Aurelian - Knowledge

1528: 56: 1341: 1333: 1244: 1498:. Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. These products had been distributed sporadically before. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price – a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole. 1150: 1236:, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Aurelian spared Tyana, and it paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the Emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the 785: 1166: 1043: 830: 652:, the emperor at the time, for providing him with such a talented deputy. Crinitus adopted Aurelian as his heir, either voluntarily or possibly through force. Emperor Valerian attended the adoption ceremony which took place in the baths of Byzantium. Following this, Crinitus disappeared from the historical record. A painting showing Ulpius Crinitus alongside Aurelian has been found in the 1420:, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to eliminate this, and put Felicissimus on trial. The 808:, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. The harsh conditions now exacerbated their shortage of food. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out. 543:). These two propositions, together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome, inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as emperor. However, it seems that this extrapolation of unverifiable facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that. 926: 1450:, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony. 680:, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, during the siege the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple — which is plausible. In 268 or 269 Aurelian and his cavalry participated in the victory of Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor 939:

threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this, an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture.

1519:, in 271. If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform." Indeed, around this time, Aurelian reformed the Cura Annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread, salt and pork, as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine. 938:

had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars

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The determined Goths killed many of the oncoming infantry and were only prevented from slaughtering them all when Aurelian finally charged in with his Dalmatian cavalry. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. The Roman army continued to follow the Goths during the

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It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society – albeit a citizen – he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood

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During the reign of Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry and soon promoted to overall head of the army after the emperor and what had been Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. The war against Aureolus and the concentration of

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Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. He restored many public buildings, reorganized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public

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Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects.

1031:—who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions. 815:

Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. Aurelian used his cavalry to great effect, breaking the Goths into smaller groups which were easier to handle. By late summer the

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when they heard of emperor Claudius' approach, causing them to abandon the siege and pillage north-eastern Macedonia. Aurelian intercepted the Goths with his Dalmatian cavalry and defeated them in a series of minor skirmishes, killing as many as three thousand of the enemy. Aurelian continued to

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Claudius was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers outside Mediolanum. The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. Next, Claudius began to distance himself from those responsible for his predecessor's assassination, ordering the execution of those directly involved.

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Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions' fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "concord of the soldiers" – in other words, harmony between the emperor and the military. Legend: IMP. C. AVRELIANVS AVG. / CONCORDIA MILITVM – XXIQ

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Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. However, the majority of the Goths escaped and began retreating south the way they had come. For the rest of year, Aurelian harassed the enemy with his Dalmatian cavalry.

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was still besieged in Mediolanum and sought reconciliation with the new emperor, but Claudius had no sympathy for a potential rival. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself.

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Goths were defeated: any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions. Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from Sirmium that emperor Claudius was dead.

1473:. Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins before their introduction. 899:

in Sirmium. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own

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However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of his (called Eros by

2276:, xxxiii,21. Other sources do not cite Aurelian among those who conspired against Gallienus, though different sources have claimed that he was the one who called Gallienus out of his tent under a proposed "conspiracy" at the point Gallienus was stabbed. 1375:

as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The centre of the cult was

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which could indicate Italian settler ancestry — and even this is contested — his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities.

1354:("Restorer of the World"). This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it. 8422: 799:

Now stranded in Roman territory, the Goths' lack of provisions began to take its toll. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into

1266:, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as 531:(tenant farmer) who worked the lands of a senator named Aurelius. Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. He married the daughter of Aurelius from whom Aurelian received his name via his mother. The 1967: 1677:

Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus pius felix invictus Augustus, pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus, Gothicus maximus, Parthicus maximus, Carpicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul III,

1933: 1567:) had told a lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators. The 1305:

was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at the

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offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his

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Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure, the exploits detailed in the

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wrote that he died at the age of 61, implying a birth in 214. However, his chronicle is often described as "too frequently unreliable", meaning that his statement may not be completely accurate.

55: 895:, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about August or September (older sources argue for May) by the 472:

and are considered unreliable. Comparative research with other sources from his era has rendered some details more secure than others. Aurelian was born on 9 September, a date recorded in the

452:("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis, earning him the title 1950: 579:, while not always impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is demonstrably an invention typical of that author. However, he was probably associated with 227: 3013: 556:– the three steps of the equestrian military career – one of the routes to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service. This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and 1201:. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while 8417: 1313:

that autumn, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a

1101:. However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely; therefore Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around 552:

if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. This would have opened up for him the

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With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems – recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the

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The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. This section of the city once contained the

768:. Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. The Goths were besieging 741:

unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the

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lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher

1129:, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as it was too difficult and expensive to defend. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former 1547:), presented an opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire, and in 275 Aurelian set out for another campaign against the Sassanids. On his way, he suppressed a revolt in 1085:(January 271). When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians, but Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the 777:

where emperor Claudius had assembled his main army. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy.

583:'s cavalry army and shone as an officer of that elite unit because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of 1400: 220: 3170: 1969:

When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods

2701: 1433:, thus disaffecting the population to the emperor. This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of 2249: 1426:

incited the mint workers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, presumably executed.

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argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized

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The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern

8253: 8248: 3945: 1217:("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough. 8352: 8258: 8238: 4739: 4607: 3242: 3159: 2924: 2877: 2725: 2671: 2646: 2532: 2158: 2128: 1916: 1446:("urban cohorts"), reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the 8372: 8362: 8243: 3952: 2297:

J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram,

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During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the

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on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year, and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as

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The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader

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in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. Sources hint at an

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Rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 BC, and for free since 58 BC through the

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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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spring and summer of 270. Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies.

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were: (i) prefecture of a cohort of auxiliary infantry; (ii) tribunate of a legionary cohort; and (iii) prefecture of an

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Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. Aurelian was designated as

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paras 5.5–6, 6.3–5, and 7.1–2. If he ever was a tribune of a legion as suggested in 7.1–2 it could not have been with

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as his successor. Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death.

