Caseidae - Knowledge (XXG)

1549: 1190:. Subsequently, the caseids adopted a strictly herbivorous diet and evolved into gigantic forms. These herbivorous caseids had spatulate teeth equipped with more or less numerous cuspules and a very enlarged and barrel-shaped rib cage which must have housed highly developed intestines necessary for the digestion of plants with low nutritional value. This adaptation would partly explain the diversification and expansion of the group at the end of the Lower Permian and during the Middle Permian, because it allowed them to exploit a fiber-rich plant resource that had by then become abundant and widespread. Nevertheless, small probably faunivorous caseids like 1540: 853: 1392: 9195: 839: 654: 8893: 130: 1205: 1108: 8905: 636: 625: 1093: 107: 9228: 8899: 8372: 8377: 757:, simply conical and pointed in insectivorous species, adopt in herbivorous species a leafy or spatulate morphology and are provided with more or less numerous cuspules. Numerous small teeth also adorned several bones of the palate. Herbivorous species do not show a simple evolutionary trend towards increasing tooth complexity. Thus, the teeth of the basal taxa 1275:. This low bone density would have been a handicap for animals weighing several hundred kilos with a strictly terrestrial lifestyle. Lambertz et al. also argued that the joints between the vertebrae and the dorsal ribs allowed only small ranges of motion of the rib cage, thus limiting costal ventilation. To overcome this, they proposed that a proto- 1378: 1283:

to which the caseid deposits correspond are not incompatible with an aquatic lifestyle of these animals. These paleoenvironments in fact included a significant number of water bodies (rivers, lakes and lagoons). The arid conditions could have been the reason why the animals would sometimes congregate

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in particular considered that the degree of ossification of the skeleton, the relatively short feet and hands, the massive claws, the limbs with very powerful extensor muscles, and the solid sacrum, strongly suggested a terrestrial lifestyle. Olson did not rule out that the caseids spent some time in

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implied a low amplitude of vertical movements of the head which precluded the large species from feeding at ground level. Another hypothesis suggests that the caseids could have used their powerful forelimbs to fold large plants towards them, which they would have torn off with their powerful claws.

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Caseids measured from less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 7 metres (23 ft) in length. They had a small head wider than high and with a forward-inclined snout, a very short neck, a long tail, robust forelimbs, and a body of variable proportions depending on their diet. Small insectivorous

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lifestyle. Thus, due to these unusual data, Angielczyk and Kammerer consider that the available evidence is still insufficient to question the more widely assumed terrestrial lifestyle of caseids. Robert Reisz and colleagues also dispute the supposed semiaquatic lifestyle of the caseids on the fact

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The forelimbs of caseids are often more robust than the hindlimbs. It has indeed been observed that the bones of the forelimbs gained in robustness from the beginning of the evolution of the group, before the appearance of large species, while the hindlimbs remained slenderer. These characteristics

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data combined with the absence in these large caseids of morphological adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. According to Angielczyk and Kammerer, the low bone density of caseids identified by Lambertz et al. does not resemble that of semiaquatic animals, which tend to have a more strongly ossified

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Schneider, J.W.; Lucas, S.G.; Scholze, F.; Voigt, S.; Marchetti, L.; Klein, H.; Opluštil, S.; Werneburg, R.; Golubev, V.K.; Barrick, J.E.; Nemyrovska, T.; Ronchi, A.; Day, M.O.; Silantiev, V.V.; Rößler, R.; Saber, H.; Linnemann, U.; Zharinova, V.; Shen, S-Z. (2020). "Late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic

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water, but he considered locomotion on land to be an important aspect of their lifestyle. It has been suggested that the very powerful forelimbs, with strong and very tendinous extensor muscles, as well as very massive claws, could be used to dig up roots or tubers. However, the very short

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Marchetti, L.; Forte, G.; Kustatscher, E.; DiMichele, W.A.; Lucas, S.G.; Roghi, G.; Juncal, M.A.; Hartkopf-Fröder, C.; Krainer, K.; Morelli, C.; Ronchi, A. (2022). "The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian".

704:, necessary for the digestion of high-fiber rich plants. In these forms, the skull has very large external nostrils and a very short facial region with a strong forward inclination of the end of the snout which clearly overhangs the dental row. The 7469: 1163:, the adult was still able to feed on insects, but it also possesses a draft of the herbivorous diet specializations present in later caseids, such as a relatively short, slightly forward-inclined snout, and a dentition that is almost 1033:(the latter from more recent strata). According to Sacchi and colleagues, some footprints from the Lodève Basin (unspecified geological formation) are similar to those from the Wellington Formation and these authors designate them as 6449:

Marchetti, L.; Voigt, S.; Lucas, S.G. (2019). "An anatomy-consistent study of the Lopingian eolian tracks of Germany and Scotland reveals the first evidence of the end-Guadalupian mass extinction at low paleolatitudes of Pangea".

