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they contain inclusions that seem natural. Czochralski or pulled alexandrite is easier to identify because it is very clean and contains curved striations visible under magnification. Although the color change in pulled stones can be from blue to red, the color change does not truly resemble that of natural alexandrite from any deposit. Hydrothermal lab-grown alexandrite has identical physical and chemical properties to real alexandrite.
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825:
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40:
852:" today, choosing a stone often boils down to personal preference between its colors in different lights—whether one favors the "emerald by day" or "ruby by night" appearance. For instance, Madagascan alexandrite might appear more brownish than purplish in incandescent light. Ultimately, the beauty of alexandrite is subjective, emphasizing that its allure truly lies in the eye of the beholder.
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white light normally crossing the cabochon as a center line along its length and overlying the honey-colored background. The honey color is considered to be top-grade by many gemologists but the lemon yellow colors are also popular and attractive. Cat's eye material is found as a small percentage of the overall chrysoberyl production wherever chrysoberyl is found.
880:. Cymophane has its derivation also from the Greek words meaning 'wave' and 'appearance', in reference to the haziness that visually distorts what would normally be viewed as a well defined surface of a cabochon. This effect may be combined with a cat eye effect. In this variety, microscopic tubelike cavities or needle-like inclusions of
729:. Nordenskiöld's initial discovery occurred as a result of an examination of a newly found mineral sample he had received from Perovskii, which he identified as emerald at first. The first emerald mine had been opened in 1831. However, recent research suggests that the stone was discovered by Yakov Kokovin.
474:. However, its most distinctive property is that it also changes color in artificial (tungsten/halogen) light compared to daylight. The color change from red to green is due to strong absorption of light in a narrow yellow portion of the spectrum, while allowing large bands of more blue-green and red
691:
is most sensitive to green light and least sensitive to red light, alexandrite appears greenish in daylight where the full spectrum of visible light is present, and reddish in incandescent light which emits less green and blue light. This color change is independent of any change of hue with viewing
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of solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals. The water extends the temperature range downwards before the magma becomes completely solid, allowing concentration of rare
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gave a ring with a cat's eye as an engagement token; this was sufficient to make the stone more popular and increase its value greatly. Until that time, cat's eye had predominantly been present in gem and mineral collections. The increased demand in turn created an intensified search for it in Sri
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Gems lacking the silky inclusions required to produce the cat's eye effect are usually faceted. An alexandrite cat's eye is a chrysoberyl cat's eye that changes color. "Milk and honey" is a term commonly used to describe the color of the best cat's eyes. The effect refers to the sharp milky ray of
844:
The color of alexandrite can vary by origin and sometimes helps identify imitations. Generally, the highest quality stones, predominantly green, are found in Africa. Indian alexandrite typically exhibits blue or grassy-green hues in daylight, whereas Sri Lankan stones lean towards yellowish-green.
748:
lab-grown stones with the same chemical and physical properties as natural alexandrite. Several methods can produce flux-grown alexandrite, Czochralski (or pulled) alexandrite, and hydrothermally-produced alexandrite. Flux-grown gems are fairly difficult to distinguish from natural alexandrite as
682:
The alexandrite variety displays a color change dependent upon the nature of ambient lighting. Alexandrite results from small scale replacement of aluminium by chromium ions in the crystal structure, which causes intense absorption of light over a narrow range of wavelengths in the yellow region
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Stones that show a dramatic color change and strong colors (e.g., red-to-green) are rare and sought-after, but stones that show less distinct colors (e.g. yellowish green changing to brownish yellow) may also be considered "alexandrite" by gem labs such as the
Gemological Institute of America.
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occur in an orientation parallel to the c-axis, producing a chatoyant effect visible as a single ray of light passing across the crystal. This effect is best seen in gemstones cut in cabochon forms perpendicular to the c-axis. The color in yellow chrysoberyl is due to Fe impurities.
840:
Named after Czar
Alexander II, who is noted for emancipating Russia's serfs, alexandrite had largely been depleted in Russia by the 1890s due to extensive mining. A global rediscovery sparked renewed interest in this remarkable gem, often referred to as a "second-chance stone".
896:, corundum, spinel and quartz can form "cat's eye" stones similar in appearance to cymophane, the jewelry industry designates these stones as "quartz cat's eyes", or "ruby cat's eyes" and only chrysoberyl can be referred to as "cat's eye" with no other designation.
