1478:, sec. 1999). Every natural-born citizen of a foreign state who is also an American citizen, and every natural-born American citizen who is also a citizen of a foreign land, owes a double allegiance, one to the United States, and one to their homeland (in the event of an immigrant becoming a citizen of the US) or to their adopted land (in the event of an emigrant natural-born citizen of the US becoming a citizen of another nation). If these allegiances come into conflict, the person may be guilty of treason against one or both. If the demands of these two sovereigns upon their duty of allegiance come into conflict, those of the United States have the paramount authority in American law; likewise, those of the foreign land have paramount authority in their legal system. In such a situation, it may be incumbent on the individual to
1434:
persons naturalized before the passing of the act, they had declared their desire to remain
British subjects within two years from the passing of the act. Persons who, from having been born within British territory, are British subjects, but who, at birth, came under the law of any foreign state or of subjects of such state, and, also, persons who, though born abroad, are British subjects by reason of parentage, may, by declarations of alienage, get rid of British nationality. Emigration to an uncivilized country left British nationality unaffected: indeed the right claimed by all states to follow with their authority their subjects so emigrating was one of the usual and recognized means of
960:
1678:
73:
32:
1363:(1861) 3 E & E 487). A natural-born subject owes allegiance wherever they may be, so that where territory is occupied in the course of hostilities by an enemy's force, even if the annexation of the occupied country is proclaimed by the enemy, there can be no change of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of the occupied country (
175:
1180:, in return for that protection which the sovereign afforded the subject. It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects, whereby subjects were called their liege subjects, because they are bound to obey and serve them; and the monarch was called their liege lord, because they should maintain and defend them (
1358:
Natural allegiance was acquired by birth within the sovereign's dominions (except for the issue of diplomats or of invading forces or of an alien in an enemy occupied territory). The natural allegiance and obedience are an incident inseparable from every subject, for as soon as they are born they owe
1500:
of fidelity to the sovereign taken by all persons holding important public office and as a condition of naturalization. By ancient common law, it was required of all persons above the age of 12, and it was repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected. In
England, it was first imposed by statute in
1137:
satisfied the conditions set forth, even if removed in infancy to another country where their family resided, owed an allegiance to the
British crown which they could never resign or lose, except by act of parliament or by the recognition of the independence or the cession of the portion of British
1433:
c. 14), it was made possible for
British subjects to renounce their nationality and allegiance, and the ways in which that nationality is lost were defined. So British subjects voluntarily naturalized in a foreign state are deemed aliens from the time of such naturalization, unless, in the case of
1235:
CJ)). Attachment to the person of the reigning sovereign is not sufficient. Loyalty requires affection also to the office of the sovereign, attachment to royalty, attachment to the law and to the constitution of the realm, and he who would, by force or by fraud, endeavour to prostrate that law and
1219:
Natural allegiance and obedience is an incident inseparable to every subject, for parte
Anderson (1861) 3 El & El 487; 121 ER 525). Natural-born subjects owe allegiance wherever they may be. Where territory is occupied in the course of hostilities by an enemy's force, even if the annexation of
1110:
in two ways. In one sense, it referred to the deference which anyone, even a foreigner, was expected to pay to the institutions of the country where one lived. In the other sense, it meant national character and the subjection due to that character.
1520:
In the United States and some other republics, the oath is known as the Pledge of
Allegiance. Instead of declaring fidelity to a monarch, the pledge is made to the flag, the republic, and to the core values of the country, specifically
1400:(1801) 3 Ch Rob App 7). An alien, coming into a colony, also became, temporarily, a subject of the crown, and acquired rights both within and beyond the colony, and these latter rights could not be affected by the laws of that colony (
1316:, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the sovereign a local obedience or allegiance (
1473:
is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," and (Section I) one of "the fundamental principles of this government"
1201:
At common law, allegiance was a true and faithful obedience of the subject due to their sovereign. As the subject owed to their sovereign their true and faithful allegiance and obedience, so the sovereign
1132:
The
English doctrine, which was at one time adopted in the United States, asserted that allegiance was indelible: "Nemo potest exuere patriam". As the law stood prior to 1870, every person who by birth or
1415:
A resident alien owed allegiance even when the protection of the crown was withdrawn owing to the occupation of an enemy, because the absence of the crown's protection was temporary and involuntary (
1208:
duplex et reciprocum ligamen; quia sicut subditus regi tenetur ad obedientiam, ita rex subdito tenetur ad protectionem; merito igitur ligeantia dicitur a ligando, quia continet in se duplex ligamen
1513:, and not to know or hear of any ill or damage intended him without defending him therefrom." This was thought to favour the doctrine of absolute non-resistance, and, accordingly, the
1458:
200:
1220:
the occupied country is proclaimed by the enemy, there can be no change of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of the occupied country (
1198:
3 All ER 1106). The duty of the crown towards its subjects was to govern and protect them. The reciprocal duty of the subject towards the crown was that of allegiance.
