3041:
138:
506:
121:
3048:
4461:
2285:
4022:
4027:
159:
3034:
2279:
2273:
737:
4521:
4467:
754:
Due to the size of the finds, a height of 280 centimetres (9.2 ft) is assumed. The pronounced massiveness of the bones leads to weight estimates between 350 and 400 kilograms (770 and 880 lb) or 319 to 350 kilograms (703 to 772 lb), however, some finds have clear size differences that
586:
and the
Brontornithidae is very uncertain and in a constant flux, which is largely due to the fragmentary nature of the remains. Originally placed on the base of the Phorusrhacidae ("terror birds"), there are several different views on its classification todau. After several cladistic studies, the
628:
was referred to their own subfamily of
Brontornithinae, very large and massive birds which also included physical territories and paraphysis. The allocation to the Phorusrhacidae was mainly based of the strong lower jaw symphysis and the targeted Tarsometatatarsus at the front and back, and was
763:
specimens, FM-P13259 and MLP-91 (lectotype), both coming from the same geographical region and geological formation, shows them as not to present any anatomical differences, apart from size, where in the first is around one third smaller than the second. The idea is that they are examples of
629:
supported by
Herculano M. F. Alvarenga and Elizabeth Höfling in 2003. A revision of the genre of Federico L. Agnolin in 2007 rejects the assignment based on these characteristics to the Phorusrhacids, since they also occur in other early large running birds, for example in
595:
and the
Phorusrhacidae. Since the introduction of the Brontornithidae as a family group, this has mostly been considered monogeneric or monospecific. Some authors have considered other genera as possible relatives, but most of these have been regarded as synonyms of
581:
is a genus of birds (Aves), which is sometimes referred to its own family
Brontornithidae. These are very large, flightless birds from the Miocene of South America and are known from very fragmentary material. The exact systematic assignment of
619:
was usually attributed as a genus to the extinct family of the
Phorusrhacidae ("Terror birds"), which was quite widespread in South America and comprises large to very large, mostly predatory birds. These are related to the
803:
There is uncertainty about the species' diet, due to the lack of well preserved skull material and overlap between specimens. Due to the original placement within the "terror birds" grouping, some researchers believe that
711:. As a result, the genus moved close to the Phorusrhacidae, but not directly in it. Suggesting that the previous study a misinterpreted the orientation of the tarsometatarsus as a central point of systematic assignment of
691:
was also pointed out several times, which in occurs in the
Phorusrhacidae. Furthermore, the short and robust construction of the mandible contrasts to the long and slim mandibles of Phorusrhacids, again suggested that
836:
inhabited more open landscapes, as they have also been proven for the Santa Cruz formation. The short and wide
Tarsometatarsus compared to the Tibiotarsus suggests a slow locomotion adapted to the enormous body mass.
1230:
637:. The rotation of the middle shape of the Tibiotarsus and the construction of the square leg suggest for a closer relationship with the goose family (aneriform) rather than Phorusrhacidae. For these reasons,
831:
do not show stronger bends compared to
Phorusrhacids and thus do not allow raptor-like claws for tearing meat, which suggests a more plant-based diet. Considering its enormous body size, it is assumed that
686:
With other cladist analyses suggested the structure of resemble that of
Anserimorphs. The lack of the striking bone footbridge (Pons Supratendineus) on the front of the lower joint of the tibiotarsus of
1143:
Acosta-Hospitalache, C., & Tambussi, C. (2005). Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina.
3040:
624:, sharing features such as a hook-shaped upper beak and the curved ungues, which had sharp claws and thus distinguish the birds as predatory carnivores. Within the Phorusrhacids,
4601:
1006:
A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina.
1211:
Tambussi, C. P. (2011). Palaeoenvironmental and faunal inferences based on the avian fossil record of Patagonia and Pampa: what works and what does not.
1194:
Buffetaut, E. (2014). Tertiary ground birds from Patagonia (Argentina) in the Tournouër collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
819:. Studies on the lower jaw indicate that it was most likely not suitable for tearing animal food. The width and strong lower jaw is similar to that of
549:. If these conclusions are valid, this would mean that there are three groups of giant basal anseriformes, in chronological order of divergence: the
4588:
672:
in 1927. Subsequently, after Agnolin's revision, his analysis was met with some approval from other paleontologists, but disagreements from other.
4660:
1231:"Supplementary material from "The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)""
392:
and Alcides Mercerart in 1891, the fossils being a left femur, tibiotarsus, fibula, and tarsometatarsus all from the same individual found in the
696:
isn't a phorusrhacid. According to the examinations already mentioned, the different design of the lower jaw also results in a different diet of
4710:
1431:
1039:
Agnolin, F. (2007). Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina.