962:, which was successful in defending against the Sassanid threat. The western provinces, those facing the 8303: 7779: 7744: 7724: 7714: 7676: 6180: 5534: 4688: 4683: 4659: 4654: 4570: 4407: 4395: 4166: 3791: 2952: 2150:

Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire by Daniël Den Hengst

1388: 1282: 1094: 536: 289: 6276: 1007:, expelling them from Roman territory. To celebrate these victories, Aurelian was granted the title of 425:

in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the

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The Crest-Wave of Evolution A Course of Lectures in History, Given in the Raja-Yoga College, 1918-1919

1551:– possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus – and defeated barbarian marauders in 8337: 7804: 7759: 7132: 6760: 6695: 6548: 6543: 6250: 6245: 6098: 5524: 5312: 5191: 4671: 4619: 4479: 4454: 4419: 4334: 4248: 4098: 3929: 3398: 3316: 1229: 964: 681: 301: 8347: 8342: 7794: 7769: 7734: 7671: 7046: 7021: 6225: 6220: 5644: 5075: 4602: 4587: 4565: 4500: 4489: 4444: 4390: 3880: 3818: 3781: 2970: 1611: 1564: 1233: 8084: 8071: 7648: 6658: 6230: 6205: 5272: 5047: 4649: 4592: 4536: 4518: 4507: 4469: 4439: 4317: 4035: 3939: 3689: 3658: 3651: 3205: 3197: 3138: 2014: 1467:), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver 1190: 943: 649: 557: 506: 474: 8367: 8139: 8118: 8012: 7979: 7691: 7026: 6648: 6528: 6150: 6078: 5736: 5539: 5529: 5461: 4787: 4614: 4560: 4401: 4299: 4274: 4123: 3985: 3721: 3706: 3584: 3552: 3387: 3358: 3301: 3238: 3187: 3155: 3104: 3083: 3029: 2920: 2873: 2840: 2721: 2667: 2642: 2617: 2611: 2302: 2229: 2179: 2154: 2124: 2004: 1912: 1851: 1808: 1798: 1763: 1746: 1620: 1592: 1576: 1298: 793: 689: 637: 518: 383: 267: 151: 98: 61: 1906: 979:

In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of

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A very large number of rare gold coins of Aurelian have been discovered as part of the

1395:("God and born ruler") on some of his coins, a style also later adopted by Diocletian. 1173:

In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the

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The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor

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place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with

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would mint coins with the legends XI or IA, signalling a 10% of silver in the alloy.

1257:: the rising sun/star of Augustus. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG. / ORIENS AVG. – XIR. 1165: 664:

Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor

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De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families

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The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,1–1,61,1, and

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in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire.

1326: 1285:, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain. 1202: 1126: 1118: 1024: 913: 829: 805: 676:, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into 669: 584: 434: 255: 175: 1575:, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him shortly after October 275 ( 1262:

After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper

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Die römischen Kaiser : 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian

2340: 1301:. Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" 1093:, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at 1057:

The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the

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in battle. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the

417:. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the 370:

invasions and internal revolts. Born in modest circumstances, most likely in

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then ruled for three months, before Aurelian took the empire for himself.

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In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the

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at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a

8158: 8097: 7940: 7624: 7435: 7429: 7417: 7298: 7293: 7230: 7209: 7054: 7006: 6906: 6896: 6621: 6518: 6488: 6470: 6459: 6442: 6394: 6387: 6318: 6240: 5888: 5696: 5682: 5594: 5545: 5451: 5394: 5345: 5178: 5168: 5148: 5081: 4931: 4810: 4363: 4066: 3973: 3886: 3741: 3517: 3201: 2788: 1636: 1481: 1348:

Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate –

1182: 1178: 1138: 1086: 1078: 996: 951: 854: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 789: 749: 633: 629: 617: 610: 490: 402: 134: 2666:(, 10. printing ed.). New York: Everyman's Library. p. 332. 1543:(273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler ( 1081:' withdrawal, quickly entered Italia, but his army was defeated in an 205: 8065: 7935: 7572: 7455: 7060: 7031: 6901: 6876: 6668: 6602: 6428: 6421: 6348: 6303: 6297: 6123: 6043: 5629: 5456: 5409: 5363: 5335: 5261: 5139: 5098: 4980: 4945: 4917: 4135: 3992: 3874: 3646: 3512: 2772: 2301:(transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988. 2199: 1502: 1263: 1248: 1130: 801: 761: 753: 734: 730: 371: 8423:

Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae

3183: 891:

seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the

3025:

Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie

8151: 7930: 7920: 7898: 7556: 6465: 6453: 6366: 6283: 6134: 6068: 5730: 5552: 5399: 5357: 5351: 5143: 5102: 4973: 4966: 4952: 3736: 3507: 3497: 3477: 1767: 1526: 1339: 1331: 1242: 1225: 1164: 1148: 1041: 969: 924: 783: 757: 685: 677: 641: 398: 2992:

Compendium excerpt: Claudius to Diocletian 268–284 (12th century)

437:, and monetary reforms attempting to curb the devaluation of the 7903: 7893: 7283: 7158: 6359: 5689: 5509: 5491: 5376: 5158: 5153: 4987: 3482: 3472: 1411:

Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The

1380:, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25 of that year in the 1102: 1074: 748:

While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the

738: 430: 8211: 7328: 6693: 5795: 4821: 4783: 3402: 2694: 209: 6108: 2641:. New haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. pp. 118–119. 1590:

Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing

823: 601: 386:

became emperor until his own death in 270. Claudius' brother

30:

This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see

1336:

A Radiate of Aurelian, obverse. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG.

4779: 2448: 2446: 2120:

The Reign of Emperor Gallienus: The Apogee of Roman Cavalry

1344:

A Radiate of Aurelian, reverse. Legend: ORIENS AVG. – EXXI.

1429:

The Palmyrene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the

595:

The existence of Ulpius Crinitus has been doubted by many

2250:"LacusCurtius: Templum Solis (Platner & Ashby, 1929)" 1693:

Had Aurelian's family been enfranchised by virtue of the

1251:

defeat the Palmyrene Empire, and celebrates ORIENS AVG –

1153:

The Roman Empire by 271 A.D before the reconquest of the

1011:. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several 497:"which he founded so that he would have been a Moesian". 3152:

Aurelian and Probus: The Soldier Emperors Who Saved Rome

1983:

Wijnendaele, Jeroen W. P.; Hanaghan, Michael P. (2021).

