406:, have also survived. One has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSIUS AVG GERM MAX with RSR in the exergue; the second has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSI AVG ('The Victory of Carausius Augustus') with INPCDA in the exergue; and the third is too damaged for an exergue legend to be visible but bears the reverse legend PACATOR ORBIS 'Peace-bringer to the world'. The medallions depict Carausius in consular garb and are around 34-35 mm, weighing ~22 g. The medals appeared on the market in the twentieth century and reached the British Museum in 1972, 1967 (this one was first shown to the Museum in 1931) and 1997 respectively. All bear evidence of chemical corrosion resulting from burial of some sort as can be seen from their present appearance.
483:
argument are that
Stukeley had published a detailed book on Carausius and his coinage, and that the medallions have no known provenance. However, this published argument does not offer any evidence to support Stukeley's involvement or motives (since Stukeley never mentions the medals or a Virgilian expansion of the RSR coins known to him), or include discussion of the literary evidence of the contemporary panegyrics or any of the scholarly publications concerning them, or explain why the medallions appear on the basis of their present appearance to have been buried and why they were unknown until 1931 when the INPCDA one was first brought to the British Museum.
53:
263:. He was suspected of allowing pirates to carry out raids and collect loot before attacking them, then keeping captured treasure for himself, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul. His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built and the three
358:
Augusti. This would imply that he was recognized by the other two current
Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian, but their own coins of the time proclaim the attributes of only two Augusti, PAX AVGG. Carausius also had himself depicted as a member of the Tetrarchy's college of emperors, issuing coins with
503:
was in
Carausius's grasp. The inscription reads (with expansions in square brackets) "IMP C M | AVR MAVS | CARAVSIO P F | INVICTO AVG", this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus". The title indicates he considered himself equal to the
451:
Although the
Virgilian reference might seem remarkable in the context of late third century Roman Britain it is apparent from other contemporary literature that the Tetrarchy legitimist regime was utilising Virgilian allusions and references in its propaganda, and claiming itself to have restored a
482:
or someone like him found the RSR on
Carausius's silver coinage, and noted that this matched the Redeunt Saturnia Regna (RSR) of the 6th line of the Fourth Eclogue. Thus inspired, the medallions were created with the next line of the Eclogue included on one of them. The central points of this
991:
Principally Divine
Institutes 1 and 5, for example 5.5 'they repeat examples of justice from the times of Saturnus, which they call the golden times, and they relate in what condition human life was while it delayed on the earth. And this is not to be regarded as a poetic fiction, but as the
528:(Constantius I). Some more text on the stone, probably a continuation of the Carausius inscription after a gap because it is orientated the same way, was chiselled away, presumably when the stone was reused; the traces remaining suggest it included (translated) "... the Emperor ...".
477:
An alternative school of thought exists which argues the medallions must be eighteenth-century fantasy pieces on the basis that such arcane literary allusions would have been too obscure to
Carausius and his army. This argument contends that the antiquarian
630:
later built on this to make "Carantius" a
Scottish prince, exiled on suspicion of involvement in his brother's murder, who entered Roman service passing himself off as a commoner, and later allied with his nephew King Crathlinthus against the Romans.
345:
His initial issues show him as rough and thuggish, though the technical standard of die cutting on good specimens can be seen to be excellent. The intention was to portray a rough and thuggish man; his later coins show him as trim and beneficent.
440:(283-5) both issued copper-alloy medallions of similar size and weight to those of Carausius, often depicting the three Monetae (goddesses of the mint). Another depicts Numerian in consular garb and on the reverse himself and his father
463:, a Christian writer of the period and opponent of the Tetrarchs, makes a number of disparaging references to the Tetrarchs and their Saturnian pretensions which seem to be a refutation of official propaganda.
290:, however, was evidently land-based and may have been responsible for Carausius's popularity with the army. Equally, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps have afforded to buy their loyalty.
