Autocracy - Knowledge (XXG)

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successor. The threat of overthrow is greater for appointed successors over hereditary successors, as hereditary successors are often younger and less influential. Other autocracies have no appointed successor, and a power struggle will take place upon the death or removal of the autocrat. These methods of succession are a common distinction between monarchical rule and dictatorial rule; monarchies use an established system of succession such as hereditary succession, while dictatorships do not. Autocratic rule is most unstable during succession from one autocrat to another. Orders of succession allow for more peaceful transition of power, but it prevents meaningful vetting of successors for competence or fortitude. When rule passes between autocrats, the incoming autocrat often inherits an established bureaucracy. This bureaucracy facilitates the transfer of power, as the new ruler gains immediate control over the nation without having to conquer its people or win their popular support.

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is virtually nonexistent throughout history, but popular support for democracy is a significant indicator of challenges to autocratic rule. Modernization and increased wealth are often associated with stronger support for democracy, though failing to provide these things also reduces support for the autocratic regime. Popular revolt is most likely to occur during periods of reform. Government reform can provide an impetus for stronger opposition, especially when it does not meet expectations, and it can weaken the centralization of power through poor implementation. When revolt appears likely, an autocrat may grant civil rights, redistribute wealth, or abdicate from power entirely to avoid the threat of violence.

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influential figures are provided benefits by the regime in exchange for their support. Coercing these elites is usually more efficient for the autocrat than intimidating them through violence. Political parties are a common method of co-optation and coercion, as they provide a mechanism to control members of the government, initiate new members, and discourage a military coup. Autocratic governments controlled through a political party last longer on average than other autocratic governments.

1427:, some may allow limited exercise of some rights. These autocracies grant moderate representation to political opponents and allow exercise of some civil rights, though less than those associated with democracy. These are contrasted with closed autocracies, which do not permit the exercise of these rights. Several forms of semi-autocratic government have been defined in which governments blend elements of democracy and autocracy. These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy, 1832: 1928:. This theory was largely abandoned after the increase in autocratic government over the following decades. In the 2010s, the concept of "autocracy promotion" became influential in the study of autocracy, proposing that some governments have sought to establish autocratic rule in foreign nations, though subsequent studies have found little evidence to support that such efforts are as widespread or successful as originally thought. 1151:, but they can also serve as checks on the autocrat. Autocrats must also balance the affiliation that regional elites have over their jurisdiction; too little can prevent effective rule, while too much may cause the elite to favor the region's interests over the autocrat's. Some autocracies incorporate an elected legislature that has a limited ability to check the power of the autocrat, though these are not usually formed through 1820: 827: 1847:. Despite its historical prominence, autocracy has not been widely recognized as its own political theory in the way that democracy has. Autocratic government is generally considered to be less desirable than democratic government. Reasons for this include its proclivity for corruption and violence as well as its lack of efficiency and its weakness in promoting liberty and transparency. 1255: 1899:, or free and fair elections, among others. Both the choice in attributes and the method of measuring them are subjective, and they are defined individually be each index. Despite this, different democracy indices generally produce similar results. Most discrepancies come from the measurement of anocratic governments that blend democratic and autocratic traits. 1462: 1769:. Autocratic governments enjoy similar levels of public support to democratic governments, and a state's status as autocratic is not a significant indicator in whether it is supported by its citizens. Autocrats often appeal to the people by supporting a specific political, ethnic, or religious movement. 1858:

Autocratic government has been found to have effects on a country's politics, including its government's structure and bureaucracy, long after it democratizes. Comparisons between regions have found disparities in citizen attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement depending on whether it

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became more common in European monarchies at the onset of the 16th century as the continent struggled with weak leadership and religious conflict. Legislatures during this period were often tailored to enforce the king's will but not challenge it. This was sometimes justified through the divine right

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under a legal framework, or they may exert influence purely through force. Opinion on whether an autocratic government is legitimate can vary, even among its own population. An autocracy's approach to legitimacy can be affected by recognition from other nations. Widely accepted autocratic governments

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Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites. As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat. Most

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describe autocracies as natural states that arise from this need to monopolize violence. In contrast to Olson, these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler, but as an organization formed by many actors. They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process

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Autocracies impose few to no limits on the power of the autocrat, and any formal institutions that exist create only limited accountability. To maintain power, an autocrat must have the support of elites that hold influence in the country and assist the autocrat in carrying out their will. The amount

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Political repression is the primary method by which autocrats preserve the regime and prevent the loss of power. This repression may take place implicitly by coercing and intimidating potential opposition, or it may involve direct violence. Autocratic governments also engage in co-optation, in which

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to carry out political repression rather than carrying out direct purges. This may be done to more publicly discourage future dissidents. Prior to this trend, autocratic elections rarely invited public participation. They were instead used by elites to choose a leader amongst themselves, such as in

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Historically, the most common claim of legitimacy is birthright in an autocracy that uses hereditary succession. Theocratic governments appeal to religion to justify their rule, arguing that religious leaders must also be political leaders. Other autocrats may use similar claims of divine authority

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While popular support for revolution is often necessary to overthrow an autocratic government, most revolts are accompanied by internal support from elites who believe that it is no longer in their interest to support the autocrat. Overthrow of an autocratic government purely through popular revolt

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There is great variance in the types of states that become autocratic. Neither a state's size, its military strength, its economic success, nor its cultural attributes significantly affect whether it is likely to be autocratic. Autocracy is more likely to form in heterogeneous populations, as there

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introduced the term "stationary bandits" to describe the method of control associated with autocracy, as opposed to the "roaming bandits" that dominate anarchic society. Under this definition, autocrats as stationary bandits see long-term investment in the society that they exploit through taxation

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Many attempts have been made to define the political structure of autocracy. It traditionally entails a single unrestrained ruler, known as an autocrat, though unrestrained non-democratic rule by a group may also be defined as autocratic. Autocracy is distinguished from other forms of government by

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Historically, data on the operation of autocratic government has been limited, preventing detailed study. Study of postcolonial autocracy in Africa has been particularly limited, as these governments were less likely to keep detailed records of their activities relative to other governments at the

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in which a set of rules determines who will be the next autocrat. Otherwise, a successor may be handpicked, either by the autocrat or by another governmental body. Pre-determined successors are incentivized to overthrow and replace the autocrat, creating a dilemma for autocrats wishing to choose a

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to further exercise control while presenting the appearance of democracy. The only limits to autocratic rule are practical considerations in preserving the regime. Autocrats must retain control over the nation's elites and institutions for their will to be exercised, but they must also prevent any

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The decline in autocracy across Western Europe affected autocratic government elsewhere in the world through colonization. Societies without a state were readily colonized by European nations and subsequently adopted democracy and parliamentary government after it became common in Europe. Regions

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nations are more likely to distrust government and free markets, directly hindering the long-term economic prosperity of these nations. Xenophobia is generally more common in post-autocratic nations, and voters in these nations are more likely to vote for far-right or far-left political parties.

1139:, and modern autocracy is often defined as any non-democratic government. As with all forms of government, autocracy has no clearly defined boundaries, and it may intersect with other forms of government. Though autocracy usually encompasses an entire country, it can sometimes take place at 1439:. These governments may begin as democratic governments and then become autocratic as the elected leader seizes control over the nation's institutions and electoral process. Conversely, autocratic governments may transition to democracy through a period of semi-autocratic rule. 1337:

governments. Autocracies with unfair elections will cite election results to prove that the autocrat has a mandate to rule. Some autocracies will use practical considerations to legitimise their rule, arguing that they are necessary to provide basic needs to the population.