366:

after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of

37:"Aurelianus" redirects here. For the genus of bugs, see 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2400: 2398: 2385: 2383: 2370: 2368: 2366: 466:

Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the

3100:

Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284

3014:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

1453:

His monetary reformation included the introduction of

1185:. Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing 2613:

Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome

2317: 2315: 1873: 1871: 517:

like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (

1635:

in France is named after Aurelian. Originally named

182:

Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus

7864: 7849: 7690: 7662: 7647: 7610: 7582: 7542: 7524: 7474: 7407: 7392: 7359: 7350: 7274: 7251: 7184: 7107: 7045: 6997: 6982: 6915: 6862: 6774: 6759: 6724: 6715: 6612: 6571: 6479: 6411: 6259: 6027: 6012: 5948: 5922: 5874: 5859: 5826: 5817: 5746: 5706: 5581: 5566: 5500: 5442: 5385: 5326: 5311: 5201: 5130: 5115: 5016: 4900: 4885: 4852: 4843: 4702: 4148: 4045: 3928: 3755: 3593: 3441: 521:) all of whom shared a common military background. 190: 174: 164: 150: 140: 121: 108: 104: 94: 84: 76: 69: 48: 2664:The decline and fall of the Roman empire. Volume I 1371:Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god 703:. They are known to have had a daughter together. 3234:The Roman Emperor Aurelian: Restorer of the World 3123:Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 3073:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services. 3028:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1169:The route of Aurelian's campaign against Palmyra. 1125:. However, he decided to abandon the province of 958:, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the 804:. As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the 3071:A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275) 2966:Aurelianus Life of Aurelian Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 2533:"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague" 1437:, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian. 1220:Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but 632:of the Third Legion. He used his force of 2,500 8418:Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard 2228:. New York, NY: Psychology Press. p. 172. 1935:The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Constantinople 1571:Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the 1228:surrendered to him with little resistance. The 1077:. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control the 539:", whose worship Aurelian promoted as Emperor ( 2981:(published in 1814), book 1, (5th–6th century) 773:harass the enemy, driving them northward into 397:after a devastating war. He also defeated the 4795: 3414: 3237:. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. 2616:. University of Michigan Press. p. 167. 1619:between Aurelian's death and the election of 1605:There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife, 1579:began his reign in November or December), in 1515:was the last known official in charge of the 221: 8: 3080:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 2949:, xxxv "Epitome de Caesaribus" (4th century) 2870:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 1972:. University of Michigan Press. p. 258. 1682:, pater patriae, proconsul, restitutor orbis 1113:Defeat of the Goths and abandonment of Dacia 616:. Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of 421:in 273. The following year he conquered the 2178:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 113. 1797:. Yale University Press. pp. 375–376. 1597: 1421: 1406: 1349: 1318: 1273: 1267: 1252: 1212: 1206: 699:, about whom little is known. She was from 668:' entourage. In 268 Gallienus travelled to 656:, adding to the veracity of his existence. 574: 453: 8208: 7861: 7659: 7404: 7356: 7347: 7325: 6994: 6771: 6721: 6712: 6690: 6024: 5871: 5823: 5814: 5792: 5578: 5323: 5127: 4897: 4849: 4840: 4818: 4802: 4788: 4780: 3925: 3421: 3407: 3399: 3273: 1407:Felicissimus' rebellion and coinage reform 1297:which had already been reduced in size by 1065:and sacking the villages; they passed the 228: 214: 206: 45: 2720:(in German). München: Beck. p. 250. 2685: 2683: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 1459:containing 5% silver. They bore the mark 870:Learn how and when to remove this message 60:Bust of Aurelian, formerly identified as 2919:. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. 2084: 2055: 2043: 1501:Aurelian is believed to have terminated 1205:, the son of Zenobia, held the title of 2521:. Vol. II. Loeb Classical Library. 2464: 2452: 2031: 1783: 1664: 752:reporting large-scale attacks from the 599:. If he did exist he would have been a 587:, he seems to have been its commander. 489:describes him both as a Pannonian from 358:who reigned from 270 to 275 during the 2901: 2889: 2816: 2804: 2580: 2568: 2437: 2425: 2404: 2389: 2374: 2339:Körner, Christian (23 December 2008). 2321: 2285: 1877: 161: 3154:. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. 2334: 2332: 2330: 2153:. BRILL. pp. 91, 119, 204, 206. 2142: 2140: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1825: 648:. After the battle, Crinitus thanked 433:, the abandonment of the province of 7: 3265:On coins of Aurelian with the title 3055:from the original on 20 October 2006 2639:How Rome fell: death of a superpower 2351:from the original on 2 December 2010 1247:Aurelian and the personification of 852:adding citations to reliable sources 2488: 1061:moved towards Italia, entering the 3043:Körner, Christian (20 July 2001). 2637:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2009). 1671:His full name, with honorific and 1639:, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it 1097:. For this, he received the title 393:During his reign, he defeated the 25: 2476: 1837: 1535:The deaths of the Sassanid Kings 3069:Saunders, Randall Titus (1992). 2859:, London: Routledge, pp, 139-140 1145:Conquest of the Palmyrene Empire 887:When Claudius died, his brother 828: 54: 2837:Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV 2831:The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold 1938:. Cavendish Square. p. 28. 1513:Titus Flavius Postumius Quietus 839:needs additional citations for 535:describes her as "priestess of 3172:Aurelian and the Third Century 2857:Aurelian and the Third Century 2226:Aurelian and the Third Century 2176:Aurelian and the Third Century 2117:Syvänne, Ilkka (30 May 2019). 1955:. Floating Press. p. 764. 1: 8353:3rd-century murdered monarchs 7822:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 2557:Historia Augusta – Aurelianus 1791:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1992). 