524:). The milestone was reused in about 306, burying the first inscription and adding a new one at the other end, which translates as "For Flavius Valerius Constantinus, most noble Caesar" and refers to
278:
wonders how
Carausius was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based, and speculates that he had perhaps been involved in an unrecorded victory in Britain, connected with
567:, whom he had put in charge of his treasury, assassinated him and assumed power himself. His reign would last only three years, after which he was defeated and killed by Constantius's subordinate
1010:
Williams, H. P. G., (2004), Carausius. A consideration of the historical, archaeological and numismatic aspects of his reign. British
Archaeological Reports (British Series) no. 378, pp. 81-82.
1277:
876:
474:
but in Britain. However, he appears to have adopted a propaganda theme that was already current in Tetrarchal publicity which corresponds with the use of similar literary allusions.
417:, meaning "The Golden Ages are back, now a new generation is let down from Heaven above". Virgil's works, or at any rate quotations from them, were current in Roman popular culture.
590:. This find roughly equates to four years' pay for a Roman legionary, but the presence of later coin issues implies that the group was not deposited until after Carausius's death.
612:
to give him command of a fleet to defend Britain from barbarian attack. Once given the fleet, however, he sails around Britain stirring up unrest and raises an army against
305:
says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed. Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition.
459:
states 'Indeed, as the fact is, those golden ages which once flourished briefly in the reign of Saturn, are now reborn under the perpetual guidance of Jove and Hercules.'
432:
Copper-alloy medallions already existed in the contemporary repertoire of imperial Roman coinage so Carausius's production should not be considered exceptional.
563:
allies. He could not yet mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built. Nevertheless, Carausius's grip on power was fatally undermined.
692:
205:
was ended in 273. He held power for seven years, fashioning the name "Emperor of the North" for himself, before being assassinated by his finance minister
354:
He struck coins that showed three portrait heads on the reverse instead of the usual one, and a legend on the obverse including PAX AVGGG, the peace of
964:'The Golden Age was a recurrent leitmotif of the Tetrarchs' publicity'. O. O. Nicholson, 'The Wild Man of the Tetrarchy ,' Byzantium 54 (1984) 266.
452:
Golden Age. 'The rule of Saturn over a golden age is a literary commonplace ... as is the association of any emperor's reign with the same thing'.
1378:
1363:
1226:
1353:
973:
Nixon, C. E. V., and Rodgers, B.S., (1994), In Praise of Later Emperors: the Panegyricii Latini, University of California Press, Berkeley, 170.
620:
allies to desert him in exchange for grants of land in Scotland and sets himself up as king. Hearing of Carausius's treachery, the Romans send
1170:
1148:
1107:
810:
732:
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551:(Constantius I), now the western Caesar, marched into Gaul and reclaimed it for the empire. He isolated Carausius by besieging the port of
833:
Roman coins and Roman communication. A discussion of the ways in which Roman coins may have communicated with their users. Richard Reece.
821:
Roman coins and Roman communication. A discussion of the ways in which Roman coins may have communicated with their users. Richard Reece.
1348:
1250:
402:(an area on a coin below the legend). This was considered a mystery for some time. Three Carausian copper-alloy medallions, now in the
1358:
1322:
645:
466:
Carausius was claiming to represent a revival of traditional Roman virtues and the great traditions of the Empire as established by
1265:
329:
for generations, knowing that good quality bullion coinage would enhance his legitimacy and make him look more successful than
325:(Colchester). He also used them for sophisticated propaganda. He issued the first proper silver coins that had appeared in the
375:
Carausius appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule; he issued coins with legends such as
1393:
531:
It has also been suggested that Carausius may have been responsible for the series of fortifications on both sides of the
864:
268:
1398:
1193:
1189:
1222:
604:
586:. 766 of these coins were determined to have been produced during Carausius's reign, of which only 5 were silver
624:
to Britain with three legions. Allectus defeats Carausius, kills him, and sets himself up as king in his place.
