advance the forecasts according to the autumn rains: heavier rainfall is unfavourable for reproduction. To make the appropriate forecasts for a given agricultural year, it would be necessary to carry out periodic censuses by means of approved traps, suitably placed in the alfalfa fields during the months of
September, February, May and August.
918:
846:
707:
858:
1458:), the voles themselves would modify their reproductive and social behaviour causing a systemic overabundance or population reduction: Rodents, almost more than any other mammal, have a great reproductive capacity, but this is usually inhibited, causing their populations to remain more or less stable. Sometimes, however, unrestricted reproduction occurs. Under these conditions, a tough internal
834:
1710:
870:
63:
22:
1683:
1196:
1949:, Minister of Agriculture and Livestock, invested some 24 million euros to put an end to the plague. As it was later demonstrated, despite the efforts of the administration, the poisons did not help to control the plague, but rather the vole population self-regulated, returning to normal. Much of this self-regulation was also due to climatological factors, as the mayor of
1209:
1183:
1248:
1274:
1222:
1261:
1235:
1170:
184:
125:
2015:
414:(also with slightly above-average temperatures), led to a population explosion of voles. These animals are characterized by reaching sexual maturity very quickly, reproducing at high speeds with several offspring per litter and several births per year, causing the explosion to occur without too much difficulty.
1303:"...voles are beings created in laboratories and reproduced by millions in unknown farms to be released, as food for raptors, from mysterious SUVs and helicopters. Consequently, the guilty parties are those who consent, finance and execute it: "the Government", "the Environment", "ICONA", "the ecologists"."
1298:
was also accused and, at the very least, the autonomous administration is blamed for ignoring the problem, turning its back on farmers to benefit certain ideological groups. The idea of releasing voles is so deeply rooted that it is almost impossible to explain to the farmers that the plagues are due
953:
within the urban area itself. Being less aggressive and more clumsy rodents than house mice or rats, they give a false sense of innocence, so it has quickly become fashionable to chase them, capture them or kill them as an added amusement. The danger is, however, considerable, not only because of the
884:
season, voles install their burrows in the ditches and borders, safe from the plows; but when the sowing season is over, they move into the interior of the arable land. In fields of cereal or pastures, they come to form empty stands. There are data from the United States that show that with about 200
2068:. Moreover, a second generation anticoagulant is even more toxic than Chlorophacinone for birds or large mammals. Brodifacoum is also legal, but it is very harmful and difficult to handle, it is granted the highest toxicological classification, so it is only used in closed places, such as warehouses.
1519:
An essential condition to combat any type of pest is to have as much information, causes, cycles, development. These types of cases occur all the time, but the same solution cannot always be applied. The first thing to do is to identify the responsible party for the damage and then act as quickly as
1502:
valley (non-existent until the early 1980s), from those other causes that provoke the reproductive peaks. It is quite clear that human activities directly affect rodent populations, since their living conditions are unintentionally improved by cultivating their favourite foods or creating favourable
1117:
The specialist, Ángel María Arenaz, considers it possible to forecast the demographic magnitude of vole infestations by making winter counts. Thus, if in
January there are more than 50 individuals per hectare, a dangerous level is foreseeable in summer; but if it is lower, it is normal that there is
748:
On the other hand, the abundance of easy prey favors both predators (by providing them with abundant food) and other species, reducing the pressure they suffer as prey. However, given that the duration of the plagues is shorter than the life cycle of most predators when voles begin to become scarce,
954:
possibility of becoming infected with a series of serious diseases (already mentioned), but also because the smallest (even babies) have access to more or less putrefied corpses left on the lawn or in the sandbox of the park where they usually go to play, where, in addition, fleas, ticks and other
284:
In the summer of 2007, crops in the plateau fields were devastated by rodents. In
September 2007, after a summer of severe losses, the density of rodents decreased throughout the community and the plague was institutionally considered to be over. However, there was an abundance of voles during the
1664:
favours the control of the vole population. The cleaning and care of the field is also a very appropriate measure, but always respecting the biodiversity. The deep tillage of fallow land, the elimination of weeds in farmland, threshing floors, ditches, canals, dry riverbeds (very abundant in some
1373:
species that are not very specialized (such as storks), so the decrease in prey, if it coincides with their departure, may not have any consequences. But stable predators, to adapt to the new situation of "scarcity", must look for other sources of food, which means that they refocus on their most
1083:
for the agricultural economy. If under normal conditions the estimated population density of voles in the
Castilian steppe is 5–10 individuals per hectare, in cycles of overabundance they exceed 200 individuals per hectare. This is a minimum figure, since the real numbers are almost impossible to
1669:
is doubly effective (cattle crush many burrows and clean the ground). The destruction of their burrows by mechanical means; the creation of food-free zones, i.e., wastelands or areas covered with plastic, or the use of chemical repellents, forces them to concentrate where the traps or poison are
794:
Focusing on this last aspect, for humans, these demographic explosions are harmful plagues and their iniquitous consequences are multiple and ramify into the most unsuspected fields: the economy, leisure, health, and society, even causing social alarm, so it is not strange that the issue reaches
1554:
A plague in an advanced state is impossible to eradicate, at most its number can be contained, some outbreaks can be eliminated or its damages can be mitigated; but to be successful it is necessary to prevent it, and the first step to do so is the census of the populations of harmful animals.
1520:
possible. However, in Spain there are not enough updated in-depth studies on the subject and it is necessary to resort to publications from a few years ago, or to extrapolate experiences from abroad. On the other hand, the material found on the
Internet or in the media is as abundant as it is
1730:
has decided to experiment controlled burning, as an exceptional measure, in some specific points, to evaluate its effectiveness in the fight against the plague. Priority has been given to areas where irrigation predominates or in regions with denomination of origin of agricultural products.
1790:
more necessary. Small fauna (reptiles, insects, hares, birds, etc.) is greatly affected and practically disappears from the burned land. On the other hand, voles leave the burned farms and move, without any problem, to other farms, which can lead to the colonization of less affected areas.