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by more derived and larger caseids to support their weights of up to several hundred kilograms. During their evolutionary history, caseids also show a reduction in their phalangeal formula. The most basal caseids like

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Citton, P.; Ronchi, A.; Maganuco, S.; Caratelli, M.; Nicosia, U.; Sacchi, E.; Romano, M. (2019). "First tetrapod footprints from the Permian of Sardinia and their palaeontological and stratigraphical significance".

848:. (A) Specimen GAA 00242 in anterior, labial, posterior, ventral, and dorsal views; (B) Specimen GAA 00239 in labial (showing a complete tooth with tricuspid distal end), partial labial, posterior and ventral views. 809:

must have fed on tougher plants than those on which most other herbivorous caseids fed. Herbivorous caseids also show very different dietary adaptations from those seen in another group of basal synapsids, the

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preserved on the back (A). Detail of the right hand (B). Right ilium covered dorsally by the proximal end of the femur (C). Coprolites of sharks placed on the slab of the holotype during the 19th century

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and on the inner surface of the lower jaws. In herbivorous caseids, the palatal teeth are smaller, and the inner surface of the lower jaws bears no teeth. Instead of a dental battery, they had a massive

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Romano, M.; Citton, P.; Maganuco, S.; Sacchi, E.; Caratelli, M.; Ronchi, A.; Nicosia, U. (2018). "New basal synapsid discovery at the Permian outcrop of Torre del Porticciolo (Alghero, Italy)".

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processing in the evolution of caseid herbivory. A juvenile insectivorous diet would have provided the opportunity for successful introduction into the intestine of microorganisms capable of

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During their evolutionary history, caseids shifted from faunivorous to herbivorous diet, a pattern that also occurred independently in other Carboniferous and Permian tetrapod groups such as

5635:. In 2015 Romano and Nicosia however demonstrated that the third digit of the foot of this species indeed had three phalanges and not two. Consequently the phalangeal formula of the foot of 1472:

data indicate that the majority of edaphosaurids favored humid habitats (their remains are found mainly in lacustrine and marshy deposits) while herbivorous caseids generally lived in drier

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and eventually die. In addition, arid environments have a low density of plants, which would require even more locomotor effort to find food. Thus, for Lambertz et al., large caseids like

1826:. A possible Gondwanan occurrence was proposed as early as the 1990s by Michael S.Y. Lee and in 2021 by Asher J. Lichtig and Spencer G. Lucas, who reinterpreted the middle Permian taxon 647:. Top : skull reconstruction in left lateral view, and medial and lateral views of mandible; bottom : skull reconstruction in dorsal, ventral, posterior and anterior views. 916:

the manus and pes show a phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-3-2. Along with this reduction in the number of phalanges, the proportions of the autopods also change in derived caseids with

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from the Chickasha Formation in Oklahoma probably date to the early Roadian, while the caseids from the San Angelo Formation in Texas are slightly older and may straddle the

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Berman, D.S.; Maddin, H.C.; Henrici, A.C.; Sumida, S.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2020). "New primitive Caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early Permian of Germany".

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does not allow us to know the precise moment of the arrival of caseids in this region of the world. According to Werneburg and colleagues, the presence of caseids at this

1013:, this type of track showing false anatomical features generated by locomotion on sandy inclined paleosurface. In 2014, Eva Sacchi and colleagues described the ichnotaxon 6985:"The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates : a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups" 7295:

Voigt, S.; Saber, H.; Schneider, J.W.; Hmich, D.; Hminna, A. (2011). "Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Tetrapod Ichnofauna from the Khenifra Basin, Central Morocco".

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Voigt, S.; Lagnaoui, A.; Hminna, A.; Saber, H.; Schneider, J.W. (2011). "Revisional notes on the Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Tiddas Basin, central Morocco".

1027:. The morphological study of these footprints and their comparison with tetrapod skeletons revealed that they probably belong to a large caseid comparable in size to 9385: 9321: 6775:

Spindler, F.; Voigt, S.; Fischer, J. (2019). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives".

1324:, which emphasize high maneuverability, rapid acceleration and hydrodynamic control of buoyancy. However, the caseid morphology was totally incompatible with a 1333:, on the interpretation that this animal lived in a dry environment for part of the year as indicated by the presence of numerous skeletons of the amphibian 861: 5696:

Angielczyk, K.D.; Kammerer, C.F. (2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids : the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, F.E.; Asher, R.J. (eds.).

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Lambertz, M.; Shelton, C.D.; Spindler, F.; Perry, S.F. (2016). "A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids".

