617:. These, as well as Brainfuck's inefficiency and its limited input/output capabilities, are some of the reasons it is not used for serious programming. Nonetheless, like any Turing-complete language, Brainfuck is theoretically capable of computing any computable function or simulating any other computational model, if given access to an unlimited amount of memory. A variety of Brainfuck programs have been written. Although Brainfuck programs, especially complicated ones, are difficult to write, it is quite trivial to write an interpreter for Brainfuck in a more typical language such as C due to its simplicity. Brainfuck interpreters written in the Brainfuck language itself also exist.
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65–77) to N-Z (78–90), and vice versa. Also it must map a-m (97–109) to n-z (110–122) and vice versa. It must map all other characters to themselves; it reads characters one at a time and outputs their enciphered equivalents until it reads an EOF (here assumed to be represented as either -1 or "no
630:
As a first, simple example, the following code snippet will add the current cell's value to the next cell: Each time the loop is executed, the current cell is decremented, the data pointer moves to the right, that next cell is incremented, and the data pointer moves left again. This sequence is
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In 2024, a Google research project used a slightly modified 7-command version of
Brainfuck as the basis of an artificial digital environment. In this environment, they found that replicators arose naturally and competed with each other for domination of the environment.
2001:
Blaise Agüera y Arcas; Alakuijala, Jyrki; Evans, James; Laurie, Ben; Mordvintsev, Alexander; Niklasson, Eyvind; Randazzo, Ettore; Versari, Luca (2024). "Computational Life: How Well-formed, Self-replicating
Programs Emerge from Simple Interaction".
437:, which briefly described the language, and challenged the reader "Who can program anything useful with it? :)". Müller also included an interpreter and some examples. A second version of the compiler used only 240 bytes.
612:
Brainfuck programs are usually difficult to comprehend. This is partly because any mildly complex task requires a long sequence of commands and partly because the program's text gives no direct indications of the program's
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begins at the first command, and each command it points to is executed, after which it normally moves forward to the next command. The program terminates when the instruction pointer moves past the last command.
390:, which refers to things so complicated or unusual that they exceed the limits of one's understanding, as it was not meant or made for designing actual software but to challenge the boundaries of
373:: it can be used to write any program, but it is not practical to do so, because it provides so little abstraction that the programs get very long or complicated. While Brainfuck is fully
2056:
449:. A brainfuck program is a sequence of these commands, possibly interspersed with other characters (which are ignored). The commands are executed sequentially, with some exceptions: an
465:(initialized to point to the leftmost byte of the array); and two streams of bytes for input and output (most often connected to a keyboard and a monitor respectively, and using the
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For readability, this code has been spread across many lines, and blanks and comments have been added. Brainfuck ignores all characters except the eight commands
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so no special syntax for comments is needed (as long as the comments do not contain the command characters). The code could just as well have been written as:
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The brainfuck language uses a simple machine model consisting of the program and instruction pointer, as well as a one-dimensional array of at least 30,000
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created in 1993 by Swiss student Urban Müller. Designed to be extremely minimalistic, the language consists of only eight simple commands, a
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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If the byte at the data pointer is nonzero, then instead of moving the instruction pointer forward to the next command, jump it
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command, or vice versa; programs will behave the same but will run more slowly, due to unnecessary double searching.
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Easter, Brandee (2020-04-02). "Fully Human, Fully
Machine: Rhetorics of Digital Disembodiment in Programming".
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1703:"Language without code: intentionally unusable, uncomputable, or conceptual programming languages"
401:, many substitutes are used, such as brainfsck, branflakes, brainoof, brainfrick, BrainF, and BF.
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Cox, Geoff, and Alex McLean. "Not Just for Fun." Bloomsbury
Academic, 2014. 157-173.
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Special case: increase remainder / move it back to divisor / increase quotient
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Müller designed
Brainfuck with the goal of implementing the smallest possible
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End outer skip loop (jump to here if ((character minus 1)/32) was not 2 or 3)
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This program prints "Hello World!" and a newline to the screen; its
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but we cannot output this value to the terminal since it is not ASCII encoded
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Accept one byte of input, storing its value in the byte at the data pointer.
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Start your loops with your cell pointer on the loop counter (c1 in our case)
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Decrement the data pointer by one (to point to the next cell to the left).
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To display the ASCII character "7" we must add 48 to the value 7
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1441:(MEMORY LAYOUT: zero copy dividend divisor remainder quotient zero zero)
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Increase copy and remainder / reduce divisor / Normal case: skip forward
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to a BF program such that you don't have to worry about any command
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loop and the commands it contains are ignored because the current cell
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Print out c0 which has the value 55 which translates to "7"!
