2798:
939:). Asante indicates that black nationalism, as a political ideology, is distinct from Afrocentricity, which is a philosophical paradigm, and that both serve distinct purposes and operate in distinct spheres. Rather than being a reformulation of black cultural nationalism and being a civil religion, Asante indicates that Black studies derived and developed from black nationalism and that the development of Afrocentricity post-dates the development of Black studies. Asante indicates that the correct understanding that Hill-Collins has is that "Afrocentricity is a social theory in the sense that it explains the dislocation, disorientation, and mental enslavement of African people as being a function of white racial hegemony." In relation to this view, Asante indicates that mutilating oneâs own people is one of the greatest forms of dislocation and that revering the instruction of a "slave master" to intellectually attacking one's own people is a form of dislocated behavior.
653:
This has been characterized as an âongoing ideological warfare to ensure the continuation of the subjugation of
African people as objects of analysis, thus discouraging them from being agents in their own history.â Additionally, it has been further indicated that those who charge scholars of Afrocentricity of producing political propaganda, do so as well, while portraying it as scholarship, in order to deny the agency of Africans and to avoid critique. Hilliard and Alkebulan indicate that, rather than the academic work of scholars of Afrocentricity being used to define Afrocentricity, mass media has shaped the public understanding of Afrocentricity using the work of journalists and the work of academics, who are not professionals in the field of Afrocentricity â such as
587:
incorporated into various forms of media (e.g., music, film). This form of popular culture, or
Afrocentrism, has also subsequently been mistaken for the systematic methodology of Afrocentricity. As a result of the popular misconceptions of what Afrocentricity is not, Stewart indicates that this has had a negative impact in terms of public perception. Some academics have stated that, while Afrocentrism is popular culture, Afrocentricity is an academic theory and that Afrocentricity has been depicted by mass media and critics as Afrocentrism in order to attempt to mischaracterize and/or invalidate Afrocentricity.
693:
and privileges the concepts, traditions, and history of
Africans, AmoâAgyemang indicates that Afrocentricity clarifies, deconstructs, and undermines hegemonic epistemologies; also, that it serves as a liberatory method that "negates/repudiates exploitations, oppression, repression, domination and marginality of indigenous cultural knowledge" and seeks the "democratisation of knowledge, deâhegemonisation of knowledge, deâwesternisation of knowledge, and deâEuropeanisation of knowledge".
752:
Asante's work as "off-handedly racist" was characterized by Asante as "gratuitous mudslinging" that lacked specificity about what was being characterized as "off-handedly racist". Additionally, Asante indicated that, due to the lack of specific example cited from his earlier work to support the characterization of it as "off-handedly racist", it was "not only a serious breach of professionalism but a grotesque and dishonest intellectual ploy".
5953:
756:"strange mix", Asante (1993) viewed this as indication of Esonwanne (1992) showing a lack of comprehension and familiarity with his earlier work, with the works of Diop, Karenga, and Wade, as well as the theory of Afrocentricity. Asante (1993) went on to clarify that Cheikh Anta Diop, Maulana Karenga, and Wade Nobles, despite differences in professional backgrounds or academic interests, were all scholars in the theory of Afrocentricity.
794:(2006) characterized Afrocentrism as essentially being a civil religion (e.g., common beliefs and values; common tenets that distinguish believers from non-believers; views on the unknowns of life, on suffering, and on death; common places of gathering and rituals that establish one as a member of an institutionalized belief system). Some aspects that she defined and related to Asante's Afrocentricity was a fundamental love for
541:âAfrocentricity.â However, the use of âAfrocentrismâ reflected a negation of the idea of Afrocentricity as a positive and progressive paradigm. The aim was to assign religious signification to the idea of African centeredness. However, it has come to refer to a broad cultural movement of the late twentieth century that has a set of philosophical, political, and artistic ideas which provides the basis for the musical,
27:
426:, the institutional home of Molefi Kete Asante and site of the first PhD program in the field of Africana Studies, which at Temple is named Africology and African American Studies, is widely regarded as the leading institution for scholarship in Afrocentricity. In addition to Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity developed among the "Temple Circle" (e.g., Abu Abarry,
510:. Africological conferences also developed, some which operate by invitation, and some which occur on a yearly basis, such as the Cheikh Anta Diop Conference. The theory of Afrocentricity also had subsequent impact on other academic fields and theories, such as anthropology, education, jazz theory, linguistics, organizational theory, and physical education.
880:, which Asante characterizes as having vaguely defined notions of black nationalism, Afrocentrism/Afrocentricity, civil religion, and African-American ethnic identity. Asante characterized her critiques of Afrocentricity as being supportive of a manufactured intellectual agenda and predicated on the reactionary politics surrounding modern American history.
514:
680:, created the term Afrocentrism in opposition to Afrocentricity and critics of Afrocentricity advanced this effort. Zulu indicates that Afrocentrism was an imposed term, which was part of a deceptive grand narrative, intended to derail and curtail the momentum of the paradigm of Afrocentricity being adopted and used.
111:. Those who identify as specialists in Afrocentricity, including historians, philosophers, and sociologists, call themselves "Africologists" or "Afrocentrists." Africologists seek to ground their work in the perspective and culture common to African peoples, and center African peoples and their experiences as
830:
through self-redefinition and self-reclamation as an
African people as well as rejection of what is perceived as being of white people and white culture (which are viewed as bearing evil qualities in relation to black people). Another aspect of the characterization of Afrocentrism as a civil religion
755:
Esonwanne (1992) indicated that grouping Cheikh Anta Diop, Maulana
Karenga, and Wade Nobles together was a "strange mix" due to each of the scholars having different methodological approaches to African studies and African-American studies. Based on this characterization of Asante's earlier work as a
652:
Proponents of
Afrocentricity state that it is a theoretic concept of agency. They further state that the detractors of Afrocentricity intentionally mislabel Afrocentricity as Afrocentrism in order to steer people of African descent, who are not yet aware of what composes Afrocentricity, away from it.