2027:
Although there are no definitive reports, it is estimated that in 2007 the concentrations of country voles are between 1500 and 2000 individuals per hectare: verbal statements made to various media by both the German specialist Jacob Hensen and the
Minister of Agriculture of the
941:, disease). It has already been pointed out, above, that common voles are very active zoonotic agents, even more so during periods of abundance, when it is easier for them to come into contact with people or with the animals that come into contact with them (pets, livestock...).
1734:
After a few weeks of observation, it seems clear that burning the straw does not produce enough heat to kill them. At most, 200 °C is reached, which affects the top 10 centimetres of the soil, so that the vast majority of specimens are able to take refuge in their burrows.
374:
2003:
1693:
voles can be done in a very simple way, since they are unable to jump or climb. The most widespread way is to place small containers filled with water near their feeding troughs, so that they drown; the metal boxes of the French association I.N.R.A. are also very effective.
1721:
throughout the national territory (Royal Decree 11/2005 of 22 July 2005, which regulates in
Article 13 the activities prohibited in the area of forest fires.) Following the 2007 vole plague, many agricultural associations requested permission to recover this
639:
by stirring up the soil in their excavations and facilitating water filtration. Some researchers have even stated that "the abundance of voles in
Castilla y León during the last decades has contributed to increasing the faunal diversity of the Douro Valley".
897:, and although they are limited to tender shoots, if they affect the base of the vine shoots, they can spoil the harvests of coming years. Sometimes the damage does not become apparent until it is too late and it is not possible to take corrective measures.
1413:
are among their main sources of nutrition). However, population fluctuations can only be explained as a result of an obvious improvement in living conditions in very specific cases that are not cyclical, coupled with the fact that, under normal conditions,
1503:
habitats for their development. Thus, the first hypothesis serves to explain the colonization of the
Northern Plateau, but not the demographic boom or the existence of recurrent ups and downs, otherwise common to the entire arvicoline family: these are
2941:
765:) and in the case of the weasel, its abundance curve is a replica of that of voles, with a few months of lag. In short, if the number of animals that need to feed on meat increases, eventually they will target other animals, sometimes attacking
944:
Many of the risks of pathogen transmission are related to recreational activities, which have received less attention than other problems such as economic losses. Plagues often coincide with the holiday period, and many of the children or
984:
Faced with administrative passivity, farmers began to find their own solutions, by digging ditches in which water was poured so that the voles would subsequently fall in and drown. At the head of the search for solutions was the town of
1562:, if the populations censused in January do not exceed 50 units/ha, the danger can be considered non-existent. If this quantity is exceeded and, even more, if the winter is mild, it is necessary to start acting to prevent the pest.
318:. In normal years, their population did not exceed 100 million, but in the summer of 2007, it is estimated that they reached at least 700 million. They devastated a total of 500,000 hectares of crops and caused losses of 15 million
1569:
Other effective preventive measures consist of helping and protecting the natural enemies of small rodents ( raptors, weasels, foxes, storks...): raptors must be protected by law and perches or nesting and breeding sites can be
444:
of
Castile and León, the number of cases could reach 270. In addition, the opening of the hunting season has led the regional executive to request that game should not be consumed for fear of possible infection by this disease.
1933:(UPA) of Palencia, Domiciano Pastor, explains that they had sent warnings to the Junta since September 2006, but the response of the authorities took too long. Regarding the accidental poisoning of other animals, he adds that "
885:
rodents per hectare, 5% of the alfalfa is already lost, taking into account that this figure is greatly exceeded in the Castilian plagues, we can get an idea of the dimensions of the disaster. In beets they usually eat the
1921:
Chlorophacinone treatment should never have been approved, an ecological barbarity that solved nothing (...) a broad-spectrum chemical product cannot be thrown away in a generalized manner because it causes an ecological
1600:
1565:
When food is scarce, the use of poison (always under control of the relevant authorities) is very effective, as voles do not have many options against the baits offered. That is, poison is much more effective in winter.
1765:
Although burned areas scare voles away, as they lack food or shelter, and are theoretically sterilized, burning is still pernicious to other species and, after all, is a potential hazard that can have a very negative
643:
However, they also have harmful effects; one of the most worrying is that they can be a vehicle for the transmission of serious diseases that affect both humans and the animals they feed or live with. Specifically,
453:
Under normal conditions, the typical density of common voles is 5–10 individuals per hectare. During the plague in Castile and León, up to 1,500 rodents per hectare have been recorded in the most affected areas.
1814:
to determine its definitive approval or prohibition, although for the moment it is perfectly legal and is authorized in the Register of Phytosanitary Products of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
1393:
in the river valleys...). Once the durian basin was colonized, the alfalfa fields, its favourite places, would act as shelters from which, under certain favourable conditions, the plague could be unleashed. The
789:
were eliminated. One possible explanation is that predators bred more successfully when mouse populations were abundant, and then killed more tetraonids in winters or at the beginning of the following breeding
2945:
376:
377:
3507:
1846:. Mammals, the most vulnerable have been found to be rabbits and hares (with a mortality rate of over 80%) and among livestock, Chlorophacinone was shown to be very harmful to lambs, many of which died.
1448:. But the alternatives are usually not enough, so the number of hunters gradually declines over two, three or four years until they return to the level of scarcity that allows a new population explosion.
925:
Rodents constitute almost half of all known mammalian species and are not only the type of animal that causes the most problems for humans, they are also the largest natural reservoir of contagious
1428:". It has been demonstrated that rodents can multiply massively in the face of a scarcity of natural enemies; furthermore, this is related to biological richness (pests are greater the poorer the
1539:"There is an absolute lack of rigor, a lot of confusion and no research. When avian flu appeared, there was no question that it was necessary to investigate, but anyone can talk about voles."
429:
ASAJA) has blamed the administration and the environmental groups for the paralyzation of preventive measures which, in their opinion, could have prevented the high magnitude of the crisis.
