416:(66 ft) at a time to build but executed the work in significantly different styles, for instance using differing numbers of tiled bonding-courses or ironstone facing in particular places. This may simply indicate varying levels of availability of construction materials at the time each segment was built, leading the gangs to use whatever supplies were available at that moment. The amount of construction material required was very large, equating to about 31,600 cubic metres (1,120,000 cu ft) of stone and mortar. It is not known how it was transported to the site, but that volume of material would have needed some 600 boat loads or 49,000 wagon loads, requiring 250 wagons pulled by 1,500–2,000 oxen to move it from the quarries to Pevensey. Given the scale of the requirements for land transportation, it seems more likely that the raw materials were instead moved by sea, though even this would have been a significant operation; it has been estimated that 18 vessels would have been needed for a continuous supply operation carried out over a season of 280 days.
314:
408:
75:
1327:
399:. It would probably have acted in coordination with naval units based on the other side of the Channel to intercept pirate ships passing through. Like the other Saxon Shore forts, Anderitum's position at a strategic harbour would have enabled the Romans to control access to the shoreline and prevent invaders from penetrating inland. It was linked by a road built in the late Roman period, probably at the same time as the fort.
599:, on whose work the Chronicle draws). It is uncertain whether British or Saxon habitation of the fort continued after this event, but the fort appears to have been resettled by about the middle of the 6th century by a Saxon community which left evidence of its occupation in the shape of pottery, glass and other items. By the late Anglo-Saxon period, Pevensey had become a well-established fishing port and producer of salt.
56:
1165:
82:
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driven into the trench and packed with flint and clay, above which a horizontal framework of oak beams was set with more flint and clay. The foundation was finally covered over with cement before the walls were built on top. Some of the timbers have survived, allowing archaeologists to date the fort through
419:
The curtain wall was not all built at once but was constructed in segments, as can be seen from vertical breaks in the stonework which mark where sections met. The wall is built on top of complex foundations constructed from rubble and timber set into a ditch 15 feet (4.6 m) deep. Oak piles were
381:
Coins of both
Carausius and Allectus have been discovered buried in the foundations of the fort's walls. A later coin of 330–335 was found under a tower in the 1930s, suggesting that the fort may have undergone a major repair or reconstruction around that time. The usurpers (or breakaway rulers) had
415:
It has been estimated that it took around 160,000 man-days to build the fort, equivalent to 285 men spending two years building it or 115 men over five years. At least four gangs of builders appear to have worked on the surviving sections of walls; each gang was given a stretch of about 20 metres
321:
The fort was built on what was then peninsula of land rising above the coastal marshes. The sea washed over what is now
Pevensey Marshes surrounding Anderida on three sides, so giving a safe and sheltered landing point. This marshy inlet of the sea, extending inland as far as
351:
which were found underpinning the Roman walls in an excavation carried out in 1994. Other Saxon Shore forts were built or reconstructed around this time as part of a systematic programme of improvements to the coastal defences of Roman
Britain. It is likely that
189:, England. The fort was built in the 290s and was abandoned after it was sacked in 471 (491 according to the disputed Anglo-Saxon Chronicles). It was re-inhabited by Saxons and in the 11th century the Normans built a castle within the east end of the fort.
326:, was studded with small areas of high land which remained as islands at high tide so later giving the place-names of Rickney, Horse Eye, North Eye and Pevensey derived from the Old English word
382:
inherited an existing system of coastal defence – the earlier Saxon Shore forts – and may have decided to augment it with the construction of
Pevensey Castle and its close contemporary,
1225:
391:
Anderitum appears to have been a key link in the Saxon Shore forts, which extended from
Hampshire to Norfolk and may have been connected by intermediate watchtowers. The
204:, and unusually substantial Roman defensive walls on three sides. During the Second World War, the Roman fort and medieval castle were adapted for modern warfare, and
526:, troops raised from allied barbarian tribes and put under the command of a Roman prefect, or perhaps even a single band of warriors with their own leader. Similar
339:
appears to have been established outside its walls; this was probably because the fort was at the end of a peninsula with limited room for additional construction.
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suggests that they were an elite body of troops, who served both in the field army and, probably in the form of a single detachment, at
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1535:
1106:
1087:
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969:
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Pearson, Andrew (1999). "Building
Anderita Late Roman Coastal Defences and the Construction of the Saxon Shore Fort at Pevensey".
