2093:
870:. Most day herons and night herons are colonial, or partly colonial depending on circumstances, whereas the bitterns and tiger herons are mostly solitary nesters. Colonies may contain several species, as well as other species of waterbirds. In a study of little egrets and cattle egrets in India, the majority of the colonies surveyed contained both species. Nesting is seasonal in temperate species; in tropical species, it may be seasonal (often coinciding with the rainy season) or year-round. Even in year-round breeders, nesting intensity varies throughout the year. Tropical herons typically have only one breeding season per year, unlike some other tropical birds which may raise up to three broods a year.
877:. Males arrive first and begin the building of the nest, where they display to attract females. During courtship, the male employs a stretch display and uses erectile neck feathers; the neck area may swell. The female risks an aggressive attack if she approaches too soon and may have to wait up to four days. In colonial species, displays involve visual cues, which can include adopting postures or ritual displays, whereas in solitary species, auditory cues, such as the deep booming of the bitterns, are important. The exception to this is the boat-billed heron, which pairs up away from the nesting site. Having paired, they continue to build the nest in almost all species, although in the
674:
2074:
577:
2039:
2134:
617:
774:
851:
2150:
723:
2165:
2111:
140:
605:, which stands up to 152 cm (60 in) tall. All herons can retract their necks by folding them into a tight S-shape, due to the modified shape of the cervical vertebrae, of which they have 20 or 21; the neck is retracted during flight, unlike most other long-necked birds. The neck is longer in the day herons than the night herons and bitterns. The legs are long and strong, and in almost every species are unfeathered from the lower part of the
907:. Larger clutches are reported in the smaller bitterns and more rarely some of the larger day herons, and single-egg clutches are reported for some of the tiger herons. Clutch size varies by latitude within species, with individuals in temperate climates laying more eggs than tropical ones. On the whole, the eggs are glossy blue or white, with the exception being the large bitterns, which lay olive-brown eggs.
2055:
793:
265:
127:
899:
The nests of herons are usually found near or above water. Although the nests of a few species have been found on the ground where suitable trees or shrubs are unavailable, they are typically placed in vegetation. Trees are used by many species, and here they may be placed high up from the ground,
708:
is mostly sedentary in
Britain, but mostly migratory in Scandinavia. Birds are particularly inclined to disperse widely after breeding, but before the annual migration, where the species is colonial, searching out new feeding areas and reducing the pressures on feeding grounds near the colony. The
803:
In addition to sitting and waiting, herons may feed more actively. They may walk slowly, around or less than 60 paces a minute, snatching prey when it is observed. Other active feeding behaviours include foot stirring and probing, where the feet are used to flush out hidden prey. The wings may be
784:
The most common hunting technique is for the bird to sit motionless on the edge of or standing in shallow water and to wait until prey comes within range. Birds may either do this from an upright posture, giving them a wider field of view for seeing prey or from a crouched position, which is more
656:
is usually blue, black, brown, grey, or white, and can often be strikingly complex. Amongst the day herons, little sexual dimorphism in plumage is seen (except in the pond-herons); however, for the night herons and smaller bitterns, plumage differences between the sexes are the rule. Many species
696:
and are present in most habitats except the coldest extremes of the Arctic, extremely high mountains, and the driest deserts. Almost all species are associated with water; they are essentially non-swimming waterbirds that feed on the margins of lakes, rivers, swamps, ponds, and the sea. They are
842:, are less tied to watery environments and may feed far away from water. Cattle egrets improve their foraging success by following large grazing animals, catching insects flushed by their movement. One study found that the success rate of prey capture increased 3.6 times over solitary foraging.
971:) is unclear at the moment, and molecular studies have so far suffered from studying only a small number of taxa. Especially among the subfamily Ardeinae, the relationships are very inadequately resolved. The arrangement presented here should be considered provisional.
2968:
Hackett SJ, Kimball RT, Reddy S, Bowie RC, Braun EL, Braun MJ, Chojnowski JL, Cox WA, Han KL, Harshman J, Huddleston CJ, Marks BD, Miglia KJ, Moore WS, Sheldon FH, Steadman DW, Witt CC, Yuri T (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds
Reveals Their Evolutionary History".
2184:
In
Buddhism, a heron symbolizes purity, transformation and the wisdom of the Buddha. In addition, as a bird that transcends elements – on the earth, in the water and in the air – the heron symbolizes the expansion of awareness and the ubiquity of consciousness.