1416:
mice in large areas..., consume only 1–2% of the available food. This is because a considerable amount of the plant material, greater than that used by these mammals, is consumed by insects
378:
3340:"Consideraciones científico-técnicas en relación a la campaña de control de la actual explosión demográfica de topillo campesino (Microtus arvalis) en zonas agrícolas de Castilla y León"
2342:
35:
2521:
2394:
1810:, a diphenylindane derivative in various presentations (essentially, oleomiscible liquid, paste, granulated cereal, flavoured blocks, etc.). Chlorophacinone is being evaluated by the
2142:
436:, by direct contact or with dust particles that were in contact with the animal or its feces. The plague could be the cause of 42 cases in the region, officially recognized by the
631:
From an ecological point of view, vole population explosions have both detrimental and beneficial effects; for example, their burrows improve soil fertility by increasing subway
3363:
Marcström, V; Kenward, R. E; Engren, E. (October 1988). "El impacto de la predación sobre tetraónidas boreales durante los ciclos de ratones de campo: un estudio experimental".
2477:
2459:
1409:): the area devoted to irrigation in the centre of the Douro Valley has increased exponentially in the last 20 years, precisely when pests have become more common (alfalfa and
803:
The common vole is considered the most damaging vertebrate for agriculture, not only in Spain, but in all of Europe, since the abundance of arvicolines is common to the entire
3041:
1133:
made with data from neighbouring countries. Despite the almost routine repetition of these demographic explosions, we lack reliable data and we do not even know the cause.
1555:
Censuses of voles should be carried out in specific regions, those that are usually the most prone, with approved trapping methods, as indicated above, or by observation.
2368:
1038:) were until now very small and were located in certain mountainous enclaves. However, in the present decade they have expanded massively, causing notable crop losses."
2499:
1881:. Almost all the accusations were directed against the Territorial Service of Agriculture and Livestock of Palencia; shortly afterwards the complaints were joined by
3204:
Delibes de Castro, Manuel; Brunett-Lecomte, P. (1989). "Presencia del topillo campesino ibérico (Microtus arvalis asturianus, Miller 1980), en la meseta del Duero".
1058:
in the north where alfalfa groves were abundant, although the information is not sufficient. But since the beginning of the 1980s there were already reports of some
1365:
and other small animals. But it also increases the number of predators. In some cases, the animals that have been feeding on voles (especially certain raptors) are
1945:
During the winter, and at the beginning of 2008, the vole population in Castile and León returned to normal levels. The Junta of Castile and León, as explained by
1915:"We consider that these animals are a risk to public health and should in no case be consumed by the population until the massive use of this rodenticide ceases."
1758:), consider that sporadic burning is ineffective and that it should be generalized to have any success, thus forcing the rodents to take refuge in the so-called
1823:
1110:
3277:(3, Trophic Exploitation, Community Structure and Dynamics of Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Populations. Proceedings of a Symposium Held 25–27 May 1985, at Hallnas).
2928:
Website of the Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Castilla y León y Cantabria (Official Association of Agronomists of Castile and León and Cantabria)
1861:
decided to dispense Chlorophacinone in the form of grains over 20,000 hectares of land. The poison was not properly prepared and massively affected pigeons,
41:
1660:
Pests are more effective in areas where only one type of farm predominates (and even more so if it is repeated year after year), so that the variation and
2623:
1432:). The few predators that exist are unable to stop the population increase, but little by little they react, reproducing rapidly and concentrating on the
737:
3273:
Henttonen, Heikki (November 1987). "The Impact of Spacing Behavior in Microtine Rodents on the Dynamics of Least Weasels Mustela nivalis: A Hypothesis".
2045:
3023:
1140:
has provided various information based on that provided by the municipal agrarian chambers and farmers' associations, although obviously these are only
996:
The first institutional solutions arrived late, on 9 August, when voles were already present in the urban areas of some localities, with the burning of
819:), and had spread throughout the autonomous community. It has been estimated, without much rigor, that there are more than 200,000 hectares affected in
3217:
Dueñas Santero, Mª E.; Peris Álvarez, S. J. (1985). "Clave para los micromamíferos (insectívora y Rodentia) del Centro y Sur de la península ibérica".
3254:
González-Esteban, Jorge; Jorge y Villate, Idoia (2002). "Microtus Arvalis (pallas, 1778), topillo campesino". In Palomo, L. J.; Gisbert, J. (eds.).
375:
1576:
3137:
Chapuis, J. L. (2001). "Eradication of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by poisoning on three islands of the subantarctic Kerguelen Archipelago".
2164:
722:
1743:
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can survive for a long time. Not to mention the swimming pools or irrigation reservoirs in which these animals drown by the dozens every night.
2354:
1887:
3339:
2899:
2875:
2533:
2406:
2150:
921:
A vole carcass appeared in the sandbox of a children's playground, a common occurrence in rural Castile and León during the summer of 2007.
147:
3528:
1929:
1751:
202:
194:
2220:
1146:, since there is no complete study of the situation. The vole infestation was officially declared a plague through an order of 27 March.
3321:
Krebs, C.J; Lambin, X.; Wolff, J. O. (2007). Wolff, J.O.; Sherman, P.W. (eds.). "Social behavior and self-regulation in murid rodents".
1588:
441:
1011:
and the damage caused, with an estimated 40% loss in the grape harvest, added to the losses it will cause in the livestock sector, the
777:
breeding was enhanced by spikes in mouse populations, there was no residual effect on population size. Instead, there were fewer adult
635:(such as buried vegetation, feces, or their own decomposing corpses), increase soil aeration and make it more spongy, as well as favor
2194:
1612:
1313:
It is true that the abundance of voles benefits all types of predators, not only their usual enemies: some nocturnal raptors, such as
2485:
706:
3471:
3388:
3311:
3263:
3226:
3127:
3099:
3080:
1900:
238:
220:
165:
106:
49:
3402:(1988). "Nuevos datos acerca de la distribución del topillo campesino (Microtus arvalis, Pallars, 1978), en la península ibérica".
3109:
Ayarzagüena, J.; Ibáñez, J. I.; San Miguel, A. (1976). "Notas sobre la distribución y ecología de Microtus cabrerae Thomas, 1906".