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Parliamentary monarchies became common in the 13th century as monarchs sought larger advising bodies that were representative of the kingdom. European nations moved away from feudalism and towards centralized monarchy as the primary form of government in the 14th century.

895:. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to cases where power is held by a single individual, or they may define autocracy in a way that includes a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of 1239:, members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting. A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition, who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state. 1147:

of direct control that an autocrat wields in practice may vary. As an autocratic government solidifies its rule, it develops stronger institutions to carry out the autocrat's will. These institutions are necessary for maintaining control and extracting value from

1416:, where it maintains control purely through rewards for allies and force against enemies. In these regimes, there is no guiding ideology or legal system, and the state serves only to bring about the leader's own personal enrichment. Other descriptors, such as 1736:

in 1991, but it saw a resurgence over the following decades through regional powers such as China, Iran, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The fall of totalitarian regimes led to authoritarianism becoming the predominant form of autocracy in the 21st century.

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Autocratic regimes in the 21st century have departed from the historical precedent of direct rule in favor of institutions that resemble those of democratic governments. This may include controlled liberties for citizens such as the formation of

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time, and they frequently destroyed the records that did exist. Study of citizen support for autocratic government relative to democratic government has also been infrequent, and most studies conducted in this area have been limited to

1397:. Authoritarian governments maintain control of a nation purely through repression and controlled opposition rather than mandated adherence to a state ideology. These include most traditional monarchies, military dictatorships, 1493:. They are an emergent form of governance, originating from societies that previously lacked a centralized authority. Historical chiefs often held only tenuous power over the chiefdom, but they trended towards autocracy as 1772:

The different forms of autocratic government create significant variance in their foreign policy. Overall, autocratic governments are more likely to go to war than democratic governments, as citizens are not part of the

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marked a significant shift in the perception of dictatorship as a form of tyrannical rule, as revolutionaries justified their actions as a means of combatting tyranny. In Europe, the original forms of dictatorship were

1408:, in which the autocrat rules purely through personal control without any meaningful institutions. These were most common in pre-industrial societies, when large bureaucracies had not yet become standard in government. 1798:. Elections provide several benefits to autocratic regimes, allowing for a venue to restrain or appease the opposition and creating a method to transfer power without violent conflict. Many autocrats also institute 1907:

in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by

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The concepts of tyranny and despotism as distinct modes of government were abandoned in the 19th century in favor of more specific typologies. Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of

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are more able to convince their own populations of their legitimacy. Less widely accepted autocracies may rally internal support by attributing their lack of recognition to malevolent foreign efforts, such as

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after consolidating power, particularly fascist governments. This allows the autocracy to spread its state ideology, and the existence of foreign adversaries allows the autocrat to rally internal support.

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among individuals with access to violence. For them, these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources. As violence reduces the

1721:. Communist states became the primary model for autocratic government in the late-20th century, and many non-communist autocratic regimes replicated the communist style of government. 1512:, which first developed around the 35th century BCE. These early states were ruled by kings who were both political and religious leaders. These were followed by the first empire, the 6821: 1670:

resulted in a broad shift of governance across Europe, and many nations moved away from traditional monarchies. Most European monarchs were stripped of their powers to become

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indices. These indices measure various attributes of a government's actions and its citizens' rights to sort democracies and autocracies. These attributes might include

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or local levels, even in countries with a more democratic government, if the national government has limited control over a specific area or its political conflicts.

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other individual or group from gaining significant power or influence. Internal challenges are the most significant threats faced by autocrats, as they may lead to a

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within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an

4928: 1653:. European monarchies moved away from autocracy in the 19th century as legislatures increased in power. In 19th century Latin America, regional rulers known as 1329:

in 17th century England and France. When an autocratic government has a state ideology, this may be used to justify the autocrat's rule. This is most common in

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is another common measure used by autocrats to stay in power; as they are able to draft the constitution unilaterally, it can be tailored to suit their rule.

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who would be temporarily invested with unchecked power to restore stability during periods of crisis. This temporary dictatorship was eventually subverted by

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Autocracy has been the primary form of government for most of human history. One of the earliest forms of government was the chiefdom that developed in

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with historically strong autocratic states were able to resist European colonization or otherwise went unchanged, allowing autocracy to be preserved.

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became popular among political scientists. This theory proposed that autocratic government was approaching a permanent decline to be replaced by

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in 221 BCE, and even its feudal government had stronger elements of autocracy than other instances of feudalism. The early Chinese philosophy of

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Some autocracies emphasize a ruling family rather than a single autocrat. This has been the case of most monarchies. Such arrangements allow for

966:. Monarchy was the predominant form of autocracy for most of history. Dictatorship became more common in the 19th century, beginning with the 5920: 4126: 4098: 4071: 4044: 4017: 3976: 3947: 3920: 3883: 3856: 3779: 3758: 3746: 3702: 3676: 3609: 3566: 3539: 3512: 3482: 3459: 1554:

were often ruled by tyrants, though myth and historical revisionism later re-imagined these tyrants as kings with hereditary succession. The

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and other seizure of resources, as opposed to the bandits in stateless societies that have no incentive to improve society. This creates a

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in German. These terms were eventually used to refer to autocratic rulers in general. The term has since developed a negative connotation.

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emphasized the importance of benevolent autocratic rule to maintain order, and this philosophy heavily influenced future Chinese thought.

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also existed as an autocratic government for most of its early history, first developing states at the end of the fourth millennium BCE.

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in the 24th century BCE. The blending of autocratic rule with religious significance continued under the Akkadian Empire, as the king

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China has been subject to autocratic rule almost without interruption since its ancient feudal society was replaced by the

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is a type of personalist dictatorship in which a ruling family directly integrates itself into the state through a

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and demonstrate their support of the state ideology through political engagement. Totalitarian governments are

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and can be influenced by the autocrat in exchange for preferential treatment. Other institutions, such as an

7054: 6987: 6911: 6884: 6551: 6471: 6285: 5888: 5477: 5388: 4662: 4497: 4486: 3968: 3875: 3840: 3730: 3694: 3504: 1140: 1111: 782: 349: 7093: 6928: 5878: 5858: 5745: 5708: 5378: 5006: 1942: 1892: 1671: 1590: 1301: 1152: 1106: 797: 364: 5798: 4317:"The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800" 7231: 6918: 6901: 6032: 5987: 5393: 4270: 3809: 3474: 1888: 1551: 1355: 1326: 1288: 1160: 792: 655: 252: 7059: 5848: 3646: 3633: 3620: 6799: 6541: 6421: 6190: 6012: 5997: 5838: 5765: 5457: 5418: 5403: 4937: 4752: 4618:"A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917" 4586: 4001: 3988: 1913: 1896: 1876: 1844: 1650: 1306: 911: 904: 872: 4703: 7195: 7105: 6923: 6838: 6731: 6646: 6611: 6581: 6501: 6027: 5967: 5775: 5288: 5208: 4238:"Of Gods and Kings: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia" 4149: 1662:

The 19th and 20th centuries brought about the decline of traditional monarchies in favor of modern

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Autocratic government has been central to political theory since the development of Ancient Greek

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Tangerås, Thomas P. (2009). "Democracy, autocracy and the likelihood of international conflict".