3064:
Hruska, J.P.; Holmes, J.; Oliveros, C.; Shakya, S.; Lavretsky, P.; McCracken, K.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Moyle, R.G. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae)".
2292:
900:
whereas species living in reed beds may nest very close to the ground. Though the majority of nesting of herons is seen in or immediately around water, colonies commonly occur in several cities when human persecution is absent.
648:, which has a broad, thick bill. Herons' bills and other bare parts of the body are usually yellow, black, or brown in colour, although this can vary during the breeding season. The wings are broad and long, exhibiting 10 or 11
339:
do not form a biologically distinct group from herons, and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes in breeding plumage. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks.
2038:
785:
cryptic and means the bill is closer to the prey when it is located. Having seen prey, the head is moved from side to side, so that the heron can calculate the position of the prey in the water and compensate for
2092:
343:
The classification of the individual heron/egret species is fraught with difficulty, and no clear consensus exists about the correct placement of many species into either of the two major genera,
815:
and grey heron, have been documented using bait to lure prey to within striking distance. Herons may use items already in place, or actively add items to the water to attract fish such as the
963:
The night herons may still warrant separation from the day herons and egrets (as subfamily
Nycticoracinae, as it was traditionally done). However, the position of some genera (e.g.
941:
studies, and from skeletal analyses that focussed more on bones of the body and limbs, that two-group division has been revealed to be incorrect. Rather, the similarities in skull
2188:
In some Native
American cultures, this bird symbolizes renewal, rejuvenation and rebirth – an ever present reminder that we are all a part of a larger cycle of life and death.
2759:
613:). In flight, the legs and feet are generally held in a horizontal position, pointing backwards. Toes are long and thin, with three pointing forwards and one backwards.
997:
study of the
Ardeidae by Jack Hruska and collaborators published in 2023. For several species these results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by
2321:
487:
2724:
3323:
2133:
3362:
665:, both dark and light colour morphs exist, and the percentage of each morph varies geographically; its white morphs only occur in areas with coral beaches.
3454:
3449:
2110:
949:
to cope with the different challenges of daytime and nighttime feeding. Today, it is believed that three major groups can be distinguished, which are:
2330:
2073:
3297:
3336:
2918:
1006:
2412:
2252:
979:
652:(the boat-billed heron has only nine), 15–20 secondaries, and 12 rectrices (10 in the bitterns). The feathers of the herons are soft and the
2778:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city"
2164:
2396:
Martínez-Vilalta, Albert; Motis, Anna (1992). "Family
Ardeidae (herons)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
2149:
2398:
2357:
3116:
3108:
2308:
1948:
697:
predominantly found in lowland areas, although some species live in alpine areas, and the majority of species occur in the tropics.
3411:
804:
used to frighten prey (or possibly attract it to shade) or to reduce glare; the most extreme example of this is exhibited by the
770:. Even more rarely, herons eating acorns, peas, and grains have been reported, but most vegetable matter consumed is accidental.
2756:
2054:
386:, they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have
2208:. (2018) A fossil heron from the early Oligocene of Belgium – the earliest temporally well-constrained record of the Ardeidae.
3341:
3134:
3349:
3096:
2739:
3219:
3206:
2815:
2274:
673:
3276:
3027:
998:
759:
2648:
2475:
2429:
3367:
3289:
2300:
2060:
689:
139:
766:. Many species also opportunistically take larger prey, including birds and bird eggs, rodents, and more rarely
2874:
2830:
2559:
2517:
1041:
858:, are solitary breeders. To advertise for mates, males use loud, characteristic calls, referred to as booming.
758:, and aquatic insects. Individual species may be generalists or specialize in certain prey types, such as the
3103:; with paintings by Robert Gillmor and Peter Hayman, and drawings by Robert Gillmor. London: London Editions
359:
in the family are not completely resolved. However, one species formerly considered to constitute a separate
2326:
1045:
564:. A possible further corruption took place in the Norfolk Broads, where the heron is often referred to as a
478:
3146:
994:
658:
625:
31:
3398:
2809:
2120:
1018:
916:
827:
have been watched repeatedly dropping seeds, insects, flowers, and leaves into the water to catch fish.