692:
While there are different designations (e.g., Africanity, Gloriana
Afrocentricity, Proletarian Afrocentricity) for Afrocentricity, AmoâAgyemang indicates that Afrocentricity should not be mistaken for Afrocentrism and does not seek to replace Eurocentrism. As Afrocentricity centers African identity,
193:, and firsthand experience of these cultural and spiritual artifacts can inform Afrocentricity. Mazama indicates that many of the terms and concepts used in Afrocentricity are meant to shift the conceptual status of Africans from being objects that are acted upon to subjects who are agents that act.
751:
Asante (1993) critiqued
Esonwanne (1992) and the critical review that was given to his earlier work. Asante indicated that scholars who considered using Esonwanne (1992) as a means to comprehend his earlier work would have a limited comprehension of his earlier work. Esonwanne's characterization of
688:
and
Africans, which lies in contrast to and is distinct from the theory of Afrocentricity and Africology movement that developed in the 1980s. Additionally, use of the term Afrocentric preexisted the birth of Kete Asante and it later became incorporated into the Afrocentric methodology and paradigm
569:
In addition to Molefi Kete Asante, many other academics have explained that
Afrocentricity and Afrocentrism are distinct from one another, and that critics have often conflated the two when criticizing Afrocentricity. Further, Asante indicates that by conflating Afrocentricity with Afrocentricism,
883:
Asante (2007) highlights that Hill-Collins' perspective on black nationalism, rather than being distinct from usual approaches, derives from the same origin as these approaches (e.g., black feminist nationalism, cultural nationalism, religious nationalism, revolutionary nationalism). Within the
586:
Other academics have indicated that since Afrocentricity has been made increasingly well-known inside and outside of academia, it has resulted in non-academics developing their own forms of analysis that are not so precise or accurate and these subsequently developed forms of analysis have been
540:
By way of distinction, Afrocentricity should not be confused with the variant Afrocentrism. The term âAfrocentrismâ was first used by the opponents of Afrocentricity who in their zeal saw it as an obverse of Eurocentrism. The adjective âAfrocentricâ in the academic literature always referred to
578:
notes that rather than seeking to understand the theory of Afrocentricity or engage in constructive discourse with the scholars of the theory, many critical academics seek to critique and discredit the theory as well as engage in intellectual militarism. Consequently, between Afrocentrism and
903:
of whiteness to erase their racial identity and become any other identity (e.g., Native American, of Irish descent, of Italian descent) except an identity of African descent, the European-American social power to operate as individuals rather than as a monolithic racial identity (e.g., Black
759:
Asante (1993) went on to clarify that, similar to the use of the term "European", the use of the composite term "African" is not used it in reference to an abstraction, but is used in reference to ethnic identity and cultural heritage; as such, there are modal uses of terms such as "African
648:
and as being the black equivalent of hegemonic Eurocentrism. Rasekoala states that, while Afrocentrism has been characterized as an ideology focused on cultural traits (e.g., customs, habits, traditions, values, value systems) of Africans, Afrocentricity is a methodology that focuses on the
858:
Asante (2007) characterized Hill-Collins (2006) as following a similar approach as Stephen Howe and Mary Lefkowitz of not providing a clear definition for the concept of Afrocentricity that they are attempting to critique and then, subsequently, negatively and incorrectly characterizing
942:
The centerpiece of Hill-Collinsâ approach, as Asante (2007) characterized it, is that "Afrocentricity took the framework of American civil religion and stripped it of its American symbols and substituted a black value system." Asante indicates that the earliest Africologists (e.g.,
310:
emphasized the importance that culture and its relative nature could have on their intellectual enterprise. All of this cultivated a foundation for the development of Afrocentricity. Examples of the kinds of arguments that presaged Afrocentricity include pieces published in the
384:: "he Africana Project must be frankly Afro-centric in its interpretation of African history, and of the social and cultural institutions of the African and people of African descent everywhere." Other antecedents to Afrocentricity identified by Asante include the 1948 work of
683:
Asante indicates that Afrocentrism post-dates Afrocentricity as a concept. Other scholars indicate that what has come to be known as Afrocentrism has existed among black communities for centuries as a grassroots political understanding and narrative tradition about the
595:
that has been conveyed through mass media, which is held by some proponents and held by some critics of Afrocentrism, and the academic conceptualization of Afrocentricity held by Africologists. Karenga indicates that Afrocentricity is an intellectual
863:
that allows for open-ended dialogue and debate on the fundamental assumptions that the theory of Afrocentricity is based on. Asante further critiqued and characterized Hill-Collins (2006) as being "not only poor scholarship", but a "form of
884:
context of racialized American national identity, Asante characterizes Hill-Collins' notion of civil religion as the reverence for American civil government and its political principles; along with this notion is the characterized view of
549:, that is, the idea that African people must be viewed and view themselves as agents rather than spectators to historical revolution and change. To this end Afrocentricity seeks to examine every aspect of the subject place of Africans in
634:
Some academics have indicated that Afrocentricity is distinct from Afrocentrism, and that Afrocentrism is frequently confused with ethnonationalism, often simplified to black pride or romanticized black history, often misconstrued by
5325:
5320:
736:
and African cultures", as being part of a "whole project of Afrocentrism", and as being "off-handedly racist". Esonwanne (1992) indicates that the redeeming quality and "intellectual value" of Asante's earlier work is its
3530:
5332:
859:
Afrocentricity as Afrocentrism (i.e., a black form of Eurocentrism). Asante indicates that Afrocentricity is not an enclosed system of thought or religious belief; rather, he indicated that it is an unenclosed, critical
643:
academics as being a black version of white nationalism, or mischaracterized as being a black version of Eurocentrism. They further state, that Afrocentrism has been fallaciously characterized as being a notion based on
5073:
721:, 1997). These major critical works were characterized in Asante (2017) as being a "misunderstanding of Afrocentricity or an attempt to relaunch the Eurocentric domination in knowledge, criticism, and literature."
5337:
741:" and that it is a prime example of what researchers in African studies and African-American studies "would do well to avoid". Esonwanne (1992) further characterizes Asanteâs Afrocentricity as being a "
5008:
868:" that is typically "engaged in by vulgar careerists whose plan is to distance themselves from African agency". Asante highlighted Hill-Collins' intellectual work on the centeredness of women of the
689:
created by Asante. As Kete Asante further notes, while African-centeredness may suggest a limitation in geography, Afrocentricity can be performed anywhere in the world as a form of academic study.