1289:Conquest of the Gallic Empire 478:. The 6th-century chronicler 351: 347: 125: 27:Roman emperor from 270 to 275 3345:T. Flavius Postumius Quietus 2957:Breviarium historiae Romanae 2917:Cenabum, Aurelianis, Orléans 2913:For an exact etymology, see 2551:Zosimus, 1,48f.; Eutropius; 1391:. He appears with the title 1121:, and assuming the title of 1035:Defending Italy against the 921:The Roman Empire in the 270s 788:Ruins of Imperial Palace at 721:forces in Italy allowed the 8373:Crisis of the Third Century 8363:Ancient assassinated people 7755:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 2872:(London: Routledge, 2015), 2147:Hengst, Daniël den (2010). 2075:as that unit never existed. 1703:would have been "Aurelius". 1463:(or its Greek numeral form 987:Reunification of the empire 893:Crisis of the Third Century 458:("Restorer of the World"). 360:Crisis of the Third Century 128:November (?) 275 (aged ~61) 8444: 8358:3rd-century Roman emperors 6654:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 6038:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 5802:Second Intermediate Period 4694:Constantine XI Palaiologos 4645:Andronikos III Palaiologos 4532:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 3082:. Routledge. p. 125. 2610:Stoneman, Richard (1994). 1932:Anderson, Zachary (2015). 1278:("Restorer of the East"). 525:describes his father as a 344:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus 170:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus 36: 29: 8403:3rd-century Roman consuls 8316: 8218: 8207: 8105:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 7795:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 7346: 7324: 6711: 6700:Third Intermediate Period 6689: 5813: 5791: 4839: 4828:First Intermediate Period 4817: 4770: 4667:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 4635:Andronikos II Palaiologos 4460:Constantine IX Monomachos 3384: 3367: 3355: 3341: 3325: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3135:10.1515/apf.1924.7.1-2.30 3097:Peachin, Michael (1990). 2959:, IX. 13–15 (4th century) 2341:"Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)" 2001:10.1515/9783110742770-008 1850:Halsberghe, G.H. (1972). 1753:, i.e. through the ranks. 1743:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus 1488:Food distribution reforms 1105:that became known as the 636:, and the armies of four 246: 181: 169: 160: 53: 32:Aurelian (disambiguation) 7817:Cleopatra VII Philopator 6074:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 4832: (<3150–2040 BC) 4630:Michael VIII Palaiologos 3049:De Imperatoribus Romanis 2892:, pp. 104–105, 225. 2745:De Mortibus Persecutorum 2716:Clauss, Manfred (2001). 1966:Fine, John V. A (2010). 1949:Morris, Kenneth (2009). 1853:The Cult of Sol Invictus 1609:, who had been declared 1484:, France, in the 1980s. 1089:, defeating them in the 695:Aurelian was married to 382:in 268. Following that, 8408:Murdered Roman emperors 7790:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 7705:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 5999:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 4485:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 4119:Tiberius II Constantine 3169:Watson, Alaric (1999). 3150:Syvänne, Ilkka (2020). 2915:Debal, Jacques (1996). 2855:Watson, Alaric (2004), 2702:Encyclopædia Britannica 2662:Gibbon, Edward (1993). 2224:Watson, Alaric (2004). 2174:Watson, Alaric (2004). 1908:Studies in John Malalas 1739:Publius Aelius Aelianus 1696:Constitutio Antoniniana 1621:Marcus Claudius Tacitus 1511:program. Roman prefect 1027:, and the rebellion of 8378:Deified Roman emperors 7832:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 7811:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 7805:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 7760:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 7730:Arsinoe III Philopator 6644:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 6114:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 6054:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 5645:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 4640:Michael IX Palaiologos 3377:with Capitolinus (274) 3078:Southern, Pat (2001). 2761:Historia Ecclesiastica 2571:, pp. 51–54, 217. 1729:Compare the career of 1651:), which evolved into 1598: 1532: 1422: 1350: 1345: 1337: 1319: 1274: 1268: 1258: 1253: 1213: 1207: 1170: 1162: 1054: 931: 796: 743:Battle of Lake Benacus 575: 454: 343: 7780:Ptolemy X Alexander I 7745:Ptolemy VI Philometor 7725:Ptolemy IV Philopator 7720:Berenice II Euergetes 7715:Ptolemy III Euergetes 7677:Philip III Arrhidaeus 6186:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 6181:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 5535:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4734:Thessalonian emperors 4728:Trapezuntine emperors 4689:John VIII Palaiologos 4684:Manuel II Palaiologos 4655:John VI Kantakouzenos 4571:Andronikos I Komnenos 4408:Constantine Lekapenos 3436:and empresses regnant 3103:. Amsterdam: Gieben. 2990:Compendium of History 2947:Epitome de Caesaribus 2254:penelope.uchicago.edu 1911:. BRILL. p. 76. 1905:Croke, Brian (1990). 1749:(certainly) who rose 1720:of auxiliary cavalry. 1647:("city of Aurelian", 1530: 1440:Aurelian ordered the 1393:deus et dominus natus 1389:Edict of Thessalonica 1343: 1335: 1283:Library of Alexandria 1246: 1168: 1152: 1083:ambush near Placentia 1045: 928: 787: 725:to break through the 117:or Sirmium (Pannonia) 8213:Dynastic genealogies 7837:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 7133:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 7047:High Priests of Amun 6549:Merankhre Mentuhotep 6251:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 6246:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 6099:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 5806: (2040–1550 BC) 5525:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 4672:John VII Palaiologos 4620:Theodore II Laskaris 4480:Constantine X Doukas 4420:Nikephoros II Phokas 3317:Flavius Antiochianus 3231:White, John (2015). 3219:on 18 February 2020. 3022:Kienast, D. (2017). 2795:, Book 7, Chapter 23 2559:xxi,1–3 and xviii,2. 2299:History of the Goths 1894:Book 12, chapter 30. 1745:(both probably) and 1431:grain supply to Rome 848:improve this article 682:Claudius II Gothicus 354:November 275) was a 8413:People from Sirmium 7735:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7672:Alexander the Great 6704: (1550–664 BC) 6226:Mershepsesre Ini II 6221:Merkawre Sobekhotep 5615:Neferkare IV Khendu 4603:Theodore I Laskaris 4588:Alexios III Angelos 4566:Alexios II Komnenos 4490:Romanos IV Diogenes 4445:Romanos III Argyros 4391:Romanos I Lekapenos 3388:M. Claudius Tacitus 3359:M. Claudius Tacitus 3349:Junius Veldumnianus 2977:Translation of the 2904:, pp. 113–116. 2555:, FGrH IIA 460 F7; 2087:, pp. 129–130. 2073:Legio VII Gallicana 2069:vita Divi Aureliani 1531:Aureus of Aurelian. 1327:Lucania et Bruttium 1275:Restitutor Orientis 1234:Apollonius of Tyana 1197:and large parts of 733:. Marching through 638:Germanic chieftains 576:vita Divi Aureliani 493:and as a native of 378:, until Gallienus' 112:9 September 214 (?) 