464:, usually accompanied by intense vomiting, weakness, and in some cases, watery diarrhea, and an unraised, nonitchy splotchy/swirly rash. These stomach attacks can last one to five days on average and can require hospitalization for aggressive pain management and hydration. Abdominal attacks have also been known to cause a significant increase in the patient's white blood cell count, usually in the vicinity of 13,000 to 30,000. As the symptoms begin to diminish, the white count slowly begins to decrease, returning to normal when the attack subsides. As the symptoms and diagnostic tests are almost indistinguishable from an
675:, a characteristic that distinguishes it from allergic reactions. It is particularly difficult to diagnose HAE in patients whose episodes are confined to the gastrointestinal tract. Besides a family history of the disease, only a laboratory analysis can provide final confirmation. In this analysis, it is usually a reduced complement factor C4, rather than the C1-INH deficiency itself, that is detected. The former is used during the reaction cascade in the complement system of immune defense, which is permanently overactive due to the lack of regulation by C1-INH.
806:(HAE), specific stimuli that have previously led to attacks may need to be avoided in the future. It does not respond to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine. Acute treatment consists of C1-INH (C1-esterase inhibitor) concentrate from donor blood, which must be administered intravenously. In an emergency, fresh frozen blood plasma, which also contains C1-INH, can also be used. However, in most European countries, C1-INH concentrate is only available to patients who are participating in special programmes. The medications
745:. The pathogenesis of this disorder is suspected to be related to unopposed activation of the contact pathway by the initial generation of kallikrein and/or clotting factor XII by damaged endothelial cells. The end product of this cascade, bradykinin, is produced in large amounts and is believed to be the predominant mediator leading to increased vascular permeability and vasodilation that induces typical angioedema "attacks".
3189:
3237:
3225:
331:
3213:
484:
edema will occur is impossible. Most patients have an average of one episode per month, but there are also patients who have weekly episodes or only one or two episodes per year. The triggers can vary and include infections, minor injuries, mechanical irritation, operations or stress. In most cases, edema develops over a period of 12–36 hours and then subsides within 2–5 days.
392:
40:
3201:
483:
HAE may also cause swelling in a variety of other locations, most commonly the limbs, genitals, neck, throat and face. The pain associated with these swellings varies from mildly uncomfortable to agonizing pain, depending on its location and severity. Predicting where and when the next episode of
602:, can increase the probability of an angioedema episode in susceptible patients. If the episode occurs at all after the consumption of these foods, its onset may be delayed overnight or by some hours, making the correlation with their consumption somewhat difficult. In contrast, consumption of
762:
is a commonly prescribed antihistamine for angioedema. Some patients have reported success with the combination of a nightly low dose of cetirizine to moderate the frequency and severity of attacks, followed by a much higher dose when an attack does appear. Severe angioedema cases may require
400:
698:. It is characterized by repetitive episodes of swelling, frequently of the face, lips, tongue, limbs, and genitals. Edema of the gastrointestinal mucosa typically leads to severe abdominal pain; in the upper respiratory tract, it can be life-threatening.
3450:
3431:
2706:
666:
The hereditary form (HAE) often goes undetected for a long time, as its symptoms resemble those of more common disorders, such as allergy or intestinal colic. An important clue is the failure of hereditary angioedema to respond to
534:(serpin) normally inhibits the association of C1r and C1s with C1q to prevent the formation of the C1-complex, which - in turn - activates other proteins of the complement system. Additionally, it inhibits various proteins of the
460:, including dental work and other stimuli, can cause attacks. There is usually no associated itch or urticaria, as it is not an allergic response. Patients with HAE can also have recurrent episodes (often called "attacks") of
1785:
2142:
794:(ARB), which has a similar mechanism but does not affect bradykinin. However, this is controversial, as small studies have shown some patients with ACE inhibitor angioedema can develop it with ARBs, as well.
2567:
1699:
Malde B, Regalado J, Greenberger PA (January 2007). "Investigation of angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers".
653:
levels may be elevated if the attack was due to an acute allergic (anaphylactic) reaction. When the patient has been stabilized, particular investigations may clarify the exact cause;
1525:
Israili ZH, Hall WD (August 1, 1992). "Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology".
2135:
503:
and increases vascular permeability, leading to rapid accumulation of fluid in the interstitium. This is most obvious in the face, where the skin has relatively little supporting
1508:
3275:
2128:
1777:
2560:
1613:
Brown NJ, Ray WA, Snowden M, Griffin MR (July 1996). "Black
Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema".