656:
If the pegmatite fluid is rich in beryllium, crystals of beryl or chrysoberyl could form. Beryl has a high ratio of beryllium to aluminium, while the opposite is true for chrysoberyl. Both are stable with the common mineral quartz. For alexandrite to form, some
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pegmatites in which chromium is almost absent. Therefore, the only situation where an alexandrite can grow is when Be-rich pegmatitic fluids react with Cr-rich country rock. This unusual requirement explains the rarity of this chrysoberyl variety.
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marble. Because it is a hard, dense mineral that is resistant to chemical alteration, it can be weathered out of rocks and deposited in river sands and gravels in alluvial deposits with other gem minerals such as diamond, corundum, topaz,
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appearance, but are the result of a triplet of twins with each "twin" oriented at 120° to its neighbors and taking up 120° of the cyclic trilling. If only two of the three possible twin orientations are present, a V-shaped twin results.
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to be transmitted. Which of these prevails to give the perceived hue depends on the spectral balance of the illumination. Fine-quality alexandrite has a green to bluish-green color in daylight (relatively blue illumination of high
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elements to proceed so far that they produce their own distinctive minerals. The resulting rock is igneous in appearance but formed at a low temperature from a water-rich melt, with large crystals of the common minerals such as
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which can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into the
435:. When the mineral exhibits good pale green to yellow color and is transparent, then it is used as a gemstone. The three main varieties of chrysoberyl are: ordinary yellow-to-green chrysoberyl, cat's eye or
167:
Various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted
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732:
Alexandrite 5 carats (1,000 mg) and larger were traditionally thought to be found only in the Ural
Mountains, but have since been found in larger sizes in Brazil. Other deposits are located in
614:. The high water content of the magma made it possible for the crystals to grow quickly, so pegmatite crystals are often quite large, which increases the likelihood of gem specimens forming.
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487:(relatively yellow illumination). However, fine-color material is extremely rare. Less-desirable stones may have daylight colors of yellowish-green and incandescent colors of brownish red.
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material has been around for almost 100 years and shows a characteristic purple-mauve colour change, which does not really look like alexandrite because there is never any green.
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are two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium. Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on the
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Xie, Fei; Cao, Yu; Ranchon, Cindy; Hart, Alan; Hansen, Robin; Post, Jeffrey E.; Whitney, Coralyn W.; Dawson-Tarr, Emma; Drew, Alan J.; Dunstan, David J. (April 9, 2020).
1235:
Xie, Fei; Cao, Yu; Ranchon, Cindy; Hart, Alan; Hansen, Robin; Post, Jeffrey E.; Whitney, Coralyn W.; Dawson-Tarr, Emma; Drew, Alan J.; Dunstan, David J. (April 9, 2020).
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Alexandrit oder Ural
Chrysoberyll // Schriften der St.-Petersburg geschrifteten Russisch-Kaiserlichen Gesellschaft fuer die gesammte Mineralogie. 1842. Bd 1. S. 116–127.
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would also have had to be present. However, beryllium and chromium do not tend to occur in the same types of rock. Chromium is most common in
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in Russia can be green by daylight and red by incandescent light. Other varieties of alexandrite may be yellowish or pink in daylight and a
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near to pegmatites, when Be- and Al-rich fluids from the pegmatite react with surrounding minerals. Hence, it can be found in
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1521:"Mitchell, T. E. and Marder, J. M., "Precipitation in Cat's-Eye Chrysoberyl," Electron Microscopy Soc. Proceedings, 1982.
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Alexandrite step cut cushion, 26.75 cts. This stone is bluish green in daylight and purple red under incandescent light
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Sri Lankan alexandrites are often larger but tend to have a weaker color change, displaying a softer purple at night.
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502:, the mineral forms a light-green specimen with a silky band of light extending across the surface of the stone.
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744:, Tanzania and Sri Lanka. Alexandrite in sizes over three carats are very rare. Today, several labs can produce
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According to a popular but controversial story, alexandrite was discovered by the
Finnish mineralogist
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and
Edwardian eras, which caused confusion since that name has also been used for the mineral
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and are not actually chrysoberyl. As a result, they would be more accurately described as
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1532:"U.S. Geological Survey, 1887, George Frederick Kunz, Cymophane, Cat's Eye as gemstone"
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is recovered from placers, as the host rocks have been intensely weathered and eroded.