8072:Trebonianus Gallus 6659:Senakhtenre Ahmose 6277:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 6231:Sewahenre Senebmiu 6206:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 5635:Neferkare V Tereru 5605:Neferkare III Neby 5273:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 4722:Britannic emperors 4716:Palmyrene emperors 4650:John V Palaiologos 4593:Alexios IV Angelos 4542:Constantine Doukas 4537:Alexios I Komnenos 4525:Constantine Doukas 4508:Michael VII Doukas 4470:Michael VI Bringas 4036:Romulus Augustulus 3659:Trebonianus Gallus 3652:Herennius Etruscus 3434:Byzantine emperors 3363:Julius Placidianus 3309:Political offices 3261:, at Wildwinds.com 2828:Sylvianne Estiot, 2479:, pp. 46, 50. 1533: 1346: 1338: 1259: 1171: 1163: 1099:Germanicus Maximus 1073:and moved towards 1055: 1009:Germanicus Maximus 932: 797: 513:. Aurelian was an 507:Dacia Mediterranea 475:Chronograph of 354 8428:Damnatio memoriae 8393:Illyrian emperors 8325: 8324: 8312: 8311: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8119:Claudius Gothicus 8013:Severus Alexander 7980:Septimius Severus 7845: 7844: 7643: 7642: 7388: 7387: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7027:Osorkon the Elder 6978: 6977: 6755: 6754: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6649:Nubkheperre Intef 6529:Sekhemre Shedwast 6151:Sehetepkare Intef 6079:Semenkare Nebnuni 6008: 6007: 5855: 5854: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5562: 5561: 5540:Netjerkare Siptah 5462:Neferirkare Kakai 5307: 5306: 5111: 5110: 4881: 4880: 4777: 4776: 4615:John III Vatatzes 4561:Manuel I Komnenos 4300:Michael I Rangabe 4144: 4143: 3986:Petronius Maximus 3585:Severus Alexander 3553:Septimius Severus 3397: 3396: 3385:Succeeded by 3381:Marcellinus (275) 3342:Succeeded by 3299:Succeeded by 3244:978-1-4738-4569-5 3161:978-1-5267-6750-9 2998:Secondary sources 2926:978-2-7297-0554-1 2878:978-0-415-73807-1 2807:, pp. 52–53. 2727:978-3-406-47288-6 2673:978-0-679-42308-9 2648:978-0-300-13719-4 2583:, pp. 54–55. 2455:, pp. 43–44. 2160:978-900-417-438-2 2130:978-1-5267-4522-4 2123:. Pen and Sword. 2034:, pp. 29–30. 1918:978-90-04-34462-4 1747:Traianus Mucianus 1645:Aureliana Civitas 1593:damnatio memoriae 1466: 1462: 1311:at Durocatalaunum 1308:Battle of Châlons 1269:Parthicus Maximus 1181:from the city of 1177:, ruled by Queen 983:and the Balkans. 880: 879: 872: 794:Sremska Mitrovica 690:Battle of Naissus 519:Illyrian emperors 384:Claudius Gothicus 332: 331: 204: 203: 186: 185: 62:Claudius Gothicus 16:(Redirected from 8435: 8388:Gothicus Maximus 8319:List of pharaohs 8209: 7974:Pescennius Niger 7862: 7858: 7857: 7770:Ptolemy IX Soter 7740:Cleopatra I Syra 7660: 7656: 7655: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7357: 7348: 7341: 7340: 7326: 7077:Djedkhonsuefankh 6995: 6991: 6990: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6742: 6737: 6722: 6713: 6706: 6705: 6691: 6284:Qareh Khawoserre 6270:Yakbim Sekhaenre 6211:Mersekhemre Ined 6025: 6021: 6020: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5824: 5815: 5808: 5807: 5793: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5128: 5124: 5123: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4833: 4819: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4625:John IV Laskaris 4598:Alexios V Doukas 4583:Isaac II Angelos 4549:John II Komnenos 4475:Isaac I Komnenos 4435:Constantine VIII 4425:John I Tzimiskes 4152:Byzantine Empire 3926: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3400: 3356:Preceded by 3337:Pomponius Bassus 3314:Preceded by 3282:Preceded by 3274: 3259:Aurelian coinage 3248: 3220: 3218: 3212:. Archived from 3177: 3165: 3146: 3114: 3093: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3039: 3018: 2993: 2964:Historia Augusta 2931: 2930: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2779:, 263rd Olympiad 2770: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2696:"Aurelian" 2687: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2607: 2601: 2594:Historia Augusta 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2541:. November 2017. 2529: 2523: 2522: 2519:Historia Augusta 2514: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2336: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2114: 2108: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2022: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1788: 1771: 1760: 1754: 1733:who pursued the 1727: 1721: 1710: 1704: 1691: 1685: 1669: 1601: 1599:Divus Aurelianus 1573:Praetorian Guard 1464: 1460: 1443:cohortes urbanae 1425: 1367:Religious reform 1353: 1351:Restitutor Orbis 1324: 1277: 1271: 1256: 1216: 1210: 1175:Palmyrene Empire 1155:Palmyrene Empire 1141:as the capital. 1123:Gothicus Maximus 1050:, a gate in the 960:Palmyrene Empire 934:In 248, Emperor 875: 868: 864: 861: 855: 832: 824: 806:Haemus Mountains 729:along the upper 578: 571:Historia Augusta 547:Military service 533:Historia Augusta 487:Historia Augusta 469:Historia Augusta 457: 455:Restitutor Orbis 419:Palmyrene Empire 353: 349: 274:Italian Campaign 241: 230: 223: 216: 207: 162: 127: 58: 46: 39:Aurelianus (bug) 21: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8398:Illyrian people 8328: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8308: 8214: 8191: 8091:Macrianus Minor 8020:Maximinus Thrax 7956:Marcus Aurelius 7855: 7854: 7853: 7841: 7700:Ptolemy I Soter 7686: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7639: 7606: 7578: 7538: 7520: 7500:Psammetichus IV 7470: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7384: 7362: 7353: 7342: 7339:(664 BC–313 AD) 7338: 7337: 7308: 7270: 7247: 7243:Menkheperre Ini 7180: 7103: 7041: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6974: 6911: 6858: 6839:Neferneferuaten 6765: 6764: 6763: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6735: 6734:Pharaohs 6727: 6718: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6673: 6608: 6567: 6494:Sobekhotep VIII 6475: 6407: 6255: 6216:Sewadjkare Hori 6018: 6017: 6016: 6004: 5944: 5918: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5851: 5829: 5820: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5775: 5742: 5702: 5610:Djedkare Shemai 5572: 5571: 5570: 5558: 5496: 5438: 5381: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5303: 5197: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5012: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4877: 4855: 4846: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4813: 4808: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4710:Gallic emperors 4698: 4386:Constantine VII 4167:Constantine III 4154: 4151: 4140: 4049: 4041: 3980:Valentinian III 3968:Constantius III 3962:Priscus Attalus 3946:Constantine III 3932: 3924: 3814:Valerius Valens 3759: 3751: 3597: 3589: 3548:Didius Julianus 3528:Marcus Aurelius 3445: 3437: 3427: 3393: 3391: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3347: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3295: 3287: 3267:dominus et deus 3255: 