917:
834:
822:
52:
686:
725:
409:
Since 1998 these letters have been recognised as representing the sixth and seventh lines of the Fourth
313:
Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his coinage was issued from mints in
302:
63:
898:
Suetonius, Augustus 40.5 (Aeneid VI.808-12), Nero 47.2 (Aeneid XII.646), Domitian 9.1 (Georgics 2.537).
271:
units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.
1217:
599:
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514:
35:
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616:, the historical Caracalla, here a king of Britain. Carausius defeats Bassianus by persuading his
1388:
929:
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the legend CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI, 'Carausius and his brothers' with portraits of himself with
239:
20:
286:
in 285, and signs of destruction in Romano-British towns at this time. The campaign against the
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1103:
709:
640:
426:
294:
1278:"Ahead of his time: Carausius was a pirate, a rebel and the first ruler of a unified Britain"
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attributes this failure to bad weather, but notes that Carausius claimed a military victory.
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http://www.forumancientcoins.com/lateromancoinage/carausius/medallions/medallions.html
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in a quadriga pulled by Victory with the legend TRIVNF.QVADOR, 'the triumph over the
293:
Maximian prepared an invasion of Britain in 288 or 289 to oust him, but it failed. A
234:
195:
187:
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125:
982:
Imperial Panegyrics IX (IV).13.1ff.and cited by Nixon and Rodgers, see previous note
845:
Sear, D.R., (2011), Roman Coins and Their Values Volume IV, nos.13767-74, pp.218-19.
1001:
Stukeley, W., 1757, The Medallic History of Marcus Aurelius Valerius(sic) Carausius
854:
Virgil, Aeneid II.283, 'From what shores do you come Hector, the long-awaited one?'
627:
609:
425:
cites an instance of a praetorian tribune quoting Virgil as a means of criticising
326:
314:
309:
Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references
267:
stationed in Britain, but also a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign
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167:
889:
Sear, D.R., (2011), Roman Coins and Their Values Volume IV, nos.13765-66A, pp.217.
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Rome's Saxon Shore - Coastal Defences of Roman Britain AD 250-500 (Fortress 56)
608:(1136) Carausius is a Briton of humble birth, who by his courage persuades the
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43:
387:, "Come long-awaited one", recognised to allude to a messianic line in the
448:
tribe', and is clearly similar in tone to the Carausian INPCDA medallion.
1330:
835:
https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc
823:
https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc
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This article is about the Roman Emperor. For the Phasmatodea genus, see
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Litus Saxonicum: the British Saxon Shore in Scholarship and History
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Redeunt Saturnia Regna, Iam Nova Progenies Caelo Demittitur Alto
383:(Spirit of Britain). Some of these silver coins bear the legend
230:
191:
39:
706:
C. E. V. Nixon & Barbara Saylor Rodgers (ed & trans),
194:(Imperium Britanniarum). He did this only 13 years after the
421:
cites three instances in which Virgilian lines were quoted.
153:
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius Augustus
559:
in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's
578:
of over 52,500 Roman coins was unearthed in a field near
920:(1998). "Carausius and the Marks RSR and I.N.P.C.D.A.".
526:
Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus
233:
in 286. This success, and his former occupation as a
1245:, Tippermuir Books Limited, Perth, pp. 91 & 92,
1087:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
470:
in the last decades of the first century BC, not in
398:
Some of the silver coins bear the legend RSR in the
16:
Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul from 286 to 293
145:
135:
119:
109:
105:
95:
87:
79:
72:
28:
660:(1761), in which he is defeated by the blind poet
518:), rather than their subordinate junior emperors (
652:Carausius features as the character 'Caros' in
499:with his name on it suggests that the whole of
713:, University of California Press, 1994, 8:6;
639:The assassination of Carausius is central to
429:after an attack on Hatra went badly in 199.