788:, was addressed in a chapter of his earlier work, but that the shortcomings of the critiques presented in Esonwanne (1992) show that Esonwanne may not have read as far as that chapter.
872:
to contrast with her characterized lack of understanding of the intellectual work on the centeredness of African people that Afrocentricity focuses on. As a follow-up to Hill-Collins'
583:
indicated that, in contrast to Afrocentricity, Afrocentrism has been characterized as a notion that negates the notion of Afrocentricity being a âpositive and progressive paradigm.â
5858:
5853:
5402:
4134:
3991:
1133:
5665:
4122:
742:
255:; this means that some claims to Afrocentricity are not strictly part of the paradigm, and certain critiques of supposedly Afrocentric ideas may not be critiques of Afrocentricity
5537:
2902:"HrÄrÄ/S-tut/Qeáš: Re-conceptualizing Pan-African Studies in the Era of Globalization Using a Mixture of Ancient Egyptian, Diopian, Mazruiana, Mbitian, and Asanteian Approaches"
4232:
574:
paradigm." Other academics have also been critical of the criticism of Afrocentricity that seek to define it as a religious movement. Historian and medical anthropologist
4821:
3956:
5315:
454:. As a global intellectual enterprise, Afrocentricity is studied, taught, and exemplified at institutions and locations, such as Quilombismo (which was initiated by
5863:
5103:
91:
during the late 1980s and early 1990s that helped to further develop Afrocentricity, which is based on concepts of agency, centeredness, location, and orientation.
5932:
5907:
145:
of African people" and as being "centered in African experiences", which then conveys the "African voice". According to her, Afrocentricity incorporates African
5917:
5912:
4844:
4292:
5633:
5469:
5178:
5168:
4826:
4816:
87:. The Temple Circle, also known as the Temple School of Thought, Temple Circle of Afrocentricity, or Temple School of Afrocentricity, was an early group of
5675:
5447:
760:
civilization" and "African culture", which do not deny the significance of the discrete identities and heritages of more specific African groupings (e.g.,
396:. Following the example of these and other preceding African intellectuals, Asante formally proposed the concept of Afrocentricity in a 1980 publication,
5895:
4839:
4834:
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4167:
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4107:
3315:
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2074:
5868:
5828:
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905:
276:
189:. Mazama sees spirituality and other intuitive methods of acquiring knowledge and emotional responses used in the paradigm as a counterbalance to
748:
version of the pan-Africanist doctrine" that merits not giving into "temptation to dismiss the notion of Afrocentricity completely in abeyance".
5927:
5922:
5890:
5660:
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5527:
5308:
4069:
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5843:
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4203:
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3327:
3156:
2961:
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532:
Afrocentricity and Afrocentrism are not synonymous, but, instead, are distinct from one another, and should not be mistaken for one another.
2120:
5833:
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5591:
5586:
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174:
150:
3118:
3025:"The Manifestation of the African-Centered Educational Philosophy in the Pedagogical Practices of an Elementary Education Science Teacher"
545:, and aesthetic dimensions of the African personality. On the other hand, Afrocentricity, as I have previously defined it, is a theory of
247:. Crucially, not all academic works that focus on African or African-American topics are necessarily Afrocentric and neither are works on
224:
multidisciplinary theory with a strong focus on the location and agency of Africans, Afrocentricity is designed not to accept the role of
169:
as key features of its expository approach. Axiological features of Afrocentricity that Mazama identifies include explorations of African
1855:
1463:
5808:
5645:
5615:
5397:
4976:
4188:
661:, which also confuses Afrocentrism with Afrocentricity â as authoritative sources for criticisms of Afrocentricity. Cultural critic and
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as "disorganized", its analysis as "crude and garbled", its perceived lack of seriousness in study as harmful to the "serious study of
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1900:
1321:
909:
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3707:
3657:
3208:
2999:
2211:
1867:
1805:
1475:
1341:
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2991:
The Inter-ethnic Dimensions of Afrocentricity: A Metatheoretical Framework for Intercultural Agency and Psychological Fortification
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631:
Some academics have stated that some of the more radical views of Afrocentricism have been unfairly attributed to Kete Asante.
5650:
5544:
5459:
5063:
2676:"Black/Africana Studies, Then And Now: Reconstructing A Century Of Intellectual Inquiry And Political Engagement, 1915â2015"
185:. Mazama also argues that Afrocentricity can integrate aspects of African spiritualities as essential components of African
579:
Afrocentricity, many critical academics tend to overlook their key suffix distinction (i.e., -ism and -icity). Philosopher
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5342:
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154:
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indicates that, unlike Afrocentrism, the intellectual theory of Afrocentricity adds value to the field of Black studies.
5510:
5486:
5481:
5464:
5432:
5375:
4488:
4437:
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3877:
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2299:
1251:"Benefits of Afrocentricity in Exploring Social Phenomena: Understanding Afrocentricity as a Social Science Methodology"
369:
280:
178:
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within their own historical, cultural, and sociological contexts. First developed as a systematized methodology by
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4407:
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443:
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Africologists, who produce Afrocentric academic works, identify their professional field as Afrocentricity â not
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2386:"The concept of 'respect' in African culture in the context of journalism practice: An Afrocentric intervention"
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4117:
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733:
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283:
2616:"Comprehensive Report: A Research Framework on Gender and Socio-Cultural Inclusion in Global Change Research"
5725:
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4929:
4898:
4678:
4618:
4483:
4226:
1396:"Founding the First PhD in Black Studies: A Sankofa Remembrance and Critical Assessment of Its Significance"
1000:
267:
Midas Chanawe outlined in his historical survey of the development of Afrocentricity how experiences of the
5640:
2642:"The Impact of Western Colonial Education On Zimbabwe's Traditional And Postcolonial Educational System(s)"
2524:
919:
Following her characterized view of black nationalism, Asante (2007) indicates that Hill-Collins conflates
6003:
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5370:
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4402:
4392:
4330:
4140:
4079:
2075:"The living museum and the centenary of the abolition of slavery: for the recognition of African cultures"
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570:
critics of Afrocentrism have mischaracterized Afrocentricity as being a "'religious' movement based on an
554:
252:
3316:"What Is Black in the Melting Pot?: A Critique of Afrocentrist and Postmodernist Discourses on Blackness"
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404:(1987). Other influential publications that helped to develop Afrocentricity include Linda James Myers'
381:
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891:
choosing how to not become "black" Americans (who later join with African-Americans and partake in the
3426:"Exploring the African Centered Paradigm: Discourse and Innovation in African World Community Studies"
43:
is an academic theory and approach to scholarship that seeks to center the experiences and peoples of
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313:
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3878:"The Discipline of Africology at the Crossroads: Toward An Eshuean Response to Intellectual Dilemma"
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55:
in 1980, he drew inspiration from a number of African and African diaspora intellectuals including
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2742:"The Life of a Policy: An Afrocentric Case Study Policy Analysis of Florida Statute 1003.42(h)"
971:, Linda Myers) had no conscious intention of creating a civil religion as Hill-Collins claims.