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Famines since 1850 by political regime. Autocratic countries have experienced significantly more

1804: 1791: 1702: 1578: 1521: 1374: 1260: 927: 926:, and an autocracy may attempt to legitimize itself in the eyes of the public through appeals to 354: 139: 114: 6175: 4528: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 4264: 1705:. This type of autocratic government enforced totalitarian control over its citizens through a 7160: 6862: 6852: 6706: 6651: 6491: 6280: 6170: 5942: 5868: 5843: 5760: 5645: 5447: 4855: 4812: 4769: 4724: 4689: 4640: 4575: 4551: 4474: 4429: 4384: 4339: 4287: 4215: 4170: 4144: 4122: 4094: 4067: 4040: 4013: 3993: 3972: 3943: 3916: 3879: 3852: 3817: 3775: 3742: 3698: 3672: 3605: 3562: 3535: 3508: 3478: 3455: 1982: 1925: 1868: 1859:

had been subject to autocracy, even in different regions within the same country. Citizens of

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against groups that do not comply with the state's vision. Totalitarianism is associated with

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of other influential or powerful members of society. The general public is controlled through

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Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics, Third Edition

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have been developed to measure how democratic or authoritarian countries are, such as the

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to which autocrats are accountable. Totalitarian autocracies have historically engaged in

1729: 1698: 1679: 1517: 1513: 1390: 1247:. Autocracies formed under these conditions are often more volatile for the same reasons. 1244: 1128: 1071: 989: 981: 935: 896: 831: 804: 660: 650: 447: 344: 4237: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 7098: 6758: 6666: 6656: 6385: 6260: 6245: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6155: 6130: 6085: 6065: 5927: 5898: 5873: 5828: 5808: 5770: 5725: 5605: 5595: 5452: 5283: 5096: 4808: 4571: 4108: 4083: 3833: 3802: 3524: 3497: 3444: 1967: 1937: 1921: 1909: 1762: 1718: 1663: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1264: 1236: 1227: 1175: 1148: 919: 809: 740: 645: 478: 392: 2147: 2145: 2143: 1645:, imperial rule reminiscent of Julius Caesar. These were primarily used to define the 826: 7215: 7083: 6975: 6691: 6521: 6431: 6380: 6350: 6340: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6115: 6105: 6095: 6070: 5937: 5915: 5833: 5740: 5713: 5698: 5640: 5323: 4824: 4781: 4736: 4652: 4607: 4563: 4518: 4470: 4441: 4351: 4311: 4299: 4227: 4182: 3789: 3716: 3712: 1860: 1586: 1563: 1529: 1494: 1382: 1366: 1164: 1055: 1012: 997: 696: 591: 493: 483: 324: 4396: 1819: 6992: 6960: 6879: 6671: 6355: 6345: 6335: 6200: 6195: 6135: 6110: 6080: 6075: 5982: 5977: 5823: 5703: 5437: 5373: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5147: 5137: 5081: 4971: 3492: 1808: 1782: 1750: 1714: 1710: 1618: 1571: 1540: 1498: 1490: 1452: 1394: 1362: 1347: 1268: 1216: 977: 884: 745: 672: 666: 640: 635: 611: 601: 538: 427: 247: 171: 4720: 4166: 1131:

of the people and to choose what liberties they may exercise. It is distinct from

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in 44 BCE, ending the Roman Republic and ushering the creation of the autocratic

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Authoritarian Party Systems: Party Politics in Autocratic Regimes, 1945-2019

1962: 1957: 1904: 1852: 1691: 1642: 1594: 1486: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1378: 1330: 1136: 1132: 968: 951: 915: 892: 888: 558: 452: 442: 437: 422: 417: 407: 281: 242: 231: 216: 181: 149: 93: 88: 40: 4407:"The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator" 4765: 4009: 3601: 1508:

ruling over conquered territory. The first states were the city-states of

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in which both the autocrat and the subjects benefit over the alternative.

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Autocracy encompasses most non-democratic forms of government, including

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and absolutism, may also be associated with variations of autocracy.

963: 596: 4452:"Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective" 1678:. Totalitarianism first developed as a form of autocracy during the 1577:

Several early military dictatorships formed in East Asia during the

1038:; "power, might"). This became the Hellenistic/Byzantine Greek word 3912: 7075: 5542: 5031: 4966: 3965:

Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science

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Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece

1830: 1818: 1744: 1709:. While other forms of European dictatorship were dissolved after 1608: 1461: 1254: 1105: 950:

Autocracy was among the earliest forms of government. It began as

2982: 2980: 2978: 1666:, many of which developed as autocracies. The upheaval caused by 934:, or foreign hostility. Some autocracies establish legislatures, 5537: 4961: 1659:

seized power in several nations as early examples of dictators.

1385:, seeking radically to reform society, and they often engage in 1277: 6803: 4910: 1489:. Chiefdoms are regional collections of villages ruled over by 984:

dictatorships developed in the 20th century with the advent of

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Undue Process: Persecution and Punishment in Autocratic Courts

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was significantly reduced at the end of the Cold War with the

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of kings, particularly in the kingdoms of England and France.

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A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present

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How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory

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when they engage in direct control of citizens' lives, or as

1039: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1015: 3231: 3229: 3060: 3058: 954:, which existed throughout the ancient world in the form of 3896:"Imaginary Kings: Alternatives to Monarchy in Early Greece" 3258: 3256: 2064: 2062: 1999: 1997: 4835:"When was the title "Dictator perpetuus" given to Caesar?" 2702: 2690: 2678: 1215:, as it provides security and negates internal divisions. 1182:

may also give significance to the ruling family through a

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in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an

4265:"Autocratic opening to democracy: why legitimacy matters" 3650: 3637: 3624: 2941: 2939: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2015: 1827:: authoritarian regimes are designated in orange and red. 1701:

first developed as a new form of autocracy following the

1377:. Instead, citizens are expected to devote themselves to 2602: 2600: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1369:

when they do not. Totalitarian governments do not allow

4492:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession" 3321: 3319: 2186: 2184: 2049: 2047: 2045: 996:

in 1991, most dictatorships have been characterized as

4789:

Wong, Stan Hok-Wui; Or, Nick H. K. (1 December 2020).

4085:

Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea

2587: 2585: 2288: 2286: 1127:

the power of the autocrat to unilaterally repress the

3870:

Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes

2488: 2486: 1713:, communism was strengthened and became the basis of 3298: 3045: 3043: 2262: 2215: 2151: 2091: 2089: 1641:, a form of monarchism that rejected feudalism, and 7153: 7003: 6845: 6634: 6403: 6051: 5784: 5664: 5583: 5495: 5486: 5352: 5186: 5115: 4944: 3727:

