2007:
35:. Each author used the name to refer to different arrays of organisms. This reuse by later authors of the same taxon name for different groups of organisms is widely criticized in taxonomy because the inclusion of the name in a sentence (e.g. "Archezoa have no olfactory organs") does not make sense unless the particular usage is specified (e.g. "Archezoa
67:) of mitochondria. The same paraphyletic territory was referred to as 'Hypochondria' by others. The argument for Archezoa sensu Cavalier-Smith was never universally accepted because of conflicting information, and was dropped when the contrary argument, that amitochondriates were descendants of eukaryotes with mitochondria, became dominant.
125:
Initial discoveries found that amitochondriate organisms appeared to express mitochondrial Hsp60 and Hsp70 proteins from the nuclear DNA of the organism. This indicated that the ancestors of these organisms once possessed mitochondria which expressed these proteins, but that these genes had migrated
137:
An argument for the
Archezoa group was that amitochondriate protists appeared to branch off early on from the eukaryotic lineage in phylogenetic analyses. This corroborated the supposition that Archezoa were more closely linked to primitive eukaryotes that evolved prior to the endosymbiotic process
113:
Eukaryotic protists lacking mitochondria were discovered to have experienced secondary mitochondrial loss, meaning that their ancestors once possessed mitochondria but that these mitochondria had, over time, been transformed, reduced, or lost. In some of these organisms, mitochondria had degraded
70:
Eukaryotes that eventually acquired a bacterial endosymbiont that became the mitochondria were placed in a taxonomic group which
Cavalier-Smith called the Metakaryota, whereas the Archezoa represented an earlier
157:
Perty, M. 1852. Zur
Kenntnis kleinster Lebensformen nach Bau, Funktionen, Systematik, mit Spezialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten. Jent & Reinert, Bern
129:
As a result, the argument that some extant eukaryotes lacking mitochondria had emerged from the eukaryotic lineage before mitochondria were acquired was falsified.
98:
32:
138:
that generated the mitochondria. However, this early divergence later turned out to be a class of systematic errors in phylogenetic analysis called "
2048:
628:
732:
2067:
766:
761:
2072:
845:
835:
818:
2041:
2082:
63:), Cavalier-Smith argued that the initial ancestor of eukaryotes emerged prior to the endosymbiotic acquisition (see
20:
is a term that has been introduced by several authors to refer to a group of organisms (a taxon). Authors include
615:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 607. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 20–37.
101:). With the rejection of 'Archeozoa', the meaning of the term 'Metakaryota' became the same as 'Eukaryota' (see
2087:
2034:
850:
725:
139:
39:
Cavalier-Smith (1987) have no olfactory organs"). Nonetheless, all uses of 'Archezoa' are now obsolete.
2077:
813:
29:
1921:
565:
463:
304:
192:
1926:
1628:
1412:
1784:
1638:
830:
808:
796:
771:
718:
589:
534:
432:
357:
224:
1972:
1898:
1879:
1589:
1172:
840:
803:
791:
781:
697:
679:
634:
624:
581:
526:
491:
424:
416:
377:
338:
320:
273:
216:
208:
1944:
1890:
1644:
1090:
755:
687:
671:
616:
573:
518:
481:
471:
408:
369:
328:
312:
263:
255:
200:
21:
1817:
992:
569:
467:
308:
248:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
196:
2018:
1913:
1903:
1867:
1842:
1531:
1322:
1223:
1145:
954:
786:
692:
659:
608:
396:
333:
292:
268:
243:
119:
373:
2061:
1949:
1748:
1740:
1570:
1491:
1431:
1342:
1316:
1045:
486:
451:
80:
64:
25:
538:
436:
1982:
1809:
1789:
1729:
1633:
1606:
1553:
1511:
1478:
1253:
1031:
970:
593:
228:
72:
316:
1873:
1799:
1651:
1615:
1595:
1543:
1517:
1407:
1355:
1328:
1310:
1283:
1050:
919:
908:
675:
620:
84:
122:. Some of both types of organelles are known to have fully lost their genome.
