Babylon - Knowledge (XXG)

2068: 1334: 3053: 3111: 3130: 5173:, pp. 88–89: "Preventing uprisings on the fringes of the empire was a major concern for Assyrian kings, and a number of policies developed to meet this need, among them mass deportations. When new territory was conquered or a rebellious vassal crushed, an increased imperial presence in the trouble spot was often complemented by the removal of large numbers of the indigenous population to the imperial core, effectively breaking up the rebellious population and reducing the potential for future resistance. This practice was effective, and continued throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires until 539 BC and Cyrus's conquest of Babylon. The majority of the immigrant population were not slaves (Yamauchi 2002: 365), and some did rise to high status positions at the core of the empire (a possibility reflected in the career of the biblical Daniel, who rises to the status of trusted royal confidant)." 3190: 3152: 3085: 1308: 1700: 1672: 1143:

more, because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces, however imperfect, of many of the principal structures of Babylon. I imagined, I should have said: "Here were the walls, and such must have been the extent of the area. There stood the palace, and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus." – I was completely deceived: instead of a few insulated mounds, I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building, in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh, in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures, variety and extent, as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion.

2523: 1249: 2216:. Babylon's walls were considered impenetrable. The only way into the city was through one of its many gates, or through the Euphrates River. Metal grates were installed underwater, allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion. The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river. During a Babylonian national feast, Cyrus' troops upstream diverted the Euphrates River, allowing Cyrus' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water. The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach. The account was elaborated upon by 1261: 2245: 3171: 1635: 2812: 124: 96: 2736: 783: 117: 2096: 1133: 2794: 1664: 89: 1519: 4957:

Sumu-abum to Babylon was much more complex. It was long been noted that many of Sumu-abum's year names are identical or virtually identical to the year names of Sumu-la-el, whom we know for certain was king of Babylon. Goddeeris (2002:319–320) sums these parallels up as follows: Sa 1 and 2 / Sl 5 and 6: building the wall of Babylon. Sa 9 / Sl 'b': building the wall of Dilbat. Sa 13/14 / Sl 20/21: the destruction and seizure of Kazallu."

72: 1330:. Work began in 1879, continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting of the site. Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds. The zealous excavation methods, common at the time, caused significant damage to the archaeological context. Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam's excavation began. 1432: 2600:, and an amphitheater constructed in the city's Hellenistic era. In 1982, the government minted a set of seven coins, displaying iconic features of Babylon. A Babylon International Festival was held in September 1987, and annually thereafter until 2002, excepting 1990 and 1991, to showcase this work. The proposed reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens and the great ziggurat never took place. 6661: 961: 1982:, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. The destruction of the religious center shocked many, and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god 1948: 3052: 2709:, one of the most famous monuments from antiquity US military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists. 5951:

Mesopotamian cities—and with plenty of obelisks and the odd sphinx. To this mixture is added, often and willingly, something of Ottoman architecture, showing cupolas and minarets, clearly useful in picturing an unchangeable Near East which therefore needed to retain elements of remote antiquity in a modern age."

3110: 2596:, began the "Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project": reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins. These features included the Southern Palace of Nebuchadnezzar, with 250 rooms, five courtyards, and a 30-meter (100') entrance arch. The project reinforced the Processional Way, the 2725:

In April 2006, Colonel John Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the I Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command. He also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters. An April 2006 article stated

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A topographical survey at the site was conducted in 1974, followed in 1977 by a review of the stratigraphical position of the main monuments and reconsideration of ancient water levels, by the Turin Centre for Archaeological Research and Excavations in the Middle East and Asia, and the Iraqi-Italian

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From the accounts of modern travellers, I had expected to have found on the site of Babylon more, and less, than I actually did. Less, because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins, or of the size, solidity, and perfect state, of some of the parts of them; and

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period, sign placement was relatively fluid and so the KI sign could be seen as the determinative, with the name of the city as BAR.BAR, perhaps pronounced Babbar. Paul-Alain Beaulieu proposes that the original name could mean "shining" "glowing" or "white". It would be likely that it was later read

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one of whose year names mentions building two temples there. Babylon was ruled by ensi (governors) for the empire. Some of the known governors were Abba, Arši-aḫ, Itūr-ilum, Murteli, Unabatal, and Puzur-Tutu. After that nothing is heard of the city until the time of Sumu-la-El. After around 1950 BC

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The site covers an area of about 1,000 hectares (3¾ sq. mi.), with about 450 hectares (1¾ sq. mi.) within the several kilometer (mile) long city walls, containing a number of mounds, the most prominent of which are Kasr, Merkes (13 meters; 43' above the plain), Homera, Ishin-Aswad, Sahn, Amran, and

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world, or any form of imperialist evil. It is believed that Babylon actively seeks to exploit and oppress the people of the world, specifically people of African descent. It is believed by Rastafarians that Babylon attempts to forbid the smoking of ganja because this sacred herb opens minds to the

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After Hezekiah, the king of Judah, became ill, Baladan, king of Babylon, sent a letter and gifts to him. Hezekiah showed all of his treasures to the delegation, and the prophet Isaiah later said to him: "Behold, the days are coming when everything that is in your house, and what your fathers have

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Thousands of people reside in Babylon within the perimeter of the ancient outer city walls, and communities in and around them are "rapidly developing from compact, dense settlements to sprawling suburbia despite laws restricting constructions". Modern villages include Zwair West, Sinjar Village,

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By 1155 BC, after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites, the Kassites were deposed in Babylon. An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time. However, Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria. Its ineffectual native

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at Babylon. The work was conducted daily from 1899 until 1917. A major problem for Koldewey was the large scale mining of baked bricks, which began in the 19th century and which were mainly sourced from the time of Nebuchadnezzar II. At the time, excavations for brick mining, for various building

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Liverani 2016, pp. 21–22. "In practice, the solution adopted to visualize cities which were in fact unknown was a mixture of classical (Greek) and Egyptian elements, with long colonnades, even built on more than one level—which will then prove totally foreign to the unfired brick architecture of

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Vedeler (2006), pp. 8–15. "However, this later tradition is almost certainly a simplification or even a reworking of the actual events surrounding Sumu-abum, who was never regarded as an actual ancestor to the other kings of the Babylon I dynasty (Edzard 1957:122); in reality the relationship of

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The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri (2217–2193 BC) of the Akkadian Empire. References to the city of Babylon can be found in Akkadian and Sumerian literature from the late third millennium BC. One of the earliest is a

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Christianity eventually became marginalized. Ibn Hawqal (10th century) and the Arab scholar, al-Qazwini (13th century), describe Babylon (Babil) as a small village. The latter described a well referred to as the 'Dungeon of Daniel' that was visited by Christians and Jews during holidays. The

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During the restoration efforts in Babylon, the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage conducted extensive research, excavation and clearing, but wider publication of these archaeological activities has been limited. Most of the known tablets from all modern excavations remain

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The prophet Daniel lived in Babylon for most of his life. Nebuchadnezzar made Daniel ruler over the entire province of Babylon for having interpreted his dream. Years later, Belshazzar held a banquet, at which fingers of a hand appeared and wrote on a wall. Daniel was called to provide an

1571:, had built Babylon "in front of Akkad" (ABC 19:51). A later chronicle states that Sargon "dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad". (ABC 20:18–19). Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king 2548:

By 1905, there were several villages in Babylon, one of which was Qwaresh with about 200 households located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls. The village grew due to the need for laborers during the German Oriental Society excavations between 1899–1917.

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A number of Iraqi excavations have occurred at Babylon, the earliest in 1938. From 1979–1981 excavation and restoration work was conducted at the Ninmah Temple, Istar Temple, and the Southern Palace. Occasional excavations and restorations continued in the 1970s and 1980s.

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that acts as a trading and diplomatic nexus between many different cultures. Many stories focus on the theme of different societies and cultures uniting, respecting differences, and learning from each other rather than fighting or looking on each other with prejudice and

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The Book of Isaiah says the following regarding Babylon: "It will be like Sodom and Gomorrah when God overthrew them. It will never be inhabited or lived in for all generations; no Arab will pitch his tent there; no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there." The

3151: 744:. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 (3½ sq. mi.) to 900 ha (2,200 acres). The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in 6172: 2652: 2713:

A US military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the "head of the Babylon museum". The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the "mess will take decades to sort out" and criticised

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is involved in research and conservation. The SBAH Provincial Inspectorate Headquarters is located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls on the east side. Several staff members and their families reside in subsidized housing in this area.

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1. However, there are questions about whether the Hanging Gardens of Babylon even existed, as there is no mention within any extant Babylonian texts of its existence. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the

2942:("Calneh" is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase "all of them"). Another story is given in Genesis 11, which describes a united human race, speaking one language, migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower—the 2080: 6164: 2776:. Some cultivate dates, citrus fruits, figs, fodder for livestock and limited cash crops, although income from the land alone is not enough to sustain a family. Both Shi'a and Sunni Muslims live in Sinjar village, with mosques for both groups. 2067: 627:. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city, subject to the Akkadian Empire. After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, the south Mesopotamian region was dominated by the 2279:

has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy, although the interpretation is disputed because the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.