407:
366:(the Roman fleet based in the English Channel), revolted against Rome in 286 and declared himself emperor of Britain and northern
621:
on 28 September 1066, his army sheltered for the night in a temporary fortification within the old Roman fort. The army left for
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This event is now thought to have happened around 471 rather than the date recorded by the
Chronicle (due to a dating error by
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431:, which were used to attribute Pevensey Castle's construction to the reign of the early 5th century Emperor
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Other dating evidence was discredited in the 1970s. An excavation in 1906–08 found shattered tiles stamped
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in 351. It is not known whether their name is a geographical or functional one but their description by
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or border forces. It also mentions army and naval units bearing the fort's name in connection with the
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are mentioned in connection with the field army in Gaul and in the suppression of the rebellion of
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Anne Savage, The Anglo-saxon chronicles, London, Bramley Books, 1997 (ISBN 1-85833-478-0), P35
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Roman masonry in the walls of
Anderitum, showing the distinctive layers of Roman bricks
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revealed they had been made around the time of the excavation. It is suspected that
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was written, the original garrison had been moved to Gaul and replaced with the
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at
Anderitum persisted in the forest after the Saxon occupation, and the
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Anderida Portus, shown at the southern point of the Forest of
Anderida
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was formerly the most accepted form. This has been interpreted as a
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The fort's construction has been dated to around 290, based on the
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367:
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681:
Jackson, Kenneth (1948). "On Some Romano-British Place-Names".
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Unlike at many other Roman forts, no civilian settlement or
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The Roman Shore Forts. Coastal Defences of Southern Britain
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to Britain, with his three sons, Cymen, and Wlenking, and
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name continued to be used well into the Saxon period. The
60:
View from the castle inner bailey showing the outer Roman
664:
662:
660:
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374:, who was himself killed in 296 when the Roman emperor
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mentions a fleet that was presumably based there, the
19:"Anderida" redirects here. For the Sealink ferry, see
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804:
802:
583:, in three ships; landing at a place that is called
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was built to defend Roman Britain from Rome itself.
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1518:
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34:
192:The site decayed to become the archetypal ruinous
181:. The ruins adjoin the west end of the village of
739:. The Medieval & Classical Literature Library
305:" (Welshmen, or Romanized Britons) in the woods.
617:launched his invasion of England by landing at
573:
534:as being stationed in other Saxon Shore forts.
370:. He was assassinated in 293 by his treasurer,
986:(revised reprint ed.). English Heritage.
1648:
1219:
482:, in the Roman army in Gaul and stationed at
200:, which is surrounded by a small moat, large
8:
1045:Excavations at Pevensey Castle, 1936 to 1964
717:The Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names
633:around 1100. Occupation continued until the
1655:
1641:
1633:
1226:
1212:
1204:
719:, Oxford, 1936, under "Weald" and "Andred"
447:hoax, was the author of the forged tiles.
378:invaded Britain to overthrow the usurper.
31:
1072:The Construction of the Saxon Shore Forts
271:), giving a translation of "Great Ford".
1020:Johnson, Stephen (1989). "Pevensey". In
1099:A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain
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550:civilians took over the fort, and the
490:). This suggests that by the time the
1753:English Heritage sites in East Sussex
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7:
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360:, a Roman general who commanded the
283:the wooded area surrounding the fort
625:the following day, en route to the
1003:The Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore
16:Roman fort in East Sussex, England
14:
1536:Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths
563:states that the Saxons "besieged
208:were built into the Roman walls.
81:
1163:
964:. Osprey Publishing. p. 9.
80:
73:
54:
1763:Roman fortifications in England
567:and drove the population into
443:, who has been blamed for the
1:
1234:Roman visitor sites in the UK
1127:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
544:Roman withdrawal from Britain
277:persisted as a name into the
23:. For the genus of moth, see
1556:National Roman Legion Museum
1097:Wilson, Roger J.A. (2002) .
683:The Journal of Roman Studies
464:praepositus numeri Abulcorum
1026:The Saxon Shore: A Handbook
1794:
1607:Chester Roman Amphitheatre
1571:Trimontium Trust (Melrose)
1531:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
1419:Carvoran Roman Army Museum
629:. It was converted into a
606:
245:(an intensive prefix) and
18:
1670:
1323:
1001:Johnson, Stephen (1976).
737:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
575:A.D. 477. This year came
437:thermoluminescence dating
68:
53:
39:
1541:Colchester Castle Museum
1146:Pearson, Andrew (2002).
1070:Pearson, Andrew (2003).
1028:. University of Exeter.
435:. However, later use of
1526:Canterbury Roman Museum
1424:Over Burrow (Lancaster)
1139:10.1111/1468-0092.00073
1330:
1080:10.30861/9781841714875
1053:10.30861/9781407306292
1043:Lyne, Malcolm (2009).
733:"Part 1: A.D. 1 - 748"
593:
466:– an infantry unit or
412:
388:(Portchester Castle).
349:dating of wooden piles
318:
295:Romano-British culture
1612:Jewry Wall, Leicester
1566:Senhouse Roman Museum
1475:Aldborough Roman Site
1329:
615:William the Conqueror
560:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
530:were recorded in the
520:. They may have been
410:
397:Classis Anderidaensis
316:
299:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
1758:Ruins in East Sussex
1602:Caerleon Roman Baths
1597:Benwell Roman temple
1399:Hardknott Roman Fort
1344:Ambleside Roman Fort
1337:Forts & military
1194:at English Heritage.
1150:. The History Press.
1022:Maxfield, Valerie A.
960:Fields, Nic (2006).
293:, it is thought the
1267:Dover Painted House
883:, pp. 157–160.