1954:
1778:
1769:
1754:
1622:
1559:
1418:
1379:
1374:
1260:
1177:
1072:
984:
166:
Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle
Morphologie der Organismen Vols I and II. Reimer.
56:
683:
452:"Direct evidence for secondary loss of mitochondria in Entamoeba histolytica"
420:
324:
212:
2014:
1853:
1794:
1502:
1467:
1425:
1402:
1384:
1271:
1207:
1082:
959:
902:
889:
741:
476:
115:
102:
59:
that primitively lacked mitochondria. Like
Margulis and others before (see
52:
710:
701:
638:
585:
530:
509:
Roger, A.J. (1999). "Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution".
428:
342:
277:
259:
180:
126:
to their nuclear DNA over time as a result of endosymbiotic gene transfer.
495:
381:
220:
1860:
1822:
1723:
1700:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1164:
1039:
914:
897:
875:
825:
89:
60:
577:
2006:
1976:
1711:
1548:
1394:
1301:
1290:
1154:
1060:
1016:
924:
1366:
1096:
998:
940:
244:"Multiple secondary origins of the anaerobic lifestyle in eukaryotes"
204:
51:
Cavalier Smith proposed the term 'Archezoa' for a paraphyletic (see
553:
522:
412:
1936:
1576:
75:
group to which
Cavalier-Smith variously assigned the diplomonads,
609:"The Diversity of Eukaryotes and the Root of the Eukaryotic Tree"
291:
Gray, Michael W.; Burger, Gertraud; Lang, B. Franz (1999-03-05).
1193:
714:
2022:
114:
into simpler double-membrane bound organelles known as
397:"Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution"
174:
172:
1935:
1912:
1889:
1839:
1808:
1768:
1739:
1710:
1698:
1605:
1569:
1530:
1501:
1477:
1464:
1393:
1365:
1341:
1300:
1270:
1233:
1220:
1190:
1163:
1143:
1081:
1059:
1013:
983:
968:
937:
888:
873:
554:"Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges"
2042:
726:
362:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
8:
607:Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2007).
356:Embley, T. Martin; Hirt, Robert P. (1998).
2049:
2035:
1886:
1716:
1707:
1695:
1602:
1566:
1536:
1483:
1474:
1461:
1347:
1276:
1230:
1217:
1200:
1187:
1160:
1140:
1136:
1065:
1023:
980:
976:
947:
885:
881:
870:
866:
733:
719:
711:
664:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
691:
485:
475:
332:
267:
99:Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
150:
105:), and Metakaryota became superfluous.
1991:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
613:Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton
7:
2003:
2001:
93:), retortamonads, trichomonads, and
14:
552:Embley, T.M.; Martin, W. (2006).
450:Clark, C.G.; Roger, A.J. (1995).
181:"Eukaryotes with no mitochondria"
2005:
1470:
1466:
1226:
1222:
1:
374:10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80029-4
358:"Early branching eukaryotes?"
317:10.1126/science.283.5407.1476
2021:. You can help Knowledge by
33:in his classification system
22:Josef Anton Maximilian Perty
676:10.1101/cshperspect.a011403
621:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_2
179:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987).
83:, oxymonads, parabasalids (
28:and in the 20th century by
2104:
2000:
456:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
109:Original mitochondria lost
1967:
1719:
1694:
1539:
1486:
1460:
1350:
1279:
1216:
1203:
1186:
1139:
1135:
1068:
1026:
979:
950:
884:
869:
865:
749:
660:"Mitochondrial evolution"
658:Gray, M.W. (2012-09-01).
395:Roger, Andrew J. (1999).
293:"Mitochondrial evolution"
1196:
1192:
2068:Obsolete eukaryote taxa
477:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6518
401:The American Naturalist
2017:-related article is a
260:10.1098/rstb.2006.1844
242:Embley, T. M. (2006).
140:long branch attraction
133:Long branch attraction
2073:Biological hypotheses
47:Cavalier-Smith (1987)
30:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1868:Gunflint microbiota
1629:Klebsormidiophyceae
1413:Hyphochytriomycetes
578:10.1038/nature04546
570:2006Natur.440..623E
468:1995PNAS...92.6518C
309:1999Sci...283.1476G
303:(5407): 1476–1481.