3245: 3230: 3227: 3225:Further reading 3216: 3194: 3184:10.2307/4352566 3175: 3168: 3162: 3149: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3077: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3003: 3000: 2986:Joannes Zonaras 2984: 2944:Aurelius Victor 2940: 2938:Primary sources 2935: 2934: 2927: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2550: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2411: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2338: 2337: 2328: 2320: 2313: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2274:Aurelius Victor 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2100: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2011: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1805: 1794:Roman sculpture 1790: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1762:Later emperors 1761: 1757: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1707: 1692: 1688: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1649:cité d'Aurélien 1629: 1525: 1490: 1409: 1382:Campus Agrippae 1369: 1360: 1291: 1238:Sassanid Empire 1147: 1135:Dacia Aureliana 1115: 1040: 989: 936:Philip the Arab 923: 885: 876: 865: 859: 856: 845: 833: 822: 709: 662: 660:Under Gallienus 593: 591:Ulpius Crinitus 549: 511:Moesia Superior 503:John Xiphilinus 464: 450:dominus et deus 372:Moesia Superior 333: 328: 318:Gallic Campaign 242: 236: 234: 129: 113: 65: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8441: 8439: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8187:Maximinus Daza 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Antoninus Pius 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7859: 7856:(30 BC–313 AD) 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7620:Artaxerxes III 7616: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7489:Petubastis III 7486: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7413: 7411: 7402: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7344: 7343: 7329: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6984:3 Intermediate 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6766:(1550–1070 BC) 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6709: 6708: 6694: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6499:Neferhotep III 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Sewadjkare III 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6298:Maaibre Sheshi 6294: 6291:'Ammu Ahotepre 6287: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6201:Merhotepre Ini 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Sobekhotep III 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6031: 6022: 6019:(1802–1550 BC) 6014:2 Intermediate 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5909:Mentuhotep III 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5866:(2040–1802 BC) 5861:Middle Kingdom 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5811: 5810: 5798:Middle Kingdom 5796: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Neferkare VIII 5758: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726:Nebkaure Khety 5723: 5718: 5716:Meryibre Khety 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5650:Neferkamin Anu 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5576: 5573:(2181–2040 BC) 5568:1 Intermediate 5564: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5487:Djedkare Isesi 5484: 5482:Menkauhor Kaiu 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5318:(2686–2181 BC) 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5122:(3150–2686 BC) 5117:Early Dynastic 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4822: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4669: 4664: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4529: 4505: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465:Theodora (III) 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4361: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4327: 4315: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280:Constantine VI 4277: 4272: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Theodosius III 4241: 4236: 4231: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4189:Constantine IV 4186: 4181: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047:Eastern Empire 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3930:Western Empire 3923: 3922: 3915: 3903:Magnus Maximus 3899: 3897:Valentinian II 3894: 3889: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3829:Constantius II 3826: 3824:Constantine II 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3692: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3523:Antoninus Pius 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3446:27 BC – AD 235 3439: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3383: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3343: 3340: 3324: 3321:Virius Orfitus 3315: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3277:Regnal titles 3272: 3271: 3262: 3254: 3253:External links 3251: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3192: 3166: 3160: 3147: 3129:(1–2): 30–51. 3115: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3075: 3066: 3040: 3034: 3019: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2982: 2968: 2960: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2868:Pat Southern, 2861: 2848: 2821: 2819:, p. 130. 2809: 2797: 2781: 2765: 2749: 2733: 2726: 2708: 2693:, ed. (1911). 2691:Chisholm, Hugh 2679: 2672: 2654: 2647: 2629: 2622: 2602: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2544: 2524: 2509: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2467:, p. 222. 2457: 2442: 2430: 2409: 2394: 2379: 2362: 2326: 2311: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2241: 2234: 2216: 2191: 2184: 2166: 2159: 2136: 2129: 2109: 2089: 2077: 2067:For instance, 2060: 2058:, p. 109. 2048: 2046:, p. 107. 2036: 2024: 2009: 1975: 1958: 1941: 1924: 1917: 1897: 1882: 1867: 1842: 1830: 1828:, p. 139. 1818: 1803: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1755: 1737:with those of 1722: 1705: 1686: 1673:victory titles 1663: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1628: 1625: 1607:Ulpia Severina 1524: 1521: 1489: 1486: 1408: 1405: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1325:(governor) of 1290: 1287: 1254:oriens Augusti 1146: 1143: 1114: 1111: 1107:Aurelian Walls 1091:Battle of Fano 1087:Metaurus River 1052:Aurelian Walls 1048:Porta Asinaria 1039: 1033: 988: 985: 946:in 260 by the 922: 919: 884: 881: 878: 877: 836: 834: 827: 821: 818: 727:Rhaetian limes 708: 707:Under Claudius 705: 697:Ulpia Severina 661: 658: 640:to defeat the 592: 589: 548: 545: 495:Dacia Ripensis 463: 460: 439:Roman currency 427:Aurelian Walls 346:; 9 September 330: 329: 327: 326: 320: 319: 315: 314: 309: 304: 298: 297: 293: 292: 287: 282: 276: 275: 271: 270: 265: 259: 258: 247: 244: 243: 235: 233: 232: 225: 218: 210: 202: 201: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 172: 171: 167: 166: 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 145:Ulpia Severina 