3053:
1919:
The aforementioned agricultural engineer, Fernando Franco Jubete, also opposed this decision supposedly taken by the authorities: "
73:
555:
1665:
areas of Castile and León) and at the base of trees, contribute to hinder the expansion of voles. Allowing or encouraging stover
585:
1154:
417:
It has also been pointed out, as a cause of the proliferation of voles, the complaint filed by environmental groups before the
993:, which, with the help of its mayor, devised a plow to destroy the rodents' burrows. Both attempts proved to be insufficient.
2380:
511:
2507:
1381:
was dense and stable; it must also have suffered some kind of dispersing stimulus and found favourable transmission routes (
1136:
Regarding the plague that has taken place in the summer of 2007 and which, apparently, is one of the most intense ever, the
1042:
Indeed, research carried out in the 1970s by the biologist José Rey located this species only on the southern slopes of the
2966:
613:
497:
285:
following months. Only the winter frosts and the low temperatures of November and December reduced vole numbers to normal.
1012:
1026:
The so-called vole ''plagues'' were practically unknown in Spain until a few decades ago, as confirmed by the naturalist
541:
525:
2029:
1858:
1803:
1727:
1137:
1066:. An expansion of this magnitude is unprecedented among the known ecological phenomena in the Spanish Northern Plateau.
974:
962:
437:
418:
143:
139:
3330:
599:
569:
88:
3501:
2172:
1962:
1671:
1386:
977:
in the face of the rapid expansion of the pest led thousands of farmers in the region to protest in the streets of
3338:
Luque-Larena, Juan José; Baglione, Vittorio; Chiarati, Elisa; Vera, Rubén; Viñuela, Javier; Mateo, Rafael (2007).
2923:
1701:) in small and well controlled areas: parks, gardens, orchards, swimming pools, in general, not very large farms.
84:
986:
807:. Their main diet consist of tender green stems, although they also take advantage of leaves and the remains of
3094:(in Spanish). Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de agricultura y ganadería. Madrid. pp. 74–79.
1532:
1717:
In 2005, following EU guidelines and to avoid the risk of fires, the Spanish government banned the burning of
1639:
or other plants of the same family, which also have a high concentration of atropine, especially in the root.
2165:"El PSOE denuncia que los casos de tularemia de Castilla y León son de 270 y no los 42 que reconoce la Junta"
889:
and, although they do not consume the whole plant, they cause its rapid rotting. They also gnaw the stems of
1549:
1482:
1047:
1027:
2942:"La Comisión Delegada para el Desarrollo Rural aprueba del Plan de Actuaciones contra la plaga del topillo"
2616:
1818:
In Spain there are no studies that can indicate the active spectrum of Chlorophacinone, although there are
1799:
1054:. The data were corroborated by other specialists. Apparently, the species could have come down some river
3523:
3258:(in Spanish). Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza. SECAM-SECEMU, Madrid. pp. 382–385.
2671:
1478:, reducing their reproductive capacity and becoming more vulnerable to the diseases they themselves carry.
1063:
561:
462:
2420:
3247:
Estudio bionómico del topillo campesino Microtus arvalis asturianus Miller 1908, en la península ibérica
1698:
1486:
Evolution of cultivated areas and vole infestations in the south of the province of Valladolid. Source:
1459:
1406:
1395:
591:
354:
329:
This plague was present throughout the community of Castile and León, the most affected provinces being
3460:
Control de Plantas y Animales. Problemas y Control de Plaga de Vertebrados. Natural Academy of Sciences
3075:(in Spanish). Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Ministerio de agricultura, pesca y alimentación. pp. 61–66.
2441:
2343:"Los sindicatos congregan hoy a los agricultores para exigir a la Junta soluciones contra los topillos"
1908:
2324:
350:
1986:
1967:
1892:
1854:
1774:
living in the affected 10 cm die, which cancels their ability to aerate and fertilize the soil,
1767:
1374:
common prey and, being more numerous, provoke a pernicious rebound effect that is hardly favourable.
1051:
1043:
816:
786:
778:
605:
517:
458:
358:
338:
303:
274:
314:, beginning to extend its habitat to the south, thus freeing itself from its natural predators, the
2816:
2088:
1904:
1811:
820:
804:
619:
503:
278:
3347:
2906:
2882:
1558:
The census can be the best guide to the future evolution of the rodent population. In the case of
3446:
3290:
1882:
1382:
1378:
1085:
1077:
of voles every three or four years, in such numbers that they have become a particularly harmful
857:
766:
547:
531:
466:
461:, where the plague originated, is the province most affected by the spread of voles, followed by
342:
134:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
2977:
1874:
1424:
as a factor controlling the species. The lack of enemies would accelerate their abundance ("...
3467:
3438:
3384:
3307:
3259:
3222:
3192:
3123:
3095:
3076:
1636:
1628:
1326:
1294:" the land with hatchery specimens destined to feed the raptors. At the time, the now defunct
1142:
917:
845:
575:
470:
403:
299:
1195:
3428:
3282:
3171:
3146:
1850:
1471:
1366:
1208:
890:
833:
812:
362:
346:
1911:. An attestation of SEPRONA informs about the provisional results of their investigations:
1739:
1697:
In any case, trapping is practically useless in large areas, it is only useful (apart from
1494:
It is essential to differentiate the causes of the expansion of the vole from the original
1182:
795:
political overtones, being used as a throwing weapon among the various ideological groups.
3238:
Potential risks of nine rodenticies to birds and nontarget mammals: a comparative approach
3162:(2004). "On the economic benefit of predicting rodent outbreaks in agricultural systems".