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy

2304: 4833: 4790: 4745: 4702: 4616: 4579: 4527: 4490: 4450: 4405: 4360: 4315: 4263: 4236: 4191: 4148: 4082: 4055: 4028: 3987: 3958: 3934:The Politics of Mass Killing in Autocratic Regimes 3931: 3894: 3867: 3832: 3801: 3757: 3720: 3585: 3550: 3523: 3496: 3443: 903:. The concept of autocracy has been recognized in 3960:"Regime Types: Measuring Democracy and Autocracy" 3499:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 3397: 2429: 2417: 4323:Studies in Comparative International Development 3471:The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy 3010: 2986: 2969: 2163: 1694:, and military dictatorships throughout Europe. 3725:. In Jenkins, Jeffrey A.; Rubin, Jared (eds.). 32:"Autocrat" redirects here. For other uses, see 2122: 1761:Control over the public is maintained through 1674:, or they were displaced entirely in favor of 1597:in Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries. 1174:, which can join autocracies together through 6815: 4922: 4581:"Violence and the Rise of Open-Access Orders" 1065: 1059: 849: 8: 5428: 1404:An absolute autocracy may be referred to as 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 5364: 3963:. In Keman, Hans; Woldendorp, Jaap (eds.). 3722:"Historical Political Economy of Autocracy" 3262: 3235: 3124: 3076: 3064: 2458: 2340: 2328: 2107: 2068: 1276:autocratic governments are overthrown by a 1049: 6822: 6808: 6800: 5492: 4929: 4915: 4907: 4362:"The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood" 1155:. These legislatures may also be prone to 856: 842: 776: 578: 312: 84: 47: 4683: 3849:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001 3526:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics 3274: 3220: 2738: 1707:mass party said to represent the citizens 1361:Autocratic governments are classified as 1263:led to the replacement of the autocratic 1070:. In the 18th century, the title for the 73:List of countries by system of government 3764:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 3301:, The Legacies Autocracies Leave Behind. 3148: 2906: 2703:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 2691:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 2679:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 6512:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3759:"Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy" 3385: 3373: 3361: 3337: 3310: 3208: 3184: 3022: 2998: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2834: 2654: 2642: 2606: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2477: 2446: 2381: 2369: 2352: 2316: 2277: 2239: 2190: 2134: 2080: 2053: 2036: 1993: 1167:, may also limit the autocrat's power. 725: 686: 610: 581: 504: 461: 383: 315: 268: 225: 148: 87: 58: 4704:"The problem with autocracy promotion" 3835:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 3409: 3172: 3034: 2882: 2870: 2822: 2750: 2726: 2630: 2618: 2492: 1086:in French, while it was translated to 4526:Miller, Michael K (5 November 2012). 3930:Mukherjee, Bumba; Koren, Ore (2018). 3588:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought 3349: 3325: 3160: 3136: 2957: 2894: 2762: 2714: 2666: 2591: 2576: 2292: 2227: 2003: 1524:was the first of several kings to be 1058:. This was adopted in Old Russian as 7: 4797:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 4624:European Journal of Political Theory 4150:"Origins and evolution of chiefdoms" 3739:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.9 3286: 3247: 3196: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3049: 2846: 2405: 2393: 2175: 2095: 1054:, both of which were titles for the 972:in Latin America and the empires of 6622:The End of History and the Last Man 6532:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4747:"Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion" 3421: 2858: 1300:Autocrats may claim that they have 4809:10.1525/j.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91 4458:International Studies Perspectives 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 1423:Though autocracies often restrict 1207:The earliest autocracies, such as 25: 4889:. Oxford University Press. 2023. 4368:American Political Science Review 4199:International Area Studies Review 3553:The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule 2305:North, Wallis & Weingast 2008 910:Autocrats maintain power through 6592:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4471:10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00197.x 4193:"How (not) to measure democracy" 4054:Shen-Bayh, Fiona Feiang (2022). 3299:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2265:, How Autocracies Are Sustained. 2263:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2216:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2152:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 1686:. This saw the establishment of 1581:. These include the rule of the 1317:to justify their rule, often in 825: 5399:Family as a model for the state 4832:Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (1996). 4535:Journal of Theoretical Politics 4147:; Korotayev, Audrey V. (2001). 3899:. In Morgan, Kathryn A. (ed.). 1753:, a 1947 show trial in Slovenia 1734:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1243:is greater inequality and less 994:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6749:Separation of church and state 6647:Collectivism and individualism 6602:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3549:Gerschewski, Johannes (2023). 3011:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2987:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2970:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2164:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2016:Oxford English Dictionary 2023 1916:. At the end of the Cold War, 1558:introduced the concept of the 1528:over the following centuries. 1516:, when they were conquered by 887:, while it is contrasted with 534:Intergovernmental organisation 489:Separation of church and state 1: 6789:Category:Political philosophy 6662:Critique of political economy 4721:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736 4359:Hariri, Jacob Gerner (2012). 4167:10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293 2567:, pp. 240, 242–243, 245. 1728:The strength of autocracy in 1497:governance was replaced with 1467: 1401:, and dominant party states. 7186:Social dominance orientation 6687:Institutional discrimination 6682:History of political thought 5414:Negative and positive rights 4883:"Autocrator (n.), Etymology" 4792:"To Compete or to Cooperate" 3957:Schmidt, Manfred G. (2016). 1504:Early states were formed by 879:. It includes some forms of 331:(socio-political ideologies) 7201:List of totalitarian states 7181:Right-wing authoritarianism 6697:Justification for the state 6482:Two Treatises of Government 4037:University of Toronto Press 3469:Fiala, Andrew, ed. (2015). 1593:beginning in 1170, and the 1379:a single ideological vision 1064:and then modern Russian as 399:(socio-economic ideologies) 69:List of forms of government 7248: 7176:Left-wing authoritarianism 7011:Authoritarian conservatism 5367:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4449:Kinne, Brandon J. (2005). 4091:University of Hawaii Press 4081:Shultz, Edward J. (2000). 4064:Cambridge University Press 3998:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3559:Cambridge University Press 3532:Cambridge University Press 3442:Earle, Timothy K. (1997). 2123:Mukherjee & Koren 2018 1839:than democratic countries. 1446: 1431:, semi-liberal autocracy, 1425:civil and political rights 1230:, John Joseph Wallis, and 1034: 1022: 1000:rather than totalitarian. 38: 31: 6875:Counterintelligence state 6784: 4887:Oxford English Dictionary 4676:10.1007/s10101-008-0055-6 4404:Kalyvas, Andreas (2007). 