2284:
4460:
905:"Reappraisal on the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Flightless Bird (Brontornis burmeisteri) Moreno and Mercerat, 1891"
436:, one of the two formations the taxon is definitively known from. Some additional fossils, including a quadrate, were referred to
4021:
3047:
401:
541:) being true phorusrhacids. The subfamily containing the latter two had been proposed to be renamed to Physornithinae, with
812:
with a sharp and hooked top beak, though paleontologists are unsure because the tip of the preserved mandibles is missing.
679:
was justified in the placement with the special expression of a fragmented thoracic vertebrae. Once again, suggesting that
4705:
432:
were also referred to the type, but they haven't been described in detail. These fossils were found in the lower Miocene
3033:
665:
497:
specimens has come into question due to the uncertain and debated phylogenetic position of the genus and its synonyms.
471:
based on a distal tibiotarsus, distal tarsometatarsus, and two pedal phalanges of a juvenile that was synonymized with
137:
4026:
1320:"The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)"
1072:"The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)"
587:
Brontornithidae have been found as basal geese relatives. On the other hand, they also form the sister group of the
440:
by Moreno & Mercerart in 1891, but these were dubiously referred. Mercerat named another taxon synonymized with
158:
4700:
4675:
2278:
1290:
Degrange, F. J., Noriega, J. I., & Areta, J. I. (2012). Diversity and paleobiology of the Santacrucian birds.
657:
in their own subfamily in Phorusrhacidae, Brontornithinae, though it is sometimes referred to as Physornithinae.
505:
4665:
2224:
1424:
786:
4655:
2577:
1522:
2272:
4146:
2981:
120:
4670:
4541:
4524:
4123:
4067:
433:
4695:
4627:
4383:
2603:
2168:
4354:
1005:
1402:
South American and Antarctic continental Cenozoic birds: Paleobiogeographic affinities and disparities
234:
4685:
4466:
1417:
1331:
1083:
237:
1318:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Degrange, Federico J.; Handley, Warren D.; Lee, Michael S. Y. (11 October 2017).
364:. Its taxonomic position is highly controversial, with authors alternatively considering it to be a
3355:
2880:
2746:
2381:
1292:
Early Miocene paleobiology in Patagonia: high-latitude paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation
452:
4411:
3483:
3432:
3109:
2849:
2072:
1549:
780:
572:
463:
in 1895 based on four pedal phalanges found at Monte Leon. The species has been synonymized with
268:
153:
3260:
3200:
4632:
4311:
3695:
4690:
4680:
4614:
4606:
4263:
3607:
3462:
2735:
2520:
2124:
1491:
1365:
1347:
1109:
926:
765:
550:
4619:
986:
Catálogo de los pájaros fósiles de la República Argentina conservados en el Museo de La Plata
408:
as well. Unknowingly, Moreno & Mercerat also named a species now seen as synonymous with
4494:
4419:
4361:
3954:
3845:
3599:
3492:
3190:
2924:
2903:
2213:
2147:
2054:
1691:
1355:
1339:
1268:
1238:
1099:
1091:
916:
389:
230:
4579:
4441:
4434:
4397:
4318:
4302:
3882:
3854:
3441:
3099:
2958:
2889:
2761:
2724:
2566:
2551:
2470:
2426:
2405:
2182:
2061:
2018:
1843:
1774:
1507:
429:
425:
146:
1070:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Degrange, Federico J.; Handley, Warren D.; Lee, Michael S. Y. (2017).
808:
could have been a carrion eater. Correspondingly, art and skull reconstructions depicted
641:
was excluded from the Phorusrhacids and moved to the base of the goose birds by Agnolin.
1335:
1172:
Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. J. (2013). The Paleogene birds of South America. In
1087:
4484:
4426:
4390:
4287:
4219:
4194:
4167:
4135:
3779:
3749:
3554:
3393:
3311:
3210:
2970:
2896:
2859:
2357:
2154:
1913:
1809:
1748:
1727:
1360:
1319:
1104:
1071:
756:
736:
634:
564:
397:
361:
768:. There is the possibility that they represent two species. These measures would make
4649:
4504:
4499:
4368:
4228:
4112:
4056:
3735:
3654:
3621:
3585:
3538:
3508:
3455:
3448:
3334:
3325:
3139:
3119:
2662:
2651:
2537:
2506:
2463:
2412:
2398:
2092:
1824:
1802:
1787:
1705:
1242:
968:
Catalogue of fossil birds: part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)
708:
649:
630:
588:
537:
393:
373:
365:
357:
78:
1308:
Buffetaut, E. THE BRONTORNITHIDAE: NEW DATA ABOUT AN OLD PALAEORNITHOLOGICAL RIDDLE.