2360:
2208:
1854:
2397:
1137:
Bork K; Barnstedt Se (August 2003). "Laryngeal edema and death from asphyxiation after tooth extraction in four patients with hereditary angioedema".
2553:
267:
3268:
2073:
Donaldson VH, Evans RR (July 1963). "A biochemical abnormality in hereditary angioneurotic edema: absence of serum inhibitor of C' 1-esterase".
2524:
1656:
Dykewicz, MS (August 2004). "Cough and angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: new insights into mechanisms and management".
2726:
2226:
1823:
3576:
3469:
3043:
2731:
2529:
1917:
1123:
1089:
790:. In people with ACE inhibitor angioedema, the drug needs to be discontinued and an alternative treatment needs to be found, such as an
786:
so it can no longer degrade bradykinin; thus, bradykinin accumulates and can cause angioedema. This complication appears more common in
3261:
2836:
1321:
1117:
791:
3591:
1386:
1083:
834:
may also be useful because it blocks the activation of C4 and can be used in patients with liver disease, whereas androgens cannot.
378:
2464:
721:
protein (type I HAE) or dysfunctional forms of the same protein (type II HAE). Type III HAE has been linked with mutations in the
507:, and edema develops easily. Bradykinin is released by various cell types in response to numerous different stimuli; it is also a
2829:
2381:
2292:
411:, swell over the period of minutes to hours. The swelling can also occur elsewhere, typically in the hands. The swelling can be
263:
818:
per dose in the United States, prices that tripled in two years. In those given icatibant, specialists monitor is recommended.
920:
first described the clinical picture of angioedema in 1882, though there had been some earlier descriptions of the condition.
3586:
2534:
2404:
2276:
767:
therapy, which generally leads to a good response. In cases where allergic attack is progressing towards airway obstruction,
356:
526:
due to a deficiency in one of its prime inhibitors, C1-esterase (aka: C1-inhibitor or C1INH), and continuous production of
2856:
2111:
1740:
1736:"Angioedema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: outcome after switching to a different treatment"
1576:
1448:
783:
515:
2271:
514:
Various mechanisms that interfere with bradykinin production or degradation can lead to angioedema. ACE inhibitors block
3581:
3053:
2862:
1960:
862:
271:
663:. HAE type III is a diagnosis of exclusion consisting of observed angioedema along with normal C1 levels and function.
2701:
2384:
2236:
2203:
1527:
352:
341:
926:
remarked in 1888 that some cases may have a hereditary basis; he coined the term "hereditary angio-neurotic edema".
415:
or painful. There may also be slightly decreased sensation in the affected areas due to compression of the nerves.
3167:
1221:
Bork K, Barnstedt SE, Koch P, Traupe H (2000). "Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor activity in women".
2350:
713:
form. They are distinguished by the underlying genetic abnormality. Types I and II are caused by mutations in the
360:
345:
2938:
2846:
2751:
2741:
2644:
2370:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2180:
1870:"Metallopeptidase activities in hereditary angioedema: effect of androgen prophylaxis on plasma aminopeptidase P"
531:
3486:
3120:
2736:
2721:
2651:
2629:
2419:
2167:
2120:
3596:
3048:
2639:
2519:
2504:
2500:
945:
407:
The skin of the face, normally around the mouth, and the mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the
3135:
3115:
2824:
2681:
568:
121:
57:
873:, to prevent attacks of HAE types I and II in people over age 12. Lanadelumab inhibits the plasma enzyme
3090:
3058:
2983:
2812:
2802:
2494:
2474:
2195:
1502:
1473:
Sabroe RA, Black AK (February 1997). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angio-oedema".
803:
758:
In allergic angioedema, avoidance of the allergen and use of antihistamines may prevent future attacks.
706:
519:
302:
180:
826:
In acquired angioedema, HAE types I and II, and nonhistaminergic angioedema, antifibrinolytics such as
3217:
3205:
3085:
2514:
2218:
1266:"Increased activity of coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) causes hereditary angioedema type III"
950:
898:
710:
686:
Acquired angioedema (AAE) can be immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic. It is usually caused by
634:
1018:"Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management"
3454:
3229:
3172:
3080:
3033:
2907:
2746:
870:
584:
431:
314:
220:
192:
3236:
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3004:
2366:
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2047:
1681:
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1552:
1246:
1203:
851:
595:
435:
134:
68:
61:
1830:
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3497:
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3105:
2999:
2841:
2772:
2335:
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2311:
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1848:
1799:
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1630:
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902:
730:
654:
523:
504:
286:
251:
148:
111:
52:
3100:
2954:
2671:
2433:
2414:
2345:
2159:
2151:
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1889:
1881:
1749:
1708:
1665:
1622:
1585:
1536:
1482:
1417:
1351:
1285:
1277:
1230:
1185:
1146:
1039:
1029:
917:
787:
1317:
709:(HAE) exists in three forms, all of which are caused by a genetic mutation inherited in an
317:
may be used instead. In the United States the disease affects about 100,000 people a year.