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396:, meaning "a gold-white spar". Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl and
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Cat's eye became significantly more popular by the end of the 19th century when the
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1498:"Alexandrite Synthetics and Imitations, In Alexandrite Tsarstone Collectors Guide"
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green, red and orange-yellow colors depending on viewing direction in partially
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1210:"Why does alexandrite appear to change color in sunlight and artificial light?"
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Contact and penetration twins common, often repeated forming rosette structures
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rocks in which beryllium is extremely rare. Beryllium becomes concentrated in
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Cymophane is popularly known as "cat's eye". This variety exhibits pleasing
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was created from a revision of this article dated 26 March 2015
1406:""Alexandrite or Diaphanite?". In Alexandrite Tsarstone Collectors Guide"
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1105:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 320.
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443:. Yellow-green chrysoberyl was referred to as "chrysolite" during the
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Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
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Ordinary chrysoberyl is yellowish-green and transparent to
1354:"Bonhams : Alexandrite and Platinum and Diamond Ring"
722:(1792–1866), and named alexandrite in honor of the future
178:
Crystals tabular or short prismatic, prominently striated
1031:"Chrysoberyl: Chrysoberyl mineral information and data"
1446:(Second ed.). Brunswick House Press. p. 93.
610:, often forming their own minerals; this is called a
455:" as a gemstone); that name is no longer used in the
692:
direction through the crystal that would arise from
198:
Distinct on {110}, imperfect on {010}, poor on {001}
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2632:
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2403:
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2236:
2135:
2023:
1961:
1908:
1899:
1812:
1772:
1729:
1684:
1674:
335:
327:
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273:
265:
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245:
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144:
132:
117:
105:
95:
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64:
54:
49:
32:
1296:"Explanation of the Colour Change in Alexandrites"
1237:"Explanation of the Colour Change in Alexandrites"
1117:
1116:Klein, Cornelis; Cornelius S. Hurlbut Jr. (1985).
864:Fine-color cymophane with a sharp and centered eye
772:rather than "synthetic". This alexandrite-like
415:An interesting feature of its crystals are the
1585:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
752:Some gemstones falsely described as lab-grown
483:), changing to a red to purplish-red color in
2214:
1645:
301:X = red; Y = yellow-orange; Z = emerald-green
8:
1469:"Is Synthetic Alexandrite Real Alexandrite?"
628:and in contact with metamorphic deposits of
1191:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). p. 537.
544:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
384:. The name chrysoberyl is derived from the
2591:
2400:
2221:
2207:
2199:
2169:
1905:
1681:
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1638:
1630:
27:Mineral or gemstone of beryllium aluminate
1329:
1319:
1270:
1260:
1145:
1143:
1141:
962:
687:) of the visible light spectrum. Because
564:Learn how and when to remove this message
1602:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1054:
1052:
929:
778:
584:produces relatively low-density molten
494:or opalescence that reminds one of the
29:
1157:from the original on 18 December 2016
1067:from the original on 19 February 2017
641:, and tourmaline. When found in such
7:
1386:from the original on 12 October 2016
1037:from the original on 13 January 2017
993:from the original on 2 February 2017
939:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
542:adding citations to reliable sources
349:Main chrysoberyl producing countries
1124:(20th ed.). New York: Wiley.
987:"Mineralienatlas – Fossilienatlas"
25:
1360:from the original on 7 March 2016
1216:from the original on 14 July 2014
830:An alexandrite ring with diamonds
760:laced with trace elements (e.g.,
617:Chrysoberyl can also grow in the
576:Chrysoberyl forms as a result of
154:c = 4.428 Å; Z = 4
2180:
2168:
1715:
1584:
888:Although other minerals such as
836:History of alexandrite gemstones
823:
811:
796:
784:
514:
423:. These twinned crystals have a
38:
1782:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
1538:from the original on 2007-07-11
1504:from the original on 2008-05-30
1479:from the original on 2016-07-07
1412:from the original on 2007-10-12
848:Given the rarity of the true "
466:(trichroic) gem, will exhibit
402:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
44:Cyclic trilling of chrysoberyl
1:
1151:"Alexandrite Quality Factors"
791:Rough alexandrite from Brazil
2174:List of gemstones by species
2143:List of individual gemstones
1804:Precious White and Fire Opal
711:red by incandescent light.