4514:
4376:
4103:
3977:
3970:
3909:
3827:
3614:
3500:
3379:
3291:
3220:
3179:
3129:
2947:
2800:
2785:
2770:
2704:
2592:
2544:
2456:
2346:
2201:
2161:
2140:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2046:
2031:
1967:
1924:
1885:
1755:
1734:
1665:
1643:
546:
526:
481:
413:
369:
245:
34:
1056:
Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. J. (2013). Neogene Birds of South America. In
1261:"Dryad Data -- A new method for estimating locomotion type in large ground birds"
4573:
4339:
4249:
4184:
3925:
3875:
3806:
3758:
3523:
3469:
3417:
3364:
3250:
3230:
3169:
2933:
2683:
2673:
2336:
2175:
1940:
1899:
1870:
1863:
1831:
1741:
1675:
1615:
1602:
1561:
1440:
1126:
Buffetaut, E. (2017). A brontornithid from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Bolivia.
870:
421:
412:
that includes: various bill and skull fragments, seven vertebrae and fragments,
53:
4564:
404:. In the same paper, two distal tibiotarsi from the same area were referred to
4404:
4079:
3963:
3933:
3900:
3868:
3834:
3820:
3813:
3637:
3547:
3341:
3301:
3240:
3149:
3078:
3065:
2993:
2940:
2816:
2793:
2778:
2714:
2641:
2529:
2499:
2492:
2435:
2391:
2085:
1974:
1958:
1947:
1906:
1892:
1856:
1817:
1795:
1163:
Silva, L. G. D. (2020). Revisão sobre a biomecânica da família Phorusrhacidae.
448:, in 1893, though the fossil is now lost so this assessment is unverifiable.
210:
98:
63:
1351:
1259:
Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric; Lecuyer, Christophe; Amiot, Romain (2016).
930:
715:. It was pointed out that, the previous studies only used sparse material of
4509:
4489:
4325:
4280:
4242:
4235:
3792:
3725:
3705:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3575:
3409:
3402:
3371:
2866:
2693:
2485:
2367:
2039:
1981:
1933:
1877:
1763:
1632:
1534:
1482:
774:
643:
555:
531:
353:
170:
103:
47:
1369:
1113:
4558:
4332:
4204:
3861:
3799:
3561:
3515:
3159:
2910:
2834:
2478:
2442:
1988:
1720:
1473:
1464:
746:
575:
diagnostic of phorusrhacids, supporting its placement within that group.
190:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
38:
1343:
1272:
1095:
664:
had originally been favored by the first descriptions of the genus, but
4593:
4346:
4092:
3940:
3765:
3280:
2620:
2449:
2315:
2302:
2236:
815:
Contrarily, some paleontologists have proposed an herbivorous diet for
675:
A phylogenetic analysis of Phorusrhacidae in 2011 again concluded that
621:
609:
592:
108:
83:
30:
1260:
921:
904:
755:
can reach up to 33% based on the tarsometatarsus. A comparison of the
3917:
3715:
3592:
3270:
1654:
1458:
479:
was also synonymized in 1967, but it has since been synonymized with
180:
4535:
1712:
735:
504:
417:
349:
129:
4044:
3989:
200:
4539:
4042:
3063:
2300:
1600:
1451:
1413:
529:, with other genera traditionally assigned to Brontornithinae (
493:
or a distinct close relative. Recently, the affinities of some
1409:
871:
Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes).
1041:
Revista del museo argentino de ciencias naturales nueva serie
653:, on the other hand, have been considered close relatives of
567:
of Australia. However, other analyses have also argued that
612:, making it the oldest known Brontornithid fossil known.
1174:
South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds
1058:
South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds
827:
two herbivorous large birds. Likewise, the ungues of
4299:
4260:
4216:
4200:
4190:
4180:
3951:
3897:
3776:
3746:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3650:
3572:
3535:
3480:
3429:
3390:
3352:
3322:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3236:
3226:
3216:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
2967:
2921:
2877:
2846:
2829:
2758:
2742:
2731:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2637:
2589:
2563:
2517:
2423:
2378:
2363:
2353:
2342:
2332:
2210:
2015:
1688:
1671:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1628:
604:. However, a Tibiotarsus of a large bird similar to
252:
4548:
4298:
4259:
4215:
4165:
4134:
4111:
4102:
4078:
4055:
3988:
3950:
3896:
3844:
3775:
3745:
3635:
3571:
3534:
3479:
3428:
3389:
3351:
3321:
3076:
2992:
2966:
2957:
2920:
2876:
2845:
2814:
2757:
2618:
2588:
2562:
2516:
2422:
2377:
2313:
2235:
2209:
2200:
2123:
2071:
2014:
1957:
1923:
1842:
1773:
1686:
1613:
1560:
1533:
1506:
489:, another Ameghino taxon, may also be a synonym of
517:Recent work has cast doubt on the hypothesis that
608:was found in Oligocene strata in Salla-Luribay,
772:the fourth-heaviest bird found thus far, after
1425:
8:
1400:Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. (2012).