3339:
3241:
3068:
2974:
2923:
2781:
2456:
1964:
1952:"Emergency Medicine, Allergy Physicians Partner to Create New Standards" (July 3, 2014).
906:
827:
734:
642:
457:
224:
1868:
Drouet C, DĂ©sormeaux A, Robillard J, Ponard D, Bouillet L, Martin L, et al. (2008).
1378:
2000:
763:
desensitization to the putative allergen, as mortality can occur. Chronic cases require
3334:
2897:
2716:
2711:
2577:
2509:
2409:
2231:
1894:
1869:
1669:
1486:
1290:
1265:
1044:
1017:
858:; kinins (especially bradykinin) are responsible for the manifestations of angioedema.
779:
764:
672:
668:
657:
levels, especially depletion of complement factors 2 and 4, may indicate deficiency of
625:
typically has a smaller, but still present, increase in the probability of an episode.
461:
399:
294:
168:
3463:
3459:
1712:
1626:
1234:
936:
was diagnosed with angioedema in 2020 and later passed from the disease on
October 31
814:
may be used to treat attacks. In 2017 these medications cost between 5,700 and 14,000
511:
mediator. Dampening or inhibiting bradykinin has been shown to relieve HAE symptoms.
426:
of the airway occurs, with gasping or wheezy inspiratory breath sounds and decreasing
3570:
3285:
3152:
2807:
2086:
2043:
1190:
1173:
923:
695:
622:
465:
456:
In hereditary angioedema (HAE), often no direct cause is identifiable, although mild
290:
164:
2051:
1685:
1642:
1556:
1250:
1207:
1150:
3537:
3395:
3316:
2902:
2817:
2676:
2666:
2608:
2603:
2485:
2297:
1570:
Kostis JB, Kim HJ, Rusnak J, Casale T, Kaplan A, Corren J, Levy E (July 25, 2005).
742:
718:
659:
646:
469:
2545:
854:. These agents increase the level of aminopeptidase P, an enzyme that inactivates
3491:
1590:
1571:
3521:
3385:
3306:
3301:
2959:
2933:
2928:
2634:
2624:
1778:"Study: Drug Costs for Rare Hereditary Angioedema Disorder Tripled in Two Years"
1540:
866:
847:
831:
807:
768:
638:
535:
500:
477:
330:
306:
298:
255:
184:
172:
126:
101:
3554:
3502:
2020:
J. L. Milton. On giant urticaria. Edinburgh
Medical Journal, 1876, 22: 513-526.
1885:
1754:
1735:
1444:
47:
Allergic angioedema: this child is unable to open his eyes due to the swelling.
3549:
3543:
3540:
3444:
3440:
3400:
3375:
3351:
3157:
3110:
3038:
2881:
2851:
2797:
2656:
2451:
1995:
1034:
874:
759:
726:
572:
563:
dominant fashion and therefore mainly affects women; it can be exacerbated by
543:
539:
527:
492:
473:
450:
282:
247:
155:
144:
93:
2707:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
1935:
1016:
Bernstein, JA; Cremonesi, P; Hoffmann, TK; Hollingsworth, J (December 2017).
889:
precursors and is produced in excess in individuals with HAE types I and II.
3532:
3253:
3162:
3130:
2661:
886:
811:
691:
614:
603:
564:
416:
391:
310:
243:
188:
89:
39:
2094:
2061:
2011:
Marcello Donati. De medica historia mirabili. Mantuae, per Fr. Osanam, 1586
1903:
1763:
1720:
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1599:
1429:
1363:
1299:
1242:
1199:
1158:
1053:
1634:
1548:
1494:
1421:
694:. It can also occur as a side effect to certain medications, particularly
3329:
3011:
2776:
2441:
2176:
1957:
1445:"A 68-Year-Old Woman With Recurrent Abdominal Pain, Nausea, and Vomiting"
1408:
Zuraw B.L. (September 2008). "Clinical practice. Hereditary angioedema".