4381:10.1017/S0003055412000238 4284:10.1080/01436590600720710 4190:Boese, Vanessa A (2019). 3905:University of Texas Press 3756:Kneuer, Marianne (2017). 3452:Stanford University Press 2218:, How Autocracies Emerge. 1825:Economist Democracy Index 1485:, which date back to the 1325:in ancient China and the 1180:Personalist dictatorships 520:(geo-cultural ideologies) 34:Autocrat (disambiguation) 7171:Inverted totalitarianism 7043:Authoritarian capitalism 6572:The Revolt of the Masses 4637:10.1177/1474885105052703 4615:Richter, Melvin (2005). 4548:10.1177/0951629812460122 4487:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter 4426:10.1177/0090591707302208 4212:10.1177/2233865918815571 3986:Schrakamp, Ingo (2016). 3814:Harvard University Press 3772:10.1177/0090591707302208 3340:, pp. 112, 115–116. 1912:in 1974 through applied 1466:Julius Caesar (engraved 1251:Stability and succession 39:Not to be confused with 7055:Authoritarian socialism 6552:The Communist Manifesto 5478:Tyranny of the majority 5389:Consent of the governed 4852:10.3406/antiq.1996.1259 4663:Economics of Governance 4574:; Wallis, John Joseph; 4511:10.1023/A:1005078532251 4262:Burnell, Peter (2006). 4235:Brisch, Nicole (2013). 4155:Reviews in Anthropology 3969:Edward Elgar Publishing 3876:Oxford University Press 3841:Oxford University Press 3731:Oxford University Press 3695:Oxford University Press 3505:Oxford University Press 1672:constitutional monarchs 1453:History of dictatorship 1153:free and fair elections 1112:coronation of Louis XVI 1040: 1028: 1016: 783:Administrative division 727:International relations 5429: 5379:Clash of civilizations 5365: 4895:10.1093/OED/2280847239 4701:Tansey, Oisín (2015). 4027:Siaroff, Alan (2013). 3893:Morris, Sarah (2003). 3866:Mauk, Marlene (2019). 3804:A New History of Korea 3522:Fu, Zhengyuan (1993). 3398:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2430:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2418:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2154:, How Autocracies Die. 1943:Democratic backsliding 1893:freedom of information 1881:Varieties of Democracy 1840: 1828: 1754: 1622: 1591:Goryeo military regime 1478: 1356:dominant-party regimes 1272: 1198:Origin and development 1123: 1120:Gabriel François Doyen 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1066: 1060: 1050: 914:of any opposition and 6919:Dominant-party system 5394:Divine right of kings 4840:L'Antiquité Classique 4766:10.1353/jod.2016.0009 4271:Third World Quarterly 4145:Bondarenko, Dmitri M. 4010:10.1002/9781118455074 4002:John Wiley & Sons 3651:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3647:Divine Right of Kings 3638:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3625:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3602:10.1002/9781118474396 3576:Gibbons, Michael T.; 3475:Bloomsbury Publishing 1889:freedom of expression 1834: 1822: 1748: 1715:several dictatorships 1651:Second French Empires 1612: 1552:Etruscan civilization 1465: 1447:Further information: 1327:divine right of kings 1289:hereditary succession 1287:Some autocracies use 1258: 1161:independent judiciary 1109: 907:since ancient times. 793:Democratic transition 656:Self-governing colony 253:Military dictatorship 6542:Democracy in America 5921:political philosophy 5904:political philosophy 5719:political philosophy 5548:political philosophy 5458:Separation of powers 5419:Night-watchman state 5404:Monopoly on violence 4938:Political philosophy 4753:Journal of Democracy 4587:Journal of Democracy 4143:Beliaev, Dmitri D.; 3971:. pp. 111–126. 3831:Lynch, John (1992). 3812:; Shultz, Edward J. 3713:Grzymala-Busse, Anna 3661:Golosov, Grigorii V. 3580:; Ellis, Elisabeth; 3493:Finer, Samuel Edward 2543:, pp. 229, 232. 1914:public choice theory 1897:separation of powers 1877:Freedom in the World 1845:political philosophy 1815:Study and evaluation 1807:. The creation of a 1321:. This includes the 1307:American imperialism 1267:with the autocratic 912:political repression 905:political philosophy 873:system of government 7106:Ecoauthoritarianism 6924:Illiberal democracy 6732:Right-wing politics 6612:A Theory of Justice 6582:The Road to Serfdom 6502:The Social Contract 5209:Christian democracy 4744:Way, Lucan (2016). 3645:Murphy, Andrew R. " 3412:, pp. 155–156. 3388:, p. 222, 235. 3364:, pp. 122–123. 3151:, pp. 100–101. 2933:, pp. 238–239. 2921:, pp. 233–234. 2555:, pp. 239–240. 2531:, pp. 232–233. 2280:, pp. 237–238. 1526:recognized as a god 1449:History of monarchy 1437:electoral autocracy 1414:cult of personality 1184:cult of personality 1172:royal intermarriage 1102:Political structure 832:Politics portal 717:Supranational union 626:Dependent territory 539:National government 6744:Political violence 6739:Political theology 6722:Left-wing politics 6717:Political spectrum 4600:10.1353/jod.0.0060 4576:Weingast, Barry R. 4572:North, Douglass C. 4336:10.1007/BF02716906 4310:; Jaggers, Keith; 4255:10.1111/rec3.12031 3619:Grigg, Julianna. " 2849:, p. 251–253. 2619:Wong & Or 2020 1873:Polity data series 1841: 1829: 1805:electoral monarchy 1794:to participate in 1792:opposition parties 1755: 1741:Political activity 1703:Russian Revolution 1623: 1579:post-classical era 1522:Naram-Sin of Akkad 1479: 1375:cultural pluralism 1273: 1261:Russian Revolution 1124: 1074:was translated to 992:states. Since the 928:political ideology 27:Form of government 7209: 7208: 7161:Democracy indices 6853:Absolute monarchy 6797: 6796: 6707:Philosophy of law 6652:Conflict theories 6492:The Spirit of Law 6399: 6398: 5448:Original position 4128:978-90-247-3398-9 4100:978-0-8248-2324-5 4073:978-1-009-19713-7 4046:978-1-4426-0702-6 4019:978-1-118-45507-4 3989:"Akkadian Empire" 3978:978-2-01-694428-8 3949:978-3-319-91758-0 3922:978-0-29279-782-6 3885:978-0-19-885485-2 3858:978-0-19-821135-8 3810:Wagner, Edward W. 3781:978-0-19-022863-7 3748:978-0-19-761860-8 3704:978-0-19-092055-5 3678:978-1-80061-116-0 3632:Hulliung, Mark. " 3611:978-1-118-47439-6 3568:978-1-009-19941-4 3541:978-0-52144-228-2 3514:978-0-19-820664-4 3484:978-1-4411-1434-1 3461:978-0-8047-2856-0 3424:, pp. 64–65. 3289:, pp. 12–15. 3013:, pp. 74–75. 2813:, pp. 33–34. 2801:, pp. 31–33. 2507:, pp. 10–11. 2420:, pp. 68–70. 2178:, pp. 26–27. 1983:Tsarist autocracy 1926:liberal democracy 1920:'s theory of the 1869:democracy indices 1634:French Revolution 1568:dictator for life 1429:liberal autocracy 1323:Mandate of Heaven 1319:absolute monarchy 1232:Barry R. Weingast 1222:Pareto efficiency 1004:Etymology and use 883:and all forms of 866: 865: 817: 816: 788:Democracy indices 763: 762: 566: 565: 375:Semi-presidential 300: 299: 16:(Redirected from 7239: 7222:Authoritarianism 7060:Marxism–Leninism 6941:Managerial state 6824: 6817: 6810: 6801: 6712:Political ethics 6702:Machiavellianism 6642:Authoritarianism 6627: 6617: 6607: 6597: 6587: 6577: 6567: 6557: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6517: 6507: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6467: 6457: 6447: 6437: 6427: 6417: 5493: 5434: 5370: 5360:Balance of power 5334:Social democracy 5329:Social Darwinism 5304:Multiculturalism 5249:Environmentalism 5224:Communitarianism 4931: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4898: 4871: 4837: 4828: 4794: 4785: 4749: 4740: 4706: 4697: 4687: 4656: 4620: 4611: 4583: 4567: 4531: 4522: 4494: 4482: 4454: 4445: 4413:Political Theory 4409: 4400: 4364: 4355: 4319: 4308:Gurr, Ted Robert 4303: 4267: 4258: 4243:Religion Compass 4240: 4231: 4195: 4186: 4152: 4132: 4104: 4088: 4077: 4061: 4050: 4034: 4023: 3991: 3982: 3962: 3953: 3937: 3926: 3898: 3889: 3873: 3862: 3838: 3827: 3808:. Translated by 3807: 3793: 3761: 3752: 3724: 3708: 3682: 3669:World Scientific 3654: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3591: 3582:Ferguson, Kennan 3572: 3556: 3545: 3529: 3518: 3502: 3488: 3465: 3449: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3263:Gerschewski 2023 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3236:Gerschewski 