3049:
2529:
2481:
2402:
2376:
2350:
2202:
2033:
1990:
1950:
1946:
1935:
There were not so many deaths, but if the method is not good, we do not want it to be used
1807:
1747:
1644:
1640:
1362:
1247:
1078:
1001:
661:
411:
2016:
Recommendations of the Junta of Castile and Leon before the opening of the hunting season
1353:, etc. This reduces the pressure on other potential prey, favouring the proliferation of
1299:
to natural causes. Fernando Franco Jubete explains this legend with the following words:
1273:
1221:
869:
386:
A number of reasons caused this plague of rodents, which ruined entire crops, especially
2460:"Castilla y León inicia un plan para frenar la expansión de los topillos a más cultivos"
2195:"El PSOE asegura que la Junta "miente y oculta datos" sobre los afectados por tularemia"
1260:
1234:
949:
living in rural areas have witnessed the massive presence of voles in parks, gardens or
753:
is produced. In fact, some specialists in arvicoline predation claim that the impact of
648:
is known in scientific circles as a host of numerous parasites and a carrier of various
3376:
3221:(in Spanish) (27). Department of Zoology. Faculty of Biology. University of Salamanca.
1819:
1521:
1175:
1169:
1074:
1018:
All this led many mayors in the area to request the declaration of a catastrophe zone.
961:
Another risk also related to leisure activities has to do with small game hunting. The
950:
906:
762:
697:
693:
632:
253:
3517:
2522:"Viticultores de Cigales recurren a las trampas con agua contra la plaga de topillos"
2395:"Miles de manifestantes reclaman en Valladolid soluciones a la plaga de los topillos"
2056:
Other legal (second generation) anticoagulants are Bromadiolone and Difenacoum, both
1878:
1835:
1771:
1661:
1444:
population. As prey are literally exterminated, predators are forced to change their
1410:
1227:
1130:
902:
781:
in post-spike years in mouse populations, especially in July counts, because neither
669:
399:
387:
3450:
1623:
For small farms, the use of repellent plants can be a good palliative, for example,
3071:
Arenaz Erburu, Ángel María (2001). "El topillo campesino y el topillo de montaña".
2221:"Agricultura admite una densidad de 1.500 topillos por hectárea en Castilla y León"
1726:
as a means of combating the rodents. Although permission has not been granted, the
1358:
1330:
1322:
1291:
893:
until they fall to the ground. Although few expected it, voles are also feeding in
808:
713:
677:
407:
315:
294:) was responsible for devastating the crops of the northern plateau. This Eurasian
3417:"Chlorophacinone exposure causing an epizootic of acute fatal hemorrhage in lambs"
2109:
Ruiz-Gordón, Luis M. (2–8 September 2007). "Cerco al enemigo público número uno".
1507:
cycles caused by internal factors (social behaviour), and aided by external ones (
3175:
1377:
An expansion such as that of the voles must have originated in an area where the
1084:
calculate; Juan Delibes de Castro carried out a sampling in several farms in the
425:
that was being used to stop the incipient plague. The Young Farmers Association (
2065:
1839:
1754:, supported by the advice of the engineer Fernando Franco Jubete (also from the
1649:
1370:
1354:
1008:
946:
728:
673:
290:
3433:
3416:
2124:
1709:
3495:
3090:
Arenaz Erburu, Ángel María (2006). "El topillo campesino (Microtus arvalis)".
1896:
1862:
1670:
placed. In short, the richer the biotopes, the less vulnerable to pests: good
1624:
1475:
1390:
1318:
1201:
990:
978:
898:
689:
330:
307:
262:
258:
3249:(in Spanish). Tesis doctoral, facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona.
3196:
402:. Despite the fact that winters in the Meseta are usually the coldest in the
3458:
Eadie, Robert W.; Nelson, B. K. (1980). "Mamíferos que constituyen plagas".
1870:
1759:
1682:
1467:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1214:
681:
649:
433:
146:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
3442:
2500:"La plaga de topillos pone en peligro la cosecha de uva en Castilla y León"
1907:
began to investigate with the help of the Department of Toxicology of the
1148:
2061:
2057:
1843:
1783:
1690:
1632:
1495:
1455:
1342:
1314:
1266:
1188:
1126:
1093:
930:
926:
685:
665:
1873:
and game or protected birds. Some environmental associations, including
1290:
Some rural inhabitants have even accused the environmental movement of "
3294:
1827:
1666:
1654:
1463:
1445:
1426:
predation plays an essential role in the abundance cycles of microtines
1338:
1334:
1253:
1089:
782:
334:
295:
3240:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington D. C. USA.
2978:
Registration of Phytosanitary Products of the Ministry of Agriculture.
1440:(specialists, generalists or opportunists) are enough to decimate the
981:
on 2 August in front of the Junta's headquarters to demand solutions.
406:, in 2007 temperatures were higher than usual, reducing the number of
2206:
1779:
1775:
1718:
1504:
1441:
1279:
1055:
997:
881:
774:
754:
657:
422:
391:
3484:(in Spanish). Boletín Fitosanitario. Junta de Castilla y León. 2007.
3286:
3150:
1606:
The fruit of the stramonium, a plant that is often ignored by voles.
91:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2442:"Quemas controladas en Valladolid para atajar la plaga de Topillos"
1927:
Referring to this unfortunate matter, the secretary general of the
1398:
considered about the triggering of this phenomenon are as follows:
2817:"Volverán a utilizar el veneno para combatir la plaga de topillos"
1849:
In March 2007, when the pest had already spread widely throughout
1708:
1681:
1499:
1481:
1350:
1346:
1295:
1240:
1153:
1070:
894:
886:
653:
395:
372:
743:
Remains of a vole devoured by a predator (only the head remains).
3185:
Revista Quercus. Observación, estudio y defensa de la Naturaleza
3183:
Delibes de Castro, Juan (1989). "Plagas de topillos en España".
2675:
2557:
2237:
1866:
1831:
955:
824:
758:
636:
319:
2421:"Villalar está a la vanguardia en la lucha contra los topillos"
2251:
1158:
Dispersion of voles in the summer of 2007 in Castile and León.
1088:, noting, in October 1983, up to 1294 specimens per hectare of
2125:"La plaga de topillos llega ya hasta la frontera con Portugal"
1822:
carried out with this same poison in the United States by the
1108:
361:
converge. It also came to be located in the municipalities of
177:
118:
56:
15:
3323:
Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective
1162:
Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de la Junta de Castilla y León
473:
has been the one where the plague has had the least impact.