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Maurice, Thomas, "Observations on the ruins of Babylon, as recently visited and described by Claudius James Rich, Esq. resident for the East India Company at Bagdad; with illustrative engravings", London: John Murray, Albemarle Street,

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Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery, and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian, classical Greek, and contemporary Ottoman culture.

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The State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) is the main authority responsible for the conservation of the archeological site. They are assisted by Antiquity and Heritage Police, and maintain a permanent presence there. The

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in 1883, Herodotus' account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon. However, recently, Dalley and others have suggested taking Herodotus' account seriously.

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Pedersén, Olof, "Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon", Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident, edited by Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Margarete van Ess and Joachim Marzahn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 47-68,

2318:, over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the destabilization of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC ( 2111:, Babylon escaped Assyrian rule, and the allied Medo-Babylonian armies destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 626 BC and 609 BC. Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes called the Chaldean) Empire. 3084: 2227:

and with buildings on top, and a hundred gates to the city. He writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey, that they practice ritual prostitution, and that three tribes among them

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says that Babylon will "never again be inhabited" and that "no one will live there, nor will anyone of mankind reside in it" and that it will be a land in which "no one of mankind passes". The territories of Babylon,

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Hussein installed a portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins and inscribed his name on many of the bricks, in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar. One frequent inscription reads: "This was built by

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in May 1856. Few antiquities from the Fresnel mission made it to France. Subsequent efforts to recover the lost antiquities from the Tigris, including a Japanese expedition in 1971–72, have been largely unsuccessful.

2701:'s Near East department, John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and parking lots for heavy vehicles. Curtis wrote of the occupation forces: 2326:) and 482 BC (Bel-shimani and Shamash-eriba) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However, these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries, until 1467:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC. Babylon was described, perhaps even visited, by a number of classical historians including 5795: 4553:, Macmillan and Co., 1914. "Up to the present time only about half the work has been accomplished, although since it began we have worked daily, both summer and winter, with from 200 to 250 workmen" (p. v). 2950:

stored up to this day, will be carried to Babylon; nothing will be left." Some 200 years later, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, invaded Judah, laid siege to Jerusalem and deported the Jews to Babylon.

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Institute of Archaeological Sciences. The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data. Additional work in 1987–1989 concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and

1165:, which has shifted slightly since ancient times. The local water table has risen, making excavation of lower levels difficult. Prior to the heavy use of baked bricks in the reign of Neo-Babylonian ruler 6327:

Al-Assadi, Hind A., and Najah A. Abd, "Application of Georadar Method to Investigate Shallow Artifacts for Al-Maabid Area in Babylon Archaeological City", The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 288-295, 2024

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Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies were defeated. Ashurbanipal celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture to "take the hands" of

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A reconstruction of the blue-tiled Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, which was the northern entrance to Babylon. It was named for the goddess of love and war. Bulls and dragons, symbols of the god

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Al-Kassar, Awwad Abdul-Kareem, "Views and conclusions about the excavations of the northern part of the procession street for the year 1981" Sumer 41, Arabic section, pp. 137–138, 1985 (in Arabic)

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completely removed the village of Qwaresh, displacing its residents. He later constructed a modern palace in that area called Saddam Hill, over some of the old ruins, in the pyramidal style of a

5748: 2654: 1858:, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia. The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city state. After the destruction of the city the 5370:

Nissen, Hans J. and Heine, Peter, "Alexander and the Seleucids in Babylonia (331–141 BCE)", From Mesopotamia to Iraq: A Concise History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 114-119, 2009

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was a loan translation of the Semitic folk etymology, and not the original name. The re-translation of the Semitic name into Sumerian would have taken place at the time of the "Neo-Sumerian"

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Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory. Its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of

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was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid in 1962, working the Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, and Arabic levels of the site. Lenzen's work dealt primarily with the

4423:"Potts 2020. 'Un coup terrible de la fortune:' A. Clément and the Qurna disaster of 1855. in Finkel, I.L. and Simpson, St J., eds. In Context: The Reade Festschrift. Oxford: Archaeopress" 2954:

interpretation of the writings, upon which he explained that God had put an end to Belshazzar's kingdom. Belshazzar was killed that very night, and Darius the Mede took over the kingdom.

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Claudius J. Rich, "Second memoir on Babylon; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and the remains still visible on the site", 1818

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Rients de Boer. "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86

1734:. Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon. In any case, the records describe Sumu-la-El's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon. 2946:. God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language. 1214:

Babil – a mound about 25 meters (80') high at the northern end of the site. Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.

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reopened the site to tourists. Over 35,000 people visited in 2017. An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city. In July 2019, the site of Babylon was inscribed as a

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in 2019. The site receives thousands of visitors each year, almost all of whom are Iraqis. Construction is rapidly increasing, which has caused encroachments upon the ruins.

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founded the short-lived Old Babylonian Empire in the 16th century BC. He built Babylon into a major city and declared himself its king. Southern Mesopotamia became known as

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Isḥaq, Danial, "The excavations at the southern part of the procession street and the Nabû ša ḫarê temple", Sumer 41, pp. 30–33, Arabic section, pp. 48–54, Figs. 1–18, 1985

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Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, etc

3633: 2358:, occupying Babylon. Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce. However, following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of 5792: 3041:. Other scholars suggest that Babylon in the book of Revelation has a symbolic significance that extends beyond mere identification with the first century Roman empire. 6733: 3612: 3367:

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Wiley. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-119-45907-1. Retrieved 2022-08-27.

6165:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19–20, Jeremiah 49:17–18, Jeremiah 49:13, Zephaniah 2:9, Ezekiel 26:14, Ezekiel 26:19–21, Jeremiah 49:33 – English Standard Version" 4499:

Rawlinson, Henry C., "On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1–34, 1861

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Travels and researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: with an account of excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849-52

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as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native

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but grew in popularity in the Late 2nd Millennium BC and was in widespread usage in the 1st Millennium BC. The spelling E.KI also appears in the 1st Millennium BC.

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The site of Babylon has been a cultural asset to Iraq since the creation of the modern Iraqi state in 1921. The site was officially protected and excavated by the

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Qwaresh, and Al-Jimjmah, among which the first two are better off economically. Most residents primarily depend on daily wage earning or have government jobs in

6483: 6028: 6492: 2608:, son of Nebuchadnezzar, to glorify Iraq". These bricks became sought after as collectors' items after Hussein's downfall. Similar projects were conducted at 1295:

river in May 1855. They had been carrying over 200 crates of artifacts from various excavation missions, when they were attacked by Tigris river pirates near

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and remained prominent for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.

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in the 9th century BC, entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves. The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC.

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Damerji, Moayad Said Basim, "Babylon – ka.dingir.ra – “gate of god”. The story of a city killed by legends and oblivion", Mesopotamia 47, pp. 1–102, 2012

1602:, claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives, which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC, under the reign of its first king, 4549:, "Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen", J.C. Hinrichs, 1913; Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns (translator), 3543: 938:, and there are no other examples of Sumerian place-names being replaced with Akkadian translations. He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian 5740: 6065: 2655: 6728: 6703: 4666:

Douglas Frayne, "Babylon", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 323-438, 1990

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for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC. All of these dates place Babylon's foundation in the

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Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuitat. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationale Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. 9–10. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale

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Da Riva, Rocío, "Urban Religion in First Millennium BCE Babylonia", in Naming and Mapping the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean, pp.763-790, 2022

1873:, considered as his son. Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered, perhaps reflecting Babylon's rising political power. 5899: 1993:

hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence for part of the year. After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the

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Al-Gailani Werr, L., 1988. Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, Volume 23.

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Al-Suba’ai, ‘Ata Allha Mohammed, "Ishtar temple and the residential quarter west of the temple", Sumer 41, pp. 63–66, Arabic pp. 101–107, 1985

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of the Jews, the result of an imperial technique of pacification, used also by the Assyrians, in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were

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According to medieval Arabic writings, Babylon was a popular site to extract bricks, which were used to build cities from Baghdad to Basra.

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Modern Wars and Ancient Governance: Archaeology and Textual Finds from First Millennium BCE Babylon – Odette Boivin – ANE Today – Nov 2022

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for causing "terrible damage" to the site. Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control, and commissioned a report titled

5850: 5217: 5042: 3503: 5073: 3465: 3261: 1487:. These reports are of variable accuracy and some of the content was politically motivated, but these still provide useful information. 969: 6578: 5661: 4180: 2145: 972:, likely in the Akkadian language, refers to an unknown lord who was the governor (ENSI) of BAR.KI.BAR and constructed the temple for 687: 5999: 5826: 1893:

took power in the city of Babylon, renaming it Karduniash, ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years, until 1160 BC.