2023 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3125:Gerschewski 2023 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3077:Gerschewski 2023 3074: 3068: 3065:Gerschewski 2023 3062: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2462: 2459:Gerschewski 2023 2456: 2450: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2341:Gerschewski 2023 2338: 2332: 2329:Gerschewski 2023 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2266: 2260: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2108:Gerschewski 2023 2105: 2099: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2069:Gerschewski 2023 2066: 2057: 2051: 2040: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1918:Francis Fukuyama 1879:report, and the 1796:unfair elections 1684:Great Depression 1483:tribal societies 1476: 1472: 1469: 1391:communist states 1335:ethnonationalist 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1048:) and the Latin 1043: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1019: 936:unfair elections 858: 851: 844: 830: 829: 777: 621:Associated state 579: 554:Internationalism 544:World government 521: 400: 332: 313: 287:Free association 274: 235: 154: 97: 85: 48: 21: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7149: 6999: 6966:Socialist state 6951:One-party state 6870:Communist state 6841: 6828: 6798: 6793: 6780: 6769:Totalitarianism 6630: 6625: 6615: 6605: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6475: 6465: 6455: 6445: 6442:Treatise on Law 6435: 6425: 6415: 6395: 6053: 6047: 5786: 5780: 5666: 5660: 5579: 5482: 5468:State of nature 5463:Social contract 5443:Ordered liberty 5431:Noblesse oblige 5348: 5182: 5111: 4940: 4935: 4905: 4881: 4878: 4831: 4788: 4743: 4709:Democratization 4700: 4659: 4614: 4570: 4525: 4485: 4448: 4403: 4358: 4306: 4261: 4234: 4189: 4142: 4139: 4129: 4109:Tullock, Gordon 4107: 4101: 4080: 4074: 4053: 4047: 4026: 4020: 3994:MacKenzie, John 3985: 3979: 3956: 3950: 3929: 3923: 3892: 3886: 3865: 3859: 3830: 3824: 3796: 3782: 3755: 3749: 3711: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3659: 3644: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3594:Wiley Blackwell 3584:, eds. (2014). 3578:Coole, Diana H. 3575: 3569: 3548: 3542: 3521: 3515: 3503:. Vol. 1. 3491: 3485: 3468: 3462: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873:, pp. 1–2. 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825:, pp. 1–2. 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777:, pp. 1–2. 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519:, pp. 5–6. 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2197: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2141: 2137:, pp. 7–8. 2133: 2129: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2043: 2035: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1934: 1885:enfranchisement 1817: 1743: 1730:global politics 1699:communist state 1680:interwar period 1613:Members of the 1607: 1566:when he became 1546:City-states in 1518:Sargon of Akkad 1514:Akkadian Empire 1474: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1344: 1298: 1253: 1245:social cohesion 1205: 1200: 1176:dynastic unions 1129:civil liberties 1104: 1072:Russian emperor 1011:comes from the 1006: 897:civil liberties 862: 824: 819: 818: 805:Democratisation 798:Autocratization 774: 766: 765: 764: 721: 682: 661:Tributary state 651:Satellite state 606: 576: 575:Power structure 568: 567: 519: 518: 500: 471: 457: 448:Totalitarianism 398: 397: 379: 330: 329: 310: 302: 301: 296: 272: 264: 229: 221: 152: 144: 91: 82: 81:Source of power 59:Basic forms of 53:Politics series 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7245: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6890:Constitutional 6887: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6759:Social justice 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6667:Egalitarianism 6664: 6659: 6657:Contractualism 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6608: 6598: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6548: 6538: 6528: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6478: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6438: 6428: 6418: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:Overton window 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Libertarianism 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4904: 4903:External links 4901: 4900: 4899: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4829: 4786: 4741: 4715:(1): 141–163. 4698: 4657: 4631:(3): 221–248. 4612: 4568: 4542:(2): 153–181. 4523: 4483: 4465:(1): 114–128. 4446: 4420:(4): 412–442. 4401: 4375:(3): 471–494. 4356: 4312:Moore, Will H. 4304: 4278:(4): 545–562. 4259: 4232: 4187: 4161:(4): 373–395. 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4105: 4099: 4078: 4072: 4051: 4045: 4024: 4018: 3983: 3977: 3954: 3948: 3927: 3921: 3913:10.7560/752764 3890: 3884: 3863: 3857: 3828: 3822: 3794: 3780: 3753: 3747: 3717:Finkel, Eugene 3709: 3703: 3687:Gordon, Andrew 3683: 3677: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3610: 3573: 3567: 3546: 3540: 3519: 3513: 3489: 3483: 3466: 3460: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3376:, p. 123. 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3315: 3313:, p. 111. 3303: 3291: 3279: 3275:Shen-Bayh 2022 3267: 3252: 3240: 3225: 3221:Shen-Bayh 2022 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3163:, p. 119. 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 126. 3129: 3117: 3115:, p. 161. 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3054: 3039: 3037:, p. 489. 3027: 3015: 3003: 3001:, p. 233. 2991: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 179. 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2837:, p. 413. 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2765:, p. 136. 2755: 2743: 2739:Schrakamp 2016 2731: 2719: 2717:, p. 104. 2707: 2705:, p. 381. 2695: 2693:, p. 377. 2683: 2681:, p. 373. 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2596: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2482: 2480:, p. 548. 2463: 2451: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2372:, p. 549. 2357: 2355:, p. 178. 2345: 2333: 2321: 2319:, p. 547. 2309: 2297: 2282: 2267: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2195: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2139: 2127: 2112: 2100: 2085: 2073: 2058: 2041: 2039:, p. 546. 2020: 2008: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1968:Patrimonialism 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1938:Centralisation 1933: 1930: 1922:end of history 1910:Gordon Tullock 1816: 1813: 1763:indoctrination 1742: 1739: 1719:Eastern Europe 1606: 1603: 1560:Roman dictator 1556:Roman Republic 1548:Ancient Greece 1459: 1456: 1444: 1441: 1343: 1340: 1297: 1294: 1265:Russian Empire 1252: 1249: 1237:economic rents 1228:Douglass North 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1186:, such as the 1103: 1100: 1026:; "self") and 1005: 1002: 920:indoctrination 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 821: 820: 815: 814: 813: 812: 810:Hybrid regimes 807: 802: 801: 800: 790: 785: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 761: 760: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 741:Regional power 738: 730: 729: 723: 722: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 691: 690: 684: 683: 681: 680: 675: 670: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Puppet monarch 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 615: 614: 608: 607: 605: 604: 599: 594: 586: 585: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 564: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 523: 522: 517: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 481: 479:State religion 473: 472: 470: 469: 466: 462: 459: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 402: 401: 396: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Constitutional 