462:as the base of the
458:is recorded in the
376:Constantius Chlorus
123: /
1773:290 establishments
1617:Welwyn Roman Baths
1434:Portchester Castle
1331:
962:Rome's Saxon Shore
627:Battle of Hastings
460:Notitia Dignitatum
413:
393:Notitia Dignitatum
363:Classis Britannica
319:
285:becoming known as
227:Notitia Dignitatum
216:The fort is named
127:50.8188°N 0.3338°E
1768:Saxon Shore forts
1740:
1739:
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1576:Verulamium Museum
1551:Jewry Wall Museum
1354:Banks East Turret
1200:at Roman Britain.
993:978-1-85074-722-2
871:, pp. 144–5.
532:Notitia Dignitata
497:numerus Abulcorum
253:element meaning "
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1074:. Archaeopress.
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1108:1-84119-318-6
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1101:. Constable.
1100:
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1089:1-84171-487-9
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1077:
1073:
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1062:9781407306292
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980:Goodall, John
977:
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967:
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957:
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946:, p. 20.
945:
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921:
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822:
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795:
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1685:Burgh Castle
1428:
1389:Dover Castle
1369:Burgh Castle
1287:Lullingstone
1179:
1178:
1177:profile for
1174:
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983:
961:
944:Goodall 2013
939:
932:Goodall 2013
927:
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893:Johnson 1976
888:
881:Johnson 1989
876:
869:Johnson 1976
864:
857:Goodall 2013
852:
845:Goodall 2013
840:
833:Pearson 2003
828:
821:Johnson 1976
816:
811:, p. 1.
794:Goodall 2013
789:
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770:Goodall 2013
765:
753:
743:25 September
741:. Retrieved
736:
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686:
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619:Pevensey Bay
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603:Later castle
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445:Piltdown Man
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403:Construction
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279:Saxon period
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259:Modern Welsh
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166:
162:
158:
157:
94:Location in
62:curtain wall
29:
1680:Gariannonum
1664:Saxon Shore
1585:Other sites
1444:Richborough
1404:Housesteads
1297:North Leigh
905:Fields 2006
782:Fields 2006
758:Fields 2006
669:Wilson 2002
589:Andred'sley
187:East Sussex
130: /
106:Coordinates
96:East Sussex
42:East Sussex
21:MV Anderida
1747:Categories
1675:Branodunum
1561:Ribchester
1495:Silchester
1485:Colchester
1480:Chichester
1459:Vindolanda
1439:Ribchester
1364:Birdoswald
1359:Binchester
1307:Rockbourne
1302:Piddington
1282:Littlecote
1272:Fishbourne
1133:: 95–117.
1012:023640024X
953:References
585:Cymenshore
506:Magnentius
330:, island.
115:50°49′08″N
1727:Anderitum
1707:Regulbium
1505:St Albans
1490:Corbridge
1449:Segedunum
1409:Lancaster
1384:Derventio
1312:Sparsholt
1257:Chedworth
1181:Anderitum
982:(2013) .
920:Lyne 2009
809:Lyne 2009
569:The Weald
552:Latinized
523:foederati
518:Anderitum
475:limitanei
456:Anderitum
358:Carausius
354:Anderitum
301:records "
236:Latinized
222:Anderitos
218:Anderidos
212:Etymology
206:pillboxes
179:Britannia
167:Anderidos
159:Anderitum
118:0°20′02″E
88:Anderitum
35:Anderitum
1778:Pevensey
1712:Rutupiae
1510:Wroxeter
1394:Eboracum
1379:Chesters
1374:Caerleon
1317:Wroxeter
1005:. Elek.
623:Hastings
546:, local
486:(modern
451:Garrison
433:Honorius
372:Allectus
324:Hailsham
309:Location
232:Anderida
196:castle,
194:medieval
183:Pevensey
169:) was a
163:Anderida
150:TQ645047
1690:Caister
1519:Museums
1292:Newport
1262:Crofton
1252:Brading
1171:Scholia
1024:(ed.).
514:Zosimus
492:Notitia
484:Lutetia
472:of the
469:numerus
291:English
281:, with
266:Cornish
251:British
224:in the
173:in the
46:England
1702:Othona
1349:Arbeia
1247:Bignor
1240:Villas
1173:has a
1105:
1086:
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1032:
1009:
990:
968:
703:298171
701:
631:castle
597:Gildas
555:Celtic
528:numeri
502:Abulci
500:. The
343:Dating
303:Wealas
275:Andred
255:a ford
240:Celtic
230:, and
161:(also
1468:Towns
1175:topic
699:JSTOR
641:Notes
613:When
581:Cissa
488:Paris
336:vicus
247:ritu-
243:ande-
202:green
48:, UK
1414:Lunt
1103:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1007:ISBN
988:ISBN
966:ISBN
745:2021
577:Ælle
368:Gaul
264:and
262:rhyd
1135:doi
1076:doi
1049:doi
691:doi
508:in
328:īeg
269:ryd
220:or
185:in
177:of
165:or
1749::
1131:18
1129:.
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1055:.
912:^
801:^
735:.
724:^
697:.
687:38
685:.
657:^
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1656:e
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249:(
27:.
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