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exhibits great morphological variation and that its producers can be assigned to different zoological groups among non-therapsid synapsids and not just

6539:"Insight on the evolution of synapsid locomotion based on tetrapod tracks from the lower Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)" 6116: 5618:. It is listed starting from digit I (corresponding in men to the thumb and big toe) to digit V (the equivalent of the little finger and little toe). 869:

suggest that the initial strengthening of the forelimbs was probably related to a particular function such as digging, and that this trait was later

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With a fossil record spanning from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Permian, caseids are one of the basal synapsids groups (formerly known as “

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Benson, R.B.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies".

1548: 5705: 7411:"A Re-Description of 'Mycterosaurus' smithae, an Early Permian Eothyridid, and Its Impact on the Phylogeny of Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsids" 6414:

Silva, R.C.; Sedor, F.A.; Fernandes, A.C.S. (2012). "Fossil footprints from the Late Permian of Brazil: An example of hidden biodiversity".

1437:. During the Permian, the representatives of the clade mainly evolved towards herbivory. These herbivorous caseids experienced an important 7637: 6367:"Permian-Triassic vertebrate footprints from South Africa: Ichnotaxonomy, producers and biostratigraphy through two major faunal crises" 1460:. The decline of edaphosaurids and the propagation of caseids coincides with an aridification of the environment that occurred from the 1232:

used their limbs with powerful claws to defend themselves against predators, or during intraspecific activities linked in particular to

973:. In 2019, Lorenzo Marchetti and colleagues, however, determined that dinocephalians were most likely the trackmakers of the ichnogenus 7610: 6254:"Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap-weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens" 805:

the teeth have a bulbous morphology with very short and wide crowns. Their sturdiness and the significant wear they show indicate that

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had an unexpanded rib cage and dentition composed of very small conical teeth suggesting an insectivorous diet. Another basal caseid,

603:. Caseids are so far unknown in Upper Permian strata and probably disappeared at the end of the Middle Permian. They were replaced by 6067:

gen. et sp. nov., from the early Permian of Oklahoma, with a discussion of synapsid diversity at the classic Richards Spur locality"

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This hypothesis is however disputed by Kenneth Angielczyk and Christian Kammerer as well as by Robert Reisz and colleagues based on

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In 2015, Marco Romano and Umberto Nicosia published the first cladistic study including almost all Caseidae (with the exception of

1369:, passing part of their time in the water (being underwater walkers rather than swimming animals) but coming on dry land for food. 889: 692:, and a snout less inclined forward than in herbivorous caseids. The latter were characterized by their disproportionately small 9194: 7164:

Lyson, T.R.; Rubidge, B.S.; Scheyer, T.M.; de Queiroz, K.; Schachner, E.R.; Smith, R.M.H.; Botha-Brink, J.; Bever, G.S. (2016).

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where ponds and streams water were ephemeral. The last caseids date from the Middle Permian and are mainly known in Europe with

6303:"A huge caseid pelycosaur from north-western Sardinia and its bearing on European Permian stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography" 1810:

during the Carboniferous and the Permian, with the exception of the Russian localities which were located at the level of the

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Marchetti, L.; Klein, H.; Buchwitz, M.; Ronchi, A.; Smith, R.M.H.; De Klerk, W.J.; Sciscio, L.; Groenewald, G.H. (2019).

5765:"Oldest caseid synapsid from the late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates" 1561:

showing the known distribution of caseid synapsids. Right: close-up of the paleogeographic location of the caseid sites.

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have one to ten ribs broken and healed during life. Finally, for some authors, the large derived caseids would have been

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in the same suborder, which they named Edaphosauria. This group is now abandoned, the edaphosaurids being closer to the

814:. The latter had, in addition to the marginal dentition, a dental battery made up of numerous teeth located both on the 1257:. These authors showed that the bone microstructure of the humerus, femur and ribs of adult and immature specimens of 8904: 8892: 3170:

A phylogenetic analysis published in 2016 by Neil Brocklehurst and colleagues includes for the first time the genera

1526:-Roadian boundary but it is not yet clear whether they date from the latest Kungurian or from the earliest Roadian. 1391: 852: 696:

compared to the size of the body. The postcranial skeleton indeed shows a spectacular increase in the volume of the

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In 2022, Werneburg and colleagues proposed a somewhat different semiaquatic lifestyle, in which large caseids like

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on each side). The hyoid apparatus is not present here because it was removed during the preparation of the palate.