2546:
1787:
3496:
Hunting Journal: Fire in Castile and Leon against the vole
3383:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones Omega S. A.: 641–654.
3122:(in Spanish). Editorial Planeta, S. A. pp. 239–243.
901:
do not escape their attack either, since, by gnawing the
769:
that are vulnerable or of particular interest to humans.
3042:"La meteorología también ha hecho su trabajo» Archivado"
1888:
Coordinadora para la Defensa de la Cordillera Cantábrica
2858:
1806:
has determined to grant permission and even distribute
1802:
are frequently used to combat pests such as voles. The
1474:
increases. Rodents react to stress by increasing their
1452:
It is also proposed that the causes would be endogenous
80:
2733:
2325:"500 millones de topillos se devoran ahora el regadío"
2274:
2143:"Los ecologistas responsables de la plaga de topillos"
2089:"La plaga de topillos comenzó en junio del año pasado"
1527:
According to biologist Juan José Luque-Larena, of the
1403:
For some specialists, plants could have some influence
2833:
1953:, one of the most affected localities, acknowledged.
1121:
As the naturalist Juan Carlos Blanco points out, "...
2002:
One of the diseases that cause most social alarm is
1824:
Environmental Protection Agency of the United States
1436:
expansion centres. The following year, the numerous
1022:
Cyclical plagues of common voles in Castile and León
410:
to almost zero, which, together with the arrival of
3092:
Control de vertebrados perjudiciales en Agricultura
1092:, 382 per hectare of cereal and 182 per hectare of
3219:Claves para la identificación de la fauna española
1488:Cámaras agrarias de la Comarca de Medina del Campo
1329:; but also all types of general predators such as
811:of corn. The 2007 plague seems to have emerged in
3011:
2698:
2683:
2670:During the 1993 plague, it was documented in the
2659:
2579:
2060:derivatives, but Difenacoum is not indicated for
322:. Their voracity led them to be described as the
3073:Daños en la agricultura causados por vertebrados
2756:
1786:disappears, making fertilizers that balance the
1756:Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias
1529:Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias
1913:
1594:Straw bales are improvised perches for raptors.
1537:
1301:
1123:in Spain there is no information on the subject
1034:"In Spain, the populations of the common vole (
1032:
771:
432:Voles can transmit diseases to humans, such as
3421:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
3415:del Piero, Fabio; Poppenga, Robert H. (2006).
2568:
2558:Delibes de Castro & Brunett-Lecomte (1989)
1738:Some agricultural organizations, specifically
1618:Deep cleaning of ditches to eliminate burrows.
3504:(In Spanish), by Fernando Franco Jubete, 2007
2989:
2845:
2803:
2591:
2298:
8:
3344:Comunicado Conjunto de 13 de Febrero de 2007
2252:González-Esteban & Jorge y Villate (2002
1899:'s Office of the Court of Palencia, and the
3256:Atlas de los Mamíferos terrestres de España
2779:
2547:Ayarzagüena, Ibáñez & San Miguel (1976)
2311:
2286:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3024:"Los venenos no acabaron con los topillos"
2478:"Los ganaderos, la otra cara de la moneda"
1877:, denounced the Junta for a crime against
1762:where chemical measures would be applied.
1125:", except perhaps in certain areas of the
365:, on the verge of crossing into Portugal.
265:, one of the towns affected by the plague.
3498:(In Spanish), by José Luis Garrido, 2007.
3432:
3379:(1982). "El sistema depredador / presa".
2876:"Real Decreto ley 11/2005 de 22 de julio"
2263:
1672:agricultural and environmental management
680:(or Lyme disease) and, the most dreaded,
627:Consequences of common vole infestations.
277:, in the Spanish autonomous community of
239:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
166:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
3482:Roedores perjudiciales para los cultivos
2767:
2744:
2721:
2710:
1674:is the best weapon to prevent disaster.
916:
252:
3000:
2080:
1978:
1582:Black-winged Kite on its natural perch.
1572:
1422:Another hypothesis emphasizes predation
829:
823:and that losses may exceed one million
716:is one of the natural enemies of voles.
702:
581:
537:
493:
306:, where it differentiated and became a
2791:
2734:Marcström, Kenward & Engren (1988)
2679:
2647:
2603:
1462:for survival is generated (either for
2900:"Unión de Campesinos Castilla y León"
2694:
2692:
2436:
2434:
2275:Marcström, Kenward & Engren (1988
1895:. The complaint was passed on to the
7:
3466:. Mexico: Editorial Limusa: 99–125.
2924:"Artículo de Fernando Franco Jubete"
2310:Similar cases to those described in
2247:
2245:
2104:
2102:
421:, in March 2007, against the use of
427:Asociación de Jóvenes Agricultores,
3306:(in Spanish). H. Blume ediciones.
273:began in early summer 2006 in the
193:tone or style may not reflect the
148:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
14:
3508:Biological control of vole plague
3120:Mamíferos de España, segundo tomo
757:(stable) is greater than that of
731:flying with a vole in its talons.
31:This article has multiple issues.
3245:González Esteban, Jorge (1996).
3236:Erickson, W.; Urban, D. (2004).
2757:Krebs, Lambin & Wolff (2007)
1631:, which is toxic because of the
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1325:and diurnal raptors such as the
1272:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1168:
868:
856:
844:
832:
736:
721:
705:
612:
598:
584:
568:
554:
540:
524:
510:
496:
353:, where other provinces such as
203:guide to writing better articles
182:
123:
61:
20:
3304:Mamíferos. Manual de teriología
3012:del Piero & Poppenga (2006)
1635:and scallopine it contains, or
1098:
1015:of Castile and León is doomed.
909:, they weaken or destroy them.
39:or discuss these issues on the
3052:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2532:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2484:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2405:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2379:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2353:) (in Spanish). Archived from
2205:) (in Spanish). Archived from
1930:Union de Pequeños Agricultores
449:Extent of the vole by province
257:Vole in action in the town of
1:
3365:The Journal of Animal Ecology
2369:"Clamor ante los topiratones"
1405:on the fertility of animals (
1102:Density of voles per hectare
345:, especially in the areas of
3502:The cyclical plague of voles
3346:(in Spanish). Archived from
3302:Kowalski, Kazimierz (1981).