8:
696:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
773:, third edition, Pimlico, 1987, pp. 326-327
395:, written more than 300 years previously.
255:pirates who had been raiding the coasts of
166:(died 293) was a military commander of the
1296:
61:mint. On the reverse, the lion, symbol of
51:
25:
1266:Carausius, Rebel Emperor of Roman Britain
1153:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
741:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
547:This situation continued until 293, when
247:, with the responsibility of eliminating
543:AD 293: The end of the rule of Carausius
237:, led to his appointment to command the
708:In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The
673:
371:Virgilian and other literary references
1243:: A Journey from East to West Scotland
1059:"RIB 2292. Milestone of Constantine I"
132:
1102:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 42–43.
771:Britannia: a History of Roman Britain
7:
487:Carausian control and fortifications
274:British historian and archaeologist
1271:The Pirate Emperor of Roman Britain
321:(Rouen) and a third site, possibly
1034:"RIB 2291. Milestone of Carausius"
687:"Carausius, Marcus Aurelius"
217:Carausius was of humble origin, a
164:Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius
141:Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius
14:
877:"Medallion | British Museum"
658:Fingal, An Epic Poem in Six Books
221:who distinguished himself during
555:(Boulogne-sur-Mer) and invading
605:History of the Kings of Britain
186:, declaring himself emperor in
1379:3rd-century monarchs in Europe
1364:3rd-century Gallo-Roman people
907:Dio 76.10.1-3; Aeneid XI.371-3
1:
1354:3rd-century murdered monarchs
1063:Roman Inscriptions of Britain
1038:Roman Inscriptions of Britain
350:Claims of Imperial legitimacy
170:in the 3rd century. He was a
1276:Clayson, Alan (2010-07-30).
1168:Abridgement of Roman History
1146:Abridgement of Roman History
808:Abridgement of Roman History
730:Abridgement of Roman History
323:Colonia Claudia Victricensis
1369:British traditional history
1194:Portable Antiquities Scheme
946:For example Cohen 55 and 58
282:'s assumption of the title
1415:
1349:3rd-century Roman usurpers
379:(Restorer of Britain) and
18:
1359:Ancient Romans in Britain
1327:
1320:
1304:
1299:
1237:Montgomery, Alan (2022),
1223:Historia Regum Britanniae
455:An imperial panegyric to
182:power in 286, during the
152:
140:
131:
50:
33:
1083:White, Donald A (1961).
922:The Numismatic Chronicle
436:(283-4) and his brother
225:'s campaign against the
1137:8:12; Aurelius Victor,
693:Encyclopædia Britannica
413:of Virgil, which reads
243:, a fleet based in the
574:In April 2010 a large
391:by the Augustan poet
377:Restitutor Britanniae
64:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1394:Generals of Maximian
1218:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1098:Fields, Nic (2006).
600:Geoffrey of Monmouth
569:Julius Asclepiodotus
74:Emperor of Britannia
57:Carausius coin from
1173:; Aurelius Victor,
918:de la Bédoyère, Guy
549:Constantius Chlorus
341:Character portrayal
299:Constantius Chlorus
284:Britannicus Maximus
229:rebels in northern
1399:Emperors in Europe
1312:Title last held by
594:In medieval legend
240:Classis Britannica
21:Carausius (insect)
1337:
1336:
1328:Succeeded by
1300:Legendary titles
1190:"The Frome Hoard"
1135:Panegyrici Latini
1123:Panegyrici Latini
1109:978-1-84603-094-9
795:Panegyrici Latini
783:Panegyrici Latini
755:Panegyrici Latini
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537:Saxon Shore
423:Cassius Dio
176:Belgic Gaul
147:Regnal name
88:Predecessor
1374:293 deaths
1343:Categories
1289:2013-11-10
1204:2010-07-08
1125:6:5, 8.6-8
1068:26 January
1043:26 January
668:References
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213:History
198:of the
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180:usurped
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