1753:'s short-lived empire about a century later. Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the 981:

as Babbir, and then Babbil by swapping the consonant r with l. The earliest unambiguous mention to the city Babylon came from one of

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empires. The last known habitation of the town dates from the 11th century, when it was referred to as the "small village of Babel".

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Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "Excavation at the northeastern part of the inner wall", Sumer 41, pp. 20–21, Arabic section, pp. 36–42, 1985

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With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, particularly during the reign of his son

1098:("to speak foolish, excited, or confusing talk"), is popularly thought to derive from this name but there is no direct connection. 989:. However, the original form of the name (Babbar/Babbir) was not forgotten, as seen from the phonetic spelling ba-ab-bí-lum in the 3385:

Finkel, Irving and Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7141-1171-1.

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F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, "Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila und Etemenanki", WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 1938

3231: 3220: 1396: 1377: 6520: 6470: 6261:. Exhibition organized by British Museum, Musée du Louvre & Réunion des Musées Nationaux, and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. 5771: 2831:, the word "Babylon" in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. Examples include: 2570: 2303:

were revitalized, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations. The city became the administrative capital of the

6384: 1610:, who, according to Pliny, stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of 1238: 310: 88: 5350: 4578:

R. Koldewey, "Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon Nach Den Ausgrabungen Durch Die Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft", WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918

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Pedersén, O., "Work on a Digital Model of Babylon Using Archaeological and Textual Evidence", Mesopotamia 46, pp. 9–22, 2011

3606: 3322: 2449:. Coins from the Parthian, Sasanian and Arabic periods excavated in Babylon demonstrate the continuity of settlement there. 3784:, ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatisches Museum (Kleine Schriften 4), 2nd ed., Putbus 1990, p. 2 2697:. US forces occupied the site for some time and caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a report of the 1260: 1237:

explored the site briefly in 1827. In 1829, he completed a map of Babylon which includes the location of several villages.

6475: 1169:(605-562 BC), construction at Babylon was primarily of unbaked brick, with the occasional use of baked bricks or bitumen. 764:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC. 5323: 4804: 4793: 4782: 4771: 4760: 4749: 4720: 4675: 2909:(2021), depicts Babylon on its greatest extent and is shown to be protected and aided in its development by the eternals. 6708: 6450: 5821: 4833:

Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, Nabopolassar's Restoration Work on the Wall "Imgur-Enlil at Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1–13, 1985

4740:

G. Bergamini, "Preliminary report on the 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna", Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990

3196: 2722:, which it presented at a meeting in December 2004. In 2005, the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture. 2686: 2401: 1349: 1319: 6333:

Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structures or the so-called Hanging Gardens", Sumer 35, pp. 127–136, 1979 (in Arabic)

5272: 5242: 4032: 3796:

I studied inscriptions from before the flood: ancient Near Eastern, literary, and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1–11

2441:. Christianity was introduced to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries, and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the 2244: 1218:

Subsequent excavation, looting, and reconstruction have reduced these original heights found by the German excavators.

402:

Sumerian, Akkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, Muslim caliphate

4002: 2541:, as well as measurements of its latitude. Beauchamp's memoir, published in English translation in 1792, provoked the 2176: 1927:

kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant, including the

6447:

Nasir, Mohammad, "The so-called Summer Palace (Nebuchadnezzar’s life palace)" Sumer 35, pp. 150–159, 1979 (in Arabic)

5929: 1667:

A map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC

832: 6560: 6501: 6480: 6086: 3063: 2729:

Two museums and a library, containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports, were raided and destroyed.

2542: 2538: 2141: 1269: 1230: 683: 628: 6116: 5865:

Maryam U. Musa, "The Situation of the Babylon Archaeological Site until 2006", in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).

5004: 3355: 2811: 1687:(about 65 km or 40 mi north of Babylon on the map above) either during, or shortly before, the reign of 1650:

The first attested mention of Babylon was in the late 3rd millennium BC during the Akkadian Empire reign of ruler

1490:

Historical knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere, such as at

1388:, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before 4512: 4478:"The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season (1971-72)" 4311: 3017:

refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center. The city is personified by the "

2562: 2506:

travelled to the village of Babil in Babylon in the 17th century and noted the existence of both baked and dried

2458: 2291:(Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement. In 1052: 1041: 716: 206: 192: 6539:, Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 18, 2008-Mar. 15, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 4722:

G. Bergamini, "Preliminary Report on the 1987 Season of Excavations at Babylon, Iraq", Sumer 47, pp. 30-34, 1995

2408:

relinquished his conquests east of the Euphrates river, which became again the Roman Empire's eastern boundary.

5031:

Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. IV. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 288–290.

4867: 4354:

J. Oppert, "Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854", Tome I:

4237:

Travels in Chaldaea: Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827

4101: 3236: 3201: 2597: 2527: 2071:

A cuneiform cylinder from reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, honoring the exorcism and reconstruction of the ziggurat

2049:

was appointed as ruler of the city. Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive

1731: 1634: 1357: 537: 486: 39: 4315: 4299: 1626:. However, cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with these classical, post-cuneiform accounts. 2118:(604–561 BC). Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including the 804: 678:

domination. After the Assyrians destroyed and then rebuilt it, Babylon became the capital of the short-lived

6688: 6534: 6481:– The Babylonian Akītu Festival and the Ritual Humiliation of the King – Sam Mirelman – ANE Today – Sep 2022 4622: 4051:, Stephanie (1994). "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled". 4013: 3072: 3030: 2994:, Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil. Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with 2050: 1207:

remains are here. Most of the remains of the ziggurat Etemenanki were heaped here when it was demolished by

533: 527: 32: 4191:

van de Mieroop, Marc, "Reading Babylon", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 257–75, 2003

6630: 6057: 4751:

Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and the inner wall" Sumer 41, pp. 19, 22, Arabic section pp. 34–35, 1985

3728: 3026: 3022: 2446: 1916: 1615: 1361:

projects, including the Hindiya dam were under way. The primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of

986: 427: 232: 2129:—the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon. A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the 1268:, depicts Alexander the Great's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon, envisioned with pre-existing 6358: 3120: 3101: 2670: 2640: 2237: 2187: 2062: 1975: 1549: 1527:

tablet describing the Akkadian king Šar-kali-šarri laying the foundations in Babylon of new temples for

1476: 1381: 1337: 1029: 1001: 985:

year names, spelled as KA.DINGIR.KI, indicating that the folk etymology was already widely known in the

679: 643: 581: 577: 6029:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chronicles 36, Jeremiah 39:1-10 – New American Standard Bible" 4562: 4224:

Claudius J. Rich, "Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811", Posthumous compilation, 1839

2494:, a 12th-century traveller, mentions Babylon, but it is not clear if he went there. Others referred to 2581:. Babylonian images periodically appear on Iraqi postcards and stamps. In the 1960s, a replica of the 2415:, and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon. Examples of their culture are found in the 6360:

Koldewey, Robert, "Pflastersteine Von Aiburschabu In Babylon", J. C. Hinrichs'sch Buchhandlung, 1901

5987: 5907: 4624:

Di Chiara, Anita, et al., "An archaeomagnetic study of the Ishtar Gate, Babylon", Plos one 19.1, 2024

3142: 2781: 2726:

that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon, making it into a cultural center.

2662: 2367: 2183: 1619: 1436: 1181:

of Nebuchadnezzar II. It lies in the center of the site and rises to 19 meters (62') above the plain.

1075: 220: 6543: 6365: 6325: 4702:

Schmidt, J., "Das Bīt Akītu von Babylon. Mit einem Beitrag von B. Finster", BaM 33, pp. 281–31, 2002

2156:

speculated that he had discovered its foundations, but many historians disagree about the location.

4784:

Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structure", Sumer 41, pp. 58–59, Arabic section, pp. 94–97., 1985

4295: 3136: 2883: 2803: 2765: 2715: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2327: 2264: 2179: 1963: 1832: 1730:, whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the 1576: 1536: 1242: 1208: 1193: 1116:

Ancient records in some situations use "Babylon" as a name for other cities, including cities like

990: 947: 810: 782: 769: 632: 455: 5876: 5494: 4533: 4334:

L'expédition scientifique et artistique de Mésopotamie et de Médie, 1851-1855 / Maurice Pillet,...

1915:, following his eighth campaign against Mitanni. Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the 6138: 4996: 4477: 4448: 4076: 3932: 3913: 3905: 3759: 3724: 3010: 2843: 2545:

to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London.

2503: 2491: 2476: 2442: 2319: 1603: 1440: 977: 593: 6565: 3953: 2370:

soon began. Babylon declined somewhat in importance but remained active throughout this period.

