1823:
2675:
1830:
136:
2669:
113:
3578:
3584:
4243:
815:
having five molars as opposed to three in all other non-monotreme australosphenidans, and having non-tribosphenic molars, meaning that monotremes and non-monotreme australosphenidans were likely unrelated. Later, Flannery and coauthors suggested that the core grouping of australosphenidans (excluding
417:
and that these groups do not share a close relationship. In 2001, Luo et al proposed the clade
Australosphenida to include monotremes as well as Jurassic and Cretaceous mammals with tribosphenic molars known from the Southern Hemisphere, based almost exclusvely on characters of the skull and lower
798:(that is, the therians and their relatives) in the northern continents. Others contend that the ausktribosphenids (two families of the Australian Cretaceous tribosphenids) in fact belong to the placentals and were therefore true tribosphenids, but unrelated to the ancestry of the monotremes.
1032:
Richard
Stephen Thompson, Rachel O'Meara, Were There Miocene Meridiolestidans? Assessing the Phylogenetic Placement of Necrolestes patagonensis and the Presence of a 40 Million Year Meridiolestidan Ghost Lineage, Article in Journal of Mammalian Evolution · September 2014 DOI:
1042:
Rebecca Pian; Michael Archer; Suzanne J. Hand; Robin M.D. Beck; Andrew Cody (2016). "The upper dentition and relationships of the enigmatic
Australian Cretaceous mammal Kollikodon ritchiei". Memoirs of Museum Victoria. 74:
276:
have also been considered a part of this group in its original definition and in many subsequent studies, but its relationship with the relationship with other members has been disputed by some scholars.
371:, one of the three major living groups of mammals, known from the Early Cretaceous to present of Australia-New Guinea and the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of southern South America.
925:
Nicholas
Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
379:
teeth in mammals. Living monotremes are toothless as adults, but the juvenile platypus, fossil monotremes and
Ausktribosphenida all share a pattern of three molar
805:
studies lump henosferids and aukstribosphenids alongside monotremes. However, a 2022 review of monotreme evolution noted that the most primitive monotreme
1822:
342:
of
Australia and an unnamed genus from the Mid-Cretaceous of Argentina (the latter of which was originally attributed to Ausktribosphenidae).
2674:
1197:
824:, with the group representing a paraphyletic grade, with Bishopidae more closely related to Theria than to other australosphenidans.
3783:
1109:
1053:
Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02).
944:
Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Ziegler, Tim; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-01-02).
1829:
135:
874:
Flannery, Timothy F.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Veatch, E. Grace; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2022-11-01).
4233:
4334:
4339:
934:
José Bonaparte, On the phylogenetic relationships of
Vincelestes neuquenianus, Published online: 17 Sep 2008
252:. Although they have often been suggested to have acquired tribosphenic molars independently from those of
4259:
1190:
1119:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals".
2668:
4306:
3776:
2294:
4297:
2610:
3304:
3204:
2887:
2603:
2589:
1416:
360:
248:
of mammals, containing mammals with tribosphenic molars, known from the
Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous of
3671:
3577:
2953:
2540:
2420:
2329:
1738:
945:
875:
3344:
3143:
2997:
2801:
2547:
2405:
2266:
3542:
3464:
3424:
3004:
2990:
2894:
2851:
2582:
2561:
2554:
2496:
2153:
2132:
2020:
1779:
1745:
1324:
668:
3364:
3031:
2968:
2946:
2873:
2858:
2837:
2280:
2090:
3645:
3454:
3275:
3116:
3086:
3079:
2925:
2503:
2482:
2161:
2050:
2040:
1970:
1619:
1469:
1297:
1144:
905:
841:
414:
384:
322:
209:
130:
2844:
2575:
2229:
2000:
1493:
329:
215:
4311:
3625:
3583:
3414:
3394:
3100:
2939:
2568:
2146:
2060:
2010:
4144:
3513:
3444:
3163:
2808:
2475:
2466:
2427:
2236:
1646:
1183:
1157:
1136:
1105:
1097:
1076:
1006:
967:
897:
3214:
4165:
3906:
3769:
2932:
2739:
2524:
2123:
1785:
1485:
1478:
1128:
1066:
998:
957:
887:
853:
524:
407:
380:
334:
298:
4058:
3959:
3927:
3015:
2510:
2382:
2351:
2336:
2250:
2070:
1560:
1521:
1406:
588:
489:
122:
4176:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
4155:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
842:"Early Late Cretaceous mammals from southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz province, Argentina)"
4247:
4104:
4050:
3951:
3935:
3737:
3702:
3612:
3173:
3045:
3024:
2960:
2912:
2829:
2753:
2724:
2617:
2596:
2367:
2360:
2189:
2080:
1980:
1697:
1266:
612:
565:
4328:
4095:
3967:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3707:
3635:
3384:
3316:
3234:
2438:
2374:
1918:
1731:
1721:
1591:
909:
821:
802:
795:
791:
790:, tribosphenic molars were evolved by the Australosphenida independently of the true
654:
376:
253:
70:
840:
Martin, Thomas; Goin, Francisco J.; Schultz, Julia A.; Gelfo, Javier N. (May 2022).