956:
882:
650:
607:
599:
588:
580:
560:
442:
259:
3423:
621:
may increase the probability of an episode in some patients. The use of
3390:
3370:
2969:
2756:
1572:"Incidence and characteristics of angioedema associated with enalapril"
933:
843:
842:
Future attacks of HAE can be prevented by the use of androgens such as
687:
618:
496:
423:
130:
1355:
733:, and all forms can cause swelling elsewhere in the body, such as the
571:(exact frequency uncertain). It has been linked with mutations in the
3435:
2316:
2185:
2115:
1734:
Cicardi M, Zingale LC, Bergamaschini L, Agostoni A (April 26, 2004).
855:
738:
446:
427:
408:
278:
228:
216:
1918:"FDA Approves Takhzyro (lanadelumab-flyo) for Hereditary Angioedema"
1172:
Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, Niehues T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G (2007).
633:
The diagnosis is made on the clinical picture. Routine blood tests (
1281:
929:
The link with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency was proved in 1963.
3324:
878:
538:
cascade, although effects of its deficiency on the development of
495:
plays a critical role in all forms of hereditary angioedema. This
398:
390:
232:
212:
587:. This acquired angioedema is associated with the development of
522:, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the
3480:
3477:
3474:
2598:
1342:
Axelrod, S; Davis-Lorton, M (2011). "Urticaria and angioedema".
508:
412:
236:
3257:
2549:
2124:
1804:
Australasian
Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)
594:
Consumption of foods that are themselves vasodilators, such as
556:
Type II - normal levels, but decreased function of C1INH (15%);
518:, the enzyme that among other actions, degrades bradykinin. In
1936:"FDA OKs New Prophylactic Drug for Rare Hereditary Angioedema"
324:
901:(ED) visits for angioedema annually, and it ranks as the top
559:
Type III - no detectable abnormality in C1INH, occurs in an
678:
Angioedema is classified as either hereditary or acquired.
480:(keyhole surgery) that turns out to have been unnecessary.
453:(unknown) or only weakly correlated to allergen exposure.
472:) it is possible for undiagnosed HAE patients to undergo
403:
Angioedema of the face, most strikingly in the upper lip.
231:, abdomen, or arms and legs. Often it is associated with
1976:
Quincke H (1882). "Über akutes umschriebenes Hautödem".
258:. The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an
782:
can induce angioedema. ACE inhibitors block the enzyme
729:. All forms of HAE lead to abnormal activation of the
717:
gene, which result in either diminished levels of the
1112:(5 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 182.
690:
and occurs together with other allergic symptoms and
3413:
2030:
Osler W (1888). "Hereditary angio-neurotic oedema".
1264:
Cichon S, Martin L, Hennies HC, et al. (2006).
953:(unexplained angioedema with high eosinophil counts)
897:
In the U.S., there are as many as 80,000 to 112,000
3512:
3417:
3360:
3315:
3292:
3020:
2992:
2947:
2916:
2890:
2874:
2790:
2765:
2694:
2617:
2591:
2584:
2473:
2450:
2432:
2380:
2310:
2285:
2217:
2194:
2175:
2166:
289:. Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with
198:
154:
140:
120:
110:
100:
85:
77:
67:
51:
29:
24:
1658:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1078:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 133.
1507:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
33:Angiooedema, Quincke's edema, angioneurotic edema
250:. The version related to histamine is due to an
1874:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
549:The three types of hereditary angioedema are:
441:Sometimes, the cause is recent exposure to an
227:. The swelling may occur in the face, tongue,
3269:
2561:
2136:
1344:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
301:. In those with bradykinin-related disease a
8:
1174:"Nonallergic angioedema: role of bradykinin"
725:gene, which encodes the coagulation protein
242:The underlying mechanism typically involves
239:. Onset is typically over minutes to hours.
1072:Caterino, Jeffrey M.; Kahan, Scott (2003).
1022:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
530:, another process inhibited by C1INH. This
434:is required in these situations to prevent
359:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3414:
3276:
3262:
3254:
3212:
2588:
2568:
2554:
2546:
2361:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
2209:Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
2191:
2172:
2143:
2129:
2121:
1701:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1520:
1518:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
254:to agents such as insect bites, foods, or
38:
21:
1893:
1753:
1589:
1468:
1466:
1289:
1189:
1101:
1099:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1043:
1033:
830:or ε-aminocaproic acid may be effective.
553:Type I - decreased levels of C1INH (85%);
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
610:may be beneficial in reducing symptoms.
268:angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
1312:University of Maryland Medical Center.