3253:
3227:Minerals in space group 62
1321:10.1038/s41598-020-62707-3
1262:10.1038/s41598-020-62707-3
1061:"Chrysoberyl Mineral Data"
580:processes. Melting in the
331:Color change; green to red
3158:
2166:
2158:List of sapphires by size
1667:
1473:International Gem Society
1442:Wise, Richard W. (2016).
1177:Rudler, Frederick William
1087:Rudler, Frederick William
37:
2153:List of emeralds by size
1444:Secrets Of the Gem trade
803:Rough alexandrite under
720:Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld
498:. When cut to produce a
462:Alexandrite, a strongly
2723:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1188:Encyclopædia Britannica
1102:Encyclopædia Britannica
1580:
1560:Listen to this article
1012:Handbook of Mineralogy
943:Mineralogical Magazine
872:chrysoberyl is called
868:Translucent yellowish
865:
350:
3222:Orthorhombic minerals
3064:Other natural objects
1721:Natural marine pearls
1579:
863:
770:simulated alexandrite
754:synthetic alexandrite
724:Emperor of All Russia
699:Alexandrite from the
348:
97:Strunz classification
2539:Wire wrapped jewelry
2519:Repoussé and chasing
1840:, pink, yellow-green
1611:More spoken articles
1380:"GIA – Report Check"
1120:Manual of Mineralogy
727:Alexander II Romanov
538:improve this section
208:Conchoidal to uneven
3081:Ebonite (vulcanite)
2187:Minerals portal
1759:Precious Black Opal
1620:Alexandrite display
1312:2020NatSR..10.6130X
1253:2020NatSR..10.6130X
1092:"Chrysoberyl"
964:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
955:2021MinM...85..291W
937:Warr, L.N. (2021).
3217:Beryllium minerals
3212:Aluminium minerals
2426:Jewellery designer
2009:Opaque iridescent
1900:Jewelry-Industrial
1846:yellow, blue, pink
1581:
1300:Scientific Reports
1241:Scientific Reports
1017:2011-12-15 at the
866:
850:alexandrite effect
764:) or color-change
485:incandescent light
351:
266:Optical properties
152:b = 9.415 Å,
150:a = 5.481 Å,
123:Dipyramidal (mmm)
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1182:"Cat's-Eye"
1059:Barthelmy, Dave.
905:Duke of Connaught
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573:
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481:color temperature
368:with the formula
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16:(Redirected from
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3237:Spinel gemstones
2643:Britannia silver
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2148:List of diamonds
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918:List of minerals
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275:Refractive index
257:Specific gravity
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71:
70:(repeating unit)
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30:
21:
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3101:Spondylus shell
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2738:Stainless steel
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2673:Sterling silver
2633:Precious metal
2628:
2596:Precious metals
2579:
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1467:Clark, Donald.
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392:and βήρυλλος
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388:words χρυσός
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3191:Wearable art
3186:Phaleristics
3181:Metalworking
3086:Gutta-percha
2862:Lapis lazuli
2801:
2648:Colored gold
2529:Stonesetting
2178:
2122:Pyrophyllite
2091:Serpentinite
2072:(green mica)
1962:
1942:Baltic amber
1909:
1813:
1773:
1730:
1685:
1540:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1472:
1462:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1348:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1186:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1119:
1111:
1100:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1039:. Retrieved
1025:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
981:
946:
942:
932:
902:
898:
887:
877:
873:
867:
847:
843:
839:
769:
751:
731:
717:
713:
698:
689:human vision
681:
655:
616:
575:
560:
551:
536:Please help
524:
496:eye of a cat
489:
461:
440:
436:
430:
420:
417:cyclic twins
414:
393:
389:
357:
352:
138:
112:Orthorhombic
3128:Art jewelry
2952:Tiger's eye
2857:Labradorite
2807:Chrysocolla
2802:Chrysoberyl
2718:Mokume-gane
2695:Base metals
2467:centrifugal
2436:Silversmith
2311:Ferronnière
2261:Belt buckle
2256:Belly chain
2104:Ophicalcite
1985:Colorless,
1948:Chrysoprase
1859:Spessartine
1824:– Verdelite
1716:Alexandrite
1306:(1): 6130.
1247:(1): 6130.