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where a more temperate climate prevailed. The absence in Russia of terrestrial vertebrate localities prior to the

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was present to facilitate breathing, especially in aquatic environment. These authors also consider that the arid

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Comparison of size and proportions of the faunivorous and omnivorous basal caseasaurs with the herbivorous caseid

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Many vertebrate tracks have been proposed as belonging to Caseidae. In the early 2000s, large footprints known as

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as once thought. In 2021, Rafel Matamales-Andreu and colleagues assigned footprints found in the Lower Permian (

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The phalangeal formula corresponds to the number of phalanges constituting each digits of the manus and pes of

1890: 208: 5999: 753:, suggest the presence of scaly "lips" which must have concealed the dentition when the jaws were closed. The 502:

in vertebrate history because the numerous herbivorous species in this family are among the first terrestrial

498:, making them the largest Permian synapsids. Caseids are considered important components of early terrestrial 380:

between about 300 and 265 million years ago. Fossils of these animals come from the south-central part of the

4204:. In the first cladogram, the position of the remaining caseids is poorly resolved. In the second cladogram, 1329:

that the latter possess no morphological adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle and, in the case of the species

7743: 7630: 7470:"A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of 6876:

Golubev, V.K. (2015). "Dinocephalian Stage in the History of the Permian Tetrapod Fauna of Eastern Europe".

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Romano, M. (2017). "Long bone scaling of caseid synapsids: a combined morphometric and cladistic approach".

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analysis of caseids was published in 2008 by Hillary C. Maddin and colleagues. In this analysis, the genus

730:. The dorsal surface of the skull is covered with numerous small pits. These suggest the presence of large 9248: 9096: 8898: 8371: 7113:

Bever, G.S.; Lyson, T.R.; Field, D.J.; Bhullar, B-A.S. (2015). "Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull".

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Stovall, J.W.; Price, L.I.; Romer, A.S. (1966). "The Postcranial Skeleton of the Giant Permian Pelycosaur

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Caseids first appear in the fossil record at the end of the Carboniferous and are already present in both

1172: 701: 511: 5986:(Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae". 4230:, and a clade of remaining caseid. Within these remaining taxa, a sequence of branching taxa begins with 1236:. According to Olson, an interesting thing about this, is that almost all known specimens of the species 486:

diet. Some have evolved into gigantic forms that can reach 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) in length, such as

9347: 9003: 8977: 6826: 1921: 366: 1186:, particularly if the prey ingested were herbivorous insects which harbor such microorganisms in their 6344:"La palichnofaune de vertébrés tétrapodes du Permien supérieur du bassin de Lodève (Languedoc-France)" 838: 653: 9295: 9061: 9029: 7422: 7343: 7304: 7269: 7226: 7122: 6738: 6690:

Werneburg, R.; Spindler, F.; Falconnet, J.; Steyer, J.-S.; Vianey-Liaud, M.; Schneider, J.W. (2022).

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must have been mainly aquatic animals that only came on dry land for the purposes of reproduction or

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in the upper jaws and completely homodont in lower jaws. The sequence of dental trait acquisition in

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is identified as one of the most basal caseids, and is positioned just above the Late Carboniferous

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occupies a higher position than in previous analyses, and is identified as more closely related to

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In 2016, Markus Lambertz and colleagues questioned the terrestrial lifestyle of large caseids like

583:. These last caseids still show a certain morphological diversity with medium to large herbivores ( 9231: 8778: 8637: 8590: 7623: 7585: 7531: 7493: 7242: 7195: 7146: 7068: 7006: 6965: 6929: 6893: 6792: 6754: 6710: 6659: 6519: 6475: 6396: 6324: 6283: 6229: 6003: 5915: 5848: 5738: 5631:

a foot with the phalangeal formula of 2-2-2-3-2, i.e. a smaller formula than in the type species

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resembled that of aquatic animals more than that of terrestrial animals, the bones having a very

715: 124: 28: 999:, could represent caseids footprints. In 2019, Marchetti and colleagues, however, reinterpreted 9352: 663:

in ventral view allowing to see the numerous small teeth adorning the bones of the palate (the

9334: 8718: 8691: 7450: 7359: 7187: 7138: 6692:"A new caseid synapsid from the Permian (Guadalupian) of the Lodève basin (Occitanie, France)" 6651: 6094: 5871: 5804: 5701: 1878: 1873:

suggests the future discovery of basal synapsids (including caseids) in the Permian basins of

1204: 723: 700:, which becomes very wide and barrel-shaped, probably to accommodate a particularly developed 9339: 9326: 2693:

may be biased by the extreme incompleteness of the material from the North American species.

8748: 8487: 8347: 7990: 7575: 7565: 7558:(Synapsida, Caseidae) from the Permian of Sardinia (Italy), and its phylogenetic affinities" 7523: 7485: 7440: 7430: 7386: 7351: 7312: 7277: 7234: 7177: 7130: 7058: 6996: 6957: 6921: 6885: 6784: 6746: 6702: 6643: 6601: 6561: 6511: 6467: 6431: 6386: 6314: 6273: 6221: 6166: 6084: 6074: 5995: 5955: 5907: 5840: 5794: 5784: 5730: 5675: 5414: 5016: 3681:

In 2017 Romano and colleagues published the first phylogenetic analysis including the genus

1630: 1502: 1357: 1289: 1280: 1272: 1219: 1147:, has a slightly enlarged barrel-shaped trunk and dentition in which teeth indicative of an 1107: 1046: 921: 917: 591: 362: 309: 8814: 8657: 8597: 8457: 8413: 7701: 6839: 3193:

Below is the phylogenetic analysis published by Neil Brocklehurst and colleagues in 2016.