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prescribed to Africans by Eurocentrism. An important aspect of Afrocentricity is therefore a
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1966:
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333:, who highlighted the accomplishments of the ancient Egyptians as Africans to undermine the
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84:
56:
48:
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5143:
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4879:
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4703:
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4092:
2582:"A Critical Analysis of the Contribution of Selected Shona Proverbs To Applied Philosophy"
1835:
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900:
888:
645:
621:
588:
334:
182:
108:
72:
3364:"Anthropology, Afrocentricity, And African American Studies: Toward A Sincere Discipline"
2768:"Africological Reconceptualization of the Epistemological Crises In Postcolonial Studies"
2300:"Anthropology, Afrocentricity, And African American Studies: Toward A Sincere Discipline"
5848:
5253:
5216:
5206:
4966:
4961:
4903:
4738:
4668:
4598:
4593:
4097:
4021:
2204:
Dispatches from the Ebony Tower: Intellectuals Confront the African American Experience
1250:
1010:
769:
738:
714:
673:
654:
354:
272:
248:
229:
1607:
1590:
368:
Molefi Kete Asante dates the first use of the term, "Afro-centric", to 1964, when the
5972:
4806:
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4693:
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2726:
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2626:
2597:
2566:
2444:"Beyond Intellectual Construct to Policy Ideas: The Case of the Afrocentric Paradigm"
2425:
2339:
2315:
2284:
2181:
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2006:
1951:
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773:
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431:
388:
when he introduced the idea of an "African Renaissance", J.A. Sofala's 1973 treatise
377:
338:
146:
88:
80:
34:
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4310:
3996:
3893:
1789:
Afrocentricity: Critical Intercultural Communication Theories, Issues, and Concepts
964:
815:
795:
777:
765:
592:
571:
542:
503:
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342:
303:
244:
217:
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205:
201:
130:
68:
64:
20:
3486:
3320:
American Multicultural Studies: Diversity of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality
822:
as the major reasoning for the suffering and death of black people, Africa as the
26:
5074:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
2913:
2401:
1674:
810:); another aspect was black centeredness as a form of grace or relief from white
365:
movement that served as harbingers for the formal development of Afrocentricity.
337:
assertion that Africans were inferior, and the assertions of the Pan-Africanist,
5138:
5123:
4971:
4934:
4773:
4728:
4713:
4478:
4473:
4320:
960:
865:
852:
844:
806:) and common black values (e.g., Karengaâs established values and principles of
799:
666:
609:
597:
291:
190:
3549:
3197:"Reaching for Higher Ground: Toward an Understanding of Black/Africana Studies"
2641:
2252:
4673:
4658:
4628:
4623:
4372:
4340:
4179:
4147:
3917:
3725:
3565:
3531:"Unmasking resilience as governmentality: towards an Afrocentric epistemology"
3502:
3395:
3284:
3009:
2971:
2875:
2828:
2778:
2718:
2652:
2589:
2558:
2470:
2417:
2331:
2173:
2098:
2051:
1998:
1815:
1761:
1692:
1624:
1548:
1524:
1435:
1277:
1227:
832:
99:
Afrocentricity was coined to evoke "African-centeredness", and, as a unifying
3901:
3849:
3797:
3717:
3557:
3494:
3387:
3337:
3268:
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2702:
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2165:
2090:
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1982:
1943:
1927:
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1616:
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1493:
1419:
1411:
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1211:
1203:
1153:
1107:
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1083:
5287:
5133:
4638:
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4255:
3667:
3444:
3218:
2033:
1919:
1351:
860:
827:
803:
613:
350:
237:
186:
76:
1333:
669:
has also been criticized of confusing Afrocentricity with Afrocentricism.
5760:
5755:
5265:
2541:
1005:
944:
785:
677:
471:
221:
197:
138:
126:
100:
3909:
3276:
3082:
2509:
2493:
1540:
1427:
1219:
1099:
904:
American), and a tradition of racism operating in the modern context of
624:
are subject to examination through the centered lens of African ideals.
302:
re-exploring their African cultural heritage rather than choosing to be
4377:
3615:
3599:
3471:"Afrocentrism Revisited: Africa in the Philosophy of Black Nationalism"
2268:
2236:
2147:"Retrospective Analysis: The Movement Against African Centered Thought"
1935:
1753:
807:
438:). As a result of the scholarly development of Afrocentricity, several
5009:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
1856:"Afrocentricity and Africology: Theory and Practice in the Discipline"
1669:. The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy. pp. 231, 239â240.
1464:"Afrocentricity and Africology: Theory and Practice in the Discipline"
616:
disposition. Additionally, Karenga indicates that, in Afrocentricity,
591:
indicated that distinctions exist between the public understanding of
204:, the paradigm of Afrocentricity is argued by Africologists to be non-
5211:
2581:
836:
811:
784:). Asante (1993) indicates that usage of such terms, in reference to
479:
459:
451:
233:
44:
3934:
3144:
513:
5024:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5023:
3245:"Distinguishing Afrocentric Inquiry From Pop Culture Afrocentrism"
475:
373:
3475:
Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society
3201:
Africana Studies: A Disciplinary Quest for Both Theory and Method
125:
defined the paradigm of Afrocentricity as being composed of the "
5068:
3145:"Ubuntu: Affirming a Right and Seeking Remedies in South Africa"
899:
choosing how to become "white" Americans, the European-American
892:
605:
3938:
3203:. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 108â109.