1132: 918:, writing in the 1870s, postulated that the Semitic name was a loan-translation of the original 6660: 6529: 5962: 5103: 2990:

tradition, Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle. In

2793: 2095: 6434: 6422: 6396: 6342: 6294: 6272: 6254: 6239: 5968: 5842: 5600: 5475: 5410: 5385: 5250: 5209: 5155: 5131: 5107: 5063: 5032: 5026: 4988: 4762:

Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 41, pp. 52–54, Arabic section pp. 77–82, 1985

4687: 4641: 4635: 4606: 4550: 4398: 4363: 4241: 4161: 4114: 4068: 3897: 3826: 3809: 3799: 3794:

Gelb, I. J. (1994). "The Name of Babylon". In Hess, Richard S.; Tsumura, David Toshio (eds.).

3763: 3734: 3641: 3493: 3487: 3455: 3427: 3415: 3312: 3265: 3067: 3059: 2999: 2758: 2574: 2416: 2323: 2304: 2149: 2115: 1998: 1755: 1166: 919: 912:) is a determinative indicating that the previous signs are to be understood as a place name. 589: 585: 569: 178: 164: 6319:

Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and its inner wall" Sumer 35, pp. 112–117, 1979 (in Arabic)

5057: 4605:

F. Wetzel et al., "Das Babylon der Spätzeit", WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 reprint

3449: 1819:, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered 6683: 6640: 5147: 4980: 4926: 4859: 4390: 4097: 4060: 4048: 3889: 3649: 3302: 3294: 3225: 3180: 3018: 2959: 2578: 2498:

as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the

2427: 2168: 2157: 1952: 1651: 1595: 1591: 1568: 1518: 1276: 982: 620: 270: 258: 6355:

Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "The inner wall of Babylon", Sumer 35, pp. 137–149, 1979 (in Arabic)

5653: 3492:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 136. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 233. 1663: 1447:

The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in

1184:

Amran Ibn Ali – about 22 meters (72') high and at the south of the site. It is the site of

6713: 6524: 6487: 6150: 5854: 5830: 5816: 5799: 5775: 5574: 5330: 4901: 4731:

G. Bergamini, "Excavations in Shu-anna Babylon 1987", Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17, 1988

4546: 4263: 3161: 3092: 3014: 2983:

are all predicted in the Bible to become like Sodom and Gomorrah, or uninhabited forever.

2919: 2905: 2860: 2682: 2566: 2534: 2389: 2385: 2205: 2199: 2153: 2130: 2088: 2042: 1890: 1855: 1623: 1557: 1353: 1288: 1253: 1162: 1071: 1060: 1016: 1000:

Another attested spelling for the city of Babylon is TIN.TIR.KI, attested sparsely in the

994: 915: 712: 704: 700: 667: 624: 419: 244: 150: 1372:

and hundreds of recovered tablets, were sent back to Germany, where Koldewey's colleague

4235: 4200: 3753: 1085: 6444:

Nasir, Mohammad, "The Temple of Ishtar of Agade", Sumer 35, pp. 61–81, 1979 (in Arabic)

6264: 5096: 5028:

The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C.

4863: 4711:

G. Bergamini, "Levels of Babylon Reconsidered", Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp. 111–152, 1977

4508: 3241: 2943: 2698: 2628: 2605: 2593: 2558: 2499: 2486:

European travellers, in many cases, could not discover the city's location, or mistook

2438: 2393: 2359: 2276: 2213: 1886: 1327: 1323: 1265: 1174: 923: 910: 415: 5184:"British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BC)" 3714:

Wilfred G. Lambert, "Babylon: Origins"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011), pp. 71–76.

2720:

Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site

2160:

has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located near the Assyrian capital,

576:. Its rulers established two important empires in antiquity, the 19th–16th century BC 6677: 6471:

Iranian archaeologists to perform survey in Babylon - Tehran Times - January 29, 2023

5683: 5593: 4544: 4222: 4211: 3917: 2976: 2864: 2815:"The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel (Or Babel)", by 19th-century illustrator 2674: 1676: 1639: 1373: 1280: 1234: 1226: 1148: 888: 5741:"Lost cities #1: Babylon – how war almost erased 'mankind's greatest heritage site'" 5520:

John Curtis, "The Present Condition of Babylon"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).

4564:

R. Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa", WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911

2152:. Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute. German archaeologist 1842:

After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as

1759:. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including 1703:

Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above, reversed to resemble an impression

922:

name. However, the "gate of god" interpretation is increasingly viewed as a Semitic

6517: 5768: 3038: 2991: 2931: 2872: 2468: 2430: 2268: 2108: 2002: 1912: 1788: 1284: 1008: 708: 597: 6307:

A Social and Economic Survey of the Reign of Samsuiluna of Babylon (1794–1712 BC).

6271:. Translated from Italian to English by Ailsa Campbell. Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. 6000:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 20:12-19, Isaiah 39 – New American Standard Bible" 4524:

Julian Reade, "Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries", Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993

4359: 4355: 4332: 4280: 3634:"In Beleaguered Babylon, Doing Battle Against Time, Water and Modern Civilization" 2589: 2533:

The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travellers to Babylon, including

2223:

Herodotus also described a moat, an enormously tall and broad wall, cemented with

2009:. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other peoples against Assyria, including 1974:

of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by a chieftain named

1431: 5444:

Julian E. Reade, "Disappearance and rediscovery"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,

5346: 3544:"'It Was Like Magic': Iraqis Visit Babylon And Other Heritage Sites For 1st Time" 3311:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1 Part 1. Cambridge University Press. 3306: 2396:

for nine centuries, until after AD 650. Although it was captured briefly by

1256:, where hundreds of cases of antiquities from Fresnel's mission were lost in 1855 1021: 6322:

Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 35, pp. 82–93, 1979 (in Arabic)

2706: 2636: 2582: 2434: 2300: 2126: 2084: 2034: 1971: 1836: 1824: 1792: 1503: 1484: 1400: 1369: 1287:

heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. Much of their work was lost in the

1204: 927: 795: 663: 616: 553: 298: 71: 6583: 6234:

Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva, Margarete van Ess, & Joachim Marzahn, eds. (2011).

2463:

In the mid-7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered and settled by the expanding

2411:

However, Babylon maintained its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of

934:, of unknown meaning and origin, as there were other similarly named places in 6554: 6410: 4245: 3933:"Eine syllabische Schreibung des Namens Babylon in einem Ur III-Text aus Umma" 3893: 3298: 3034: 2894: 2847: 2343: 2339: 2315: 2310:

The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of

2292: 2119: 2072: 2026: 1990: 1808: 1727: 1404: 1344:

on either side of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.

1311:

Original tiles of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.

1178: 953: 822: 696: 639: 423: 6366:"The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City – Reflection and Navel of the World" 6298: 5152:

The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced,

4992: 4497: 4118: 4072: 3976: 3901: 3767: 3738: 3730:

The history of Esarhaddon (son of Sennacherib) King of Assyria, B.C. 681-668;

3645: 2001:, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother, 1245:

made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site.

635:, which encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including the town of Babylon. 325: 312: 6497: 6415: 5621:"Iraq's ancient city of Babylon gets long-overdue international recognition" 5280: 3882:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

3813: 3097: 3003: 2898: 2887: 2879: 2855: 2827:

Due to Babylon's historical significance as well as references to it in the

2423: 2379: 2296: 2229: 2217: 2079: 2046: 1896: 1882: 1843: 1804: 1750: 1719: 1688: 1611: 1572: 1528: 1472: 1456: 1448: 1385: 1296: 826: 753: 745: 655: 651: 584:. Babylon was also used as a regional capital of other empires, such as the 573: 549: 353: 199: 5254: 960: 6571: 6456: 4637:

Antiquity on Display: Regimes of the Authentic in Berlin's Pergamon Museum

4394: 4017: 5921: 5843:

Monuments to Self: Baghdad's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein

5532:

John Curtis, "The Site of Babylon Today"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,

3681: 2694: 2632: 2507: 2487: 2363: 2284: 2256: 2122: 1979: 1928: 1900: 1859: 1796: 1680: 1607: 1464: 1300: 1117: 1106: 761: 671: 647: 601: 4587:

F. Wetzel, "Die Stadtmauren von Babylon", WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930

1947: 17: 6650: 6536:

Beyond Babylon: art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C.

6391:

Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004).

5496:

Champdor, Albert, "Babylon", translated from French by Elsa Coult, 1958

5059:

With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World

5000: 4968: 4824:"Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983 4686:

Hansjörg Schmid, "Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon", Zabern, 1995,

4080: 3577:"Ancient city of Babylon heads list of new Unesco world heritage sites" 2995: 2798: 2690: 2609: 2511: 2495: 2472: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2288: 2271:, Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the 2224: 2161: 2022: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1983: 1967: 1956: 1936: 1932: 1904: 1866: 1723: 1708: 1692: 1587: 1541: 1507: 1468: 1460: 1412: 1185: 1121: 757: 565: 47: 6370:

Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts

6288: 3909: 3877: 3831:

Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen

3755:

The Origin of Semitic Civilisation, Chiefly Upon Philological Evidence

1618:

wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by

1392:

in 1917, and again, many objects went missing in the following years.