869:Alvarenga, H. M., & Höfling, E. (2003).
1196:Bulletin de la Société géologique de France
410:Brontornis burmeisteri, Rostrornis floweri,
4536:
4173:
4108:
4084:
4052:
4039:
3784:
3643:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3060:
2963:
2822:
2630:
2626:
2325:
2321:
2310:
2297:
2206:
2077:
2023:
2011:
1848:
1779:
1697:
1621:
1610:
1597:
1539:
1512:
1503:
1448:
1432:
1418:
1410:
984:Moreno, F. P., & Mercerat, A. (1891).
719:. However, a 2021 study once again found
703:However, a study from 2017 suggested that
136:
119:
20:
1359:
1213:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1103:
920:
668:classified it as a relative of geese and
1404:. Springer Science & Business Media.
845:
311:
283:
1229:Lee, Michael S. Y. (20 October 2017).
1159:
1157:
400:strata of the Santa Cruz Formation in
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1254:
1252:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
962:
960:
7:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
988:. Taller de Publicaciones del Museo.
980:
978:
976:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
764:intraspecific variation, possibly
388:were described by paleontologists
14:
1176:(pp. 29-47). Springer, Dordrecht.
1060:(pp. 59-86). Springer, Dordrecht.
4520:
4519:
4465:
4459:
4025:
4020:
3046:
3039:
3032:
2283:
2277:
2271:
1243:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3897364.v2
1145:Spanish Journal of Palaeontology
1128:Contrib. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat
509:Speculative life restoration of
157:
660:This phylogenetic position for
4661:Miocene birds of South America
402:Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
1:
4711:Fossil taxa described in 1891
1391:Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003
1382:Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003
903:Agnolin, Federico L. (2021).
424:. Some pedal phalanges and a
352:of giant bird that inhabited
707:belonged to sister taxon to
4727:
1324:Royal Society Open Science
1076:Royal Society Open Science
874:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
683:sat within Anserimorpha.
525:may actually represent an
317:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
297:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
289:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
262:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
4479:
4457:
4176:
4087:
4051:
4038:
4018:
3787:
3646:
3091:
3087:
3072:
3059:
3030:
2825:
2633:
2629:
2328:
2324:
2309:
2296:
2269:
2080:
2026:
2010:
1851:
1782:
1700:
1624:
1609:
1596:
1542:
1515:
1502:
1447:
787:Pachystruthio dmanisensis
666:Mathilde Dolgopol de Sáez
274:
267:
251:
244:
154:Scientific classification
152:
144:
135:
127:
118:
23:
970:. University of Florida.
723:to be a Gastornithiform.
591:, which combine today's
455:, also found fossils of
1004:Buffetaut, E. (2016).
751:
514:
386:Brontornis burmeisteri
257:Brontornis burmeisteri
16:Extinct genus of birds
4628:Paleobiology Database
2169:Paralitherizinosaurus
966:Brodkorb, P. (1967).
739:
700:than Phorusrhacids.
508:
446:Stephanornis princeps
384:The first fossils of
4706:Fossils of Argentina
750:(yellow) and a human
467:Ameghino also named
461:Brontornis platyonyx
434:Monte León Formation
372:(terror bird) or an
322:Brontornis platyonyx
3356:Patagopterygiformes
2881:Confuciusornithidae
2747:Scansoriopterygidae
2382:Scansoriopterygidae
1344:10.1098/rsos.170975
1336:2017RSOS....470975W
1273:10.5061/dryad.609j4
1096:10.1098/rsos.170975
1088:2017RSOS....470975W
740:Size comparison of
521:is a phorusrhacid.