3224:
2951:
3416:
3377:
3245:
3193:
2980:
2789:
1084:) was ambiguous, but the results suggest that it is probably closely related to members of the genus
1069:
1055:
946:
942:
893:
799:
fishing, using wings to eliminate reflection from the water, which improves its ability to sight prey
681:
216:
3031:
2296:
863:
3004:
2899:
2855:
2702:
2663:
2629:
2586:
2540:
2498:
2456:
2002:
2000:
Other prehistoric and fossil species are included in the respective genus accounts. In addition,
1974:
831:
662:
621:
277:
134:
2404:
1981:
1695:
616:
595:, which measures 25–30 cm (10–12 in) in length, although all the species in the genus
3403:
587:
The herons are medium- to large-sized birds with long legs and necks. They exhibit very little
3439:
3385:
3232:
3112:
3104:
2996:
2971:
2943:
2408:
2353:
2347:
2304:
2248:
2006:
is a disputed fossil which was variously considered a heron or one of the extinct long-legged
983:
796:
645:
588:
364:
3328:
482:
suggests that herons were given this name because of their habit of defecating when flushed.
3390:
3074:
2988:
2933:
2847:
2797:
2694:
2621:
2578:
2532:
2490:
2448:
2241:
2223:
2011:
1002:
855:
816:
439:
3444:
2938:
2763:
2019:
1688:
1111:
1091:
1037:
835:
649:
2984:
2793:
850:
773:
3284:
3271:
3184:
2343:
1822:– typical night herons (two living species, four recently extinct; sometimes includes
1077:
975:
926:
878:
820:
746:
prey. Their diet includes a wide variety of aquatic animals, including fish, reptiles,
743:
701:
580:
576:
191:
3433:
2890:
2838:
2155:
2124:
2100:
2079:
1991:
1915:
1010:
987:
904:
882:
602:
592:
345:
239:
84:
2725:"Nesting ecology of Cattle Egrets and Little Egrets in Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India"
2633:
3008:
1595:
1064:
839:
824:
812:
610:
383:
332:
324:
233:
3078:
1775:– bitterns (14 species, one recently extinct. Includes species formerly placed in
862:
While the family exhibits a range of breeding strategies, overall, the herons are
700:
The herons are a highly mobile family, with most species being at least partially
3237:
3198:
2919:"Relative Patterns and Rates of Evolution in Heron Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA"
636:
is generally long and harpoon-like. It can vary from extremely narrow, as in the
499:) as originating in the United States, citing a published example from 1853. The
3354:
3310:
3211:
3178:
1862:
1731:
1396:
1337:
1178:
1033:
930:
889:
867:
805:
777:
735:
727:
709:
migration typically occurs at night, usually as individuals or in small groups.
637:
601:
are small and many broadly overlap in size. The largest species of heron is the
555:
410:
first appeared in the
English language around 1300, originating from Old French
391:
387:
59:
3035:
2801:
2430:"Geographical Variation of the Plumage Polymorphism in the eastern reef heron (
1261:– bitterns (14 species of which 1 extinct, includes species formerly placed in
2171:
2023:
1871:
1840:
1831:
1818:
1755:
1717:
1509:
1491:
1298:
1225:
1125:
1050:
792:
786:
751:
722:
705:
693:
677:
641:
597:
515:. This name for a heron is found in a list of game birds in a royal decree of
225:
104:
69:
2777:
2476:"Foraging Implications of Food Usage Patterns in yellow-browned night-herons"
3258:
2992:
2140:
2027:
2007:
1849:
1805:
1708:
1550:
1355:
1143:
934:
874:
747:
379:
360:
151:
109:
53:
46:
3169:
3000:
2947:
2776:
Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).
2293:
Webster's Third
International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged
1683:
As of August 2024 the IOC lists 74 heron species, divided into 18 genera.
511:
are terms used for herons, and also applied as derogatory terms meaning a
3163:
2625:
2269:
1902:
1889:
1798:
1784:
1771:
1762:
1284:
1257:
1239:
1027:
739:
684:, where they feed on fish and crabs in the intertidal and mangrove areas.
520:
516:
395:
171:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
2873:
Sheldon, Frederick H.; McCracken, Kevin G.; Stuebing, Keeley D. (1995).
2757:
The terminology of courtship, nesting, feeding and maintenance in herons
2048:), demonstrating the retracted neck that is typical of herons in flight.