3176:10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.002
3118:Blanco, Juan Carlos (1998).
2944:(in Spanish). Archived from
2905:(in Spanish). Archived from
2622:(in Spanish). Archived from
2569:Palacios & Jubete (1988)
2506:(in Spanish). Archived from
2171:(in Spanish). Archived from
2149:(in Spanish). Archived from
1515:Pest control and its effects
1105:
1101:
3331:University of Chicago Press
2990:Erickson & Urban (2004)
2834:Boletín fitosanitario (2007
2113:(in Spanish) (1036): 44–45.
1987:case of the Short-eared Owl
1000:, the first locality being
973:The inoperativeness of the
969:Administrative consequences
485: Average concentration
312:Microtus arvalis asturianus
87:the claims made and adding
3545:
3434:10.1177/104063870601800512
3113:(in Spanish) (3): 105–108.
2238:Luque-Larena et al. (2007)
1963:Integrated pest management
1857:), the authorities of the
1547:
1007:With its expansion to the
3398:Palacios, F.; Jubete, F.
2862:Official I.N.R.A. website
2674:that an entire family of
2030:Junta of Castile and Leon
1901:Nature Protection Service
1859:Junta of Castile and León
1804:Junta of Castile and León
1728:Junta of Castile and León
1713:Burrows in burned stover.
1657:have a similar function.
1138:Junta of Castile and León
1044:Cantabrian mountain range
987:Villalar de los Comuneros
975:Junta of Castile and León
963:Junta of Castile and León
799:Consequences for harvests
469:. On the other hand, the
438:Junta of Castile and León
419:Junta of Castile and León
349:, and the area bordering
3529:2007 in Castile and León
2780:Eadie & Nelson (1980
2682:, p. 242) See also
2660:Delibes de Castro (1989)
2312:Eadie & Nelson (1980
2287:Eadie & Nelson (1980
2046:Cyclical plague of voles
1533:University of Valladolid
1524:(with some exceptions).
1496:mountainous environments
1160:(based on data from the
479: High concentration
382:Vole next to its burrow.
298:had only penetrated the
3404:Doñana, Acta Vertebrata
3206:Doñana, Acta Vertebrata
3191:(January 1989): 17–20.
3111:Doñana, Acta Vertebrata
2699:Delibes de Castro (1989
2684:Delibes de Castro (1989
2580:Delibes de Castro (1989
1550:Biological pest control
1073:valley there have been
684:. Parasites range from
637:edaphological processes
491: Low concentration
197:used on Knowledge (XXG)
3510:Edited by GREFA, 2010.
2678:fed mainly on voles. (
2672:province of Valladolid
2617:"B.O.C. y L. – N.º 61"
1917:
1714:
1687:
1541:
1491:
1385:, improvements in the
1311:
1165:
1075:demographic explosions
1064:province of Valladolid
1040:
1028:Juan Delibes de Castro
922:
792:
562:Province of Valladolid
383:
266:
201:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
2536:on 16 September 2009.
2510:on 28 September 2007.
2488:on 16 September 2009.
2409:on 16 September 2009.
2383:on 16 September 2009.
2357:on 16 September 2009.
1893:Ecologistas en Acción
1800:Anticoagulant poisons
1712:
1685:
1485:
1157:
920:
905:at the base of their
672:(or Weil's disease),
592:Province of Salamanca
381:
256:
2948:on 16 September 2009
2912:on 14 February 2006.
2888:on 14 February 2006.
1968:Rotterdam Convention
1855:Province of Palencia
1052:Sierra de Javalambre
1048:Sierra de Albarracín
779:western capercaillie
518:Province of Palencia
459:province of Palencia
304:Cantabrian Mountains
275:province of Palencia
2846:Arenaz Erburu (2006
2804:Arenaz Erburu (2006
2724:, pp. 187–193)
2592:Arenaz Erburu (2001
2299:Arenaz Erburu (2001
1812:European Commission
1544:Preventive measures
1522:biased and unusable
1389:, the expansion of
1069:Since then, in the
913:Health consequences
805:Northern Hemisphere
761:(many of which are
620:Province of Segovia
440:. According to the
2629:on 3 December 2013
2209:on 21 August 2014.
2153:on 29 August 2007.
1909:University of León
1883:Global Nature Fund
1715:
1688:
1686:Simple water trap.
1492:
1476:adrenal secretions
1383:land consolidation
1166:
1086:province of Burgos
923:
767:endangered species
666:bacterial diseases
548:Province of Zamora
532:Province of Burgos
384:
324:scourge of Castile
267:
72:possibly contains
3139:Wildlife Research
2967:case nº 3691-35-8
2848:, pp. 37–42)
2594:, pp. 64–65)
2147:minutodigital.com
1941:End of the plague
1903:(SEPRONA) of the
1897:Public Prosecutor
1795:Chemical measures
1768:biological impact
1662:rotation of crops
1509:feeding-predation
1387:transport network
1379:native population
1327:black-winged kite
1288:
1287:
1115:
1114:
1004:, in Valladolid.
929:; this is called
606:Province of Ávila
576:Province of Soria
471:province of Soria
404:Iberian Peninsula
379:
300:Iberian Peninsula
288:The common vole (
249:
248:
241:
231:
230:
223:
195:encyclopedic tone
176:
175:
168:
117:
116:
109:
74:original research
54:
3536:
3485:
3477:
3454:
3436:
3411:
3394:
3372:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3334:
3317:
3298:
3269:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3213:
3200:
3179:
3154:
3133:
3114:
3105:
3086:
3058:
3057:
3056:on 23 June 2008.