969:
16:Disease characterized by rapid swelling
2525:Terminal complement pathway deficiency
1958:http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/24791/
1853:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1846:
1500:
235:, which are swelling within the upper
2727:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
1389:from the original on 5 September 2015
7:
3200:
1451:from the original on 22 October 2012
1377:Moon, Amanda T.; Heymann, Warren R.
583:formation against C1INH; this is an
419:(hives) may develop simultaneously.
357:adding citations to reliable sources
3044:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
2732:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
2530:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1670:10.1097/01.all.0000136759.43571.7f
1487:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb14887.x
14:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3188:
3187:
2830:Inner ear decompression sickness
2293:Common variable immunodeficiency
2044:10.1097/00000441-188804000-00004
1788:from the original on 2015-10-25.
1191:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01427.x
1126:from the original on 2017-09-10.
1092:from the original on 2017-09-10.
741:, it can cause life-threatening
395:Angioedema of half of the tongue
329:
264:C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
3224:
2465:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
1324:from the original on 2007-10-12
1151:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0323
792:angiotensin II receptor blocker
476:(operations on the abdomen) or
449:), but more often it is either
2535:Complement receptor deficiency
2405:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
1956:. University of Cincinnati.
1615:Clinical Pharmacologic Therapy
1475:British Journal of Dermatology
1:
3064:environmental skin conditions
2857:High-altitude pulmonary edema
1741:Archives of Internal Medicine
1713:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60860-5
1627:10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90161-7
1577:Archives of Internal Medicine
1318:"Page is No Longer Available"
1235:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02483-1
1075:In a Page: Emergency medicine
3054:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
2863:High-altitude cerebral edema
2087:10.1016/0002-9343(63)90162-1
1591:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1637
863:Food and Drug Administration
272:lymphoproliferative disorder
3076:frictional/traumatic/sports
2702:Chronic radiation keratosis
2204:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
1541:10.7326/0003-4819-117-3-234
1528:Annals of Internal Medicine
1109:Clinical Dermatology E-Book
649:) are typically performed.
3613:
3577:Effects of external causes
3367:Cause of fluid collection
3168:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
1886:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.048
1755:10.1001/archinte.164.8.910
221:tissue just under the skin
3183:
2939:Space adaptation syndrome
2847:Chronic mountain sickness
2752:Radiation recall reaction
2742:Radiation-induced morphea
2645:Warm water immersion foot
1954:UC Academic Health Center
1106:Habif, Thomas P. (2009).
1035:10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z
579:Angioedema can be due to
532:serine protease inhibitor
277:Treatment to protect the
46:
37:
3592:Urticaria and angioedema
3121:Weathering nodule of ear
2737:Radiation-induced keloid
2722:Radiation-induced cancer
2652:Non-freezing cold injury
2630:Immersion foot syndromes
2420:Bare lymphocyte syndrome
2272:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
211:is an area of swelling (
3049:Sclerosing lymphangitis
2640:Tropical immersion foot
2520:Complement 3 deficiency
2505:Complement 4 deficiency
2501:Complement 2 deficiency
1489:(inactive 2024-09-14).
946:Drug-induced angioedema
932:The underground rapper
266:, medications known as
3136:Painful fat herniation
3116:Vibration white finger
2825:Decompression sickness
2682:Erythrocyanosis crurum
877:, which liberates the
737:. If HAE involves the
569:hormonal contraception
546:appear to be limited.
404:
396:
202:~100,000 per year (US)
122:Differential diagnosis
58:Allergy and immunology
3587:Complement deficiency
3091:Fissure of the nipple
3059:UV-sensitive syndrome
2984:Adverse drug reaction
2813:Middle ear barotrauma
2803:Arterial gas embolism
2495:Hereditary angioedema
2351:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2196:Hypogammaglobulinemia
1422:10.1056/NEJMcp0803977
1379:"Acquired Angioedema"
804:hereditary angioedema
707:Hereditary angioedema
702:Hereditary angioedema
520:hereditary angioedema
402:
394:
303:C1 esterase inhibitor
181:C1 esterase inhibitor
3086:Equestrian perniosis
2515:Properdin deficiency
2336:Di George's syndrome
2219:Dysgammaglobulinemia
899:emergency department
771:may be life-saving.
635:complete blood count
606:in combination with
353:improve this section
3582:Medical emergencies
3173:Narcotic dermopathy
3081:Black heel and palm
3034:Dermatosis neglecta
2908:Psychological abuse
2747:Radiation poisoning
871:monoclonal antibody
682:Acquired angioedema
596:alcoholic beverages
585:autoimmune disorder
438:and risk of death.