264:
126:
17:
2903:
2859:
2831:"Molecular and osteological heron phylogenies: sources of incongruence"
2706:
2667:
2590:
2544:
2518:"Additional Observations on "Foot-Stirring" Feeding Behavior in herons"
2502:
2460:
2015:
1933:
1924:
1880:
1568:
1441:
1414:
1086:
767:
755:
653:
351:
312:
304:
114:
89:
1907:
1810:
1789:
1745:
1700:
1204:
780:
holding wings out to form an umbrella-like canopy under which to hunt
560:
336:
161:
3315:
3302:
3140:
3128:
2917:
Sheldon, Frederick H.; Jones, Clare E.; McCracken, Kevin G. (2000).
2851:
2698:
2582:
2536:
2494:
2452:
3263:
370:
Although herons resemble birds in some other families, such as the
1835:– American night herons (one living species, one recently extinct)
922:
849:
791:
772:
721:
672:
615:
606:
575:
371:
356:
308:
201:
2649:"Use of bait and lures by green-backed herons in Amazonian Peru"
986:
763:
633:
375:
296:
181:
3144:
2681:
Dinsmore, James J. (1973). "Foraging Success of Cattle Egrets,
938:
892:
have reported observing female herons attaching themselves to
3250:
2723:
Hilaluddin, Aisha S.; Khan, A.; Yahya, H.; Kaul, R. (2006).
1853:– green-backed herons (three species; sometimes included in
819:. Items used may be man-made, such as bread; alternatively,
1893:– cattle egrets (one or two species, sometimes included in
457:
448:
1599:– herons and egrets (16 species, including cattle egrets)
808:, which forms a full canopy with its wings over its body.
445:
3036:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
738:. The members of this family are mostly associated with
591:
in size. The smallest species is usually considered the
974:
A 2008 study suggests that this family belongs to the
2022:
that had been assigned to it actually belongs to the
460:
295:
are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal
2604:
Post, R.; Post, C.; F. Walsh (2009). "Little egret (
925:, suggested that the Ardeidae could be split into a
896:
mates, then seeking sexual gratification elsewhere.
454:
451:
323:
are referred to as bitterns, and, together with the
3153:
2829:McCracken, Kevin G.; Sheldon, Frederick H. (1998).
2718:
2716:
442:
2240:
730:manipulating its prey, a lizard, before swallowing
394:in trees, while others, notably the bitterns, use
2875:"Phylogenetic relationships of the zigzag heron (
1031:. Hruska and collaborators resurrected the genus
762:, which specializes in crustaceans, particularly
2322:Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
488:Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
1844:– Asian and African night herons (four species)
789:, and then the bill is used to spear the prey.
644:. The most atypical heron bill is owned by the
398:. A group of herons has been called a "siege".
367:, is now regarded as a member of the Ardeidae.
1513:– night herons (6 species of which 4 extinct)
1495:– night herons (2 species of which 1 extinct)
1970:(Late Oligocene of Varnsdorf, Czech Republic)
255:
8:
982:reclassified Ardeidae and their sister taxa
495:for the small green heron of North America (
327:, or zigzag bittern, in the monotypic genus
3141:
688:The herons are a widespread family with a
315:rather than herons. Members of the genera
263:
125:
38:
3059:
3057:
2937:
2331:Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number
2560:"Under-Wing Fishing of the black heron,
1960:Fossil herons of unresolved affiliations
1813:, Early Miocene of Djebel Zelten, Libya)
1076:) was not sampled. The placement of the
1040:, 1931 to contain two night herons (the
1025:) were nested with members of the genus
993:The cladogram shown below is based on a
937:group which included the bitterns. From
742:and water and feed on a variety of live
2197:
2034:
1703:, Late Miocene of Levy County, Florida)
959:day herons and egrets, and night herons
3022:
3020:
3018:
2807:
2391:
2389:
2139:Heron pictured in the coat of arms of
1792:, Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
1712:– typical tiger herons (three species)
1007:International Ornithological Committee
692:. They exist on all continents except
355:. Similarly, the relationships of the
3042:. International Ornithologists' Union
2939:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026323
2883:) estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization"
2403:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
1996:(Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
980:International Ornithological Congress
978:. In response to these findings, the
7:
3378:33e1ef1b-7ff3-4daf-b00f-b66d2f24e21b
3290:82e46850-37e3-41db-8f95-062322a50823
2612:) Using Bait for Fishing in Kenya".