1365:

and the processional way leading up to it, as well as the city wall.

1161:

Babil. It is roughly bisected by the Shatt Al-Hillah, a branch of the

568:. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the 6452:

Sollberger, Edmond, "Babylon’s beginnings", Sumer 41, pp. 10–13, 1985

6393:

The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian, Vol. II

5793:

US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon

4677:

Lenzen, H. J., "The Greek theatre in Babylon", Sumer 15, pp. 39, 1959

4007: 2987: 2968: 2939: 2935: 2923: 2839: 2773: 2762: 2613: 2464: 2397: 2311: 2209: 2134: 2100: 2014: 1870: 1847: 1812: 1800: 1780: 1776: 1684: 1643: 1499: 1495: 1480: 1362: 1341: 1292: 1189: 973: 870: 765: 722:

It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world

659: 605: 557: 497: 287: 4984: 4847: 4422: 4064: 3851: 2689:

were criticized for building the military base "Camp Alpha", with a

1233:

in Baghdad, excavated Babylon in 1811–12 and again in 1817. Captain

6087:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19-20 – English Standard Version" 5547:

Babylon Journal; Ancient King's Instructions to Iraq: Fix My Palace

3852:"What's in a Name? Babylon and its Designations throughout History" 1322:

worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation was conducted by

615:

The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a

6645: 6625: 6290:

The idea of Babylon: archaeology and representation in Mesopotamia

4337:(in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: É. Champion (Paris) 3215: 2980: 2828: 2810: 2792: 2650: 2621: 2617: 2521: 2243: 2233: 2094: 2078: 2066: 2030: 1946: 1908: 1851: 1816: 1784: 1764: 1746: 1698: 1670: 1662: 1633: 1532: 1517: 1452: 1430: 1332: 1306: 1247: 1131: 976:, indicating that the city could very well be Babylon. During the 959: 935: 781: 749: 662:

as the region's holy city. The empire waned under Hammurabi's son

609: 2901:

that uses allusions to ancient Biblical themes to discuss gossip.

2972: 2964: 2927: 2272: 2010: 1920: 1828: 1820: 1772: 1760: 1742: 1738: 1491: 1197: 1173:

Kasr – also called Palace or Castle, it was the location of the

1102: 675: 561: 6587: 6221:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2014), 506, 684 1722:, who declared independence from the neighboring city-state of 1691:. It depicts the king making an animal offering to the sun god 1203:

Homera – a reddish-colored mound on the west side. Most of the

642:

with the rise of the first Babylonian Empire, now known as the

6507: 6376:"Die altorientalische Hauptstadt – Abbild und Nabel der Wel". 5595:

The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum

4449:"The Qurnah Disaster: Archaeology & Piracy in Mesopotamia" 2346:

king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the

213: 5474:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. Ch. 2, p. 21. 2140:

Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the

1923:

to the east, with both powers vying for control of the city.

1655:

Amorite kingdoms will appear in Uruk and Larsa in the south.

1384:. These included 967 clay tablets, with 564 tablets from the 802: 588:. Babylon was one of the most important urban centres of the 6659: 6058:"Bible Gateway passage: Daniel 5 – English Standard Version" 3522: 3520: 3025:, and drunk on the blood of the righteous. Some scholars of 2693:

and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the

2639:

line constructed over Babylon, but plans were halted by the

1839:, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign. 1535:. Babylon also appears in the administrative records of the 1136:

A map of ruins in 1905, with locations and names of villages

6457:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon - NBC News" 5922:"Maps and Plans: Excavations and Investigations at Babylon" 3117:

The Daughters of Jerusalem Weeping by the Waters of Babylon

2585:

and a reconstruction of Ninmakh Temple were built on site.

1768: 2681:

in September 2003. US forces under the command of General

786:

A map of Babylon, with major areas and modern-day villages

3396:

Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census

2819: – influenced by early archaeological investigations 2186:

the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded in the

1869:, the sun-god of Sippar, treated as a supreme deity, and 1455:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by 752:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by 4202:

Claudius J. Rich, "Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon", 1815

3856:

Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies

2400:

in AD 116 to be part of the newly conquered province of

1539:, which collected in-kind tax payments and appointed an 1451:

texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the

748:

texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the

690:, allegedly existing between approximately 600 BC and AD 5273:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians" 4923:

The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World

4387:

The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land

3798:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 266–269. 2624:, to demonstrate the magnificence of Arab achievement. 2167:

Nebuchadnezzar is also notoriously associated with the

1380:. The Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the 1124:

for a short period after the Assyrian sack of Babylon.

6566:

Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005

6269:

Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient City

4316:

Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century

2480:

grave-shrine of Amran ibn Ali was visited by Muslims.

2314:, who was the most important god, but by the reign of 2275:, to return to their own lands. The text found on the 1264:"Entry of Alexander into Babylon", a 1665 painting by 926:

to explain an unknown original non-Semitic placename.

898: 892: 882: 868: 856: 844: 838: 815: 185: 171: 60: 6719:

Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC

2577:, also officially called the Iraqi Republic, and the 2232:. The hundred gates can be considered a reference to 1642:

relief. The figure could be an aspect of the goddess

564:, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day 6556:

Iraq elections: The palace that Nebuchadnezzar built

5568:

Saddam removed from ancient Babylon 'brick by brick'

4103:

Babylon as a name for other cities including Nineveh

3940:

NABU: Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaire

2886:

name for "Babylon") is a real estate development in

2876:

takes place in New York City, decades in the future.

2673:, the area around Babylon came under the control of 2392:, Babylon (like Assyria) became a province of these 1749:

overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of

251: 157: 6724:

Populated places disestablished in the 10th century

6579:

UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon

5409:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 158. 3006:, appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative. 2362:, his empire was divided amongst his generals, the 1903:era, and as a result, Kassite Babylon began paying 1865:Texts from Old Babylon often include references to 1403:theatre, and Schmid focused on the temple ziggurat 1291:, when a transport ship and four rafts sank on the 756:, and second-hand descriptions, citing the work of 503: 493: 478: 470: 462: 453: 441: 433: 411: 406: 398: 385: 372: 367: 359: 349: 341: 304: 294: 283: 143: 6414: 6380:. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag: 109–124. 1997. 6339:The City of Babylon: A History c. 2000 BC – AD 116 5592: 5095: 4389:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 344–9, 350–3. 4300:Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 3228: – Legendary tunnel under the river Euphrates 2471:followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and 2204:In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to 2175:to the capital. According to the Hebrew Bible, he 2083:Detail of a relief from the reconstruction of the 1970:domination or direct control. During the reign of 1459:, and second-hand descriptions citing the work of 2148:, said to have been built for his homesick wife, 1415:temples in the Shu-Anna city-quarter of Babylon. 31:"Babilu" redirects here. Not to be confused with 6572:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon" 6518:Site Photographs of Babylon – Oriental Institute 3420:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2220:and is mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible. 1966:(911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant 843:). This would correspond to the Sumerian phrase 5817:Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon 4356:"Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition 4318:", Philadelphia: A. J. Holman and Company, 1903 3608:Bringing Babylon back from the dead - CNN Video 3454:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. 2703: 1683:. This seal was probably made in a workshop at 1606:. A similar figure is found in the writings of 1140: 76:A reconstructed portion of the ruins of Babylon 6493:The Babylon Project – Freie Universität Berlin 6293:(Doctoral thesis). University College London. 5900:"Babylon Ruins Reopen in Iraq, to Controversy" 5528: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5249:. Vol. Book 1. Harvard University Press. 5062:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47–48. 4852:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 993:, and the spellings Pambalu and Babalu in the 904: 876: 862: 850: 830: 6599: 6236:Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident 5440: 5438: 4092: 4090: 2922:, Babel (Babylon) is described as founded by 2287:, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th 2248:A Babylonian soldier in the Achaemenid army, 1092: 8: 6309:PhD dissertation accepted at Yale, May 2006. 5825:, April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008. 5652:McCarthy, Rory; Kennedy, Maev (2005-01-15). 5236: 5234: 4841: 4839: 3264:for more discussion on dating events in the 3023:scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns 2559:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration 2283:Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king 1831:to the northwest. After a conflict with the 1443:listing rulers of Babylon grouped by dynasty 1083: 1032: 638:The town became part of a small independent 53: 5964:Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader 5961:Samuel Murrell; Spencer; McFarlane (1998). 5806:, April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008. 5647: 5645: 6606: 6592: 6584: 6513:Iraq Image – Babylon Satellite Observation 5130:, p. 165. University of California Press. 3403:. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11 2846:belief system, denoting the materialistic 2757:In May 2009, the provincial government of 2212:, with a military engagement known as the 1120:within Babylon's sphere of influence, and 1090:, "to confuse"). The modern English verb, 930:in 1955 argued that the original name was 631:for a few decades, before the rise of the 52: 4360:Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms 548:was an ancient city located on the lower 4302:", New York: Harper & Brothers, 1853 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3158:Figured Apocalypse of the Dukes of Savoy 2746:Panoramic view of ruins in Babylon, 2005 1935:in the 11th century BC, and finally the 1881:In 1595 BC, the city was sacked by 1376:reconstructed them into displays at the 1259: 968:A fragmentary inscription dating to the 6734:Populated places on the Euphrates River 6192: 5967:. Temple University Press. p. 24. 5684:"History lost in dust of war-torn Iraq" 5682:Bajjaly, Joanne Farchakh (2005-04-25). 5505: 5457: 5429: 5311: 5170: 4257: 4255: 4138: 4111:Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 3526: 3489:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon 3281: 3253: 3048: 2295:Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of 666:, and Babylon spent long periods under 538:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 6530:1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Babylon 6249:Finkel, I. L. and M. J. Seymour, eds. 6146: 6136: 5210:"ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius" 4969:"The Foreign Gifts Offered to Pharaoh" 4113:. SAOC. Vol. 62. pp. 25–33. 3990:BC: The Archaeology of the Bible Lands 3733:. Trübner & Co. pp. 135–136. 3413: 3398:(1987), St. David's University Press ( 2705:They caused substantial damage to the 5877:"Bringing Babylon back from the dead" 4870:from the original on 14 November 2021 4471: 4469: 4447:Samuel D. Pfister (20 January 2021). 4416: 4414: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4326: 4324: 4240:. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. 3992:. BBC Publications 1977, pp. 198–199. 3871: 3869: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3587:from the original on 29 November 2019 3571: 3569: 3537: 3535: 3289: 3287: 3285: 1986:was considered an act of atonement. 1846:. From this time, Babylon supplanted 1707:According to a Babylonian king list, 1646:, Babylonian goddess of sex and love. 897:(-r) followed by the genitive suffix 502: 492: 477: 469: 461: 452: 7: 6544:Visiting the ancient city of Babylon 5353:from the original on 6 December 2010 2677:troops, before being handed over to 1056: 1045: 210: 196: 6208:, Inter-varsity Press, 1985, p. 383 5769:Heritage News from around the world 4973:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4848:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon" 3780:Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn: 3542:Fordham, Alice (23 February 2021). 3262:Chronology of the ancient Near East 1439:of fragment K. 8532, a part of the 1368:Artifacts, including pieces of the 1064: 1033: 1020: 248: 154: 6574:. Associated Press. July 10, 2009. 5720:from the original on March 3, 2016 5025:Spar, Ira; Jursa, Michael (2014). 4904:, 2nd series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11. 4864:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1986.tb00185.x 2380:Babylonia § Persian Babylonia 2146:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1951:Sennacherib of Assyria during his 688:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 25: 6374:– originally published in German 6253:. Oxford University Press, 2009. 6125:from the original on 24 June 2021 5591:Lawrence Rothfield (1 Aug 2009). 3062:ordering the construction of the 2635:. In 2003, he intended to have a 2236:. Following the pronouncement of 2033:dwelling in the deserts south of 2025:of southern Mesopotamia, and the 1919:(1365–1053 BC) to the north, and 1823:to the east, and the kingdoms of 1522:Brick structures in Babylon, 2016 27:Ancient Mesopotamian city in Iraq 5932:from the original on 5 July 2020 5898:Myers, Steven Lee (2 May 2009). 5887:from the original on 2017-06-06. 5714:"Damage seen to ancient Babylon" 5712:Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005). 5045:from the original on 2020-05-18. 4640:. OUP Oxford. pp. 163–183. 4279:Loftus, William Kennett (1857). 3436:Historical urban community sizes 3268:, including the Sack of Babylon. 3188: 3169: 3150: 3128: 3109: 3083: 3051: 2734: 2665:video on conservation of Babylon 1109:literature, the name appears as 122: 115: 94: 87: 70: 6729:1811 archaeological discoveries 6704:Former populated places in Iraq 6553:Video of reconstructed palace: 6175:from the original on 2022-06-02 6097:from the original on 2022-06-02 6068:from the original on 2022-06-02 6039:from the original on 2022-06-02 6010:from the original on 2022-06-02 5751:from the original on 2020-04-13 5694:from the original on 2018-07-08 5664:from the original on 2016-09-20 5631:from the original on 2021-10-21 5599:. University of Chicago Press. 5261:from the original on 2023-03-16 5220:from the original on 2019-05-05 5076:from the original on 2020-05-19 5007:from the original on 2021-11-16 4285:. Robert Carter & Brothers. 4100:, Stephanie (18–22 July 2005). 4034:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names 3752:Sayce, Archibald Henry (1872). 3615:from the original on 2022-01-07 3554:from the original on 2021-02-23 3506:from the original on 2015-10-15 3468:from the original on 2020-05-18 3325:from the original on 2020-05-19 3221:Cities of the ancient Near East 2807:, depicting the fall of Babylon 1579:, rather than Sargon of Akkad. 1397:German Archaeological Institute 1378:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 1356:conducted the first scientific 1192:that also contained shrines to 794:is the Latin representation of 592:, until its decline during the 363:9 km (3.5 sq mi) 123: 95: 6699:History of Babylon Governorate 6341:. Cambridge University Press. 5739:Marozzi, Justin (2016-08-08). 2647:Under US and Polish occupation 2125:, and the construction of the 1716: 19th or 18th century BC 1153:Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon 861:) is the logogram for "gate", 646:, in the 17th century BC. The 1: 6238:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. 5875:Damon, Arawa (4 April 2013). 5241:Godley, Alfred Denis (1920). 4515:", Curts & Jennings, 1897 4262:World Monuments Fund (2015). 3850:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2019). 3758:. Harrison and Sons. p. 3451:The Ancient Mesopotamian City 3448:Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). 