254:(1470): 1055–1067.
197:1987Natur.326..332C
87:), pelobionts (see
2083:Kingdoms (biology)
1639:Coleochaetophyceae
1019:
1015:
943:
939:
2030:
2029:
1998:
1997:
1963:
1962:
1899:Spironematellidae
1880:Meteora sporadica
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1764:
1763:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1590:Prasinodermophyta
1526:
1525:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1337:
1336:
1173:Centroplasthelida
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1009:
1008:
933:
932:
630:978-0-387-74020-1
564:(7084): 623–630.
517:(S4): S146–S163.
462:(14): 6518–6521.
407:(S4): S146–S163.
191:(6111): 332–333.
2095:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2009:
2002:
1945:Collodictyonidae
1891:Hemimastigophora
1887:
1846:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1645:Zygnematophyceae
1603:
1583:
1567:
1537:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1348:
1277:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1161:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1091:Choanoflagellata
1066:
1024:
1020:
981:
977:
973:
948:
944:
886:
882:
878:
871:
867:
778:
758:
735:
728:
721:
712:
706:
705:
695:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
604:
598:
597:
549:
543:
542:
506:
500:
499:
489:
479:
447:
441:
440:
392:
386:
385:
353:
347:
346:
336:
288:
282:
281:
271:
239:
233:
232:
205:10.1038/326332a0
176:
167:
164:
158:
155:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2088:Eukaryote stubs
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
1999:
1994:
1959:
1931:
1922:Ancyromonadidae
1908:
1885:
1840:
1827:
1818:Malawimonadidae
1804:
1760:
1735:
1699:
1658:
1601:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1522:
1497:
1465:
1436:
1389:
1361:
1333:
1296:
1266:
1221:
1212:
1191:
1182:
1159:
1144:
1103:
1077:
1055:
1014:
1005:
969:
964:
938:
929:
874:
861:
860:
776:
754:
745:
739:
709:
657:
656:
652:
643:
641:
631:
606:
605:
601:
551:
550:
546:
508:
507:
503:
449:
448:
444:
394:
393:
389:
355:
354:
350:
290:
289:
285:
241:
240:
236:
178:
177:
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
135:
111:
55:) territory of
49:
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1975:excluded from
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1927:Planomonadidae
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:Ancyromonadida
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1904:Paramastigidae
1901:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:Incertae sedis
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1532:Archaeplastida
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:Dinoflagellata
1319:
1317:Chrompodellida
1314:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1146:Diaphoretickes
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
995:
989:
987:
974:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
951:
945:
935:
934:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
905:
900:
894:
892:
879:
863:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
851:Mesomycetozoea
848:
843:
833:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
800:
799:
787:Diaphoretickes
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
751:
750:
747:
746:
744:classification
740:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
708:
707:
670:(9): a011403.
650:
629:
599:
544:
523:10.1086/303290
501:
442:
413:10.1086/303290
387:
368:(6): 624–629.