142: 138: 137: 123: 119: 118: 115:Dacia Ripensis 110: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8440: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8320: 8315: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8210: 8206: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Cleopatra III 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7567:Nepherites II 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7378: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7098:Psusennes III 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989:(1069–664 BC) 6985: 6981: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6955:Ramesses VIII 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Amenhotep III 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664:Seqenenre Tao 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Sobekemsaf II 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589:Wepwawetemsaf 6586: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Merneferre Ay 6194: 6192: 6191:Wahibre Ibiau 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Sobekhotep IV 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Amenemhat III 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5914:Mentuhotep IV 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Mentuhotep II 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Wahkare Khety 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721:Neferkare VII 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Seth-Peribsen 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Hotepsekhemwy 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5002: 5001:Double Falcon 4999: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892:(pre-3150 BC) 4888: 4887:Protodynastic 4884: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4825: 4824:Protodynastic 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4769: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4347:Theodora (II) 4345: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4254:Constantine V 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4239:Anastasius II 4237: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:Theodosius II 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870:Valentinian I 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3792:Constantine I 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782:Constantius I 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3392:Aemilianus II 3389: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3292:Roman emperor 3286: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3269:(Section 1.9) 3268: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3193:0-415-07248-4 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Stein, Arthur 3116: 3112: 3110:90-5063-034-0 3106: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3089:0-415-23944-3 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065:(Korner:2001) 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3035:9783534132898 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3005:Groag, Edmund 3002: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2979:Historia Nova 2976: 2975:Historia Nova 2972: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845:9782717724929 2842: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2517:Magh, David. 2513: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2440:, p. 46. 2439: 2434: 2431: 2428:, p. 45. 2427: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2407:, p. 44. 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2392:, p. 43. 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377:, p. 42. 2376: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:0-520-06983-8 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2288:, p. 41. 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2235:0-415-30187-4 2231: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2205: 2204:topostext.org 2201: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2185:0-415-30187-4 2181: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:Saunders 1992 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056:Saunders 1992 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044:Saunders 1992 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2010:9783110742770 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1804:0-300-04631-6 1800: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1581:Caenophrurium 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478:Lava Treasure 1474: 1472: 1471: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:Gallic Empire 1288: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:fall of Tyana 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1160: 1159:Gallic Empire 1156: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 984: 982: 977: 975: 974:Gallic Empire 971: 967: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 937: 927: 920: 918: 916: 915: 909: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 883:Rise to power 882: 874: 871: 863: 853: 849: 843: 842: 837:This section 835: 831: 826: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 807: 803: 795: 791: 786: 782: 778: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 718: 715: 706: 704: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 659: 657: 655: 654:Temple of Sol 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Goths invaded 623: 619: 615: 612: 608: 604: 603: 598: 590: 588: 586: 582: 577: 573: 572: 566: 563: 559: 558:procuratorial 555: 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529: 524: 523:Pseudo-Victor 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:Pseudo-Victor 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 476: 471: 470: 461: 459: 456: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:Gallic Empire 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 380:assassination 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 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III 8000:Diadumenian 7800:Cleopatra V 7654:(332–30 BC) 7649:Hellenistic 7592:Nectanebo I 7484:Cambyses II 7466:Psamtik III 7424:Tefnakht II 7226:Takelot III 7221:Osorkon III 7216:Shoshenq VI 7170:Pedubast II 7154:Shoshenq IV 7127:Shoshenq II 7092:Pinedjem II 7082:Menkheperre 7017:Psusennes I 6970:Ramesses XI 6960:Ramesses IX 6945:Ramesses VI 6935:Ramesses IV 6882:Ramesses II 6844:Tutankhamun 6819:Thutmose IV 6799:Thutmose II 6789:Amenhotep I 6761:New Kingdom 6696:New Kingdom 6555:Senusret IV 6539:Dedumose II 6514:Nebiriau II 6509:Nebiryraw I 6504:Mentuhotepi 6309:Khakherewre 6236:Merkheperre 6146:Imyremeshaw 6129:Sedjefakare 6084:Sehetepibre 6059:Ameny Qemau 5993:Sobekneferu 5973:Senusret II 5958:Amenemhat I 5940:Iyibkhentre 5670:Neferirkare 5665:Neferkauhor 5472:Shepseskare 5313:Old Kingdom 5299:Khasekhemwy 5279:Neferkara I 5248:Weneg-Nebty 5093:Scorpion II 4736:(1224–1242) 4730:(1204–1461) 4519:Konstantios 4396:Christopher 4369:Constantine 4359:Michael III 4340:Constantine 4323:Constantine 4305:Theophylact 4234:Philippicus 4184:Constans II 4109:Justinian I 4005:Severus III 3953:Constans II 3707:Claudius II 3683:Silbannacus 3630:Gordian III 3605:Maximinus I 3573:Diadumenian 3009:Domitius 36 2902:Watson 1999 2890:Watson 1999 2880:, page 181. 