3139:receiving the keys of Babylon 2249: 2045:. An Assyrian governor named 1989:Consequently, his successor, 1712: 1561: 942:, and that the Sumerian name 734: 723: 580:, and the 7th–6th century BC 389: 376: 6739:World Heritage Sites in Iraq 6694:Archaeological sites in Iraq 6615:World Heritage Sites in Iraq 6115:"Jeremiah Chapters 50, 51". 5849:. Retrieved April 19, 2008. 5822:International Herald Tribune 5349:. Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06. 5056:Bradford, Alfred S. (2001). 4265:Babylon Site Management Plan 3833:, Beck, Munich 2004, p. 121. 3682:"Management Plan of Babylon" 3232:Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets 2687:I Marine Expeditionary Force 1955:, relief from his palace in 1862:rose to control the region. 899: 893: 883: 869: 857: 845: 839: 816: 809:), derived from the native ( 214: 200: 186: 172: 61: 5782:. Retrieved April 19, 2008. 5347:"Mesopotamia: The Persians" 5102:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 5094:von Soden, Wolfram (1994). 4037:. Vol. 2. p. 280. 4031:Malalasekera, G.P. (1938). 3002:, sometimes conflated with 2863:series set on a futuristic 1614:, indicating 2243 BC. 596:. Nearby ancient sites are 252: 158: 6755: 6337:Dalley, Stephanie (2021). 6279:. Originally published as 5853:December 10, 2005, at the 5472:A Short History of Babylon 5407:A Short History of Babylon 5336:. Retrieved July 23, 2011. 4551:The Excavations at Babylon 4109:. Proceedings of the 51st 3632:Arraf, Jane (2021-02-06). 3308:Prolegomena and Prehistory 3064:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2842:music as a concept in the 2565:, and its successors: the 2543:British East India Company 2539:Pierre-Joseph de Beauchamp 2456: 2377: 2197: 2142:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2060: 1358:archaeological excavations 1231:British East India Company 905: 877: 863: 851: 831: 803: 686:were ranked as one of the 684:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 682:, from 626 to 539 BC. The 474:Cultural: (iii), (vi) 456:UNESCO World Heritage Site 262: 236: 224: 182: 168: 45: 29: 6657: 6621: 6548:Ancient History Et Cetera 4436:– via Academia.edu. 3894:10.1017/S0041977X00022102 2979:, Hazor, and the sons of 2592:government of Iraq under 2563:Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq 2561:, which later became the 2459:Muslim conquest of Persia 2330:'s entry in 331 BC. 1718:) with a chieftain named 1093: 1084: 517: 513: 449: 290:, Babil Governorate, Iraq 81: 69: 58: 6305:Vedeler, Harold Torger. 6118:Prophecy against Babylon 5654:"Babylon wrecked by war" 5382:Trajan: Optimus Princeps 5380:Bennett, Julian (1997). 5247:Herodotus, The Histories 4888:Vedeler (2006), pp. 7–8. 4846:MacGinnis, John (1986). 4427:Archaeopress Archaeology 4331:Pillet, Maurice (1922). 3237:List of Kings of Babylon 3202:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 2467:Empire, and a period of 1899:was weakened during the 1732:First Babylonian dynasty 1386:Middle Babylonian period 1270:Hellenistic architecture 275:Karanduniash, Karduniash 46:Not to be confused with 40:Babylon (disambiguation) 6287:Seymour, M. J. (2006). 4234:Mignan, Robert (1829). 4154:Babylon: The Great City 4151:Pedersen, Olof (2021). 4014:Oxford University Press 3876:Lambert, W. G. (1984). 3031:New Testament "Babylon" 1978:, in alliance with the 1962:During the rule of the 1711:rule in Babylon began ( 1390:oncoming British troops 1350:German Oriental Society 1241:visited there in 1849. 821:, meaning "gate of the 768:inscribed Babylon as a 658:, and Babylon eclipsed 623:(2217–2193 BC), of the 33:Babalu (disambiguation) 6665: 6631:Ahwar of Southern Iraq 5829:June 12, 2006, at the 5470:Radner, Karen (2020). 5405:Radner, Karen (2020). 5279:. 2017. Archived from 5126:Saggs, H.W.F. (2000). 4967:Aldred, Cyril (1970). 4020:on September 29, 2020. 3066:to please his consort 3027:apocalyptic literature 2820: 2808: 2711: 2666: 2588:In February 1978, the 2530: 2338:In October of 331 BC, 2260: 2104: 2092: 2076: 1959: 1917:Middle Assyrian Empire 1704: 1696: 1668: 1647: 1616:Stephanus of Byzantium 1565: 23rd century BC 1523: 1444: 1345: 1312: 1273: 1257: 1145: 1137: 1070:), interpreted in the 1011:, the name appears as 965: 787: 526:This article contains 6663: 6421:. Thames and Hudson. 6395:. Gorgias Press LLC. 6364:Maul, Stefan (1997). 5780:World Heritage Alert! 5625:Middle East Institute 4929:, Vol. 4, p. 526–527. 4395:10.4324/9781315862859 4385:Larsen, M.T. (1996). 4010:UK English Dictionary 3862:– via Academia. 3160:– Escorial E Vit.5 – 2814: 2796: 2671:2003 invasion of Iraq 2660: 2641:2003 invasion of Iraq 2525: 2447:Arab/Islamic conquest 2445:until well after the 2247: 2238:Archibald Henry Sayce 2188:Babylonian Chronicles 2103:, decorated the gate. 2098: 2082: 2070: 2063:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2057:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1950: 1702: 1674: 1666: 1659:Old Babylonian period 1637: 1521: 1477:Quintus Curtius Rufus 1434: 1382:Old Babylonian period 1336: 1310: 1263: 1251: 1135: 1002:Old Babylonian period 970:Early Dynastic Period 963: 785: 680:Neo-Babylonian Empire 644:Old Babylonian Empire 582:Neo-Babylonian Empire 578:Old Babylonian Empire 326:32.54250°N 44.42111°E 144:Alternative name 134:Show map of Near East 6206:New Testament Survey 5815:Gettleman, Jeffrey. 5716:. The Boston Globe. 5536:(2009); pp. 213–220. 4634:Bilsel, Can (2012). 3958:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu 3931:Koslova, N. (1998). 3177:The Walls of Babylon 3143:Johann Georg Platzer 2782:World Monuments Fund 2663:World Monuments Fund 2374:Renewed Persian rule 2230:eat nothing but fish 1620:Hellanicus of Lesbos 1437:Leonard William King 1395:Further work by the 1252:The location of the 556:, within modern-day 38:For other uses, see 6709:Hebrew Bible cities 6550:, 17 November 2014. 6542:Osama S. M. Amin, " 5508:, pp. 169–173. 5460:, pp. 148–151. 5314:, pp. 107–115. 4898:Records of the Past 4453:Bible History Daily 3878:"Studies in Marduk" 3529:, pp. 140–142. 3376:Finkel (1988) P.58. 3137:Alexander the Great 3075:ené-Antoine Houasse 2804:Nuremberg Chronicle 2789:Cultural importance 2766:World Heritage Site 2437:of the philosopher 2368:decades of fighting 2356:Battle of Gaugamela 2352:Alexander the Great 2328:Alexander the Great 1964:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1833:Old Assyrian period 1577:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1545:as local governor. 1537:Third Dynasty of Ur 1243:Austen Henry Layard 1209:Alexander the Great 948:Third Dynasty of Ur 875:) means "god", and 770:World Heritage Site 731: 1670 BC 633:Third Dynasty of Ur 322: / 131:Babylon (Near East) 55: 6666: 6523:2009-04-27 at the 6486:2023-06-30 at the 6217:Craig R. Koester, 6195:, pp. 91–101. 5904:The New York Times 5798:2011-09-19 at the 5791:Cornwell, Rupert. 5774:2016-02-02 at the 5573:2017-10-18 at the 5448:(2009); pp. 13–30. 5334:The British Museum 5329:2011-12-01 at the 5190:on 30 October 2014 5098:The Ancient Orient 4358:", 1863 Tome II: " 3988:Magnus Magnusson, 3638:The New York Times 3394:Tertius Chandler. 3197:The Tower of Babel 3011:Book of Revelation 2914:Biblical narrative 2821: 2809: 2667: 2531: 2504:Pietro della Valle 2492:Benjamin of Tudela 2477:Church of the East 2443:Church of the East 2348:Ancient Macedonian 2334:Hellenistic period 2320:Nebuchadnezzar III 2261: 2105: 2093: 2077: 1960: 1907:to the Pharaoh of 1889:. Thereafter, the 1705: 1697: 1669: 1648: 1640:Queen of the Night 1524: 1445: 1441:Dynastic Chronicle 1346: 1313: 1274: 1258: 1229:, working for the 1138: 983:Shar-Kali-Sharri's 966: 788: 742: 320 BC 619:from the reign of 594:Hellenistic period 552:river in southern 528:special characters 494:Reference no. 331:32.54250; 44.42111 6671: 6670: 6402:978-1-59333-026-2 6348:978-1-316-50177-1 6281:Immaginare Babele 6277:978-1-61451-602-6 6244:978-3-11-022212-8 5841:McBride, Edward. 5481:978-1-8386-0169-0 5416:978-1-8386-0169-0 5160:978-0-19-966226-5 5113:978-0-8028-0142-5 5069:978-0-275-95259-4 5038:978-1-57506-327-0 4647:978-0-19-957055-3 4362:", 1859 (also as 4167:978-3-96327-136-6 3827:Dietz-Otto Edzard 3486:Boiy, T. (2004). 3318:978-0-521-29821-6 3303:Hammond, N. G. L. 3295:Edwards, I. E. S. 3266:2nd millennium BC 3060:Nebuchadnezzar II 3000:Nebuchadnezzar II 2658: 2417:Babylonian Talmud 2324:Nebuchadnezzar IV 2173:deported en masse 2116:Nebuchadnezzar II 1999:Shamash-shum-ukin 1756:Code of Hammurabi 1550:Weidner Chronicle 1326:on behalf of the 1167:Nebuchadnezzar II 1078:", from the verb 887:) represents the 590:ancient Near East 586:Achaemenid Empire 570:Akkadian-speaking 534:rendering support 521: 520: 103:Shown within Iraq 16:(Redirected from 6746: 6641:Citadel of Erbil 6608: 6601: 6594: 6585: 6575: 6557: 6460: 6432: 6420: 6406: 6381: 6373: 6352: 6302: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6204:Merrill Tenney, 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 5996: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5906:. Archived from 5895: 5889: 5888: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5839: 5833: 5813: 5807: 5789: 5783: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5598: 5588: 5582: 5564: 5558: 5557:, 19 April 1989. 5543: 5537: 5530: 5521: 5518: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5343: 5337: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5186:. Archived from 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5148:Stephanie Dalley 5145: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4930: 4927:George Rawlinson 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4843: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4631: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4542: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4506: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4382: 4371: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4328: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4159: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4016:. Archived from 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3847: 3834: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3678: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3648:. Archived from 3629: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3611:, 3 April 2013, 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3445: 3439: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3291: 3269: 3258: 3226:Euphrates Tunnel 3192: 3181:Antonio Tempesta 3173: 3154: 3132: 3113: 3087: 3055: 3019:Whore of Babylon 2960:Book of Jeremiah 2938:—all of them in 2738: 2659: 2579:Republic of Iraq 2553:Iraqi government 2404:, his successor 2390:Sassanid Empires 2322:), 521 BC ( 2254: 2251: 2194:Persian conquest 2180:Solomon's Temple 2169:Babylonian exile 2158:Stephanie Dalley 2075:by Nabopolassar. 