348:
283:
234:
168:
159:
149:
147:
144:
134:
131:
120:hydrogenosomes
110:
107:
48:
41:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:¹traditional
1970:
1969:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Mantamonadida
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:Heterolobosea
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:Discicristata
1738:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:Viridiplantae
1568:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1492:Microheliella
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1433:
1432:Actinophryida
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Stramenopiles
1340:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
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1047:
1046:Ichthyosporea
1044:
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1036:
1034:
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1029:
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1025:
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993:Rotosphaerida
991:
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986:
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955:Apusomonadida
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829:
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814:Stramenopiles
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777:(major groups
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81:Microsporidia
78:
74:
68:
66:
65:endosymbiosis
62:
58:
54:
46:
42:
40:
38:
34:
31:
27:
26:Ernst Haeckel
23:
19:
2078:Mitochondria
2023:expanding it
2012:
1988:
1983:paraphyletic
1878:
1859:
1841:
1810:Malawimonada
1790:Anaeromonada
1785:Anaeramoebae
1777:
1753:
1730:Tsukubamonas
1728:
1650:
1643:
1634:Charophyceae
1621:
1614:
1607:Streptophyta
1594:
1578:
1558:
1554:Rhodelphidia
1512:Palpitomonas
1510:
1490:
1479:Pancryptista
1424:
1417:
1354:
1321:
1309:
1289:
1259:
1254:Foraminifera
1252:
1095:
1038:
1032:Tunicaraptor
1030:
997:
971:Opisthokonta
907:
836:Opisthokonta
667:
663:
653:
642:. Retrieved
612:
602:
561:
557:
547:
514:
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286:
251:
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188:
184:
162:
153:
136:
128:
124:
112:
94:
88:
85:Parabasalids
76:
73:paraphyletic
69:
50:
44:
36:
17:
16:In biology,
15:
1874:Chitinozoan
1800:Parabasalia
1652:Embryophyta
1616:Chlorokybus
1596:Chlorophyta
1544:Glaucophyta
1518:Cryptophyta
1408:Pirsoniales
1375:Bicosoecida
1356:Platysulcus
1329:Perkinsozoa
1311:Apicomplexa
1284:Colponemida
1051:Pluriformea
920:Archamoebea
909:Eumycetozoa
2062:Categories
1955:Rigifilida
1854:Acritarchs
1779:Barthelona
1770:Metamonada
1755:Euglenozoa
1623:Mesostigma
1579:sensu lato
1560:Rhodophyta
1419:Ochrophyta
1380:Placidozoa
1291:Ciliophora
1261:Radiolaria
1178:Haptophyta
1073:Filasterea
985:Holomycota
644:2022-02-01
146:References
57:eukaryotes
2015:eukaryote
1795:Fornicata
1701:Excavates
1503:Cryptista
1426:Oomycetes
1403:Developea
1385:Sagenista
1272:Alveolata
1208:Telonemia
1083:Choanozoa
960:Breviatea
903:Tubulinea
890:Amoebozoa
831:Amoebozoa
809:Alveolata
797:Cryptista
772:Eukaryota
742:Eukaryote
684:1943-0264
421:0003-0147
325:0036-8075
213:1476-4687
116:mitosomes
103:Eukaryote
95:Trimastix
77:Entamoeba
53:Paraphyly
43:Archezoa
1977:protists
1973:kingdoms
1861:Grypania
1823:Imasidae
1724:Jakobida
1248:Endomyxa
1243:Cercozoa
1235:Rhizaria
1165:Haptista
1097:Animalia
1040:Bicellum
915:Variosea
898:Discosea
876:Amorphea
826:Amorphea
804:Rhizaria
792:Hacrobia
782:Excavata
767:Bacteria
702:22952398
639:17977456
586:16572163
539:32138852
531:10527924
437:32138852
429:10527924
343:10066161
278:16754614
90:Pelomyxa
61:Pelomyxa
18:Archezoa
1712:Discoba
1577:Plants
1549:Picozoa
1395:Gyrista
1302:Myzozoa
1155:Provora
1061:Filozoa
1017:Holozoa
925:Cutosea
841:Animals
762:Archaea
693:3428767
594:4396543
566:Bibcode
511:Am. Nat
496:7604025
464:Bibcode
382:9914207
334:3428767
305:Bibcode
297:Science
269:1578728
229:4351363
221:3561476
193:Bibcode
1985:groups
1367:Bigyra
941:Obazoa
819:Plants
756:Domain
700:
690:
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558:Nature
537:
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185:Nature
2013:This
1937:CRuMs
999:Fungi
846:Fungi
590:S2CID
535:S2CID
487:41549
433:S2CID
225:S2CID
97:(see
45:sensu
37:sensu
2019:stub
1989:bold
1194:TSAR
698:PMID
680:ISSN
635:PMID
625:ISBN
582:PMID
527:PMID
492:PMID
425:PMID
417:ISSN
378:PMID
339:PMID
321:ISSN
274:PMID
217:PMID
209:ISSN
118:and
1468:CAM
1224:SAR
688:PMC
672:doi
617:doi
574:doi
562:440
519:doi
515:154
482:PMC
472:doi
409:doi
405:154
370:doi
329:PMC
313:doi
301:283
264:PMC
256:doi
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201:doi
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