780:Alexandrite
694:pleochroism
678:Alexandrite
476:wavelengths
457:gemological
441:alexandrite
433:translucent
358:chrysoberyl
328:Alexandrite
297:Pleochroism
269:Biaxial (+)
134:Space group
33:Chrysoberyl
18:Alexandrite
3206:Categories
2962:Tourmaline
2907:Prasiolite
2782:Aventurine
2653:Crown gold
2555:Draw plate
2504:Metal clay
2441:Watchmaker
2431:Lapidarist
2416:Clockmaker
2291:Collar pin
2286:Chatelaine
2108:Serpentine
2096:Aventurine
2070:Listwanite
1861:(malaya),
1828:Indicolite
1822:Tourmaline
1795:(Imperial)
1787:Aquamarine
1607:Audio help
1598:2015-03-26
1542:2007-07-09
1508:2007-07-09
1483:2016-09-21
1416:2007-07-09
1390:20 January
1364:20 January
1161:20 January
1071:20 January
1041:20 January
997:20 January
924:References
890:tourmaline
742:Madagascar
667:ultramafic
578:pegmatitic
506:Occurrence
492:chatoyancy
464:pleochroic
404:, between
316:References
224:Mohs scale
126:H-M symbol
87:IMA symbol
3108:Toadstone
3045:Operculum
2972:Variscite
2967:Turquoise
2947:Tanzanite
2882:Moonstone
2877:Marcasite
2872:Malachite
2797:Carnelian
2772:Amazonite
2759:gemstones
2733:Pinchbeck
2678:Argentium
2668:Shibuichi
2609:Palladium
2588:Materials
2524:Soldering
2514:Polishing
2489:Engraving
2484:Enameling
2450:Processes
2421:Goldsmith
2356:Tie chain
2331:Neck ring
2321:Lapel pin
2230:Jewellery
2099:quartzite
2051:(Porouse
2049:Cacholong
2011:feldspars
1981:Rhodonite
1976:Amazonite
1963:2nd order
1933:Malachite
1910:1st order
1887:Turquoise
1867:Almandine
1863:Rhodolite
1814:4th order
1774:3rd order
1764:Tanzanite
1749:Tsavorite
1744:Demantoid
1731:2nd order
1687:1st order
1661:Gemstones
973:235729616
894:scapolite
878:cat's eye
874:cymophane
870:chatoyant
856:Cymophane
746:synthetic
709:raspberry
705:columbine
651:Sri Lanka
630:dolomitic
612:pegmatite
525:does not
445:Victorian
437:cymophane
425:hexagonal
421:trillings
366:beryllium
362:aluminate
339:Chatoyant
336:Cymophane
146:Unit cell
3176:Gemology
3150:Fineness
3141:(purity)
3076:Bog-wood
3023:Precious
3003:Ammolite
2942:Sunstone
2932:Sodalite
2927:Sapphire
2887:Obsidian
2827:Fluorite
2817:Diopside
2777:Amethyst
2757:Mineral
2748:Tungsten
2743:Titanium
2658:Electrum
2614:Platinum
2499:Kazaziye
2494:Filigree
2472:lost-wax
2371:Toe ring
2361:Tie clip
2336:Pectoral
2326:Necklace
2301:Cufflink
2276:Bracelet
2271:Bolo tie
2251:Barrette
2118:Pagodite
2086:Fluorite
2081:Selenite
2065:Obsidian
1999:Hematite
1953:Charoite
1928:Nephrite
1918:Lazurite
1876:Amethyst
1838:Heliodor
1609: ·
1536:Archived
1534:. 1887.
1502:Archived
1500:. 2006.
1477:Archived
1410:Archived
1408:. 2006.
1384:Archived
1358:Archived
1340:32273534
1281:32273534
1214:Archived
1179:(1911).
1155:Archived
1089:(1911).
1065:Archived
1035:Archived
1015:Archived
991:Archived
912:See also
805:UV light
774:sapphire
762:vanadium
758:corundum
659:chromium
600:feldspar
554:May 2024
500:cabochon
408:(9) and
406:corundum
394:beryllos
355:gemstone
307:2V angle
287:=1.748 n
283:=1.745 n
261:3.5–3.84
241:Vitreous
227:hardness
214:Tenacity
204:Fracture
194:Cleavage
184:Twinning
55:Category
3171:Fashion
3145:Finding
2993:Abalone
2902:Peridot
2867:Larimar
2852:Kyanite
2837:Howlite
2822:Emerald
2812:Diamond
2685:Tumbaga
2663:Shakudō
2619:Rhodium
2570:Mandrel
2509:Plating
2462:Casting
2457:Carving
2366:Tie pin
2341:Pendant
2316:Genital
2306:Earring
2136:Related
2112:Calcite
2058:Marble
2039:granite
2036:Graphic
2003:Common
1923:Jadeite
1881:Citrine
1855:Garnets
1850:Peridot
1799:Elbaite
1791:Orange
1706:Emerald
1696:Diamond
1676:Jewelry
1625:YouTube
1596: (
1567:minutes
1331:7145866
1308:Bibcode
1272:7145866
1249:Bibcode
1099:(ed.).