2319:"Shitepoke" and "shiterow" entries,
873:Courtship usually takes part on the
2289:"Shitepoke" and "Shikepoke" entries
1542:
1535:
1483:
1476:
1388:
1381:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1290:
1231:
1221:
1195:
1169:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1005:and David Donsker on behalf of the
885:, only the male works on the nest.
811:Some species of heron, such as the
307:, some of which are referred to as
3455:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
3450:Extant Paleocene first appearances
2399:Handbook of the Birds of the World
390:. Some members of this group nest
25:
1445:– herons and egrets (13 species)
1048:) that were previously placed in
3040:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
2163:
2148:
2132:
2109:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2037:
438:
363:family, the Cochlearidae or the
138:
3137:on the Internet Bird Collection
2926:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1937:– typical egrets (7–13 species)
854:The larger bitterns, like this
3131:Heron Specialist Group of IUCN
2401:. Volume 1: Ostriches to Ducks
2212:, 161(1) DOI:10.1111/ibi.12600
1943:Easter Island heron, Ardeidae
921:Analyses of skeletons, mainly
903:Generally, herons lay between
583:with its neck fully retracted.
418:(11th century), from Frankish
272:Global distribution of herons
1:
3111:; New York: Harper & Row
2879:) and white-crested bittern (
2180:Symbolic meaning in mysticism
1919:– typical herons (16 species)
1090:rather than to the subfamily
953:tiger herons and the boatbill
945:among certain herons reflect
2516:Meyerriecks, Andrew (1966).
1129:– white-crested tiger heron
1062:) was embedded in the genus
734:The herons and bitterns are
3079:10.1093/ornithology/ukad005
2687:American Midland Naturalist
2275:Online Etymology Dictionary
1884:– pond herons (six species)
1721:– white-crested tiger heron
1341:– white-backed night heron
1302:– night herons (2 species)
1147:– tiger herons (3 species)
335:group within the Ardeidae.
3471:
2802:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5
2014:. It is only known from a
1788:– Saint Bathan's bittern (
1572:– pond herons (6 species)
1359:– white-eared night heron
914:
760:yellow-crowned night heron
546:, derived from Old French
29:
2301:G. and C. Mirriam Company
2222:Berners, Juliana (1486).
2061:Bare-throated tiger heron
1592:
1565:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1506:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1438:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1352:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1288:
1254:
1236:
1229:
1219:
1201:
1193:
1175:
1167:
1140:
1122:
1115:
1105:
690:cosmopolitan distribution
628:, the light and the dark.
433:Herons are also known as
283:
276:
271:
262:
252:
247:
231:
224:
135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
41:
3034:, eds. (December 2023).
2352:. Penguin. p. 404.
2225:The Book of Saint Albans
2172:Zagreb Zoological Garden
1726:Subfamily Cochleariinae
1042:white-backed night heron
911:Taxonomy and systematics
669:Distribution and habitat
538:Another former name was
468:, or euphemistically as
3101:The Herons of the World
2993:10.1126/science.1157704
2814:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
2766:. heronconservation.org
2755:Kushlan, J. A. (2011).
2327:Oxford University Press
2046:Egretta novaehollandiae
1046:white-eared night heron
554:, this name appears in
422:or from Proto-Germanic
414:(12th century), earlier
2881:Tigriornis leucolophus
2243:An Exaltation of Larks
2239:Lipton, James (1991).
995:molecular phylogenetic
859:
800:
781:
731:
685:
629:
609:(the exception is the
584:
45:Temporal range: Early
32:Heron (disambiguation)
3399:Paleobiology Database
3095:Hancock, James &
2647:Robinson, S. (1994).
2562:Melanophoyx ardesiaca
2474:Watts, Bryan (1988).
2121:George Frederic Watts
2098:Eastern great egret (
1554:– herons (3 species)
1082:Zonerodius heliosylus
1023:Ixobrychus involucris
1019:stripe-backed bittern
917:List of heron species
853:
838:, and especially the
795:
776:
725:
713:Behaviour and ecology
676:
640:, to wider as in the
619:
579:
491:describes the use of
303:, with 72 recognised
3285:Fauna Europaea (new)
2626:10.1675/063.032.0311
2558:Delacour, J (1946).