347: 342: 334: 333: 328: 327: 322: 316: 311: 309:Power ideology 308: 307: 304: 303: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 276: 275: 273:(rule by none) 266: 265: 263: 262: 257: 256: 255: 245: 237: 236: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 156: 155: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 125:Representative 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 83: 80: 79: 76: 75: 64: 63: 56: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7244: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7145:Shōwa Statism 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084:Caesaropapism 7082: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6976:Islamic state 6974: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831:Authoritarian 6825: 6820: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:Jurisprudence 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522:Rights of Man 6519: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432:De re publica 6429: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052:20th and 21st 6050: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5785:18th and 19th 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Nizam al-Mulk 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324:Republicanism 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803:(4): 91–117. 4802: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(2): 99–117. 4669: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4498:Public Choice 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330:(1): 73–108. 4329: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206:(2): 95–127. 4205: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3823:9780674615762 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3400:, p. 63. 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3352:, p. 96. 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3328:, p. 95. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3277:, p. 22. 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 28. 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3223:, p. 28. 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149:Tangerås 2009 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 11. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 37. 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091:, p. 32. 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3067:, p. 31. 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3025:, p. 13. 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989:, p. 90. 2988: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2972:, p. 74. 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907:Hulliung 2014 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2885:, p. 58. 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 48. 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789:, p. 16. 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2753:, p. 40. 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2729:, p. 38. 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2669:, p. 15. 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645:, p. 91. 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2609:, p. 90. 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2594:, p. 66. 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2579:, p. 70. 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2461:, p. 32. 2460: 2455: 2452: 2449:, p. 18. 2448: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2432:, p. 66. 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2396:, p. 34. 2395: 2390: 2387: 2384:, p. 20. 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2343:, p. 13. 2342: 2337: 2334: 2331:, p. 17. 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2295:, p. 14. 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242:, p. 57. 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230:, p. 67. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2166:, p. 85. 2165: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110:, p. 29. 2109: 2104: 2101: 2098:, p. 24. 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071:, p. 30. 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2056:, p. 79. 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1861:postcommunist 1856: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Yeon Gaesomun 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Julius Caesar 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1530:Ancient Egypt 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495:heterarchical 1492: 1488: 1484: 1464: 1458:Early history 1457: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:revolutionary 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:authoritarian 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:dictatorships 1341: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1165:civil society 1163:or an active 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1056:Roman emperor 1052: 1047: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1014: 1013:Ancient Greek 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 998:authoritarian 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 833: 828: 823: 822: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778: 770: 769: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 732: 731: 728: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 697:Confederation 695: 694: 693: 692: 689: 685: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616: 613: 609: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:Unitary state 590: 589: 588: 587: 584: 580: 572: 571: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 503: 495: 494:State atheism 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 484:Secular state 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 467: 464: 463: 460: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 394: 391: 389: 388:Authoritarian 386: 385: 382: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Parliamentary 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 314: 306: 305: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 271: 267: 261: 258: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 153:(rule by few) 151: 147: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 78: 77: 74: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7232:Dictatorship 7074: 6988:Majoritarian 6961:Police state 6929:Totalitarian 6894: 6880:Dictatorship 6857: 6835:totalitarian 6773: 6672:Elite theory 6620: 6610: 6600: 6590: 6580: 6570: 6560: 6550: 6540: 6530: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6490: 6480: 6470: 6460: 6450: 6440: 6430: 6420: 6410: 5709:Guicciardini 5665:Early modern 5488:Philosophers 5438:Open society 5374:Body politic 5244:Distributism 5234:Conservatism 5229:Confucianism 5148:Gerontocracy 5138:Dictatorship 5127: 5092:Sovereignty‎ 5082:Ruling class 4972:Emancipation 4957:Citizenship‎ 4886: 4843: 4839: 4800: 4796: 4760:(1): 64–75. 4757: 4751: 4712: 4708: 4667: 4661: 4628: 4622: 4594:(1): 55–68. 4591: 4585: 4539: 4533: 4505:(1): 63–84. 4502: 4496: 4462: 4456: 4417: 4411: 4372: 4366: 4327: 4321: 4275: 4269: 4249:(2): 37–46. 4246: 4242: 4203: 4197: 4158: 4154: 4113: 4084: 4057: 4030: 3997: 3964: 3933: 3900: 3869: 3834: 3803: 3798:Lee, Ki-Baik 3763: 3726: 3690: 3664: 3587: 3552: 3525: 3498: 3470: 3445: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3386:Richter 2005 3381: 3374:Schmidt 2016 3369: 3362:Schmidt 2016 3357: 3345: 3338:Schmidt 2016 3333: 3311:Schmidt 2016 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3265:, p. 7. 3250:, p. 3. 3243: 3216: 3211:, p. 2. 3209:Golosov 2021 3204: 3199:, p. 6. 3192: 3187:, p. 1. 3185:Golosov 2021 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3079:, p. 3. 3072: 3052:, p. 1. 