951:Bibcode
908:Lanka.
643:placers
626:schists
608:niobium
604:lithium
546:removed
531:sources
468:emerald
453:peridot
449:olivine
419:called
390:chrysos
218:Brittle
101:4.BA.05
66:Formula
50:General
3135:(mass)
3071:Bezoar
2977:Zircon
2937:Spinel
2912:Quartz
2847:Jasper
2832:Garnet
2728:Pewter
2713:Copper
2708:Bronze
2635:alloys
2624:Silver
2575:Pliers
2565:Hammer
2477:vacuum
2404:People
2397:Making
2381:pocket
2281:Brooch
2246:Anklet
2031:Jasper
1994:quartz
1902:stones
1871:Pyrope
1754:Spinel
1678:stones
1450:
1338:
1328:
1279:
1269:
1220:6 June
1128:
971:
882:rutile
766:spinel
671:felsic
647:Brazil
639:garnet
635:spinel
596:quartz
439:, and
360:is an
291:=1.754
247:Streak
237:Luster
3139:Carat
3133:Carat
3121:Terms
3096:Shell
3050:Pearl
3040:Nacre
3030:Ivory
3018:Black
3013:Coral
3008:Copal
2998:Amber
2957:Topaz
2916:smoky
2787:Beryl
2767:Agate
2703:Brass
2548:Tools
2386:strap
2376:Watch
2351:Tiara
2296:Crown
2266:Bindi
2238:Forms
1987:smoky
1971:Agate
1938:Amber
1885:Blue
1844:Topaz
1834:Beryl
1793:topaz
1095:. In
969:S2CID
734:India
663:mafic
606:, or
586:magma
412:(8).
410:topaz
398:beryl
386:Greek
251:White
168:light
164:Color
3091:Hair
2922:Ruby
2897:Opal
2892:Onyx
2842:Jade
2604:Gold
2560:File
2346:Ring
2126:Talc
2060:onyx
2053:opal
2005:opal
1991:pink
1989:and
1701:Ruby
1448:ISBN
1392:2017
1366:2017
1336:PMID
1277:PMID
1222:2014
1163:2017
1126:ISBN
1073:2017
1043:2017
999:2017
665:and
649:and
623:mica
598:and
529:any
527:cite
139:Pbnm
91:Cbrl
74:BeAl
3035:Jet
2791:red
2076:Jet
1623:on
1326:PMC
1316:doi
1267:PMC
1257:doi
959:doi
876:or
740:),
707:or
540:by
364:of
231:8.5
3208::
1869:,
1865:,
1857:–
1836:–
1565:12
1475:.
1471:.
1382:.
1356:.
1334:.
1324:.
1314:.
1304:10
1302:.
1298:.
1275:.
1265:.
1255:.
1245:10
1243:.
1239:.
1212:.
1197:^
1185:.
1153:.
1140:^
1063:.
1051:^
1033:.
989:.
967:.
957:.
947:85
945:.
941:.
892:,
696:.
685:nm
637:,
451:("
373:Al
370:Be
2918:)
2914:(
2793:)
2789:(
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
2128:)
2124:/
2120:(
2114:)
2110:/
2106:(
2055:)
1944:)
1940:(
1653:e
1646:t
1639:v
1613:)
1605:(
1600:)
1569:)
1562:(
1545:.
1511:.
1486:.
1456:.
1419:.
1394:.
1368:.
1342:.
1318::
1310::
1283:.
1259::
1251::
1224:.
1165:.
1134:.
1075:.
1045:.
1001:.
975:.
961::
953::
736:(
567:)
561:(
556:)
552:(
548:.
534:.
382:4
379:O
376:2
289:γ
285:β
281:α
279:n
80:4
78:O
76:2
20:)
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