2428:Itoh, Singi (1991).
1740:Subfamily Agamiinae
1182:– boat-billed heron
1070:eastern cattle egret
1056:western cattle egret
947:convergent evolution
905:three and seven eggs
657:also have different
479:Webster's Dictionary
30:For other uses, see
2985:2008Sci...320.1763H
2979:(5884): 1763–1768.
2794:2024UrbEc.tmp...13M
2349:The Poetry of Birds
2299:, Editor in Chief,
2297:Philip Babcock Gove
2065:Tigrisoma mexicanum
2044:White-faced heron (
1985:– possibly same as
1940:Genus undetermined
1735:– boat-billed heron
1074:Bubulcus coromandus
830:Three species, the
704:; for example, the
680:are endemic to the
531:is a corruption of
513:thin, weakly person
503:also observes that
497:Butorides virescens
3030:; Donsker, David;
2877:Zebrilus undulatus
2762:2019-10-24 at the
2608:) and grey heron (
2084:Botaurus stellaris
1945:gen. et sp. indet.
1418:– whistling heron
860:
832:black-headed heron
801:
782:
732:
686:
663:Pacific reef heron
630:
622:Pacific reef heron
585:
3427:
3426:
3386:Open Tree of Life
3147:Taxon identifiers
3129:HeronConservation
3032:Rasmussen, Pamela
2414:978-84-87334-10-8
2268:Harper, Douglas.
2254:978-0-670-30044-0
2117:The Wounded Heron
1928:– whistling heron
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1581:
1580:
1522:
1521:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1427:
1426:
1368:
1367:
1274:
1273:
1156:
1155:
1015:Ixobrychus exilis
984:Threskiornithidae
797:Tricoloured heron
682:Galápagos Islands
646:boat-billed heron
589:sexual dimorphism
365:boat-billed heron
290:
289:
220:
16:(Redirected from
3462:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3355:NBNSYS0000159424
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3142:
3083:
3082:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3024:
3013:
3012:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2950:. Archived from
2941:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2788:(4): 1279–1290.
2782:Urban Ecosystems
2773:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2738:. Archived from
2729:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2606:Egretta garzetta
2601:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2393:
2364:
2363:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2202:
2167:
2152:
2136:
2113:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2041:
2012:Presbyornithidae
1968:"Anas" basaltica
1875:– forest bittern
1543:
1536:
1484:
1477:
1389:
1382:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1291:
1232:
1222:
1196:
1170:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1003:Pamela Rasmussen
856:American bittern
817:banded killifish
650:primary feathers
527:speculates that
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
267:
215:
143:
142:
129:
119:
56:
39:
21:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3149:
3125:
3092:
3090:Further reading
3087:
3086:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3026:
3025:
3016:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2852:10.2307/4089118
2833:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2806:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2764:Wayback Machine
2754:
2750:
2742:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2699:10.2307/2424157
2680:
2679:
2675:
2656:Wilson Bulletin
2651:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2583:10.2307/4080141
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2537:10.2307/4083060
2520:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2495:10.2307/1368843
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2453:10.2307/1368954
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2394:
2367:
2360:
2344:Armitage, Simon
2342:
2341:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2287:
2283:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2020:tarsometatarsus
1689:Tigriornithinae
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1582:
1523:
1464:
1455:
1428:
1400:– capped heron
1369:
1275:
1243:– zigzag heron
1157:
1112:Tigriornithinae
1092:Tigriornithinae
919:
913:
848:
836:whistling heron
821:striated herons
720:
715:
671:
574:
550:. Corrupted to
519:(1566–1625) of
441:
437:
404:
254:18 extant, see
243:
237:
214:
137:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
43:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3272:Fauna Europaea
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3175:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3123:External links
3121:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3073:(2): ukad005.
3053:
3014:
2960:
2957:on 2006-09-07.
2932:(3): 437–450.
2909:
2898:(3): 672–679.
2865:
2846:(1): 127–141.
2821:
2768:
2748:
2745:on 2011-06-10.
2712:
2693:(1): 242–246.
2673:
2662:(3): 569–571.
2639:
2620:(3): 450–452.
2596:
2577:(3): 441–442.
2550:
2531:(3): 471–472.
2508:
2489:(4): 860–865.
2466:
2447:(2): 383–389.