487:Callornis giganteus
453:Florentino Ameghino
314:Rostrornis floweri
3484:Songlingornithidae
3433:Hongshanornithidae
2850:Omnivoropterygidae
2762:Jeholornithiformes
2073:Therizinosauroidea
781:Dromornis stirtoni
752:
573:thoracic vertebrae
563:, and finally the
515:
4701:Neogene Argentina
4676:Serravallian life
4643:
4642:
4615:Open Tree of Life
4542:Taxon identifiers
4533:
4532:
4475:
4474:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4355:Lutetodontopteris
4264:Gastornithiformes
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4045:Aves / Neornithes
4034:
4033:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
3990:Aves / Neornithes
3892:
3891:
3631:
3630:
3463:Parahongshanornis
3055:
3054:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2810:
2809:
2736:Archaeopterygidae
2614:
2613:
2521:Archaeopterygidae
2292:
2291:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2125:Therizinosauridae
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1492:Maniraptoriformes
1235:The Royal Society
922:10.3390/d13020090
775:Aepyornis maximus
766:sexual dimorphism
513:as an anserimorph
422:right tibiotarsus
420:, ectocondyle of
341:
340:
308:
280:
240:
31:Early-Mid Miocene
4718:
4666:Burdigalian life
4636:
4635:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4537:
4523:
4522:
4495:Deinonychosauria
4470:
4469:
4463:
4420:Protodontopteryx
4362:Macrodontopteryx
4301:
4262:
4218:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4174:
4109:
4085:
4053:
4040:
4029:
4024:
3955:Cimolopterygidae
3953:
3899:
3846:Hesperornithidae
3785:
3778:
3748:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3652:
3644:
3574:
3537:
3482:
3431:
3392:
3354:
3324:
3309:
3299:
3289:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3074:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
2969:
2964:
2925:Jinguofortisidae
2923:
2904:Eoconfuciusornis
2879:
2848:
2831:
2823:
2760:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2660:
2649:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2591:
2565:
2519:
2425:
2380:
2365:
2355:
2344:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2311:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2225:Oviraptorosauria
2214:Oviraptorosauria
2212:
2207:
2148:Nanshiungosaurus
2078:
2055:Jianchangosaurus
2024:
2017:
2012:
1849:
1780:
1698:
1692:Alvarezsauroidea
1690:
1673:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1598:
1540:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1449:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1295:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1192:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1037:
1016:
1009:Palaeovertebrata
1002:
989:
982:
971:
964:
935:
934:
924:
900:
881:
867:
543:Physornis fortis
451:Moreno's rival,
416:, lower part of
390:Francisco Moreno
334:
330:Liornis floweri
326:
318:
307:Species synonymy
306:
298:
290:
278:
254:
229:
222:
162:
161:
140:
123:
113:
50:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4656:Brontornithinae
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4544:
4534:
4529:
4471:
4464:
4447:
4442:Tympanonesiotes
4435:Pseudodontornis
4398:Palaeochenoides
4319:Caspiodontornis
4303:Pelagornithidae
4294:
4255:
4211:
4153:
4130:
4098:
4074:
4047:
4030:
4004:
3984:
3946:
3888:
3883:Parahesperornis
3855:Asiahesperornis
3840:
3771:
3741:
3640:
3627:
3567:
3530:
3475:
3442:Archaeornithura
3424:
3385:
3347:
3317:
3100:Archaeorhynchus
3081:
3068:
3051:
3038:
3008:
2988:
2959:Ornithothoraces
2953:
2916:
2890:Changchengornis
2872:
2841:
2819:
2806:
2753:
2725:Anchiornithidae
2623:
2610:
2584:
2578:Dromaeosauridae
2567:Dromaeosauridae
2558:
2552:Anchiornithidae
2512:
2471:Liaoningvenator
2427:Anchiornithidae
2418:
2406:Scansoriopteryx
2373:
2318:
2305:
2288:
2251:
2231:
2188:
2183:Therizinosaurus
2119:
2067:
2062:Lingyuanosaurus
2019:Therizinosauria
1994:
1953:
1919:
1844:Parvicursorinae
1838:
1775:Alvarezsauridae
1769:
1694:
1682:
1618:
1605:
1576:
1556:
1529:
1523:Avemetatarsalia
1508:Avemetatarsalia
1498:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1038:
1019:
1003:
992:
983:
974:
965:
938:
902:
901:
884:
868:
847:
843:
801:
796:
734:
729:
615:Traditionally,
503:
469:Liornis floweri
459:which he named
430:tarsometatarsus
382:
337:
332:
324:
316:
310:
309:
302:
296:
288:
282:
281:
263:
260:
228:
220:
156:
147:tarsometatarsus
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
46:17.5–11.6
45:
44:
42:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4724:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4611:
4598:
4585:
4570:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:Archaeornithes
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4427:Protopelicanus
4423:
4416:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4391:Osteodontornis
4387:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:Dromornithidae
4284:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4222:
4220:Dromornithidae
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4198:
4195:Perplexicervix
4188:
4177:
4171:
4168:Incertae sedis
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4147:Pangalliformes
4140:
4138:
4136:Pangalliformes
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3780:Hesperornithes
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3752:
3750:Ichthyornithes
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3555:Similiyanornis
3551:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3394:Ambiortiformes
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3312:Zhongjianornis
3305:
3295:
3285:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3211:Jianchangornis
3204:
3194:
3184:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2982:Enantiornithes
2975:
2973:
2971:Enantiornithes
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2897:Confuciusornis
2893:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2860:Omnivoropteryx
2855:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2358:Pneumatoraptor
2351:
2340:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2155:Neimongosaurus
2151:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1914:Trierarchuncus
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1810:Bonapartenykus
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1749:Shishugounykus
1745:
1738:
1731:
1728:Bonapartenykus
1724:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1669:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1330:(10): 170975.