432:Tracheal intubation
315:Fresh frozen plasma
217:lower layer of skin
193:fresh frozen plasma
3513:External resources
3294:Volume contraction
3143:Uranium dermatosis
3096:Pulling boat hands
3005:Lightning injuries
2367:Hyper IgM syndrome
2277:Hyper-IgE syndrome
2242:Hyper IgM syndrome
2158:disorders causing
1978:Monatsh Prakt Derm
1963:2014-07-14 at the
861:In 2018, the U.S.
852:methyltestosterone
711:autosomal dominant
651:Mast cell tryptase
436:respiratory arrest
405:
397:
321:Signs and symptoms
135:contact dermatitis
62:emergency medicine
3564:
3563:
3411:
3410:
3251:
3250:
3000:Electrical injury
2842:Altitude sickness
2690:
2689:
2543:
2542:
2428:
2427:
2327:thymic hypoplasia
2312:T cell deficiency
2306:
2305:
1784:(Press release).
1356:10.1002/msj.20288
1270:Am. J. Hum. Genet
951:Gleich's syndrome
903:allergic disorder
788:African-Americans
731:complement system
524:complement system
505:connective tissue
468:(e.g. perforated
422:In severe cases,
389:
388:
381:
287:cricothyroidotomy
262:problem known as
252:allergic reaction
206:
205:
149:cricothyroidotomy
116:Based on symptoms
112:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
3604:
3415:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3027:physical factors
3023:skin conditions
2955:Hypersensitivity
2672:Cold intolerance
2589:
2576:Consequences of
2570:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2415:ZAP70 deficiency
2346:Nezelof syndrome
2192:
2173:
2160:immunodeficiency
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1829:. Archived from
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1193:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1013:
918:Heinrich Quincke
869:, an injectable
817:
384:
377:
373:
370:
364:
333:
325:
225:mucous membranes
81:Minutes to hours
73:Area of swelling
42:
22:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3508:
3507:
3426:
3412:
3407:
3356:
3340:pulmonary edema
3311:
3288:
3282:
3252:
3247:
3179:
3069:Electrical burn
3026:
3025:resulting from
3024:
3022:
3016:
2988:
2975:Arthus reaction
2943:
2924:Motion sickness
2912:
2886:
2870:
2786:
2782:Oxygen toxicity
2761:
2686:
2613:
2580:
2578:external causes
2574:
2544:
2539:
2476:
2469:
2457:Lymphocytopenia
2455:
2446:
2424:
2400:
2387:
2376:
2332:hypoparathyroid
2314:
2302:
2281:
2213:
2183:
2162:
2149:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:Wayback Machine
1951:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1824:"Archived copy"
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1584:(14): 1637–42.
1569:
1568:
1564:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1499:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1416:(10): 1027–36.
1410:N. Engl. J. Med
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1276:(6): 1098–104.
1263:
1262:
1258:
1229:(9225): 213–7.
1220:
1219:
1215:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1139:J Am Dent Assoc
1136:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1015:
1014:
971:
966:
942:
915:
907:hospitalization
895:
881:bradykinin and
840:
828:tranexamic acid
824:
815:
800:
777:
756:
751:
735:digestive tract
704:
684:
643:kidney function
631:
490:
488:Pathophysiology
385:
374:
368:
365:
350:
334:
323:
295:corticosteroids
175:
169:corticosteroids
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3610:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3597:Drug eruptions
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3483:
3466:
3447:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:Classification
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:cerebral edema
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Wrestler's ear
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Surfer's knots
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2948:Adverse effect
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Physical abuse
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Radiation burn
2714:
2712:Radiation acne
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:MBL deficiency
2507:
2498:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Omenn syndrome
2407:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2237:IgM deficiency
2234:
2232:IgG deficiency
2229:
2227:IgA deficiency
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2106:External links
2104:
2101:
2100:
2065:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1987:
1968:
1945:
1927:
1909:
1860:
1815:
1791:
1769:
1726:
1691:
1648:
1605:
1562:
1514:
1462:
1435:
1400:
1369:
1350:(5): 784–802.
1334:
1305:
1282:10.1086/509899
1256:
1213:
1164:
1145:(8): 1088–94.
1129:
1119:978-0323080378
1118:
1095:
1084:
1059:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:(C1-inhibitor)
954:
948:
941:
938:
914:
911:
894:
891:
839:
836:
823:
820:
799:
796:
780:ACE inhibitors
776:
775:Drug induction
773:
755:
752:
750:
747:
703:
700:
696:ACE inhibitors
683:
680:
669:antihistamines
630:
627:
577:
576:
557:
554:
489:
486:
462:abdominal pain
387:
386:
337:
335:
328:
322:
319:
291:antihistamines
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
165:antihistamines
158:
152:
151:
142:
138:
137:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
106:Family history
104:
98:
97:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3609:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:Disorders of
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Skin pop scar
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Runner's rump
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:High altitude
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Aerosinusitis
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:euparathyroid
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:(2): 362–67.