2420:
2413:
2365:
2359:978-0141941868
2358:
2335:
2312:
2281:
2260:
2253:
2231:
2214:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2036:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1866:– capped heron
1858:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1814:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1766:– zigzag heron
1752:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:– agami heron
1200:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1173:Cochleariinae
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1078:forest bittern
976:Pelecaniformes
961:
960:
957:
954:
912:
909:
890:ornithologists
879:little bittern
847:
844:
719:
716:
714:
711:
670:
667:
581:Yellow bittern
573:
570:
403:
400:
299:in the family
288:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
269:
268:
260:
259:
250:
249:
245:
244:
238:
229:
228:
222:
221:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
192:Pelecaniformes
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:0-06-011759-1
3114:
3110:
3109:0-905562-05-4
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:Elliott, Hugh
3094:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:Bubulcus ibis
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:Ardea cinerea
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2432:Egretta sacra
2424:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:0-87779-001-9
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:Squacco heron
2151:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:Watts Gallery
2122:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2101:Ardea modesta
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:Great bittern
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1749:– Agami heron
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
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1060:Bubulcus ibis
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1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:least bittern
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
988:Ciconiiformes
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981:
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970:
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886:
884:
883:least bittern
880:
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683:
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664:
660:
659:colour morphs
655:
651:
647:
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639:
635:
627:
626:colour morphs
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:goliath heron
600:
599:
594:
593:dwarf bittern
590:
582:
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285:Cochlearidae
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3135:Heron videos
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3044:. Retrieved
3039:
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2952:the original
2929:
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2735:
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2642:
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2200:
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2001:
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1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1944:
1932:
1923:
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1901:
1894:
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1022:
1014:
992:
973:
968:
964:
962:
920:
902:
898:
887:
872:
861:
840:cattle egret
829:
813:little egret
810:
802:
783:
778:Black herons
733:
699:
687:
631:
611:zigzag heron
596:
586:
565:
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
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508:
504:
500:
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492:
486:
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434:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:hairon, eron
411:
407:
405:
369:
350:
344:
342:
333:monophyletic
328:
325:zigzag heron
320:
316:
300:
292:
291:
284:
253:
232:
211:
36:
3311:iNaturalist
3179:Wikispecies
3067:Ornithology
3028:Gill, Frank
2003:Proherodius
1975:Ardeagradis
1949:prehistoric
1863:Pilherodius
1732:Cochlearius
1397:Pilherodius
1338:Calherodius
1179:Cochlearius
1034:Calherodius
1009:(IOC). The
931:crepuscular
866:and mostly
806:black heron
752:crustaceans
736:carnivorous
728:great egret
678:Lava herons
638:agami heron
572:Description
556:Shakespeare
388:powder down
3434:Categories
2614:Waterbirds
2483:The Condor
2441:The Condor
2247:. Viking.
2192:References
2158:from Egypt
2030:vulturinus
2024:paleognath
1982:Proardeola
1872:Zonerodius
1841:Gorsachius
1832:Nyctanassa
1824:Nyctanassa
1819:Nycticorax
1797:Subfamily
1777:Ixobrychus
1756:Botaurinae
1754:Subfamily
1718:Tigriornis
1696:Taphophoyx
1687:Subfamily
1510:Nycticorax
1492:Nyctanassa
1299:Gorsachius
1263:Ixobrychus
1226:Botaurinae
1199:Agamiinae
1126:Tigriornis
1051:Gorsachius
1017:) and the
999:Frank Gill
943:morphology
915:See also:
864:monogamous
787:refraction
748:amphibians
706:grey heron
694:Antarctica
642:grey heron
598:Ixobrychus
533:shiteheron
470:shikepokes
435:shitepokes
392:colonially
380:spoonbills
321:Ixobrychus
226:Type genus
198:Suborder:
52:32–0
49:–Holocene
2333:76-188038
2204:Mayr, G.
2174:, Croatia
2170:Heron in
2141:Priozersk
2028:Lithornis
2008:waterfowl
1850:Butorides
1806:Zeltornis
1709:Tigrisoma
1551:Butorides
1356:Oroanassa
1144:Tigrisoma
965:Butorides
935:nocturnal
702:migratory
661:. In the
548:heronçeau
540:heronshaw
493:shitepoke
485:The 1971
406:The word
396:reed beds
361:monotypic
331:, form a
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
47:Oligocene
3440:Ardeidae
3212:Ardeidae
3199:Ardeidae
3185:Ardeidae
3164:Wikidata
3155:Ardeidae
3046:4 August
3001:18583609
2948:10723744
2760:Archived
2732:Forktail
2634:85622885
2346:(2009).