701:
Major critics of Afrocentricity have been Tunde Adeleke (e.g.,
3700:
From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism
604:, whereas, Afrocentrism, by merit of the termâs suffix (i.e.,
251:
nor those rooted in matters of color of the skin, biology, or
16:
Research method that centers Africans and the African diaspora
1601:(16). The South African Society for History Teaching: 81â82.
728:(1990) and characterized its discourse as "implausible", its
2127:. Temple University College of Liberal Arts. 20 January 2021
1320:
Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; CĂŠrol, Marie-JosĂŠ (2005).
955:) of the "Temple Circle" or contemporaneous scholars (e.g.,
2390:
South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research
1509:"Racial Economies of Academia: Africana Studies as Arbiter"
345:
in world history. These would be echoed in the contexts of
306:. Additionally, the African-American experience of ongoing
874:
Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism?
1591:"The development of Afrocentricity: a historical survey"
341:, who argued that ancient Egypt laid the foundation for
3831:
An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance
3779:
An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance
3649:
Malcolm X as Cultural Hero And Other Afrocentric Essays
3044:
3042:
2368:"Towards An Afrocentric Development Paradigm In Africa"
1719:"The Evolution Of Africology: An Afrocentric Appraisal"
1135:
An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance
490:, a training program operated by Stanley Mkhize at the
1967:"Africology and the Question of Disciplinary Language"
2237:"The Afrocentric Paradigm: Contours and Definitions"
649:
positionality, agency, and experiences of Africans.
5786:
5701:
5425:
5358:
5296:
5196:
5157:
5082:
4997:
4917:
4855:
4797:
4446:
4301:
3972:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
528:
Differences between Afrocentricity and Afrocentrism
3696:"Black Nationalism and African American Ethnicity"
3151:. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. p. 124.
878:Ethnicity, Culture, and Black Nationalist Politics
2310:(2). American Anthropology Association: 147â159.
2026:The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah
5059:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
173:, and the aesthetic aspects incorporate African
5104:Black players in professional American football
5054:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3689:
3687:
3685:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3464:
3462:
2621:. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 8.
1849:
1847:
1845:
711:Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3433:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
2864:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
2857:"Teaching Afrocentricity Through E-Clustering"
2792:
2790:
2788:
2614:Rasekoala, Elizabeth; et al. (May 2015).
2584:. University of South Africa. pp. 36â37.
2451:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
2437:
2435:
1712:
1710:
1315:
3950:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3306:
3304:
3302:
2954:African Isms: Africa and the Globalized World
2895:
2893:
2744:. Georgia State University. pp. viâvii.
2373:. University of South Africa. pp. 52â53.
2079:Colonial Past and Ways of Remembering Slavery
1862:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 38-39.
1792:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1â11.
1470:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 48-50.
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
103:, draws from the foundational scholarship of
8:
4817:Historically black colleges and universities
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3357:
3355:
2609:
2607:
2193:
2191:
1781:
1779:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
482:, the Centre for African Renaissance at the
3702:. Temple University Press. pp. 85â92.
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
2983:
2981:
2580:Gwaravanda, Ephraim Taurai (January 2016).
1667:The Palgrave Handbook of African Philosophy
1198:(3). Sage Publications, Inc: 411, 413â417.
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
398:Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change
5086:
3957:
3943:
3935:
3529:AmoâAgyemang, Charles (17 February 2021).
3238:
3236:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3112:
3110:
3108:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2647:. University of South Africa. p. 56.
2206:. Columbia University Press. p. 199.
1457:
1455:
1453:
1389:
498:, and the Molefi Kete Asante Institute in
325:, African-American abolitionists, such as
5034:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
3138:
3136:
3051:"Afrocentricity and the Western Paradigm"
3049:Monteiro-Ferreira, Ana (March 26, 2008).
2908:. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. p. 313.
2540:
2121:"Africology and African American Studies"
2022:"Nkrumah's Political Writings, 1958â1966"
1901:"Afrocentricity And African Spirituality"
1606:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1068:"Afrocentricity and the Western Paradigm"
3469:Balakrishnan, Sarah (February 8, 2021).
3117:Bankole, Katherine Kemi (Nov 30, 1994).
3027:. Georgia State University. p. 57.
2943:
2941:
2761:
2759:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
1786:Asante, Molefi Kete (13 December 2017).
1127:
1125:
512:
412:(1992), Ama Mazama's edited compilation
25:
3694:Hill-Collins, Patricia (Jan 19, 2006).
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
2950:"Afrocentrism: A Mazruiana Perspective"
2683:The Journal of African American History
1051:
406:Understanding the Afrocentric Worldview
5933:Topics related to the African diaspora
5039:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3652:. Africa World Press. pp. 60â62.
2855:Bangura, Abdul Karim (November 2017).
2523:Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (2013).
1899:Mazama, Mambo Ama (November 1, 2002).
1831:
1821:
1717:Conyers, Jr., James L. (May 1, 2004).
697:Criticisms and responses to criticisms
5913:Landmark African-American legislation
3362:Gayles, Jonathan (11 November 2008).
2956:. Peter Lang Publishing. p. 40.
2773:. Temple University. pp. 43â44.
400:, and further refined the concept in
380:, said to the Editorial Board of the
317:(1827) that drew connections between
7:
5044:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
3828:Asante, Molefi Kete (Dec 17, 2007).
3776:Asante, Molefi Kete (Dec 17, 2007).
3610:(1). Indiana University Press: 206.
3322:. SAGE Publications. pp. 9â10.
3243:Yehudah, Miciah Z. (June 30, 2015).
2803:Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism
2797:Asante, Molefi Kete (Apr 30, 2020).
2492:Monteiro Ferreira, Ana (July 2010).
2145:Tillotson, Michael T. (March 2011).