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the manus has a formula of 2-3-4-4-3 (the pes is unknown). In the more derived forms like

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is present in the Mezen assemblage, which also includes an as yet undescribed species of

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continental biostratigraphy — Links to the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale".

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and would have been produced by a caseid of modest size with proportions comparable to

1029: 811: 771: 727: 719: 668: 635: 624: 522: 488: 274: 116: 32: 7030:(Ph.D. thesis). Cambridge: Dept of Zoology, University of Cambridge. pp. 151–155. 6855:"Even Stratigraphy and Correlation of Kazanian Marine Deposits in the Stratotype Area" 1425:. These faunivorous caseids also exist at the beginning of the lower Permian, such as 1065:

but they also have differences. These footprints are left in open nomenclature as cf.

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from about a hundred isolated footprints and several trackways from the early Permian

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as a small burrowing caseid. Between these two dates, other researchers classified

1833: 1828: 1735: 1729: 1705: 1657: 1639: 1588: 1570: 1512: 1496: 1482: 1421: 1397: 1366: 1335: 1325: 1313: 1296: 1233: 1210: 1180: 1122: 1075: 1005: 967: 925: 897: 844: 797: 765: 710: 664: 585: 580: 552: 494: 426: 421: 344: 288: 281: 239: 232: 225: 7316: 6155:, two historical and previously mistaken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe" 5911: 7527: 7435: 7281: 6961: 6565: 6515: 6435: 5789: 3182:

which are identified as basal caseids occupying an intermediate position between

835:) perhaps rough, with which they had to compress food against the palatal teeth. 555:

range. They also represent one of only two basal synapsid groups (along with the

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Olson, E.C. (1962). "Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A and U.S.S.R.".

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Romano, M.; Brocklehurst, N.; Fröbisch, J. (2017). "The postcranial skeleton of

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Below are the two caseid cladograms published by Berman and colleagues in 2020.

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during the second half of the lower Permian by becoming, with the moradisaurine

1348: 1340: 1243: 1148: 568: 556: 533: 526: 515: 461: 435: 190: 39: 7355: 6812:"The faunal assemblages of Permian terrestrial vertebrates from Eastern Europe" 6788: 6502:

n. isp. from the Early Permian of Oklahoma (USA): A Trace and its Trackmaker".

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Below is the phylogenetic analysis published by Romano and colleagues in 2017.

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Another phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2012 by Benson includes the genus

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position, have teeth bearing 5 to 7 cuspules and 5 to 8 cuspules respectively.

563:-dominated terrestrial communities. Thus, the last known caseids come from the 9165: 9155: 9108: 8935: 8922: 8856: 8786: 8734: 8518: 8450: 8297: 8212: 8197: 8107: 8100: 8072: 7997: 7983: 7182: 7165: 6889: 5960: 5939: 5575: 5203: 5100: 4770: 4657: 4425: 4333: 4236: 4186: 3793: 3390: 2795: 1981: 1865: 1861: 1860:

age for the most recent specimens. Elsewhere in Gondwana, the presence of the

1857: 1615: 1597: 1507: 1461: 1445: 1164: 1143: 1113: 1050: 1015: 1010: 979: 928:

becoming shorter and broader. At the extreme of this specialization the genus

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forms that lived mainly in the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian, such as

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bone microstructure is more similar to what is seen in animals living in the

977:. In 2012, Rafael Costa da Silva and colleagues proposed that the ichnogenus 8952: 8807: 8508: 8233: 8093: 8004: 7948: 7941: 7879: 7809: 7796: 7755: 7646: 5615: 5579: 5316: 5131: 5046: 5029: 4705: 4374: 4220: 4191: 3850: 3825: 3743: 3315: 2870: 2827: 2745: 2665:

representing a distinct unnamed genus. In their most parsimonious analysis,

2358: 2323: 2041: 1989: 1963: 1936: 1815: 1806:. This geographical distribution corresponds to the paleoequatorial belt of 1747: 1741: 1699: 1558: 1523: 1469: 1449: 1300: 1183: 1054: 970: 954: 777: 560: 499: 483: 323: 267: 260: 174: 141: 89: 7454: 7363: 7238: 7191: 7142: 7001: 6984: 6655: 6171: 6098: 5808: 2696:

Below is the cladogram of caseids published by Romano and Nicosia in 2015.