4112:
4042:
3943:
3898:
3712:
3434:
3290:
3153:
3070:
3052:
2880:
2794:
2778:
2396:
2287:
2273:
1959:
1861:
1848:
1797:
1669:
1448:
1439:
1148:
395:
304:
290:
221:
1071:
1054:
962:
892:
857:
17:
256:, this has been disputed. Fossils of australosphenidans have been found from the
4291:
4152:
4074:
3992:
3742:
3717:
3692:
3519:
3354:
3283:
3266:
3244:
3184:
3038:
2983:
2815:
2711:
2692:
2635:
2624:
2533:
2322:
2259:
2219:
2205:
2175:
2168:
2139:
2030:
1990:
1948:
1908:
1898:
1658:
1608:
807:
617:
462:
403:
391:
368:
352:
347:
227:
45:
351:, sometimes recovered as an australosphenidan (when not inversely considered a
112:
4181:
4034:
3877:
3834:
3818:
3697:
3665:
3655:
3531:
3491:
3334:
3224:
2822:
2746:
2732:
2489:
2315:
2301:
2198:
2100:
1938:
1878:
1767:
1577:
1569:
1538:
1531:
1455:
709:
506:
339:
310:
273:
269:
261:
90:
55:
4282:
1080:
1010:
971:
901:
4189:
4136:
4013:
4005:
3885:
3851:
3548:
3251:
2976:
2866:
2787:
2767:
2451:
2308:
2108:
1680:
1600:
1509:
1424:
1282:
1248:
1239:
411:
265:
147:
95:
4208:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
1140:
986:
985:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (January 2001).
4276:
4128:
3984:
3812:
3502:
3404:
3194:
3133:
2760:
1888:
1687:
1546:
1309:
1257:
1230:
694:
441:
399:
315:
257:
249:
167:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
4205:
4082:
3914:
3824:
3761:
3676:
3297:
3093:
2413:
1928:
1709:
1635:
921:
919:
641:
100:
75:
4197:
4173:
4021:
3868:
3806:
3793:
3475:
3374:
1377:
1336:
1224:
1206:
1132:
1002:
817:
681:
177:
157:
4253:
1156:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L. (2002).
4242:
4066:
811:
294:
245:
4257:
3765:
3599:
2690:
1846:
1375:
1217:
1179:
4120:
410:, however it is now widely recognised that this grouping is a
1175:
375:
The grouping embodies a hypothesis about the evolution of
390:
Monotremes were historically classified within the clade
383:
arranged in a triangle or V shape, which is known as the
4231:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3487:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3263:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3067:
2909:
2708:
2521:
2463:
2393:
2348:
2247:
2216:
2186:
2120:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1764:
1727:
1717:
1693:
1676:
1665:
1654:
1631:
1588:
1557:
1518:
1466:
1436:
1412:
1402:
1059:
950:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
880:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
4266:
4164:
4103:
4094:
4033:
4004:
3983:
3926:
3897:
3876:
3867:
3842:
3833:
3685:
3610:
3530:
3501:
3474:
3315:
3262:
3114:
3066:
3014:
2908:
2777:
2707:
2634:
2520:
2462:
2437:
2392:
2347:
2246:
2215:
2185:
2119:
1859:
1796:
1763:
1708:
1645:
1618:
1587:
1556:
1517:
1508:
1465:
1435:
1388:
1335:
1308:
1281:
4147:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
876:"The Gondwanan Origin of Tribosphenida (Mammalia)"
364:, recovered as an australosphenidan in one study.