3030: 3023:Golosov 2021 3018: 3006: 2999:Siaroff 2013 2994: 2965: 2953: 2946:Tullock 1987 2931:Richter 2005 2926: 2919:Richter 2005 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2835:Kalyvas 2007 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2657:, p. 8. 2655:Tullock 1987 2650: 2643:Siaroff 2013 2638: 2626: 2614: 2607:Siaroff 2013 2572: 2565:Siaroff 2013 2560: 2553:Siaroff 2013 2548: 2541:Siaroff 2013 2536: 2529:Siaroff 2013 2524: 2517:Tullock 1987 2512: 2505:Golosov 2021 2500: 2478:Burnell 2006 2454: 2447:Tullock 1987 2425: 2413: 2408:, p. 7. 2401: 2389: 2382:Tullock 1987 2377: 2370:Burnell 2006 2353:Tullock 1987 2348: 2336: 2324: 2317:Burnell 2006 2312: 2300: 2278:Siaroff 2013 2240:Tullock 1987 2235: 2223: 2193:, p. 7. 2191:Tullock 1987 2171: 2159: 2135:Tullock 1987 2130: 2125:, p. 5. 2103: 2083:, p. 2. 2081:Tullock 1987 2076: 2054:Siaroff 2013 2037:Burnell 2006 2011: 1901: 1866: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1809:constitution 1788: 1783:expansionism 1771: 1760: 1756: 1751:Nagode Trial 1727: 1723: 1711:World War II 1696: 1661: 1654: 1631: 1624: 1619:Adolf Hitler 1599: 1589:in 642, the 1576: 1572:Roman Empire 1545: 1541:Confucianism 1534: 1503: 1501:governance. 1499:hierarchical 1491:tribal chief 1480: 1422: 1403: 1395:Nazi Germany 1363:totalitarian 1360: 1345: 1315: 1299: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1269:Soviet Union 1241: 1226: 1217:Mancur Olson 1206: 1169: 1145: 1125: 1077:authocrateur 1008: 1007: 982:Totalitarian 978:Napoleon III 967: 949: 930:, religion, 909: 885:dictatorship 876: 868: 867: 746:Middle power 673:Vassal state 667:Buffer state 665: 641:Puppet state 636:Protectorate 612:Client state 602:Principality 428:Distributism 370:Presidential 248:Dictatorship 226: 172:Gerontocracy 94:rule by many 67: 51:Part of the 45: 29: 7128:Imperialism 7094:Enlightened 7048:Pinochetism 6936:Mafia state 6907:Proletarian 6896:Dictablanda 6546:(1835–1840) 6426:(c. 350 BC) 6416:(c. 375 BC) 6033:Tocqueville 5998:Saint-Simon 5963:Montesquieu 5814:Bolingbroke 5746:Machiavelli 5626:Ibn Khaldun 5591:Alpharabius 5584:Middle Ages 5409:Natural law 5384:Common good 5309:Nationalism 5269:Imperialism 5239:Corporatism 5214:Colonialism 5194:Agrarianism 5173:Technocracy 5153:Meritocracy 5133:Bureaucracy 5123:Aristocracy 4846:: 251–253. 4685:10419/81362 3410:Tansey 2015 3173:Kneuer 2017 3035:Hariri 2012 2883:Gordon 2003 2871:Shultz 2000 2823:Morris 2003 2751:Brisch 2013 2727:Brisch 2013 2631:Miller 2012 2493:Murphy 2014 2006:, Glossary. 1978:Triumvirate 1953:Mafia state 1948:Kleptocracy 1800:show trials 1775:selectorate 1668:World War I 1639:Bonapartism 1585:kingdom by 1537:Qin dynasty 1510:Mesopotamia 1475: 1589 1471: 1587 1399:theocracies 1192:North Korea 1141:subnational 1083:autocrateur 1061:samod′rž′c′ 980:in Europe. 960:city-states 945:coup d'état 940:show trials 916:co-optation 751:Great power 736:Small power 678:Viceroyalty 549:Nationalism 413:Colonialism 393:Libertarian 355:Directorial 232:rule by one 212:Technocracy 207:Stratocracy 187:Meritocracy 177:Kleptocracy 167:Aristocracy 7216:Categories 7166:Deep state 7026:Khomeinism 7004:Ideologies 6946:Ochlocracy 6912:Right-wing 6885:Benevolent 6839:government 6754:Separatism 6562:On Liberty 6462:The Prince 6191:Huntington 5694:Campanella 5621:al-Ghazali 5570:Thucydides 5528:Lactantius 5473:Statolatry 5299:Monarchism 5279:Liberalism 5204:Capitalism 5187:Ideologies 5168:Plutocracy 5116:Government 5072:Revolution 5057:Propaganda 5007:Legitimacy 4982:Government 3634:Absolutism 3431:References 3350:Boese 2019 3326:Boese 2019 3161:Kinne 2005 3137:Kinne 2005 2958:Lynch 1992 2895:Grigg 2014 2763:Finer 1997 2715:Finer 1997 2667:Earle 1997 2592:Finer 1997 2577:Finer 1997 2293:Earle 1997 2228:Finer 1997 2004:Fiala 2015 1779:militarism 1767:propaganda 1626:Absolutism 1615:Nazi Party 1605:Modern era 1473: – c. 1352:monarchies 1302:legitimacy 1296:Legitimacy 1188:Kim family 1157:corruption 1095:Autokrator 1089:Autocrator 1067:samoderžec 1046:αὐτοκράτωρ 1041:autocrator 932:birthright 924:propaganda 756:Superpower 712:Superstate 707:Federation 702:Devolution 688:Federalism 529:City-state 202:Plutocracy 197:Particracy 61:government 7227:Authority 7196:Strongman 7089:Despotism 7065:Stalinism 7021:Francoism 7016:Chiangism 6971:Theocracy 6956:Oligarchy 6858:Autocracy 6837:forms of 6472:Leviathan 6452:Monarchia 6446:(c. 1274) 6281:Oakeshott 6226:Mansfield 6221:Luxemburg 6206:Kropotkin 6101:Bernstein 6054:centuries 5968:Nietzsche 5911:Jefferson 5839:Condorcet 5787:centuries 5766:Pufendorf 5631:Marsilius 5518:Confucius 5503:Aristotle 5496:Antiquity 5424:Noble lie 5344:Third Way 5339:Socialism 5264:Feudalism 5219:Communism 5199:Anarchism 5178:Theocracy 5163:Oligarchy 5143:Democracy 5128:Autocracy 5042:Pluralism 5027:Obedience 4992:Hierarchy 4952:Authority 4860:0770-2817 4825:234556117 4817:0967-067X 4782:155187881 4774:1086-3214 4737:146222778 4729:1351-0347 4694:1435-6104 4653:143577539 4645:1474-8851 4608:153774943 4564:153751930 4556:0951-6298 4519:154097838 4479:1528-3577 4442:144115904 4434:0090-5917 4389:0003-0554 4352:154432421 4344:0039-3606 4300:153419534 4292:0143-6597 4228:191935546 4220:2233-8659 4183:162365014 4175:0093-8157 4114:Autocracy 3790:144115904 3287:Mauk 2019 3248:Mauk 2019 3197:Mauk 2019 3113:Mauk 2019 3101:Mauk 2019 3089:Mauk 2019 3050:Mauk 2019 2847:Zeev 1996 2406:Mauk 2019 2394:Mauk 2019 2176:Mauk 2019 2096:Mauk 2019 1963:Oligarchy 1958:Monocracy 1905:Juan Linz 1853:East Asia 1823:The 2022 1692:communist 1676:republics 1656:caudillos 1643:Caesarism 1595:shogunate 1487:Neolithic 1410:Sultanism 1406:despotism 1371:political 1331:communist 1209:chiefdoms 1203:Formation 1149:the state 1137:feudalism 1133:democracy 1092:and then 1080:and then 1051:imperator 1009:Autocracy 990:communist 969:caudillos 956:chiefdoms 952:despotism 893:feudalism 889:democracy 869:Autocracy 583:Unitarism 559:Globalism 465:Religious 453:Tribalism 443:Socialism 438:Feudalism 423:Despotism 418:Communism 408:Anarchism 345:Communist 292:Stateless 282:Anarchism 243:Despotism 227:Autocracy 217:Theocracy 182:Kritarchy 150:Oligarchy 135:Socialist 89:Democracy 41:adhocracy 18:Autocrats 7154:See also 7031:Putinism 6902:Military 6727:Centrism 6422:Politics 6412:Republic 6381:Voegelin 6361:Spengler 6346:Shariati 6321:Rothbard 6276:Nussbaum 6176:Habermas 6151:Fukuyama 6141:Foucault 6066:Ambedkar 6043:Voltaire 6013:de Staël 5988:Rousseau 5869:Franklin 5844:Constant 5804:Beccaria 5636:Muhammad 5616:Gelasius 5601:Averroes 5575:Xenophon 5555:Polybius 5508:Chanakya 5353:Concepts 5319:Populism 5289:Localism 5274:Islamism 5259:Feminism 5158:Monarchy 5062:Property 5052:Progress 5017:Monopoly 4987:Hegemony 4868:41658953 4578:(2008). 4489:(2000). 4397:54222556 4314:(1990). 4137:Journals 4119:Springer 4111:(1987). 3940:Springer 3800:(1984). 3719:(2022). 3689:(2003). 3663:(2021). 3621:Monarchy 3495:(1997). 3422:Way 2016 2859:Lee 1984 1932:See also 1583:Goguryeo 1550:and the 1506:warlords 1433:anocracy 1044:(Greek: 1032:(Greek: 1020:(Greek: 974:Napoleon 901:anocracy 881:monarchy 877:autocrat 631:Dominion 360:Legalist 340:Absolute 325:Republic 320:Monarchy 192:Noocracy 162:Anocracy 115:Economic 105:Demarchy 7191:Statism 7111:Fascism 6983:Tyranny 6863:Tsarist 6764:Statism 6677:Elitism 6635:Related 6436:(51 BC) 6366:Strauss 6341:Scruton 6336:Schmitt 6326:Russell 6246:Michels 6241:Maurras 6236:Marcuse 6196:Kautsky 6166:Gramsci 6161:Gentile 6131:Dworkin 6121:Du Bois 6116:Dmowski 6111:Chomsky 6106:Burnham 6091:Benoist 6061:Agamben 6028:Thoreau 6018:Stirner 6008:Spencer 5953:Mazzini 5943:Maistre 5938:Madison 5933:Le Play 5864:Fourier 5829:Carlyle 5809:Bentham 5799:Bastiat 5794:Bakunin 5771:Spinoza 5761:Müntzer 5731:Leibniz 5704:Grotius 5684:Bossuet 5651:Plethon 5596:Aquinas 5565:Sun Tzu 5533:Mencius 5523:Han Fei 5294:Marxism 5254:Fascism 5087:Society 5012:Liberty 4997:Justice 4977:Freedom 3996:(ed.). 2811:Fu 1993 2799:Fu 1993 2787:Fu 1993 2775:Fu 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