1482:
one of their citizenships, to avoid possibly being forced into situations where countervailing duties are required of them, such as might occur in the event of war.
990:
1517:
enacted the form that has been in use since that time – "I do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His
Majesty ..."
1698:
1385:(b) limited, as when the sovereign grants letters of denization to an alien, and the alien's male heirs, or to an alien for the term of their life;
1396:
Local allegiance was due by an alien while in the protection of the crown. All friendly resident aliens incurred all the obligations of subjects (
1446:
The doctrine that no man can cast off his native allegiance without the consent of his sovereign was early abandoned in the United States, and
1693:
1530:
1392:, and this denization of an alien may come about three ways: by parliament; by letters patent, which was the usual manner; and by conquest.
185:
1232:
1447:
1813:
983:
739:
236:
218:
156:
59:
1514:
1509:, the promise was "to be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb and terrene
1457:, "a man may, at the same time, enjoy the rights of citizenship under two governments." On July 27, 1868, the day before the
196:
1475:
280:
94:
1571:
by Surah 48:10: "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah
Himself". The word is used for the
1236:
constitution, though he may retain his affection for its head, can boast but an imperfect and spurious species of loyalty (
1462:
137:
976:
109:
1607:
1479:
1355:(d) A legal obedience, where a particular law requires the taking of an oath of allegiance by subject or alien alike.
1162:
1142:
845:
765:
90:
45:
20:
1422:
Legal allegiance was due when an alien took an oath of allegiance required for a particular office under the crown.
1538:
932:
830:
116:
83:
659:
591:
584:
472:
900:
895:
1466:
1194:
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509:
1305:, not by nature but by acquisition or denization, being called a denizen, or rather denizon, because they are
1227:
Allegiance is owed both to the sovereign as a natural person and to the sovereign in the political capacity (
1426:
713:
123:
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534:
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105:
1861:
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305:
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413:
1491:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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is a duty of fidelity said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or
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1505:(1558), and its form has, more than once, been altered since. Up to the time of the
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Acquired allegiance was acquired by naturalisation or denization. Denization, or
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3 U.S. 133, www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0003_Z04.html .
1567:(Arabic: بيعة), which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the
1382:(a) absolute, as the common denization, without any limitation or restraint;
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1558:
1170:
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922:
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of allegiance to the Crown led to conflict with the United States over
1016:
1008:
674:
601:
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1290:, and this originally is due by nature and birthright, and is called
1057:
prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term,
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1088:
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1579:. It is also used for the initiation ceremony specific to many
1283:(1858) Dears & B 525; Ex p Brown (1864) 5 B & S 280);
168:
66:
25:
1404:(1868) LR 3 HL 100; 37 LJ Ch 454; 18 LT 874; 16 WR 1081, HL;
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because of the rights guaranteed to the people under the
1359:
by birthright allegiance and obedience to the
Sovereign (
1215:(1608) 7 Co Rep 1a; Jenk 306; 2 State Tr 559; 77 ER 377).
1087:, "liege, free", of Germanic origin. The connection with
1106:
Traditionally, English legal commentators used the term
1753:
Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of Winfield Scott
1563:
The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is
192:
1176:
Allegiance was the tie which bound the subject to the
1529:. The reciting of the pledge in the United States is
1775:"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette"
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1288:Ligeantia naturalis, absoluta, pura et indefinita
1839:Salmond on "Citizenship and Allegiance," in the
1229:Re Stepney Election Petition, Isaacson v Durant
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
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8:
1702:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1149:, which led to further conflicts during the
1066:
1350:Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant
1206:
1092:
1047:
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
991:
977:
250:
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
1545:, which inherently includes the freedom
16:Duty of fidelity, typically to a country
1639:
262:
1388:(c) It may be granted upon condition,
1326:Re Johnson, Roberts v Attorney-General
1243:There were four kinds of allegiances (
1186:China Navigation Co v Attorney-General
1184:(1861) 3 El & El 487; 121 ER 525;
1294:, and those that owe this are called
7:
1417:de Jager v Attorney-General of Natal
186:research paper or scientific journal
95:adding citations to reliable sources
1367:(1900) 21 NLR 204 (South Africa)).
1224:(1900) 21 NLR 204 (South Africa)).