1854:Asante, Molefi Kete (Oct 19, 2010).
1462:Asante, Molefi Kete (Oct 19, 2010).
1132:Asante, Molefi Kete (Dec 17, 2007).
724:Esonwanne (1992) critiqued Asante's
390:The African Culture and Personality,
5398:African-American Vernacular English
2198:Asante, Molefi Kete (Mar 1, 2001).
1513:Journal of African American Studies
726:Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge
410:Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge
392:and the three 1973 publications of
5316:U.S. cities with large populations
5019:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2525:"African Historiography in Africa"
2247:(4). Sage Publications, Inc: 403.
2200:"Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason"
1663:"The Philosophy of Afrocentricity"
1258:The Journal of Pan African Studies
14:
4189:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4185:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
3992:African American founding fathers
2442:Kumah-Abiwu, Felix (March 2016).
5951:
5069:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4214:Nadir of American race relations
3380:10.1111/j.1548-7466.2008.00022.x
2711:10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.1.0087
2695:10.5323/JAFRIAMERHIST.100.1.0087
2316:10.1111/j.1548-7466.2008.00022.x
1589:Chawane, Midas (December 2016).
1249:Pellerin, Marquita (June 2012).
1186:Alkebulan, Adisa A. (Jan 2007).
705:, 2009), Clarence Walker (e.g.,
474:, the programs of Africamaat in
4075:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
4065:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
3604:Research in African Literatures
3424:Zulu, Itibari M. (March 2018).
2805:. Routledge. pp. 147â158.
2640:Masaka, Dennis (January 2016).
1798:10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0195
1066:Monteiro-Ferreira, Ana (2009).
212:and not intended to supplant "'
5064:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4070:Civil right movement 1896â1954
3894:10.1080/00064246.2005.11413310
3119:"The Attack On Afrocentricity"
2988:Abdullah, Dhakir (July 2020).
2504:(6). Sage Publications: 1276.
2154:Journal of Pan African Studies
947:, Tsehloane Keto, Ama Mazama,
446:have developed throughout the
434:, Tsehloane Keto, Ama Mazama,
1:
5244:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4220:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3487:10.1080/10999949.2019.1711566
2900:Bangura, Abdul Karim (2020).
1608:10.17159/2223-0386/2016/N16A5
1326:Encyclopedia of Black Studies
931:) with Afrocentricity (e.g.,
709:, 2001), Stephen Howe (e.g.,
703:The Case Against Afrocentrism
277:legal prohibition of literacy
3876:Asante, Molefi Kete (2005).
3646:Asante, Molefi Kete (1993).
3600:"Review: [Untitled]"
3149:Ubuntu: Curating the Archive
2914:10.1007/978-3-030-55351-7_15
2494:"Review: [Untitled]"
2402:10.1080/02500167.2010.518792
1675:10.1057/978-1-137-59291-0_16
1661:Asante, Molefi Kete (2017).
370:Institute of African Studies
5114:Black players in ice hockey
5049:National Urban League (NUL)
4875:American Society of Muslims
4113:Selma to Montgomery marches
4033:Brown v. Board of Education
492:University of Witwatersrand
288:experience of dual cultures
232:and criticism of hegemony,
6025:
5271:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5029:Nashville Student Movement
4040:Children of the plantation
3782:. Polity. pp. 18â23.
3550:10.1057/S41311-021-00282-8
3195:Stewart, James B. (1997).
3143:Ramose, Mogobe B. (2014).
2674:Stewart, James B. (2015).
2384:Sesanti, Simphiwe (2010).
2366:Moloi, Lehasa (May 2020).
2253:10.1177/002193470103100401
2073:Maurice, Danielle (2007).
820:Trans-Atlantic slave trade
814:; another aspect was the "
707:Why We Can't Go Home Again
484:University of South Africa
464:Universitario del Pacifico
269:trans-Atlantic slave trade
18:
5941:
5908:Index of related articles
5089:
4909:Doctrine of Father Divine
4293:Women's suffrage movement
4246:Reconstruction Amendments
4053:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3368:Transforming Anthropology
2304:Transforming Anthropology
2298:Gayles, Jonathan (2008).
2028:. Springer. p. 122.
1525:10.1007/s12111-014-9291-8
1406:(6). SAGE Journals: 587.
1394:Karenga, Maulana (2018).
444:professional associations
372:was being established in
5958:United States portal
5393:African-American English
4822:Inventors and scientists
4514:George Washington Carver
4118:Chicago Freedom Movement
3261:10.1177/0021934715593054
3249:Journal of Black Studies
3067:10.1177/0021934708314801
3055:Journal of Black Studies
3023:Appiagyei, Akua (2019).
2906:Africa and Globalization
2811:10.4324/9780429020193-10
2498:Journal of Black Studies
2241:Journal of Black Studies
1983:10.1177/0021934721996431
1971:Journal of Black Studies
1908:Journal of Black Studies
1860:African American Studies
1738:10.1177/0021934703259257
1726:Journal of Black Studies
1468:African American Studies
1412:10.1177/0021934718797317
1400:Journal of Black Studies
1204:10.1177/0021934706290082
1192:Journal of Black Studies
1188:"Defending The Paradigm"
1084:10.1177/0021934708314801
1072:Journal of Black Studies
849:biracial and multiracial
576:Katherine Bankole-Medina
448:United States of America
418:An Afrocentric Manifesto
414:The Afrocentric Paradigm
19:Not to be confused with
5881:African-American firsts
4930:Back-to-Africa movement
4899:Black Hebrew Israelites
4679:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4227:Partus sequitur ventrem
3598:Esonwanne, Uzo (1992).
2766:Noman, Abu (May 2018).
2034:10.1057/9780230118645_8
1920:10.1177/002193402237226
1732:(5): 643â644, 646â648.
5849:Spingarn Medal winners
5338:States and territories
5109:Black NFL quarterbacks
4609:Martin Luther King Jr.
4141:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4080:Montgomery bus boycott
3834:. Polity. p. 23.
3538:International Politics
1507:Myers, Joshua (2015).
1138:. Polity. p. 17.