2817:Watson 1999 2805:Watson 1999 2793:Historiarum 2581:Watson 1999 2569:Watson 1999 2438:Watson 1999 2426:Watson 1999 2405:Watson 1999 2390:Watson 1999 2375:Watson 1999 2322:Watson 1999 2286:Watson 1999 2200:"ToposText" 1878:Watson 1999 1840:, col. 157. 1617:interregnum 1456:antoniniani 1299:Claudius II 1203:Vaballathus 1161:by Aurelian 1119:Cannabaudes 1069:, occupied 914:res publica 792:, today in 684:) over the 672:and fought 634:auxiliaries 585:Claudius II 256:Claudius II 237:Battles of 176:Regnal name 85:Predecessor 8348:275 deaths 8343:214 births 8332:Categories 8172:Diocletian 8126:Quintillus 8079:Aemilianus 8034:Gordian II 8006:Elagabalus 7827:Arsinoe IV 7710:Arsinoe II 7635:Darius III 7562:Psammuthes 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4873:uncertain 4861:Pharaohs 4755:Classical 4740:Empresses 4724:(286–296) 4718:(267–273) 4712:(260–274) 4455:Michael V 4381:Alexander 4194:Heraclius 4162:Heraclius 4114:Justin II 4024:Glycerius 4011:Anthemius 3881:Procopius 3819:Martinian 3798:Maxentius 3727:Florianus 3700:Saloninus 3695:Gallienus 3664:Hostilian 3640:Philip II 3610:Gordian I 3558:Caracalla 3493:Vespasian 3488:Vitellius 3210:153920517 3143:161464046 2953:Eutropius 2777:Chronicon 2355:6 January 2107: ??? 2019:244540886 1680:imperator 1541:Hormizd I 1321:corrector 1222:Byzantium 1214:imperator 1191:Palestine 1133:, called 1071:Placentia 1017:Septimius 948:Sassanids 766:Bastarnae 666:Gallienus 646:provinces 581:Gallienus 444:Although 376:Gallienus 368:barbarian 280:Placentia 252:Gallienus 95:Successor 8368:Aurelian 8264:21 to 23 8182:Galerius 8177:Maximian 8166:Numerian 8133:Aurelian 8085:Valerian 8048:Balbinus 8041:Pupienus 7995:Macrinus 7967:Pertinax 7961:Commodus 7926:Domitian 7889:Claudius 7884:Caligula 7879:Tiberius 7874:Augustus 7494:Darius I 7446:Necho II 7289:Shebitku 7261:Tefnakht 6854:Horemheb 6784:Ahmose I 6596:Pantjeny 6582:Senebkay 6562:Pepi III 6524:Bebiankh 6381:Shenshek 6339:Nebsenre 6171:Sihathor 6141:Khendjer 6104:Renseneb 6049:Nerikare 5894:Intef II 5771:Merykare 5676:Wadjkare 5620:Merenhor 5515:Userkare 5422:Menkaure 5416:Bikheris 5405:Djedefre 5371:Qahedjet 5255:Wadjenes 5241:Horus Sa 5234:Nubnefer 5221:Nynetjer 5185:Sneferka 4925:Ni-Neith 4811:Pharaohs 4750:Usurpers 4745:Augustae 4703:See also 4608:Nicholas 4430:Basil II 4227:Tiberius 4212:Leontius 4200:Tiberius 4177:Tiberius 4155:610–1453 4150:Eastern/ 4104:Justin I 4057:Arcadius 4017:Olybrius 3999:Majorian 3940:Honorius 3919:Eugenius 3854:Vetranio 3804:Licinius 3777:Galerius 3772:Maximian 3757:Dominate 3747:Numerian 3717:Aurelian 3690:Valerian 3635:Philip I 3625:Balbinus 3620:Pupienus 3568:Macrinus 3543:Pertinax 3538:Commodus 3503:Domitian 3468:Claudius 3463:Caligula 3458:Tiberius 3453:Augustus 3296:270–275 3053:Archived 2835:Also in 2757:Eusebius 2600:, 22–31. 2553:Dexippus 2349:Archived 1860:13 April 1813:25050500 1751:e caliga 1731:Pertinax 1569:notarius 1545:Bahram I 1537:Shapur I 1517:alimenta 1508:alimenta 1470:denarius 1303:Tetricus 1157:and the 1067:Po River 1063:Po plain 1059:Alamanni 1037:Juthungi 1013:usurpers 1001:Juthungi 944:Valerian 737:and the 723:Alamanni 714:Aureolus 674:Aureolus 650:Valerian 611:Thracian 607:Illyrian 515:Illyrian 446:Domitian 407:Juthungi 395:Alamanni 336:Aurelian 239:Aurelian 191:Religion 49:Aurelian 8383:Domitii 8159:Carinus 8140:Tacitus 8098:Quietus 7941:Hadrian 7625:Khabash 7456:Wahibre 7436:Necho I 7430:Nekauba 7418:Ammeris 7361:Dynasty 7299:Taharqa 7294:Shabaka 7231:Rudamun 7210:Iuput I 7055:Herihor 7007:Smendes 6907:Twosret 6897:Seti II 6741:female) 6726:Dynasty 6622:Rahotep 6519:Semenre 6489:Djehuti 6471:Khamudi 6460:Yanassi 6443:Salitis 6395:Yakareb 6388:Khamure 6319:Sehebre 6241:Merkare 5889:Intef I 5828:Dynasty 5737:Imhotep 5697:Iytjenu 5683:Khuiqer 5595:Menkare 5546:Neferka 5530:Pepi II 5452:Userkaf 5346:Sanakht 5169:Anedjib 5149:Hor-Aha 5082:Iry-Hor 5076:Shendjw 5048:Pen-Abu 4932:Hat-Hor 4854:Dynasty 4760:Eastern 4660:Matthew 4554:Alexios 4402:Stephen 4364:Basil I 4249:Leo III 4124:Maurice 4067:Marcian 4050:395–610 3974:Joannes 3933:395–480 3887:Gratian 3760:284–610 3742:Carinus 3722:Tacitus 3598:235–285 3518:Hadrian 3374:274–275 3302:Tacitus 3202:4352566 2971:Zosimus 2789:Orosius 2763:7.30.20 2507:Korner. 2489:Zonaras 2309:, p. 54 2259:23 June 1995:: 273. 1764:Tacitus 1653:Orléans 1637:Cenabum 1633:Orléans 1612:Augusta 1577:Tacitus 1565:Zosimus 1557:Germany 1482:Corsica 1358:Reforms 1315:senator 1183:Palmyra 1179:Zenobia 1139:Serdica 1137:, with 1079:Vandals 1021:Urbanus 997:Vandals 968:of the 952:Palmyra 906:usurper 897:legions 820:Emperor 790:Sirmium 750:Balkans 688:at the 618:Italica 614:legions 605:of the 528:colonus 491:Sirmium 403:Vandals 324:Châlons 268:Naissus 135:Thracia 99:Tacitus 80:270–275 8299:Argead 8146:Probus 8066:Decius 8061:Philip 7936:Trajan 7664:Argead 7573:Muthis 7526:XXVIII 7506:Xerxes 7374:female 7352:Period 7061:Piankh 7032:Siamun 6902:Siptah 6877:Seti I 6717:Period 6669:Kamose 6603:Snaaib 6573:Abydos 6429:Semqen 6422:Sharek 6374:Sheneh 6354:'Apepi 6349:Bebnum 6304:Nehesy 6124:Sebkay 6044:Sonbef 5841:female 5819:Period 5630:Nikare 5520:Pepi I 5457:Sahure 5410:Khafre 5395:Snefru 5364:Sedjes 5336:Djoser 5262:Senedj 5140:Narmer 5099:Narmer 4981:Wazner 4946:Hsekiu 4918:Ny-Hor 4867:female 4845:Period 4522:& 4498:& 4405:& 4376:Leo VI 4352:Thekla 4308:& 4275:Leo IV 4197:& 4136:Phocas 4092:Marcus 4077:Leo II 3993:Avitus 3910:Victor 3875:Valens 3865:Jovian 3860:Julian 3732:Probus 3667:& 3647:Decius 3595:Crisis 3513:Trajan 3241: 3208: 3200: 3190: 3158: 3141: 3107: 3086: 3032: 2923: 2876: 2843: 2773:Jerome 2724: 2670: 2645: 2620: 2305: 2232: 2209:7 June 2182: 2157: 2127: 2017: 2007: 1989:Chiron 1915: 1811: 1801: 1675:, was 1627:Legacy 1585:Thrace 1503:Trajan 1264:Firmus 1131:Moesia 1003:, and 993:Italia 981:Italia 802:Thrace 764:, and 762:Gepids 754:Heruli 735:Raetia 731:Danube 630:legate 413:, and 350:214 – 250:Under 141:Spouse 8152:Carus 7931:Nerva 7921:Titus 7899:Galba 7866:XXXIV 7851:Roman 7630:Arses 7557:Hakor 7476:XXVII 7186:XXIII 6776:XVIII 6736:(male 6466:Apepi 6454:Khyan 6367:Wazad 6135:Wegaf 6069:Iufni 5923:Nubia 5731:Setut 5553:Nefer 5400:Khufu 5358:Khaba 5352:Nebka 5216:Nebra 5144:Menes 5103:Menes 5055:Stork 5018:Upper 4974:Neheb 4967:Thesh 4953:Khayu 4902:Lower 4318:Leo V 4285:Irene 4072:Leo I 3737:Carus 3508:Nerva 3498:Titus 3478:Galba 3430:Roman 3335:with 3217:(PDF) 3206:S2CID 3198:JSTOR 3176:(PDF) 3139:S2CID 2477:Stein 2015:S2CID 1838:Groag 1768:Carus 1701:nomen 1659:Notes 1523:Death 1226:Tyana 1195:Egypt 1187:Syria 1127:Dacia 1095:Pavia 970:Rhine 965:limes 956:Syria 954:, in 758:Goths 701:Dacia 686:Goths 670:Italy 642:Goths 622:Spain 562:nomen 435:Dacia 415:Carpi 399:Goths 340:Latin 312:Emesa 307:Immae 302:Tyana 290:Pavia 165:Names 152:Issue 77:Reign 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