1310:
1296:
1278:
1248:
1221:
1204:
1178:
1165:
1153:
1136:
1119:
1082:(10): 170975.
1062:
1049:
1017:
990:
972:
936:
882:
844:
842:
839:
800:
797:
795:
792:
761:B. burmeisteri
757:tarsometatarsi
733:
730:
728:
725:
635:Dromornithidae
633:or within the
502:
499:
398:Middle Miocene
381:
378:
368:, typically a
362:Middle Miocene
348:is an extinct
339:
338:
336:
335:
327:
319:
305:
304:
303:
301:
300:
291:
279:Genus synonymy
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
261:
249:
248:
242:
241:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
150:
149:
142:
141:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4723:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Langhian life
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Odontornithes
4503:
4501:
4500:Odontognathae
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4468:
4462:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:Barawertornis
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4124:Anserimorphae
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4113:Anserimorphae
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4068:Palaeognathae
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Palaeognathae
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4023:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3736:Tingmiatornis
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:Antarcticavis
3649:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3622:Shuilingornis
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:Changzuiornis
3583:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:Yanornithidae
3533:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:Songlingornis
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:Longicrusavis
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:Hongshanornis
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:Mengciusornis
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3326:Schizoouridae
3320:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:Changzuiornis
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:Brevidentavis
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3035:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:Cretaaviculus
2657:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:Archaeopteryx
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2507:Yixianosaurus
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:Fujianvenator
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:Epidexipteryx
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:Beipiaosaurus
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2009:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:Heptasteornis
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:Alvarezsaurus
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:Achillesaurus
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:Achillesaurus
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1219:(2), 458-474.
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1202:(3), 207-214.
1201:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:(2), 127-132.
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
846:
840:
838:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
798:
793:
791:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
749:
748:
743:
738:
731:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Cariamiformes
706:
701:
699:
695:
690:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
651:
650:Paraphysornis
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
589:Cariamiformes
585:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:gastornithids
548:
544:
540:
539:
538:Paraphysornis
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
512:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:
478:
477:Liornis minor
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
333:Ameghino 1895
331:
328:
325:Ameghino 1895
323:
320:
315:
312:
295:
292:
287:
284:
273:
270:
266:
259:
258:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
227:
226:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
151:
148:
143:
139:
134:
131:
126:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4696:Santacrucian
4549:
4515:Unenlagiidae
4440:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4377:Odontopteryx
4375:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4166:
4104:Galloanserae
4091:
3978:Lamarqueavis
3976:
3971:Cimolopteryx
3969:
3962:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3910:Australornis
3908:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3833:
3828:Pasquiaornis
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3764:
3757:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3653:
3620:
3615:Khinganornis
3613:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3522:
3514:
3507:
3501:Piscivoravis
3499:
3491:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3380:Patagopteryx
3378:
3370:
3363:
3340:
3333:
3310:
3300:
3292:Xinghaiornis
3290:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3221:Jiuquanornis
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3180:Gargantuavis
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3130:Changmaornis
3128:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3037:
2948:Jinguofortis
2946:
2939:
2932:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2865:
2858:
2832:
2801:Neimengornis
2799:
2792:
2786:Jixiangornis
2784:
2777:
2771:Dalianraptor
2769:
2745:
2734:
2723:
2713:
2705:Yandangornis
2703:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2640:
2604:Troodontidae
2593:Troodontidae
2550:
2545:Wellnhoferia
2543:
2536:
2528:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2457:Eosinopteryx
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2366:
2356:
2347:Palaeopteryx
2345:
2335:
2276:
2202:Pennaraptora
2181:
2174:
2167:
2162:Nothronychus
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:Erlikosaurus
2139:
2134:Erliansaurus
2132:
2114:Suzhousaurus
2112:
2107:Martharaptor
2105:
2100:Enigmosaurus
2098:
2091:
2084:
2060:
2053:
2047:Fukuivenator
2045:
2038:
2032:Eshanosaurus
2030:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:Albertonykus
1966:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:Ceratonykini
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1886:Nemegtonykus
1884:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1762:
1756:Tugulusaurus
1754:
1747:
1740:
1735:Haplocheirus
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1674:
1666:Migmanychion
1664:
1653:
1644:Fukuivenator
1642:
1631:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1291:
1264:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1173:
1168:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1012:
1008:
985:
967:
912:
908:
877:
873:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
809:
805:
802:
794:Paleobiology
785:
779:
773:
769:
760:
753:
745:
741:
720:
716:
712:
704:
702:
697:
693:
688:
685:
680:
676:
674:
669:
661:
659:
654:
648:
642:
638:
631:Anserimorphs
625:
616:
614:
605:
602:Phorusrhacos
601:
597:
583:
578:
577:
568:
560:
554:
547:type species
542:
536:
530:
522:
518:
516:
510:
494:
490:
486:
482:Phorusrhacos
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
445:
441:
437:
414:femoral head
409:
405:
385:
383:
370:phorusrhacid
344:
343:
342:
329:
321:
313:
293:
285:
256:
255:
246:Type species
224:
223:
207:Infraclass:
35:Santacrucian
24:
18:
4686:Colloncuran
4574:Wikispecies
4412:Proceriavis
4384:Odontoptila
4340:Gigantornis
4250:Ilbandornis
4185:Asteriornis
3926:Neogaeornis
3876:Hesperornis
3807:Chupkaornis
3759:Ichthyornis
3524:Yixianornis
3470:Tianyuornis
3418:Palintropus
3365:Alamitornis
3251:Meemannavis
3231:Juehuaornis
3170:Eogranivora
3110:Bellulornis
2934:Chongmingia
2684:Overoraptor
2674:Fukuipteryx
2337:Imperobator
2176:Segnosaurus
1941:Ceratonykus
1900:Parvicursor
1871:Khulsanurus
1864:Jaculinykus
1832:Patagonykus
1742:Patagonykus
1676:Yaverlandia
1616:Maniraptora
1603:Maniraptora
1562:Maniraptora
1441:Maniraptora
1047:(1), 15-25.