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At this point our program has added 5 to 2 leaving 7 in c0 and 0 in c1
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with a size of 296 bytes. He uploaded the first
Brainfuck compiler to
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Zero that flag unless quotient was 2 or 3; zero quotient; check flag
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defaults to a value of 0; the 0 value causes this loop to be skipped
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This can be incorporated into a simple addition program as follows:
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If the byte at the data pointer is zero, then instead of moving the
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1324:(MEMORY LAYOUT: dividend copy remainder divisor quotient zero zero)
381:. Brainfuck requires one to break commands into microscopic steps.
377:, it is not intended for practical use, but to challenge and amuse
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Clear remainder from first division if second division was skipped
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Special case: move remainder back to divisor and increase quotient
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The eight language commands each consist of a single character:
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1824:"The FALSE Programming Language — Wouter van Oortmerssen"
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Cell #3 was set to 'o' from the end of 'Hello'
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End skip loop; zero former divisor and reuse space for a flag
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command may instead be translated as an unconditional jump
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Read first character and start outer character reading loop
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programming language with a very limited set of characters
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If flag then set up divisor (13) for second division loop
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Zero divisor and subtract 13 from copy if quotient was 1
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End your loops with the cell pointer on the loop counter
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Subtract 3 from Cell #3 to get 101 which is 'e'
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Decrement quotient and skip forward if quotient was 1
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Loop until Cell #0 is zero; number of iterations is 8
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Loop until Cell #1 is zero; number of iterations is 4
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Subtract 1 from Cell #4 for 87 to give a 'W'
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Move back to the first zero cell you find; this will
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Set up dividend (x minus 1) and enter division loop
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Add 4 to Cell #1; this will always set Cell #1 to 4
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154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1750:Haupt, Michael. "Implementing Brainfuck in COLA."
1540:Zero divisor and add 13 to copy if quotient was 0
1286:change"), at which point the program terminates.
998:be Cell #1 which was cleared by the previous loop
495:by one (to point to the next cell to the right).
1489:Add remainder back to divisor to get a useful 13
1281:cipher. To do this, it must map characters A-M (
773:This loop is an "initial comment loop"
421:. Müller's original compiler was implemented in
384:The language takes its name from the slang term
1561:Output ROT13ed character from copy and clear it
1450:Reduce divisor; Normal case: increase remainder
525:Decrement the byte at the data pointer by one.
515:Increment the byte at the data pointer by one.
1124:Add 1 to Cell #5 gives us an exclamation point
706:c1 = 8 and this will be our loop counter again
2050:
1927:"Index of /esoteric/brainfuck/bf-source/prog"
1707:Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts
8:
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1519:Zero quotient and divisor if quotient was 2
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1277:This program enciphers its input with the
1019:Cell no : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
863:" characters just have to be balanced
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2007:
1034:Cell #2 has value 72 which is 'H'
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Esoteric, minimalist programming language
1112:Cell #3 for 'rl' and 'd'
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2182:Non-English-based programming languages
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1061:Likewise for 'llo' from Cell #3
905:as the cell will be cleared by the loop
767:length is 106 active command characters
631:repeated until the starting cell is 0.
369:Brainfuck is an example of a so-called
603:match as parentheses usually do: each
2192:Programming languages created in 1993
1321:Set up divisor (32) for division loop
1022:Contents: 0 0 72 104 88 32 8
1007:Decrement the loop Counter in Cell #0
950:Decrement the loop counter in Cell #1
535:Output the byte at the data pointer.
461:cells initialized to zero; a movable
397:Because the language's name contains
7:
1850:Tamedia TX 2017 - Livestream Werdino
1799:"The Brainfuck Programming Language"
152:adding citations to reliable sources
1877:"Aminet - dev/lang/brainfuck-2.lha"
1857:from the original on 11 August 2023
697:We use a loop to compute 48 = 6 * 8
1136:And finally a newline from Cell #6
14:
433:in 1993. The program came with a
45:This article has multiple issues.
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2157:
2137:Shakespeare Programming Language
779:a simple way of adding a comment
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1983:from the original on 2024-09-22
1958:from the original on 2024-09-22
1933:from the original on 2023-04-30
1908:from the original on 2023-05-23
1883:from the original on 2023-04-30
1830:from the original on 2023-04-30
1805:from the original on 2023-05-03
1780:from the original on 2018-10-23
1733:from the original on 2024-07-09
445:The language consists of eight
139:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2187:Esoteric programming languages
2066:Esoteric programming languages
1952:"BF interpreter written in BF"
1498:Skip forward if quotient was 0
1312:Skip forward if character is 0
1:
1701:Temkin, Daniel (2017-09-01).