2329:, 1971,
2143:, Russia
2123:, 1837 (
1987:Proardea
1903:Proardea
1890:Bubulcus
1799:Ardeinae
1785:Pikaihao
1772:Botaurus
1763:Zebrilus
1285:Ardeinae
1258:Botaurus
1240:Zebrilus
1102:Ardeidae
1044:and the
1028:Botaurus
956:bitterns
894:impotent
868:colonial
846:Breeding
756:molluscs
740:wetlands
624:has two
544:hernshaw
529:shiterow
521:Scotland
517:James VI
509:shederow
505:shiterow
474:shypokes
428:*hraigrô
329:Zebrilus
317:Botaurus
313:bitterns
301:Ardeidae
278:Synonyms
240:Linnaeus
212:Ardeidae
208:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
18:Ardeidae
3099:(1978)
3009:6472805
2981:Bibcode
2972:Science
2904:4088682
2860:4089118
2790:Bibcode
2707:2424157
2668:4163462
2591:4080141
2571:The Auk
2545:4083060
2525:The Auk
2503:1368843
2461:1368954
2405:376–403
2303:, 1971
2270:"heron"
2016:sternum
1934:Egretta
1925:Syrigma
1881:Ardeola
1569:Ardeola
1442:Egretta
1415:Syrigma
1087:Ardeola
969:Syrigma
927:diurnal
823:in the
768:carrion
744:aquatic
654:plumage
566:harnser
552:handsaw
424:*haigrô
420:haigiro
352:Egretta
305:species
248:Genera
188:Order:
178:Class:
3445:Herons
3417:148747
3391:609781
3375:NZOR:
3342:174771
3329:101354
3264:1ARDEF
3170:Q18789
3115:
3107:
3007:
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2946:
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2666:
2632:
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2307:
2251:
2010:, the
1993:Matuku
1931:Genus
1922:Genus
1913:Genus
1908:fossil
1900:Genus
1887:Genus
1878:Genus
1869:Genus
1860:Genus
1847:Genus
1838:Genus
1829:Genus
1816:Genus
1811:fossil
1803:Genus
1790:fossil
1782:Genus
1769:Genus
1760:Genus
1746:Agamia
1743:Genus
1729:Genus
1715:Genus
1706:Genus
1701:fossil
1693:Genus
1205:Agamia
1068:. The
1054:. The
1038:Peters
929:and a
923:skulls
825:Amazon
561:Hamlet
523:. The
416:hairo
384:cranes
382:, and
376:ibises
372:storks
357:genera
337:Egrets
309:egrets
293:Herons
242:, 1758
219:, 1820
42:Herons
3412:WoRMS
3404:39541
3324:IRMNG
3277:10741
3005:S2CID
2955:(PDF)
2922:(PDF)
2900:JSTOR
2886:(PDF)
2856:JSTOR
2834:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2728:(PDF)
2703:JSTOR
2664:JSTOR
2652:(PDF)
2630:S2CID
2587:JSTOR
2567:(PDF)
2541:JSTOR
2521:(PDF)
2499:JSTOR
2479:(PDF)
2457:JSTOR
2437:(PDF)
2206:et al
1916:Ardea
1895:Ardea
1855:Ardea
1596:Ardea
1065:Ardea
888:Some
764:crabs
607:tibia
408:heron
346:Ardea
297:birds
234:Ardea
217:Leach
202:Ardei
3368:8899
3363:NCBI
3337:ITIS
3316:4929
3303:3685
3298:GBIF
3259:EPPO
3251:8013
3225:1444
3220:BOLD
3113:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3048:2024
2997:PMID
2944:PMID
2816:link
2409:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2210:Ibis
2018:; a
881:and
875:nest
718:Diet
634:bill
632:The
620:The
402:Name
349:and
319:and
256:text
182:Aves
60:PreꞒ
3350:NBN
3246:EoL
3238:6PB
3233:CoL
3207:AFD
3194:ADW
3075:doi
3071:140
2989:doi
2977:320
2934:doi
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