880:(4), 55-91.
727:Description
465:Brontornis.
374:anserimorph
366:cariamiform
356:during the
4650:Categories
4580:Brontornis
4550:Brontornis
4483:See also:
4405:Pelagornis
4273:Brontornis
4080:Neognathae
3999:see below↓
3964:Ceramornis
3934:Polarornis
3901:Vegaviidae
3869:Fumicollis
3835:Potamornis
3821:Judinornis
3814:Enaliornis
3638:Ornithurae
3548:Abitusavis
3342:Schizooura
3302:Yumenornis
3261:Platanavis
3241:Kaririavis
3201:Horezmavis
3150:Chaoyangia
3079:Euornithes
3066:Euornithes
3003:see below↓
2994:Euornithes
2941:Cratonavis
2817:Pygostylia
2794:Kompsornis
2779:Jeholornis
2715:Zhongornis
2642:Alcmonavis
2530:Alcmonavis
2500:Xiaotingia
2493:Serikornis
2436:Anchiornis
2392:Ambopteryx
2246:see below↓
2086:Alxasaurus
1975:Linhenykus
1959:Mononykini
1948:Xixianykus
1907:Qiupanykus
1893:Ondogurvel
1857:Dzharaonyx
1818:Bradycneme
1796:Alnashetri
1571:see below↓
1474:Dinosauria
1294:, 138-155.
841:References
834:Brontornis
829:Brontornis
825:Aepyornis,
817:Brontornis
810:Brontornis
806:Brontornis
770:Brontornis
742:Brontornis
721:Brontornis
717:Brontornis
713:Brontornis
705:Brontornis
698:Brontornis
694:Brontornis
689:Brontornis
681:Brontornis
677:Brontornis
662:Brontornis
655:Brontornis
639:Brontornis
626:Brontornis
617:Brontornis
606:Brontornis
598:Brontornis
584:Brontornis
579:Brontornis
569:Brontornis
561:Brontornis
559:and kin),
527:anseriform
523:Brontornis
519:Brontornis
511:Brontornis
495:Brontornis
491:Brontornis
473:Brontornis
457:Brontornis
442:Brontornis
438:Brontornis
418:left femur
406:Brontornis
345:Brontornis
299:(in part)
286:Rostrornis
225:Brontornis
211:Neognathae
25:Brontornis
4510:Sauriurae
4490:Carinatae
4326:Cyphornis
4312:Aequornis
4281:Gastornis
4243:Genyornis
4236:Dromornis
3793:Baptornis
3726:Limenavis
3706:Iaceornis
3696:Guildavis
3686:Gallornis
3676:Cerebavis
3666:Apatornis
3576:Gansuidae
3410:Apsaravis
3403:Ambiortus
3372:Kuszholia
2867:Sapeornis
2694:Rahonavis
2486:Pedopenna
2368:Rahonavis
2040:Falcarius
1982:Mononykus
1934:Albinykus
1764:Xiyunykus
1633:Elopteryx
1550:Theropoda
1535:Theropoda
1483:Theropoda
1457:Kingdom:
1352:2054-5703
931:1424-2818
915:(2): 90.
909:Diversity
821:Gastornis
670:Gastornis
644:Physornis
571:exhibits
565:mihirungs
556:Gastornis
532:Physornis
501:Evolution
475:in 1967.