1672:10.1080/07350198.2020.1727096
756:and a newline to the screen:
752:The following program prints
559:forward to the next command,
356:esoteric programming language
2127:One-instruction set computer
1605:– an esoteric subset of the
851:" characters are simply
1070:Cell #5 is 32 for the space
2208:
1826:. Strlen.com. 2013-08-03.
1582:End character reading loop
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419:FALSE programming language
18:
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1588:Simulation of abiogenesis
588:to the command after the
567:to the command after the
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1979:. Daniel B. Cristofani.
1929:. sange.fi. 2002-01-22.
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19:Not to be confused with
1977:"brainfuck interpreter"
1902:"BF is Turing-complete"
1719:10.7559/citarj.v9i3.432
983:Subtract 1 from Cell #4
413:, inspired by the 1024-
84:Some of this article's
1016:The result of this is:
1770:"brainfuck - Esolang"
469:character encoding).
1471:<<<<<
1384:<<<<<
606:and vice versa, the
392:computer programming
148:improve this article
21:Brain Fuck Scheduler
1626:Alternatively, the
1576:Read next character
557:instruction pointer
451:instruction pointer
364:instruction pointer
299:Filename extensions
280:First appeared
246:
1801:. Muppetlabs.com.
1634:the corresponding
1390:Decrement dividend
1025:Pointer : ^
730:Subtract 1 from c1
679:Subtract 1 from c1
425:and compiled to a
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1483:End division loop
1477:Decrease dividend
1396:End division loop
845:" and "
626:Adding two values
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1853:. 13 June 2017.
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1774:esolangs.org
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1713:(3): 83–91.
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1429:++++++++++++
1402:>>>
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748:Hello World!
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146:Please help
141:verification
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47:Please help
44:
721:Add 6 to c0
670:Add 1 to c0
655:Cell c1 = 5
646:Cell c0 = 2
379:programmers
163:"Brainfuck"
89:may not be
2176:Categories
2147:Whitespace
2009:2406.19108
1987:2024-06-19
1962:2023-04-30
1937:2023-04-30
1912:2023-04-30
1887:2023-04-30
1879:. Aminet.
1834:2023-04-30
1809:2023-04-30
1784:2024-02-07
1737:2024-02-11
1646:References
1607:JavaScript
860:the "
791:Any "
785:characters
478:Character
338:Influenced
264:structured
260:imperative
204:April 2023
174:newspapers
102:April 2023
50:improve it
2087:Brainfuck
1861:30 August
1727:2183-0088
1688:219665562
1680:0735-0198
595:command.
574:command.
399:profanity
387:brainfuck
352:Brainfuck
313:brainfuck
245:Brainfuck
56:talk page
2163:Category
2142:Unlambda
2122:Malbolge
2097:INTERCAL
2092:FRACTRAN
1981:Archived
1956:Archived
1931:Archived
1906:Archived
1881:Archived
1855:Archived
1828:Archived
1803:Archived
1778:Archived
1731:Archived
1597:See also
1537:<<
1528:>>
1525:<<
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1513:<<
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1315:>>
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1246:--------
1213:>>
1186:>>
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1150:++++++++
1115:>>
1106:--------
1064:>>
1028:>>
986:>>
884:++++++++
621:Examples
590:matching
569:matching
481:Meaning
447:commands
423:assembly
411:compiler
344:Malbolge
293:Typeless
256:Esoteric
251:Paradigm
91:reliable
25:Mindfuck
2117:LOLCODE
2082:Befunge
2077:Beatnik
1201:+++++++
1049:+++++++
854:ignored
565:forward
405:History
362:and an
308:Website
303:.b, .bf
188:scholar
2107:JSFuck
1725:
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1603:JSFuck
1240:------
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2004:arXiv
1684:S2CID
1614:Notes
1283:ASCII
1279:ROT13
1273:ROT13
652:+++++
615:state
467:ASCII
332:FALSE
195:JSTOR
181:books
2132:Piet
2112:Leet
1863:2024
1723:ISSN
1676:ISSN
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700:++++
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664:<
649:>
586:back
561:jump
501:<
487:>
459:byte
415:byte
315:.org
167:news
1715:doi
1668:doi
1234:+++
1207:+++
1195:---
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718:+++
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563:it
328:P′′
150:by
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