1001:Aisha Blackshire-Belay
567:
524:
394:The Afrocentric Review
253:biological determinism
37:
5159:Athletic associations
5094:Negro league baseball
4865:African-American Jews
4584:Ketanji Brown Jackson
4549:Henry Highland Garnet
4408:Negro National Anthem
4158:George Floyd protests
4123:Postâcivil rights era
1334:10.4135/9781412952538
1328:. SAGE. p. 445.
975:List of Africologists
897:immigrating Europeans
565:, and political life.
538:
516:
416:(2003), and Asante's
382:Encyclopedia Africana
29:
5366:Afro-Seminole Creole
4892:Azusa Street Revival
4764:Booker T. Washington
4288:Underground Railroad
4153:Free people of color
4007:Atlantic slave trade
3123:The Gaither Reporter
2740:Akua, Chike (2017).
2542:10.3917/rtm.216.0111
2235:Mazama, Ama (2001).
1965:Mazama, Ama (2021).
1878:10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6m8
1486:10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6m8
991:Kariamu Welsh Asante
969:Clenora Hudson-Weems
663:postcolonial studies
428:Kariamu Welsh Asante
402:The Afrocentric Idea
359:Black Power movement
298:), resulted in some
5761:Trinidad and Tobago
5376:Black American Sign
5203:By African descent
5197:Ethnic subdivisions
5184:Southwestern (SWAC)
5099:Baseball color line
5014:Black Panther Party
4918:Political movements
4835:in computer science
4494:Carol Moseley Braun
4283:Tulsa race massacre
4276:Treatment of slaves
4108:March on Washington
4103:Birmingham movement
2948:Kunda, Ali (2021).
2020:Biney, Ama (2011).
1595:Yesterday and Today
196:In contrast to the
5859:US representatives
5854:US cabinet members
5746:Dominican Republic
5333:Metropolitan areas
5174:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4999:Civic and economic
4977:Self-determination
4798:Education, science
4719:Fred Shuttlesworth
4699:A. Philip Randolph
4604:Coretta Scott King
4529:Frederick Douglass
4356:Harlem Renaissance
4261:Separate but equal
4251:Reconstruction era
4239:Plessy v. Ferguson
4130:Cornerstone Speech
4044:Civil Rights Acts
4027:Black Lives Matter
4002:American Civil War
996:Molefi Kete Asante
933:Molefi Kete Asante
534:Molefi Kete Asante
525:
440:scholarly journals
363:Black is Beautiful
327:Frederick Douglass
286:, followed by the
220:knowledge'". As a
198:hegemonic ideology
53:Molefi Kete Asante
38:
31:Molefi Kete Asante
5966:
5965:
5794:African Americans
5666:DallasâFort Worth
5261:Black Southerners
5192:
5191:
4644:Thurgood Marshall
4614:Bernard Lafayette
4209:Million Man March
3966:African Americans
3882:The Black Scholar
3329:978-1-4129-9802-4
3158:978-1-86914-265-0
2963:978-1-4331-8382-9
2923:978-3-030-55350-0
2820:978-0-367-03066-7
2529:Revue Tiers Monde
2125:Temple University
2043:978-1-349-29513-5
1684:978-1-137-59290-3
1021:C. Tsehloane Keto
921:black nationalism
851:individuals, and
743:post-Civil Rights
719:Not Out of Africa
686:history of Africa
659:Not Out of Africa
618:African behaviors
522:Republic of Congo
456:Abdias Nascimento
424:Temple University
408:(1988), Asante's
376:and its founder,
347:Black Nationalism
335:white supremacist
323:ancient Egyptians
314:Freedom's Journal
300:African-Americans
284:African-Americans
249:melanist theories
216:knowledge' with '
6016:
5979:African diaspora
5956:
5955:
5954:
5918:Lynching victims
5417:Louisiana Creole
5388:American English
5276:Louisiana Creole
5249:Choctaw freedmen
5087:
4624:Huddie Ledbetter
4564:Fannie Lou Hamer
4534:W. E. B. Du Bois
4524:Claudette Colvin
4519:Shirley Chisholm
4336:Family structure
4204:Military history
4086:Browder v. Gayle
3959:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3873:
3862:
3861:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3773:
3738:
3737:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3643:
3620:
3619:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3535:
3526:
3515:
3514:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3430:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3314:(Jul 13, 2012).
3308:
3297:
3296:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2861:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2799:"Afrocentricity"
2794:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2544:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2344:
2343:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1658:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1586:
1561:
1560:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1391:
1364:
1363:
1317:
1290:
1289:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1183:
1166:
1165:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1063:
1031:Theophile Obenga
870:African diaspora
826:, and a form of
762:African-American
734:African American
518:Theophile Obenga
436:Theophile Obenga
386:Cheikh Anta Diop
105:Africana studies
85:W. E. B. Du Bois
57:Cheikh Anta Diop
49:African diaspora
6024:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6009:1964 neologisms
5984:African studies
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5937:
5903:Historic places
5896:US state firsts
5782:
5697:
5421:
5354:
5326:2010 majorities
5321:2000 majorities
5292:
5239:Black Seminoles
5188:
5179:Southern (SIAC)
5162:
5161:and conferences
5160:
5153:
5149:Serena Williams
5144:Jackie Robinson
5078:
5002:
5000:
4993:
4913:
4880:Nation of Islam
4851:
4799:
4793:
4734:Sojourner Truth
4724:Clarence Thomas
4689:Gabriel Prosser
4589:Michael Jackson
4464:Crispus Attucks
4454:Ralph Abernathy
4442:
4398:Musical theater
4297:
4163:Great Migration
4135:COVID-19 impact
4093:Sit-in movement
3968:
3963:
3933:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3842:
3827:
3826:
3813:
3790:
3775:
3774:
3741:
3710:
3693:
3692:
3683:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3623:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3330:
3312:M'Baye, Babacar
3310:
3309:
3300:
3255:(6): 552, 560.