426:trochleae
354:Argentina
177:Kingdom:
171:Eukaryota
4691:Friasian
4681:Laventan
4565:Q2339690
4559:Wikidata
4525:Category
4333:Dasornis
4205:Qinornis
3862:Canadaga
3800:Brodavis
3608:Iteravis
3600:Hollanda
3562:Yanornis
3516:Yanornis
3493:Hollanda
3191:Hollanda
3160:Dingavis
2911:Yangavis
2835:Proornis
2479:Ostromia
2443:Aurornis
1989:Shuvuuia
1721:Bannykus
1465:Chordata
1463:Phylum:
1459:Animalia
1370:29134094
1134:, 39-47.
1114:29134094
747:Kelenken
380:Taxonomy
269:Synonyms
235:Mercerat
191:Chordata
187:Phylum:
181:Animalia
167:Domain:
39:Laventan
4620:4131147
4607:1148097
4594:4852219
4347:Laornis
4093:Neoaves
3941:Vegavis
3766:Janavis
3281:Wyleyia
2621:Avialae
2450:Caihong
2316:Paraves
2303:Paraves
2237:Paraves
1361:5666277
1332:Bibcode
1105:5666277
1084:Bibcode
759:of two
744:(red),
622:seriama
610:Bolivia
593:Seriema
545:as the
294:Liornis
217:Genus:
197:Class:
145:Fossil
128:Fossil
3918:Maaqwi
3716:Kookne
3593:Gansus
3271:Vorona
2652:Balaur
1655:Kakuru
1368:
1358:
1350:
1112:
1102:
929:
784:, and
233:&
231:Moreno
4633:53585
4602:IRMNG
1713:Aorun
1488:Clade
1479:Clade
1470:Clade
1265:Dryad
1015:, e3.
394:Lower
358:Early
350:genus
130:femur
4589:GBIF
4369:Manu
4145:see
4122:see
4066:see
2980:see
2602:see
2576:see
2223:see
1548:see
1521:see
1366:PMID
1348:ISSN
1110:PMID
927:ISSN
823:and
799:Diet
732:Size
647:and
535:and
238:1891
201:Aves
54:PreꞒ
1878:Kol
1356:PMC
1340:doi
1269:doi
1239:doi
1217:103
1200:185
1100:PMC
1092:doi
917:doi
600:or
428:of
360:to
4652::
4630::
4617::
4604::
4591::
4576::
4561::
2413:Yi
1490::
1481::
1472::
1364:.
1354:.
1346:.
1338:.
1326:.
1322:.
1299:^
1281:^
1267:.
1263:.
1251:^
1237:.
1233:.
1215:,
1198:,
1181:^
1156:^
1149:20
1147:,
1130:,
1108:.
1098:.
1090:.
1078:.
1074:.
1043:,
1020:^
1013:40
1011:,
993:^
975:^
939:^
925:.
913:13
911:.
907:.
885:^
878:43
876:,
848:^
790:.
778:,
444:,
376:.
104:Pg
48:Ma
4430:?
4415:?
4372:?
4350:?
4300:†
4291:?
4276:?
4261:†
4217:†
4208:?
4201:†
4191:†
4181:†
3981:?
3952:†
3929:?
3921:?
3913:?
3898:†
3777:†
3747:†
3732:†
3722:†
3712:†
3702:†
3692:†
3682:†
3672:†
3662:†
3658:?
3651:†
3603:?
3578:?
3573:†
3536:†
3527:?
3519:?
3504:?
3496:?
3481:†
3430:†
3421:?
3413:?
3391:†
3375:?
3353:†
3323:†
3308:†
3298:†
3288:†
3284:?
3277:†
3267:†
3257:†
3247:†
3237:†
3227:†
3217:†
3207:†
3197:†
3187:†
3183:?
3176:†
3166:†
3156:†
3146:†
3136:†
3126:†
3116:†
3106:†
3096:†
2968:†
2922:†
2878:†
2852:?
2847:†
2837:"
2833:"
2830:†
2789:?
2774:?
2759:†
2750:?
2743:†
2739:?
2732:†
2728:?
2721:†
2711:†
2701:†
2697:?
2690:†
2680:†
2670:†
2666:?
2659:†
2655:?
2648:†
2638:†
2590:†
2564:†
2555:?
2533:?
2518:†
2474:?
2424:†
2384:?
2379:†
2364:†
2354:†
2350:?
2343:†
2333:†
2211:†
2050:?
2035:?
2016:†
1881:?
1835:?
1813:?
1791:?
1759:?
1716:?
1689:†
1679:?
1672:†
1662:†
1658:?
1651:†
1647:?
1640:†
1636:?
1629:†
1433:e
1426:t
1419:v
1372:.
1342::
1334::
1328:4
1275:.
1271::
1245:.
1241::
1132:7
1116:.
1094::
1086::
1080:4
1045:9
933:.
919::
553:(
484:.
396:-
253:†
221:†
109:N
99:K
94:J
89:T
84:P
79:C
74:D
69:S
64:O
59:Ꞓ
43:~
41:)
37:-
33:(
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