959: 6606: 6585: 6319: 6302: 5944:, a Large Terrestrial Herbivore From the Lower Permian of Oklahoma, U.S.A" 726:

are massively developed, establishing strong supporting contacts with the

9265: 8793: 8647: 8562: 8317: 8307: 8240: 8226: 8149: 8142: 7872: 7676: 7670: 7580: 5844: 5698:

Handbook of Zoology : Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics

4215: 3717: 2719: 2654: 2305: 2015: 1924: 1823: 1819: 1799: 1779: 1344: 1321: 1305: 1156: 1152: 1058: 1024: 750: 697: 503: 439: 431: 413: 389: 369: 161: 79: 74: 59: 54: 44: 7134: 6706: 6117:"Étude du premier caséidé (Reptilia, Pelycosauria) d'Europe occidentale" 2657:, then considered too fragmentary). This study again resolves the genus 430:

is indeed a caseid as some authors proposed in 2021. Caseids show great

9313: 7976: 7685: 7605: 6647: 6278: 6253: 6233: 6079: 4626: 4302: 4200: 3240: 1870: 1807: 1791: 1648: 1491: 1487: 1473: 1415: 1383: 1317: 1250:, which could also be used to manipulate the plants on which they fed. 1131: 893: 746: 738: 689: 678: 576: 572: 564: 479: 444: 409: 377: 295: 94: 69: 7489: 7047:

from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles"

6498:

Sacchi, E.; Cifelli, R.; Citton, P.; Nicosia, U.; Romano, M. (2014). "

5679: 5081:

Below is the cladogram published by Werneburg and colleagues in 2022.

5020:

and published a phylogenetic analysis which concluded that the genera

9125: 8115: 7664: 7390: 5592: 5571: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1767: 1410: 1247: 988: 963: 933: 820: 815: 417: 405: 397: 393: 151: 9242: 7331: 6925: 6225: 5734: 521:, the dominant herbivores of terrestrial ecosystems in place of the 7217:

Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa".

7025: 6537:

Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2021).

5982:

Maddin, H.C.; Sidor, C.A.; Reisz, R.R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy of

2271:

Below is the cladogram of Caseasauria published by Benson in 2012.

1377: 1041:. The study by Sacchi et al. also demonstrates that the ichnogenus 579:) of France and European Russia, where they cohabited notably with 7934: 5179: 5155: 5032:

and are represented only by their type species. In this analysis,

4746: 4681: 4408: 4357: 4206: 3868: 3768: 3408: 3340: 2852: 2770: 2433: 2383: 2236: 2091: 2066: 1971: 1967: 1906: 1775: 1756: 1390: 1376: 1203: 1176: 1129:. Earliest and most basal caseids, such as the late Carboniferous 1106: 1091: 851: 837: 759: 754: 705: 693: 652: 475: 385: 253: 7570: 7553: 7063: 7042: 1431:, and may have existed until the base of the middle Permian with 1308:

control and increased stability against current and wave action.

801:, one of the most derived caseids, has teeth with 5 cuspules. In 9300: 7409:

Broklehurst, N.; Reisz, R.; Fernandez, V.; Fröbisch, J. (2016).

6579: 6577: 6575: 1387:, one of the oldest known caseids with a Late Carboniferous age. 1268: 1264: 1224: 1218:

Caseids are generally considered primarily terrestrial animals.

984: 941: 937: 688:

had a barely enlarged rib cage, a more elongated skull, smaller

9246: 8920: 8392: 7794: 7657: 7619: 7468:

Reisz, R.R.; Maddin, H.C.; Fröbisch, J.; Falconnet, J. (2011).

7377:

Romer, A.S.; Price, L.I. (1940). "Review of the pelycosauria".

1856:

and the last known representative of the family with a latest

1822:

suggests their possible existence in the temperate regions of

735: 6342:

Gand, G.; Garric, J.; Demathieu, G.; Ellenberger, P. (2000).

5691: 5689: 682:

had an unexpanded trunk. Others with an omnivorous diet like

7615: 6504:

Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces

1574:, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, late Roadian – early Wordian; 667:, triangular in shape in the center, and the very elongated 434:

and morphological diversity. The most basal taxa were small

7404: 7402: 7400: 3687:. The latter is recovered as the sister taxon of the genus 7552:

Romano, M.; Ronchi, A.; Maganuco, S.; Nicosia, U. (2017).

5591:

where skeletal remains of dinocephalians are abundant. In

1979:

representing a distinct genus which will be named in 2011

1718:, Hardeman County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian; 595:), as well as small predatory or omnivorous forms such as 7213:

Day, M.O.; Smith, R.M.H. (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the

6247: 6245: 6243: 6000:

10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[160:CAOETS]2.0.CO;2

6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6301:

Ronchi, A.; Sacchi, E.; Romano, M.; Nicosia, U. (2011).