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:Who Named It?
1998:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1905:
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1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(2): 429–33.
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
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1836:on 2007-09-28
1832:
1825:
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1664:(4): 267–70.
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1535:(3): 234–42.
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1224:
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1192:
1187:
1184:(8): 842–56.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
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1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
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1110:
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1096:
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1085:9781405103572
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927:
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924:William Osler
921:
919:
912:
910:
908:
905:resulting in
904:
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670:
664:
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661:
656:
652:
648:
647:liver enzymes
644:
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
623:acetaminophen
620:
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485:
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466:acute abdomen
463:
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418:
414:
410:
401:
393:
383:
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372:
369:November 2023
362:
358:
354:
348:
347:
343:
338:This section
336:
332:
327:
326:
320:
318:
316:
313:may be used.
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
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275:
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66:
63:
59:
56:
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50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3548:
3531:
3520:
3496:
3485:
3468:
3449:
3430:
3396:hydrosalpinx
3346:
3317:Hypervolemia
3286:volume state
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3147:
3075:
3063:
2964:
2903:Sexual abuse
2891:Maltreatment
2818:Pneumothorax
2677:Acrocyanosis
2667:Aerosol burn
2609:Heat syncope
2604:Hyperthermia
2490:
2486:C1-inhibitor
2484:
2401:
2394:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2298:ICF syndrome
2078:
2074:
2068:
2035:
2032:Am J Med Sci
2031:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1838:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1800:"Angioedema"
1794:
1781:
1772:
1748:(8): 910–3.
1745:
1739:
1729:
1707:(1): 57–63.
1704:
1700:
1694:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1532:
1526:
1503:cite journal
1481:(2): 153–8.
1478:
1474:
1453:. Retrieved
1447:. MedScape.
1443:Loew, Burr.
1438:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1382:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1313:
1308:
1273:
1269:
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1226:
1222:
1216:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1108:
1074:
1025:
1021:
931:
928:
922:
916:
896:
893:Epidemiology
860:
841:
825:
801:
778:
757:
743:asphyxiation
722:
719:C1-inhibitor
714:
705:
685:
677:
665:
660:C1-inhibitor
658:
639:electrolytes
632:
612:
593:
578:
548:
513:
499:is a potent
491:
482:
470:appendicitis
455:
440:
421:
406:
375:
366:
351:Please help
339:
281:may include
276:
241:
208:
207:
176:
160:
102:Risk factors
3522:MedlinePlus
3386:hydrothorax
3307:Hypovolemia
3302:Dehydration
2960:Anaphylaxis
2934:Airsickness
2929:Seasickness
2635:Trench foot
2625:Hypothermia
2585:Temperature
2358:peripheral:
1782:PR Newswire
1621:(1): 8–13.
1314:Angioedema.
885:from their
867:lanadelumab
848:oxandrolone
838:Prophylaxis
832:Cinnarizine
808:ecallantide
769:epinephrine
613:The use of
567:and use of
536:coagulation
501:vasodilator
478:laparoscopy
307:ecallantide
299:epinephrine
256:medications
185:ecallantide
173:epinephrine
127:Anaphylaxis
78:Usual onset
30:Other names
3571:Categories
3555:Angioedema
3550:Patient UK
3498:DiseasesDB
3401:hyperaemia
3376:transudate
3352:Lymphedema
3347:Angioedema
3158:Skin track
3111:Tennis toe
3039:Pinch mark
3021:Ungrouped
2965:Angioedema
2882:Starvation
2852:Death zone
2798:Barotrauma
2657:Chilblains
2491:Angioedema
2477:deficiency
2475:Complement
2452:Leukopenia
2402:autosomal:
2156:complement
2112:Angioedema
2075:Am. J. Med
1984:: 129–131.
1840:2007-01-26
1809:2020-03-24
1455:19 October
1328:2008-01-08
964:References
875:kallikrein
798:Hereditary
760:Cetirizine
749:Management
727:factor XII
655:complement
573:factor XII
544:thrombosis
540:hemorrhage
528:kallikrein
493:Bradykinin
474:laparotomy
451:idiopathic
283:intubation
248:bradykinin
209:Angioedema
177:Bradykinin
156:Medication
145:Intubation
94:bradykinin
92:mediated,
25:Angioedema
3533:eMedicine
3163:Slap mark
3131:Coral cut
2695:Radiation
2662:Frostbite
2395:x-linked:
2081:: 37–44.