1976:Merodach-Baladan 1717: 1714: 1652:Shar-Kali-Sharri 1596:George Syncellus 1592:Diodorus Siculus 1583:Classical dating 1569:short chronology 1566: 1563: 1514:Early references 1435:Illustration by 1348:A team from the 1277:Fulgence Fresnel 1156: 1155:(1815), pp. 1–2. 1149:Claudius J. Rich 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1066: 1058: 1053:Imperial Aramaic 1047: 1042:Classical Syriac 1036: 1035: 1024: 908: 907: 902: 896: 886: 880: 879: 874: 866: 865: 860: 854: 853: 848: 842: 836: 835: 819: 808: 807: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 725: 693: 621:Shar-Kali-Sharri 394: 391: 381: 378: 337: 336: 334: 333: 332: 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 315: 264: 255: 250: 238: 226: 217: 212: 207:Classical Syriac 203: 198: 193:Imperial Aramaic 189: 184: 175: 170: 161: 156: 135: 126: 125: 119: 107: 106:Show map of Iraq 98: 97: 91: 74: 64: 56: 43: 36: 21: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6655: 6617: 6612: 6570: 6555: 6525:Wayback Machine 6488:Wayback Machine 6467: 6459:. 10 July 2009. 6455: 6429: 6409: 6403: 6390: 6375: 6363: 6349: 6336: 6316: 6314:Further reading 6286: 6265:Liverani, Mario 6231: 6226: 6225: 6216: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6145: 6135: 6128: 6126: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6069: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5855:Wayback Machine 5840: 5836: 5831:Wayback Machine 5814: 5810: 5804:The Independent 5800:Wayback Machine 5790: 5786: 5776:Wayback Machine 5767: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5665: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5634: 5632: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5575:Wayback Machine 5565: 5561: 5544: 5540: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5331:Wayback Machine 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5146: 5142: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5039: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5008: 4985:10.2307/3856046 4966: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4902:Archibald Sayce 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4547:Robert Koldewey 4543: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4480:. pp. 1–45 4475: 4474: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4384: 4383: 4374: 4353: 4349: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4157: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4065:10.2307/4200384 4047: 4046: 4042: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3954:"ribo/babylon7" 3952: 3951: 3947: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3725:Ernest A. Budge 3723: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3583:. 5 July 2019. 3575: 3574: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3500: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3212: 3205: 3193: 3184: 3174: 3165: 3162:Fall of Babylon 3155: 3146: 3133: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3093:Fall of Babylon 3088: 3079: 3076: 3056: 3047: 3021:", riding on a 3015:Christian Bible 2920:Book of Genesis 2916: 2897:" is a song by 2861:science fiction 2817:William Simpson 2791: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2683:James T. Conway 2651: 2649: 2598:Lion of Babylon 2567:Arab Federation 2555: 2535:Carsten Niebuhr 2528:Lion of Babylon 2520: 2461: 2455: 2453:Muslim conquest 2394:Persian Empires 2382: 2376: 2336: 2252: 2206:Cyrus the Great 2202: 2200:Fall of Babylon 2196: 2154:Robert Koldewey 2131:Pergamon Museum 2089:Pergamon Museum 2065: 2059: 2005:, who ruled in 1945: 1943:Assyrian period 1891:Kassite dynasty 1885:, ruler of the 1879: 1856:Sealand Dynasty 1715: 1675:Old Babylonian 1661: 1632: 1624:23rd century BC 1585: 1564: 1558:Sargon of Akkad 1552:(also known as 1516: 1429: 1354:Robert Koldewey 1316:Henry Rawlinson 1289:Qurnah Disaster 1254:Qurnah Disaster 1224: 1163:Euphrates river 1158: 1147: 1130: 1072:Book of Genesis 987:Sargonic period 964:Babylon in 1932 916:Archibald Sayce 780: 741: 737: 730: 726: 691: 625:Akkadian Empire 543: 542: 541: 532:Without proper 458: 426:, recent Iraqi 420:Robert Koldewey 392: 379: 330: 328: 324: 321: 316: 313: 311: 309: 308: 279: 139: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 77: 65: 51: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6689:Amorite cities 6686: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6568: 6563: 6551: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6515: 6510: 6495: 6490: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6465:External links 6463: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6427: 6407: 6401: 6388: 6382: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6303: 6284: 6262: 6247: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6210: 6197: 6185: 6156: 6107: 6078: 6049: 6020: 5991: 5980: 5973: 5953: 5943: 5913: 5910:on 2017-08-06. 5890: 5867: 5858: 5834: 5808: 5784: 5761: 5731: 5704: 5674: 5641: 5612: 5605: 5583: 5581:20 April 2003. 5559: 5555:New York Times 5538: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5487: 5480: 5462: 5450: 5434: 5432:, p. 148. 5422: 5415: 5397: 5390: 5372: 5363: 5338: 5324:Cyrus Cylinder 5316: 5304: 5302:Jeremiah 50–51 5295: 5286: 5283:on 2017-05-05. 5230: 5214:www.livius.org 5201: 5175: 5163: 5140: 5119: 5112: 5086: 5068: 5048: 5037: 5017: 4959: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4915: 4906: 4890: 4881: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4797: 4786: 4775: 4764: 4753: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4679: 4668: 4659: 4646: 4626: 4615: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4569: 4555: 4537: 4526: 4517: 4509:Hormuzd Rassam 4501: 4490: 4465: 4439: 4410: 4403: 4372: 4347: 4320: 4312:H V. Hilprecht 4304: 4288: 4271: 4251: 4226: 4215: 4204: 4193: 4184: 4173: 4166: 4143: 4141:, p. 175. 4131: 4086: 4040: 4023: 3994: 3981: 3969: 3945: 3923: 3865: 3835: 3819: 3804: 3786: 3773: 3744: 3716: 3698: 3664: 3624: 3598: 3565: 3531: 3516: 3498: 3478: 3460: 3440: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3335: 3317: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3242:Tomb of Daniel 3239: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3164:, 15th century 3156: 3149: 3147: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3045:Babylon in art 3043: 2944:Tower of Babel 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2902: 2891: 2877: 2869: 2852: 2790: 2787: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2699:British Museum 2669:Following the 2648: 2645: 2629:Saddam Hussein 2627:In the 1980s, 2606:Saddam Hussein 2594:Saddam Hussein 2575:Ba'athist Iraq 2571:Iraqi Republic 2554: 2551: 2519: 2516: 2510:cemented with 2500:Tower of Babel 2457:Main article: 2454: 2451: 2378:Main article: 2375: 2372: 2360:Nebuchadnezzar 2335: 2332: 2305:Persian Empire 2277:Cyrus Cylinder 2214:Battle of Opis 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 1953:Babylonian war 1944: 1941: 1887:Hittite Empire 1878: 1877:Middle Babylon 1875: 1660: 1657: 1631: 1628: 1584: 1581: 1556:) states that 1548:The so-called 1515: 1512: 1428: 1425: 1340:(sirrush) and 1328:British Museum 1324:Hormuzd Rassam 1266:Charles LeBrun 1239:William Loftus 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1201: 1188:, a temple of 1182: 1175:Neo-Babylonian 1139: 1129: 1126: 995:Kassite period 924:folk etymology 779: 776: 629:Gutian Dynasty 536:, you may see 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 490: 480: 476: 475: 472: 468: 467: 464: 460: 459: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 416:Hormuzd Rassam 413: 412:Archaeologists 409: 408: 404: 403: 400: 396: 395: 393: 1000 AD 387: 383: 382: 380: 1894 BC 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 343: 339: 338: 306: 302: 301: 296: 292: 291: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 268: 256: 242: 230: 218: 204: 190: 176: 162: 147: 145: 141: 140: 130: 121: 120: 114: 113: 112: 111: 102: 93: 92: 86: 85: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 59: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6751: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6662: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6439:0-500-27384-7 6436: 6430: 6428:0-500-02095-7 6424: 6419: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259:0-19-538540-3 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6174: 6170: 6169:Bible Gateway 6166: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6108: 6096: 6092: 6091:Bible Gateway 6088: 6082: 6079: 6067: 6063: 6062:Bible Gateway 6059: 6053: 6050: 6038: 6034: 6033:Bible Gateway 6030: 6024: 6021: 6009: 6005: 6004:Bible Gateway 6001: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5988:Genesis 10:10 5984: 5981: 5976: 5974:9781566395847 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5947: 5944: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847:MetropolisMag 5844: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5762: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5675: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5606:9780226729435 5602: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5545:Paul Lewis, " 5542: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5391:0-415-16524-5 5387: 5384:. Routledge. 5383: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:"Ch. 178-200" 5237: 5235: 5231: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5136:0-520-20222-8 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5087: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5018: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4692:3-8053-1610-0 4689: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4611:3-7861-2001-3 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4479: 4476:Namio Egami. 4472: 4470: 4466: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4421:Potts, D. T. 4417: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404:9781317949954 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4370:) (in French) 4369: 4368:0-543-74939-8 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3805:9780931464881 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3654:on 2021-12-28 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3505: 3501: 3499:9789042914490 3495: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3461:9780191588457 3457: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432:0-88946-207-0 3429: 3423: 3417: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029:believe this 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:space station 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716:Polish troops 2710: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679:Polish forces 2676: 2672: 2664: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 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