3046:nortecastilla.es
3038:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2881:. Archived from
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2526:nortecastilla.es
2518:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:nortecastilla.es
2391:
2385:
2384:
2373:nortecastilla.es
2365:
2359:
2358:
2347:nortecastilla.es
2339:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2264:Henttonen (1987)
2261:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:nortecastilla.es
2217:
2211:
2210:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1851:Tierra de Campos
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1560:Microtus arvalis
1407:phenotypic cause
1309:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1149:
1099:
1060:Microtus arvalis
1036:Microtus arvalis
933:(from the Greek
872:
860:
848:
836:
821:Castile and León
813:Tierra de Campos
740:
725:
709:
646:Microtus arvalis
616:
602:
588:
572:
558:
544:
528:
514:
504:Province of León
500:
490:
484:
478:
380:
351:Tierra de Medina
347:Tierra de Campos
291:Microtus arvalis
279:Castile and León
271:2007 vole plague
244:
237:
226:
219:
215:
212:
206:
205:for suggestions.
186:
185:
178:
171:
164:
160:
157:
151:
127:
126:
119:
112:
105:
101:
98:
92:
89:inline citations
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3514:
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3377:Margalef, Ramón
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3350:on 4 March 2016
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2034:Silvia Clemente
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
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1951:Fresno el Viejo
1947:Silvia Clemente
1943:
1808:Chlorophacinone
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951:kitchen gardens
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3490:External links
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2768:Kowalski (1981
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2745:Kowalski (1981
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3352:. Retrieved
3348:the original
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3054:the original
3045:
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3007:
2996:
2985:
2980:(In Spanish)
2973:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:the original
2936:
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2918:
2907:the original
2894:
2883:the original
2870:
2864:(in French).
2861:
2853:
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2821:20minutos.es
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2792:Blanco (1998
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2680:Blanco (1998
2666:
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2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2611:
2604:Blanco (1998
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2587:
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2553:
2542:
2534:the original
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1292:repopulating
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156:January 2023
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140:spinning off
133:
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97:January 2023
94:
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34:
33:Please help
30:
3354:11 February
3329:. Chicago:
2179:30 December
2129:tribuna.net
1905:Civil Guard
1655:castor bean
1650:fritillaria
1460:competition
1046:and in the
899:Fruit trees
880:During the
729:Hen harrier
698:hydatidosis
678:borreliosis
674:listeriosis
650:pathologies
3518:Categories
3410:: 169–171.
3333:: 173–181.
3212:: 120–123.
3028:publico.es
2859:"I.N.R.A."
2111:XL Semanal
2075:References
1871:wild boars
1863:lagomorphs
1840:partridges
1760:firebreaks
1637:belladonna
1629:Stramonium
1625:Solanaceae
1570:installed.
1548:See also:
1438:carnivores
1411:sugar beet
1396:hypotheses
1391:irrigation
1355:partridges
1202:Valladolid
1009:wine world
991:Valladolid
979:Valladolid
891:sunflowers
863:Sunflower.
773:"Although
690:babesiosis
662:hantavirus
652:, such as
463:Valladolid
331:Valladolid
308:subspecies
263:Valladolid
259:Campaspero
144:relocating
81:improve it
36:improve it
3197:0212-0054
2952:1 October
2633:1 October
2004:Tularemia
1875:WWF/Adena
1867:alaudidae
1468:predation
1456:genotypic
1430:ecosystem
1367:migratory
1319:mustelids
1215:Salamanca
1143:estimates
1030:in 1989:
947:teenagers
927:pathogens
895:vineyards
763:migratory
694:helminths
682:tularemia
434:tularemia
355:Salamanca
85:verifying
42:talk page
3451:36741372
3443:17037620
3400:et alter
3381:Ecología
3160:et alter
2169:terra.es
2064:but for
2058:coumarin
1985:See the
1957:See also
1922:disaster
1844:anatidae
1828:bustards
1784:nitrogen
1699:sampling
1691:Trapping
1678:Trapping
1633:atropine
1627:such as
1466:, food,
1369:or even
1306:—
1189:Palencia
1127:Pyrenees
1094:badlands
931:zoonosis
817:Palencia
790:season."
686:protozoa
392:potatoes
339:Palencia
3295:3565497
2425:pais.es
1667:grazing
1531:of the
1505:natural
1498:to the
1363:rabbits
1343:corvids
1331:raptors
1323:weasels
1254:Segovia
1090:alfalfa
1062:in the
1056:valleys
839:Potato.
787:martens
755:mammals
400:carrots
335:Segovia
310:called
296:species
79:Please
3470:
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3293:
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2676:wolves
2504:adn.es
2464:abc.es
1885:, the
1780:carbon
1776:sulfur
1770:: any
1724:custom
1719:stover
1645:squill
1472:stress
1442:rodent
1359:quails
1351:herons
1347:storks
1339:felids
1335:canids
1280:Burgos
1277:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1228:Zamora
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
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998:stover
907:trunks
882:sowing
775:Grouse
658:rabies
489:
483:
477:
467:Zamora
423:poison
412:spring
408:frosts
398:, and
396:onions
369:Causes
363:Aliste
343:Zamora
3447:S2CID
3291:JSTOR
3275:Oikos
2910:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2886:(PDF)
2879:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2062:voles
1974:Notes
1832:larks
1740:ASAJA
1500:Douro
1464:space
1296:ICONA
1267:Ávila
1241:Soria
1071:Douro
956:mites
939:nosos
887:tuber
875:Tree.
851:Beet.
825:euros
783:foxes
759:birds
692:) to
668:like
656:like
388:beets
359:Avila
320:euros
3468:ISBN
3439:PMID
3385:ISBN
3356:2008
3308:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3193:ISSN
3124:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3077:ISBN
2954:2007
2635:2007
2181:2022
2066:mice
1891:and
1842:and
1778:and
1750:and
1748:UCCL
1744:COAG
1653:and
1446:diet
1434:prey
1315:owls
1176:León
1080:pest
1050:and
935:zoon
903:bark
809:ears
785:nor
749:the
712:The
465:and
457:The
442:PSOE
357:and
341:and
269:The
3429:doi
3283:doi
3172:doi
3147:doi
1937:".
1924:".
1752:UPA
1641:Rue
1511:).
1129:or
989:in
660:or
142:or
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