2056:Reprint:
1922:Drugs.com
1393:1 October
1028:(1): 15.
887:kininogen
865:approved
812:icatibant
692:urticaria
629:Diagnosis
615:ibuprofen
604:bromelain
565:pregnancy
417:Urticaria
340:does not
311:icatibant
260:inherited
244:histamine
215:) of the
199:Frequency
189:icatibant
161:Histamine
141:Treatment
90:Histamine
53:Specialty
3538:emerg/32
3382:By site
3330:Anasarca
3218:Glossary
3194:Category
3012:Drowning
2791:Pressure
2777:Asphyxia
2592:Elevated
2442:HIV/AIDS
2434:Acquired
2385:combined
2177:Antibody
2152:Lymphoid
2095:14046003
2062:20145434
2052:72808776
1996:synd/482
1961:Archived
1940:Medscape
1904:18158172
1849:cite web
1786:Archived
1764:15111379
1721:17225721
1686:13313000
1678:15238791
1643:12030323
1600:16043683
1557:41952350
1449:Archived
1430:18768946
1387:Archived
1383:MedScape
1364:21913206
1322:Archived
1300:17186468
1251:30105665
1243:10963200
1208:22772933
1200:17620062
1159:12956349
1124:Archived
1090:Archived
1054:28405953
957:Ruconest
940:See also
883:kallidin
822:Acquired
754:Allergic
715:SERPING1
673:steroids
608:turmeric
600:cinnamon
589:lymphoma
581:antibody
561:X-linked
443:allergen
430:levels.
96:mediated
69:Symptoms
3544:ped/101
3541:med/135
3492:D000799
3391:ascites
3371:exudate
3230:Outline
3206:Commons
2970:Allergy
2773:Hypoxia
2757:Sunburn
2618:Reduced
2181:humoral
2168:Primary
1895:4126900
1635:8689816
1549:1616218
1495:9068723
1291:1698720
1178:Allergy
1045:5389952
934:MF DOOM
913:History
844:danazol
765:steroid
688:allergy
619:aspirin
497:peptide
447:peanuts
424:stridor
361:removed
346:sources
270:, or a
131:abscess
3527:000846
3481:610618
3478:106100
3475:606860
3242:Portal
3148:iv use
2917:Travel
2865:(HACE)
2859:(HAPE)
2766:Oxygen
2398:X-SCID
2382:Severe
2116:Curlie
2093:
2060:
2050:
1902:
1892:
1762:
1719:
1684:
1676:
1641:
1633:
1598:
1555:
1547:
1493:
1428:
1362:
1298:
1288:
1249:
1241:
1223:Lancet
1206:
1198:
1157:
1116:
1082:
1052:
1042:
879:kinins
856:kinins
739:larynx
458:trauma
445:(e.g.
428:oxygen
409:tongue
297:, and
279:airway
229:larynx
3503:13606
3464:995.1
3460:277.6
3445:T78.3
3441:D84.1
3361:Other
3325:Edema
2993:Other
2388:(B+T)
2286:Other
2048:S2CID
1834:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1682:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1247:S2CID
1204:S2CID
575:gene.
413:itchy
309:, or
233:hives
213:edema
86:Types
3487:MeSH
3470:OMIM
3455:9-CM
2875:Food
2599:Burn
2154:and
2091:PMID
2058:PMID
1900:PMID
1855:link
1760:PMID
1717:PMID
1674:PMID
1631:PMID
1596:PMID
1545:PMID
1509:link
1491:PMID
1457:2012
1426:PMID
1395:2015
1360:PMID
1296:PMID
1239:PMID
1196:PMID
1155:PMID
1114:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1050:PMID
816:US$
810:and
542:and
509:pain
344:any
342:cite
237:skin
219:and
3451:ICD
3432:ICD
2114:at
2083:doi
2040:doi
1999:at
1890:PMC
1882:doi
1878:121
1750:doi
1746:164
1709:doi
1666:doi
1623:doi
1586:doi
1582:165
1537:doi
1533:117
1483:doi
1479:136
1418:doi
1414:359
1352:doi
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1231:doi
1227:356
1186:doi
1147:doi
1143:134
1040:PMC
1030:doi
850:or
802:In
784:ACE
723:F12
671:or
617:or
598:or
516:ACE
355:by
285:or
246:or
223:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