1055:"A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution"
946:"A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution"
1158:"In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals"
1104:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
3777:
1191:
8:
325:known from the Early Cretaceous of Australia
285:This grouping includes the following taxa:
195:Luo, Cifelli, & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001
4254:
4100:
4001:
3894:
3873:
3839:
3784:
3770:
3762:
3607:
3596:
3480:
3323:
3122:
2917:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2687:
2443:
1867:
1856:
1843:
1624:
1514:
1395:
1385:
1372:
1314:
1287:
1278:
1214:
1198:
1184:
1176:
111:
31:
1070:
961:
891:
4115:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
4238:
832:
987:"Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals"
7:
869:
867:
687:
660:
633:
604:
580:
558:
481:
454:
447:
424:
25:
4241:
3582:
3576:
2673:
2667:
1828:
1821:
421:Cladogram after Luo et al 2001:
134:
816:monotremes) were actually stem-
1:
1165:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1072:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900
963:10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900
893:10.1080/03115518.2022.2132288
858:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105127
318:of Argentina and Madagascar.
272:of Australia and Argentina.
4356:
4184:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
4139:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
4045:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
1023:Benton 2005: 300, 306-308.
41:Middle Jurassic–Cenomanian
3970:(Kangaroos and relatives)
3801:
3606:
3595:
3573:
3483:
3326:
3125:
2920:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2664:
2446:
1870:
1855:
1842:
1818:
1627:
1398:
1384:
1371:
1317:
1290:
1277:
1213:
1033:10.1007/s10914-013-9252-3
707:
692:
685:
665:
658:
638:
631:
609:
602:
585:
578:
563:
556:
521:
503:
486:
479:
459:
452:
445:
429:
205:
200:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
34:
3962:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
1102:Vertebrate Palaeontology
3854:(Platypus and echidnas)
4085:(Dugongs and manatees)
4024:(Anteaters and sloths)
4307:Paleobiology Database
3954:(Quolls and dunnarts)
3672:Saint Bathans Mammal
431:Basal mammaliaforms
846:Cretaceous Research
27:Subclass of mammals
3938:(Monito del monte)
3117:Prototribosphenida
1620:Ornithorhynchoidea
1470:Ausktribosphenidae
1098:Benton, Michael J.
323:Ausktribosphenidae
210:Ausktribosphenidae
18:Australosphenidans
4322:
4321:
4260:Taxon identifiers
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4053:(Elephant shrews)
4046:
4025:
4017:
3998:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3946:(Marsupial moles)
3944:Notoryctemorphia
3939:
3918:
3910:
3907:Paucituberculata
3891:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3591:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3110:
3109:
3062:
3061:
2904:
2903:
2682:
2681:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2611:Symmetrodontoides
2467:Zhangheotheriidae
1838:
1837:
1816:
1815:
1786:multituberculates
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1647:Ornithorhynchidae
1504:
1503:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
786:According to Luo
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
545:
544:
536:
535:
408:multituberculates
238:
237:
196:
16:(Redirected from
4347:
4335:Australosphenida
4315:
4314:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4298:Australosphenida
4287:
4286:
4285:
4268:Australosphenida
4255:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4166:Euarchontoglires
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4101:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4023:
4015:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3969:
3961:
3960:Peramelemorphia
3953:
3945:
3937:
3916:
3915:Didelphimorphia
3909:(Shrew opossums)
3908:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3853:
3844:Australosphenida
3840:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3608:
3597:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3489:
3481:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3324:
3305:Tendagurutherium
3265:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3123:
3069:
2933:Austrotriconodon
2918:
2911:
2888:Portopinheirodon
2740:Drescheratherium
2717:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2604:Spalacotheroides
2590:Spalacotheridium
2525:Spalacotheriidae
2523:
2465:
2444:
2395:
2350:
2249:
2218:
2188:
2124:Gobiconodontidae
2122:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1766:
1729:
1719:
1695:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1633:
1625:
1590:
1559:
1520:
1515:
1479:Ausktribosphenos
1468:
1438:
1417:Tendagurutherium
1414:
1404:
1396:
1390:Australosphenida
1386:
1373:
1315:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1215:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1133:10.1038/35051023
1115:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1003:10.1038/35051023
982:
976:
975:
965:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
914:
913:
895:
886:(3–4): 277–290.