3242:
3241:
3234:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3159:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2964:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2924:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2844:
2821:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2044:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1830:
1820:
1808:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1685:
1660:
1659:
1640:
1588:
1587:
1564:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1393:
1392:
1367:
1344:
1322:"Temple Circle"
1319:
1318:
1293:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1049:
982:
977:
957:Maulana Karenga
929:Nation of Islam
925:Louis Farrakhan
906:color-blindness
889:Afro-Caribbeans
876:, she authored
699:
646:black supremacy
622:African culture
530:
265:
183:performing arts
109:African studies
97:
73:Langston Hughes
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6022:
6020:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5971:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5869:Visual artists
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:Mathematicians
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5646:South Carolina
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:North Carolina
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5561:Massachusetts
5559:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:social context
5400:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5254:Creek Freedmen
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5229:Alabama Creole
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5169:Central (CIAA)
5165:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Pan-Africanism
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4904:Black theology
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4845:in STEM fields
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4800:and technology
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Harriet Tubman
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Michelle Obama
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Barbara Jordan
4596:
4594:Harriet Jacobs
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Amelia Boynton
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4447:Notable people
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:LGBT community
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Freedom Riders
4095:
4090:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4022:Black genocide
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3931:
3863:
3840:
3811:
3788:
3739:
3708:
3681:
3658:
3621:
3585:
3579:
3516:
3458:
3439:(4): 115â116.
3409:
3351:
3328:
3298:
3232:
3209:
3180:
3157:
3132:
3104:
3038:
3015:
3000:
2977:
2962:
2937:
2922:
2889:
2842:
2819:
2784:
2755:
2732:
2666:
2632:
2603:
2572:
2515:
2484:
2431:
2376:
2345:
2290:
2227:
2212:
2187:
2137:
2112:
2065:
2042:
2012:
1957:
1914:(2): 218â219.
1891:
1868:
1841:
1832:|journal=
1806:
1775:
1706:
1683:
1638:
1562:
1499:
1476:
1449:
1365:
1342:
1291:
1264:(4): 149â160.
1241:
1167:
1144:
1121:
1078:(2): 333â335.
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Charles Fuller
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
981:
978:
976:
973:
937:Afrocentricity
739:negative value
715:Mary Lefkowitz
698:
695:
674:New York Times
657:and her work,
655:Mary Lefkowitz
529:
526:
355:Pan-Africanism
273:Middle Passage
264:
261:
230:deconstruction
96:
93:
41:Afrocentricity
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6021:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Postmodernism
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5989:Black studies
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5928:Neighborhoods
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Sports firsts
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5693:West Virginia
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:Pennsylvania
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5609:New York City
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5453:San Francisco
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:By state/city
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5371:American Sign
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:Neighborhoods
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5234:Black Indians
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Black schools
4810:
4808:
4807:Black studies
4805:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4789:Whitney Young
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Oprah Winfrey
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Denmark Vesey
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Joseph Rainey
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Toni Morrison
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Joseph Lowery
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Jesse Jackson
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Kamala Harris
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Marcus Garvey
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Blanche Bruce
4502:
4500:
4499:Edward Brooke
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:James Bradley
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:James Baldwin
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Neighborhoods
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
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4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Silent Parade
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
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4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Jim Crow laws
4192:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
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4045:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Black cowboys
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
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3955:
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3879:
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3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3841:9780745641027
3837:
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3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
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3789:9780745641027
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3715:
3711:
3709:9781592137909
3705:
3701:
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3659:9780865434011
3655:
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3239:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:0-7864-0278-4
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3026:
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3007:
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3001:9798662477865
2997:
2994:. p. 2.
2993:
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2213:9780231507943
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2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
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1869:9780748686971
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1807:9781118783665
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1500:
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1491:
1487:
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1479:
1477:9780748686971
1473:
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1450:
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1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
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1409:
1405:
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1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:9781452265445
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
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1151:
1147:
1145:9780745641027
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:Thelma Ravell
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Terry Kershaw
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:Temple Circle
979:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Terry Kershaw
950:
949:Kariamu Welsh
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
916:of equality.
915:
911:
910:desegregation
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
856:
855:individuals.
854:
853:wealthy black
850:
846:
843:individuals,
842:
839:exclusion of
838:
834:
831:involves the
829:
825:
824:promised land
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
753:
749:
747:
746:individualist
744:
740:
735:
731:
730:argumentation
727:
722:
720:
716:
713:, 1998), and
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
690:
687:
681:
679:
675:
672:In 1991, the
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
647:
642:
638:
632:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
584:
582:
577:
573:
566:
564:
560:
559:philosophical
556:
555:architectural
552:
548:
544:
537:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
508:United States
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Terry Kershaw
429:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Kwame Nkrumah
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Marcus Garvey
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
90:
89:Africologists
86:
82:
81:Marcus Garvey
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
35:United States
32:
28:
22:
5844:Sportspeople
5814:Billionaires
5731:Sierra Leone
5634:Philadelphia
5470:Jacksonville
5297:Demographics
5129:Jack Johnson
5119:Muhammad Ali
4952:Conservatism
4887:Black church
4784:Andrew Young
4769:Ida B. Wells
4759:David Walker
4754:C. T. Vivian
4709:Paul Robeson
4704:Hiram Revels
4684:Colin Powell
4664:Barack Obama
4619:James Lawson
4574:Jimi Hendrix
4544:James Farmer
4539:Medgar Evers
4509:Ralph Bunche
4459:Maya Angelou
4433:Middle class
4311:Afrofuturism
4237:
4225:
4218:
4139:
4084:
4031:
3997:Afrocentrism
3987:Abolitionism
3888:(2): 37â49.
3885:
3881:
3830:
3778:
3699:
3648:
3607:
3603:
3582:
3541:
3537:
3481:(1): 71â72.
3478:
3474:
3436:
3432:
3371:
3367:
3319:
3252:
3248:
3200:
3148:
3126:
3122:
3058:
3054:
3018:
2990:
2953:
2905:
2867:
2863:
2802:
2735:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2635:
2575:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2454:
2450:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2203:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2025:
2015:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1859:
1788:
1729:
1725:
1666:
1598:
1594:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1467:
1403:
1399:
1325:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1195:
1191:
1134:
1075:
1071:
1036:James Ravell
965:Asa Hilliard
941:
918:
901:social power
882:
877:
873:
857:
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