1732:"Definition of NATURAL ALLEGIANCE"
1390:cujus est dare, ejus est disponere
14:
1779:LII / Legal Information Institute
1541:- specifically, the guarantee of
1138:territory in which they resided.
740:List of nationalist organizations
41:This article has multiple issues.
1714:"Definition of LOCAL ALLEGIANCE"
1676:
1465:declared in the preamble of the
958:
173:
71:
30:
1808:. Bilquees Press. p. 266.
1410:Falcon v Famous Players Film Co
1153:, when thirteen Irish American
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1476:United States Revised Statutes
831:Historiography and nationalism
281:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
1496:The oath of allegiance is an
1076:is formed from "liege," from
923:Seasonal or cultural festival
1173:, but none was carried out.
1608:Renunciation of citizenship
1374:, appears to be threefold (
1279:(1840) 7 Cl & Fin 895;
1163:Battle of Queenston Heights
1141:This refusal to accept any
1098:, "to bind," is erroneous.
766:Anti-globalization movement
21:Allegiance (disambiguation)
1878:
1843:(July 1901, January 1902).
1648:"Definition of ALLEGIANCE"
1556:
1539:United States Constitution
1489:
1344:(1694) Show Parl Cas 186;
1273:Lyons Corp v East India Co
896:Principle of nationalities
18:
1247:(1855) 3 Sm & G 230;
1190:Attorney-General v Nissan
1072:comes from the English).
473:Constitutional patriotism
1755:, New York: Free Press.
1195:Oppenheimer v Cattermole
201:overly technical phrases
193:help improve the article
1736:www.merriam-webster.com
1718:www.merriam-webster.com
1699:Encyclopædia Britannica
1652:www.merriam-webster.com
1427:Naturalization Act 1870
1271:(1836) 1 M & W 70;
1082:
1061:, an "allegation" (the
1037:
1802:Reality Without A Name
1598:Legitimacy (political)
1281:R v Lopez, R v Sattler
1275:(1836) 1 Moo PCC 175;
1257:Gibson, Gavin v Gibson
1231:(1886) 17 QBD 54 (per
1207:
1093:
1067:
1048:
821:Gender and nationalism
1515:Convention Parliament
1277:Birtwhistle v Vardill
1053:, "a liegance"). The
871:National indifference
1841:Law Quarterly Review
1575:of allegiance to an
1459:Fourteenth Amendment
1324:(1865) 1 Ch App 42;
1267:(1661) O Bridg 410;
1251:(1882) 22 Ch D 243;
796:Cultural nationalism
665:National syndicalist
91:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1806:(PDF: Google Books)
1469:that "the right of
1378:(1673) 3 Keb 143);
1372:ligeantia acquisita
1352:(1886) 17 QBD 54);
1348:(1876) 2 Ex D 63;
1320:(1759) 2 Burr 834;
1303:Ligeantia acquisita
1240:(1844) 7 ILR 261).
1188:(1932) 48 TLR 375;
965:Politics portal
918:Right-wing populism
876:Nationalism studies
195:by rewriting it in
1799:Whitehouse, Bill.
1492:Oath of allegiance
1486:Oath of allegiance
1408:(1886) 2 TLR 790;
1338:Johnstone v Pedlar
1334:Rodriguez v Speyer
1265:Collingwood v Pace
1255:(1886) 54 LT 684;
1123:Natural allegiance
836:Imagined community
670:National Bolshevik
389:Self-determination
197:encyclopedic style
184:is written like a
1603:Mandate of Heaven
1543:freedom of speech
1453:also declared in
1431:33 & 34 Vict.
1314:Ligeantia localis
1253:Isaacson v Durant
1182:Ex parte Anderson
1157:were executed as
1001:
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816:Gastronationalism
801:Diaspora politics
776:Banal nationalism
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1467:Expatriation Act
1455:Talbot v. Janson
1330:Tingley v Muller
1245:Rittson v Stordy
1210:
1155:prisoners of war
1120:Local allegiance
1096:
1085:
1070:
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993:
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846:Internationalism
786:Communitarianism
771:Anti-imperialism
761:Anti-nationalism
750:Related concepts
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1692:, ed. (1911). "
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1535:First Amendment
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1402:Routledge v Low
1376:Thomas v Sorrel
1322:Low v Routledge
1249:De Geer v Stone
1169:urged American
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1406:Reid v Maxwell
1394:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1361:Ex p. Anderson
1307:subditus datus
1296:subditus natus
1292:alta ligeantia
1269:Lane v Bennett
1233:Lord Coleridge
1217:
1216:
1192:1 All ER 629;
1167:Winfield Scott
1135:naturalisation
1129:
1128:United Kingdom
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