871:
862:
861:
837:
688:
661:
634:
605:
581:
559:
525:Ausktribosphenos
482:
476:Australosphenida
455:
448:
425:
396:morganucodontids
387:type of molar.
361:Tendagurutherium
293:, including the
242:Australosphenida
194:
191:Australosphenida
139:
138:
120:Jaw fragment of
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
35:Australosphenida
32:
21:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4340:Mammal taxonomy
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4262:
4252:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4213:
4160:
4145:Perissodactyla
4090:
4029:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3975:
3952:Dasyuromorphia
3936:Microbiotheria
3928:Australidelphia
3922:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3859:
3829:
3797:
3790:
3760:
3747:
3681:
3602:
3587:
3575:
3555:
3526:
3497:
3470:
3318:
3317:Tribosphenida /
3311:
3258:
3119:
3106:
3058:
3016:Mesungulatoidea
3010:
2900:
2773:
2695:
2678:
2666:
2650:
2630:
2516:
2511:Zhangheotherium
2458:
2433:
2421:Trishulotherium
2388:
2383:Volaticotherium
2343:
2330:Victoriaconodon
2251:Triconodontidae
2242:
2211:
2181:
2115:
2071:Phascolotherium
1864:
1851:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1792:
1751:
1704:
1688:Ornithorhynchus
1641:
1614:
1583:
1561:Steropodontidae
1552:
1522:Kollikodontidae
1500:
1461:
1431:
1380:
1351:
1331:
1304:
1273:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1160:
1155:
1127:(6816): 53–57.
1118:
1112:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
997:(6816): 53–57.
984:
983:
979:
943:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
917:
873:
872:
865:
839:
838:
834:
830:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
589:Zhangheotherium
546:
537:
338:from the Lower
283:
193:
133:
123:Ambondro mahabo
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4303:
4288:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4105:Laurasiatheria
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4059:Tubulidentata
4056:
4051:Macroscelidea
4048:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:Diprotodontia
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:Amphitheriidae
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Eutriconodonta
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3613:Incertae sedis
3604:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3345:Argaliatherium
3338:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3174:Brancatherulum
3167:
3157:
3147:
3144:Amphibetulimus
3137:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3046:Peligrotherium
3042:
3035:
3028:
3025:Coloniatherium
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:Quirogatherium
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:Groebertherium
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2913:Meridiolestida
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2830:Groebertherium
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2802:Anthracolestes
2798:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2754:Henkelotherium
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2725:Brancatherulum
2720:
2714:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2618:Symmetrolestes
2614:
2607:
2600:
2597:Spalacotherium
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2548:Cifellitherium
2544:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2406:Gobiotheriodon
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2368:Ichthyoconodon
2364:
2361:Argentoconodon
2356:
2354:
2352:Volaticotheria
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:Volaticotheria
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2267:Arundelconodon
2263:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2190:Jeholodentidae
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2094:
2084:
2081:Sangarotherium
2074:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1981:Indotriconodon
1974:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1710:Tachyglossidae
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:Patagorhynchus
1691:
1684:
1674:
1663:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:Mammaliaformes
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1153:
1116:
1110:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1016:
977:
936:
927:
915:
863:
831:
829:
826:
820:as members of
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
691:
686:
684:
678:
677:
674:
673:
664:
659:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
613:Henkelotherium
608:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
584:
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:Eutriconodonta
562:
557:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
510:(Monotremata)
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
485:
480:
478:
472:
471:
468:
467:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
373:
372:
365:
356:
343:
326:
319:
282:
279:
236:
235:
231:
230:
224:
218:
212:
203:
202:
198:
197:
188:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4352:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:Artiodactyla
4151:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4113:Eulipotyphla
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Boreoeutheria
4093:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:Afrosoricida
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Paurodontidae
3731:
3729:
3728:Eupantotheria
3726:
3724:
3723:Symmetrodonta
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Amphilestidae
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:Chronoperates
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3465:Tribactonodon
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:Kielantherium
3419:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:Holoclemensia
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Boreosphenida
3314:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:Palaeoxonodon
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3005:Solanutherium
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:Paraungulatum
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:Treslagosodon
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:Krebsotherium
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:Spalacolestes
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:Infernolestes
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:Heishanlestes
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:Ningchengodon
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Trechnotheria
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:Triconolestes
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:Huasteconodon
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:Fuxinoconodon
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:Kryptotherium
2015:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:Chaoyangodens
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
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1845:
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1777:
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1774:
1772:
1769:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:Murrayglossus
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:Megalibgwilia
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1664:
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1653:
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1644:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1592:Teinolophidae
1586:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
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1536:
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1511:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:0-632-05637-1
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
827:
825:
823:
822:Tribosphenida
819:
814:
810:
809:
804:
799:
797:
796:Boreosphenida
793:
792:Tribosphenida
789:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
712:
711:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
670:
669:Kielantherium
663:
662:
656:
655:Boreosphenida
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
619:
615:
614:
607:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
590:
583:
582:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
561:
560:
554:
553:
550:
549:
541:
540:
532:
531:
528:
527:
526:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
508:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
491:
484:
483:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
457:
456:
450:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
363:
362:
357:
354:
350:
349:
344:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
324:
320:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:
301:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
286:
280:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Tribosphenida
251:
247:
243:
234:
233:And see text
229:
225:
223:
219:
217:
213:
211:
207:
206:
204:
199:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4267:
4192:(Treeshrews)
4075:Proboscidea
4016:(Armadillos)
3899:Ameridelphia
3852:Monotremata
3843:
3713:Theriiformes
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3611:
3490:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3435:Pappotherium
3433:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3365:Carinalestes
3363:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3303:
3296:
3291:Peramuroides
3289:
3282:
3274:
3250:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3172:
3162:
3154:Amphitherium
3152:
3142:
3132:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:Donodontidae
3053:Reigitherium
3051:
3044:
3037:
3032:Mesungulatum
3030:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2969:Lakotalestes
2967:
2959:
2952:
2947:Casamiquelia
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2893:
2886:
2881:Phascolestes
2879:
2874:Minutolestes
2872:
2865:
2859:Lakotalestes
2857:
2850:
2843:
2838:Guimarotodus
2836:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2795:Amblotherium
2793:
2786:
2779:Dryolestidae
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2450:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2397:Tinodontidae
2381:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2288:Eotriconodon
2286:
2281:Corviconodon
2279:
2274:Astroconodon
2272:
2265:
2258:
2235:
2228:
2204:
2197:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2107:
2099:
2091:Tendagurodon
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1960:Fruitafossor
1958:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1862:Theriimorpha
1849:Theriimorpha
1798:Theriimorpha
1744:
1739:Tachyglossus
1737:
1730:
1720:
1696:
1686:
1679:
1670:Monotrematum
1668:
1657:
1634:
1607:
1599:
1576:
1568:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1454:
1449:Asfaltomylos
1447:
1440:Henosferidae
1423:
1415:
1405:
1389:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1168:
1164:
1124:
1120:
1101:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1019:
994:
990:
980:
953:
949:
939:
930:
883:
879:
849:
845:
835:
812:
806:
803:phylogenetic
801:Most recent
800:
787:
785:
708:
693:
667:
666:
640:
639:
611:
610:
587:
586:
564:
523:
522:
505:
504:
488:
487:
475:
461:
460:
430:
420:
412:paraphyletic
404:triconodonts
394:, alongside
389:
385:tribosphenic
374:
359:
353:cladotherian
346:
333:
309:
305:Asfaltomylos
303:
297:
291:Henosferidae
284:
241:
239:
232:
222:Henosferidae
190:
184:
121:
29:
4292:Wikispecies
4198:Dermoptera
4190:Scandentia
4182:Lagomorpha
4131:(Pangolins)
4121:Chiroptera
4077:(Elephants)
4067:Hyracoidea
4061:(Aardvarks)
3823:(unranked)
3743:Marsupionta
3718:Pantotheria
3693:Prototheria
3646:Microderson
3455:Tirotherium
3355:Brasilestes
3284:Kouriogenys
3276:Afriquiamus
3267:Peramuridae
3252:Monotremata
3245:Vincelestes
3185:Chunnelodon
3087:Anoualestes
3080:Amazighodon
3039:Orretherium
2984:Necrolestes
2926:Amarillodon
2816:Crusafontia
2712:Dryolestida
2693:Cladotheria
2636:Cladotheria
2625:Yaverlestes
2534:Akidolestes
2504:Origolestes
2483:Kiyatherium
2452:Monotremata
2323:Trioracodon
2260:Alticonodon
2220:Klameliidae
2206:Yanoconodon
2176:Spinolestes
2169:Repenomamus
2162:Meemannodon
2140:Gobiconodon
2109:Monotremata
2051:Manchurodon
2041:Liaotherium
2031:Liaoconodon
1991:Juchilestes
1971:Hakusanodon
1949:Dyskritodon
1909:Aploconodon
1899:Amphilestes
1659:Dharragarra
1609:Teinolophos
1510:Monotremata
1425:Monotremata
1065:(1): 3–20.
956:(1): 3–20.
808:Teinolophos
618:Dryolestida
463:Shuotherium
392:Prototheria
369:Monotremata
348:Vincelestes
228:Monotremata
4329:Categories
4137:Carnivora
4129:Pholidota
4035:Afrotheria
4014:Cingulata
3995:inclusive)
3917:(Opossums)
3888:inclusive)
3878:Metatheria
3835:Yinotheria
3819:Vertebrata
3817:Subphylum
3698:Yinotheria
3686:Other taxa
3666:Tingamarra
3656:Thereuodon
3601:Other taxa
3549:marsupials
3543:Metatheria
3532:Metatheria
3520:placentals
3492:Patagomaia
3335:Aegialodon
3225:Nanolestes
2845:Hercynodon
2823:Dryolestes
2747:Euthlastus
2733:Dorsetodon
2645:see below↓
2576:Shalbaatar
2490:Maotherium
2316:Triconodon
2302:Meiconodon
2230:Ferganodon
2199:Jeholodens
2101:Allotheria
2001:Jueconodon
1939:Condorodon
1879:Acinacodus
1807:see below↓
1780:Allotheria
1768:Allotheria
1578:Steropodon
1570:Parvopalus
1539:Kryoryctes
1532:Kollikodon
1494:Kryoparvus
1456:Henosferus
1346:see below↓
1325:Cynodontia
1310:Cynodontia
1258:Cynodontia
1249:Therapsida
1171:(1): 1–78.
1091:References
852:: 105127.
710:Metatheria
507:Steropodon
340:Cretaceous
332:including
330:Bishopidae
311:Henosferus
274:Monotremes
270:Cretaceous
262:Madagascar
216:Bishopidae
4206:Primates
4200:(Colugos)
4174:Rodentia
4069:(Hyraxes)
4006:Xenarthra
3993:Placental
3886:Marsupial
3626:Atlasodon
3547:includes
3518:includes
3415:Kermackia
3395:Hypomylos
3101:Stylodens
2977:Leonardus
2940:Bondesius
2867:Laolestes
2788:Achyrodon
2768:Tathiodon
2569:Lactodens
2309:Priacodon
2295:Jugulator
2147:Hangjinia
2061:Nakunodon
2011:Kemchugia
1784:includes
1746:Zaglossus
1681:Obdurodon
1601:Stirtodon
1298:Synapsida
1283:Synapsida
1240:Synapsida
1223:Kingdom:
1081:0311-5518
1011:0028-0836
972:0311-5518
910:253323862
902:0311-5518
400:docodonts
314:from the
266:Argentina
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
4277:Wikidata
4083:Sirenia
3985:Eutheria
3813:Chordata
3807:Animalia
3805:Kingdom
3514:Eutheria
3503:Eutheria
3445:Picopsis
3405:Juramaia
3195:Magnimus
3164:Arguimus
3134:Abelodon
2954:Cronopio
2809:Beckumia
2761:Paurodon
2476:Anebodon
2428:Yermakia
2237:Klamelia
1889:Amphidon
1547:Sundrius
1407:Ambondro
1378:Mammalia
1337:Mammalia
1231:Chordata
1229:Phylum:
1225:Animalia
1207:Mammalia
1141:11343108
1100:(2005).
818:therians
695:Eutheria
490:Ambondro
442:Mammalia
316:Jurassic
299:Ambondro
281:Taxonomy
258:Jurassic
250:Gondwana
178:Mammalia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
4283:Q783432
4248:Mammals
4022:Pilosa
3825:Amniota
3811:Phylum
3792:Extant
3677:UA 8699
3298:Peramus
3215:Mozomus
3205:Minimus
3094:Donodon
2414:Tinodon
1929:Comodon
1636:Opalios
1486:Bishops
1149:4342585
1043:97–105.
642:Peramus
335:Bishops
174:Class:
4234:Portal
4123:(Bats)
3869:Theria
3796:orders
3794:mammal
3476:Theria
3375:Eomaia
2541:Aliaga
1147:
1139:
1121:Nature
1108:
1079:
1009:
991:Nature
970:
908:
900:
788:et al.
682:Theria
418:jaws.
308:, and
295:genera
268:, and
244:are a
4312:89613
1263:Clade
1254:Clade
1245:Clade
1236:Clade
1161:(PDF)
1145:S2CID
906:S2CID
828:Notes
794:, or
415:grade
381:cusps
377:molar
246:clade
201:Taxa
185:Clade
3541:see
3512:see
1778:see
1323:see
1296:see
1137:PMID
1106:ISBN
1077:ISSN
1007:ISSN
968:ISSN
898:ISSN
406:and
264:and
240:The
46:PreꞒ
1129:doi
1125:409
1067:doi
999:doi
995:409
958:doi
888:doi
854:doi
850:133
260:of
4331::
4309::
4294::
4279::
1265::
1256::
1247::
1238::
1169:47
1167:.
1163:.
1143:.
1135:.
1123:.
1075:.
1063:46
1061:.
1057:.
1005:.
993:.
989:.
966:.
954:46
952:.
948:.
918:^
904:.
896:.
884:46
882:.
878:.
866:^
848:.
844:.
620:)
402:,
398:,
358:†?
355:).
345:†?
302:,
187::
96:Pg
4236::
3991:(
3884:(
3785:e
3778:t
3771:v
3662:†
3652:†
3642:†
3632:†
3622:†
3488:†
3461:†
3451:†
3441:†
3431:†
3421:†
3411:†
3401:†
3391:†
3381:†
3371:†
3361:†
3351:†
3341:†
3331:†
3308:?
3279:?
3264:†
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3241:†
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3221:†
3211:†
3201:†
3191:†
3181:†
3177:?
3170:†
3160:†
3150:†
3140:†
3130:†
3068:†
2972:?
2964:?
2910:†
2862:?
2833:?
2728:?
2709:†
2522:†
2464:†
2455:?
2409:?
2394:†
2378:?
2349:†
2340:?
2248:†
2222:?
2217:†
2187:†
2157:?
2121:†
2112:?
2104:?
2097:†
2087:†
2077:†
2067:†
2057:†
2047:†
2037:†
2027:†
2017:†
2007:†
1997:†
1987:†
1977:†
1967:†
1963:?
1956:†
1952:?
1945:†
1935:†
1925:†
1915:†
1905:†
1895:†
1885:†
1875:†
1770:?
1765:†
1728:†
1718:†
1701:?
1694:†
1677:†
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1632:†
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1589:†
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1558:†
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1519:†
1497:?
1489:?
1467:†
1437:†
1428:?
1420:?
1413:†
1403:†
1392:?
1199:e
1192:t
1185:v
1151:.
1131::
1114:.
1083:.
1069::
1013:.
1001::
974:.
960::
912:.
890::
860:.
856::
813:,
616:(
367:?
328:†
321:†
289:†
226:?
220:†
214:†
208:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
20:)
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