6110: 6108: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5627:

In 1962 Olson and Barghusen had reported in the species

769:

have three cuspules just like in the more derived forms

544:, but this hypothesis is disputed by other researchers. 6770: 6768: 6621: 6619: 6617: 5866:

Kemp, T.S. (1982). "Pelycosaurs". In Kemp, T.S. (ed.).

2248:

is identified as the sister group of a clade including

1912:) than to the caseids. The latter are grouped with the 1401:

from the Middle Permian, one of the last known caseids.

7547: 7545: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 5014:

In 2022, Werneburg and colleagues described the genus

1751:, Knox County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian; 1361:(whose bone texture is even more osteoporotic than in 983:, widely distributed in Permian desert facies (fossil 6493: 6491: 6489: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5889: 5887: 1557:

Left: paleogeographic map of Earth at the end of the

9171: 9161: 9151: 9082: 9047: 9015: 8989: 8963: 8948: 8745: 8730: 8688: 8673: 8663: 8653: 8643: 8633: 8529: 8514: 8504: 8410: 8343: 8333: 8323: 8313: 8303: 8293: 8055: 7842: 7826: 6586:"A re-examination of the enigmatic Russian tetrapod 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 4272:

are sister taxa and the clade forms a polytomy with

1246:

animals that used their hands with large claws like

823:(as indicated by the presence of a highly developed 514:

at the end of the early Permian, becoming, with the

9255: 9140: 9107: 9081: 9072: 9046: 9014: 8988: 8962: 8933: 8855: 8744: 8717: 8687: 8618: 8528: 8485: 8409: 8282: 8254: 8187: 8132: 8054: 8043: 7896: 7854: 7841: 7807: 7754: 7727: 7700: 5933: 5931: 5929: 1940:occupies the most basal position within the clade. 1464:and which would have favored the caseid expansion. 1228:Other hypotheses suggest that some caseids such as 6214:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6145:Spindler, F.; Falconnet, J.; Fröbisch, J. (2015). 1694:, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian; 7262:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6546:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1196:seem to have persisted until the Middle Permian. 7381:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 6121:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2234:which occupies an intermediate position between 1652:, Greenwood County, Kansas, late Pennsylvanian; 1061:to a caseid. These footprints resemble those of 966:were considered to belong either to a caseid or 7092:and the Gondwanan ancestry of anapsid reptiles" 5040:, and forms a polytomy with a clade containing 1992:of caseids published by Maddin et al. in 2008. 1962:. This analysis reveals for the first time the 1881:between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 1709:, Comanche County, Oklahoma, early Artinskian; 1634:, Hérault, France, Wordian – early Capitanian; 5938:Reisz, R.R.; Scott, D.; Modesto, S.P. (2022). 5868:Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of Mammals 1685:, Logan County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian; 1667:, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, early Roadian; 1592:Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, Gzhelian; 1069:sp.. They are, however, smaller than those of 7631: 7509: 7507: 6192:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 6037: 4190:in 2020, Berman and colleagues published two 1500:from the Roadian-(Wordian?) of Sardinia, and 532:In 2016 and 2022, paleontologists proposed a 8: 6207: 6205: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5661: 5659: 1770:have been found in the southern and central 1365:) would be ecological equivalents of modern 862:Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 741:running parallel to the ventral edge of the 7379:Geological Society of America Special Paper 6115:Sigoneau-Russell, D.; Russel, D.E. (1974). 6042:Olson, E.C. (1968). "The family Caseidae". 5574:only by their footprints attributed to the 1760:, Baylor County, Texas, mid-late Kungurian. 536:lifestyle for the most derived genera like 9243: 9078: 8941: 8930: 8917: 8723: 8626: 8497: 8493: 8406: 8402: 8389: 8279: 8064: 8051: 7851: 7819: 7815: 7804: 7791: 7733: 7706: 7697: 7654: 7638: 7624: 7616: 6628:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2685:. However, the close relationship between 1848:. If the first three authors are correct, 1676:, Blaine County, Oklahoma, early Roadian; 1155:replaced in adults by teeth suggesting an 749:, as well as along the dorsal edge of the 105: 20: 7579: 7569: 7444: 7434: 7181: 7062: 7000: 6605: 6390: 6318: 6277: 6170: 6088: 6078: 5959: 5798: 5788: 708:are also relatively large (especially in 460:. This type of caseid persists until the 6416:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 5940:"Cranial Anatomy of the Caseid Synapsid 5700:. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 117–198. 5583:. The latter has also been found in the 1583:, Bashkortostan, Russia, early Roadian; 510:. The caseids experienced a significant 6859:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 6584:Brocklehurst, N.; Fröbisch, J. (2017). 5655: 5560: 2260:is the sister group of the two species 1852:would be the first caseid found in the 734:on the head of these animals. Numerous 9386:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston 7474:Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974" 7166:"Fossorial origin of the turtle shell" 7027:Evolutionary Morphology of Pareiasaurs 6835: 6824: 5870:. London: Academic Press. p. 39. 1510:of southern France. In North America, 7611:Palaeos Vertebrates 390.100 Synapsida 1448:, the main herbivores of terrestrial 7: 4252:, then an apical clade of the three 1625:, Aveyron, France, late Artinskian; 1610:, Saône-et-Loire, France, Asselian; 1200:Semiaquatic vs terrestrial lifestyle 7516:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7041:Lichtig, A.J.; Lucas, S.G. (2021). 5900:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5406: 5382: 5358: 5291: 5284: 5243: 5219: 5195: 5171: 5147: 5123: 5116: 5092: 5084: 5070:and a more derived clade including 5036:is positioned just above the genus 4875: 4834: 4810: 4786: 4762: 4738: 4697: 4673: 4649: 4642: 4618: 4610: 4465: 4441: 4349: 4325: 4318: 4294: 4286: 4052: 4027: 4002: 3995: 3934: 3909: 3902: 3841: 3816: 3809: 3784: 3759: 3734: 3708: 3697: 3513: 3488: 3481: 3456: 3431: 3424: 3381: 3356: 3331: 3306: 3281: 3256: 3231: 3207: 3196: 3056: 3031: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2904: 2843: 2818: 2811: 2786: 2761: 2736: 2710: 2699: 2524: 2499: 2474: 2449: 2424: 2399: 2374: 2349: 2296: 2285: 2274: 2132: 2107: 2082: 2057: 2032: 2006: 1995: 1897:and L.W. Price placed Caseidae and 1889:The family Caseidae was erected by 1643:, Nurra, Sardinia, Italy, Roadian; 1096:Holotype of the faunivorous caseid 6590:and its evolutionary implications" 5988:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5763:Reisz, R.R.; Fröbisch, J. (2014). 2661:as paraphyletic, with the species 14: 1601:, Thuringia, Germany, Sakmarian; 1352:, another well-known aestivator. 9227: 9226: 9193: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8375: 8370: 7219:South African Journal of Geology 6252:Romano, M.; Nicosia, U. (2015). 1547: 1538: 1413:with small predatory forms like 1057:) Port des Canonge Formation in 634: 623: 474:. During the early Permian, the 128: 6983:Laurin, M.; Hook, R.W. (2022). 6751:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922 1175:vegetation processing preceded 791:, which occupy an intermediate 718:are large in size, and, on the 6989:BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 478:is mainly represented by many 1: 9381:Prehistoric synapsid families 7317:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.11.008 6307:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6159:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5912:10.1080/14772019.2017.1367729 5050:and another clade containing 1267:structure, an extremely thin 1214:in a terrestrial environment. 932:has short, broad, and smooth 607:(with similar dentition) and 7528:10.1080/14772019.2011.631042 7436:10.1371/journal.pone.0156810 7282:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.010 6962:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.09.001 6566:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110589 6516:10.1080/10420940.2014.933070 6436:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.05.001 5790:10.1371/journal.pone.0094518 5062:. Within this latter clade, 1506:from the late Wordian-early 1304:skeleton to provide passive 1151:diet in juveniles have been 5054:, the two other species of 2256:. Within the latter genus, 1920:, which represent the most 16:Extinct family of synapsids 9402: 7562:Palaeontologia Electronica 7356:10.1126/science.33.851.631 7051:Palaeontologia Electronica 6789:10.1007/s12542-019-00453-2 6588:Phreatophasma aenigmaticum 6063:"A small caseid synapsid, 5948:Frontiers in Earth Science 4184:In describing the species 1905:(with which they form the 1580:Phreatophasma aenigmaticum 722:surface, the paroccipital 9206: 9191: 8944: 8929: 8916: 8889: 8726: 8629: 8500: 8496: 8405: 8401: 8388: 8368: 8278: 8067: 7822: 7818: 7803: 7790: 7736: 7709: 7696: 7653: 7183:10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.020 6890:10.1134/S0031030115120059 5961:10.3389/feart.2022.847560 5833:Annals of Carnegie Museum 5432:“Cotylorhynchus” hancocki 5428: 5411: 5404: 5391:“Cotylorhynchus” bransoni 5387: 5380: 5363: 5356: 5339: 5313: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5265: 5248: 5241: 5224: 5217: 5200: 5193: 5176: 5169: 5152: 5145: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5101:Martensius bromackerensis 5097: 5090: 5076:“Cotylorhynchus” hancocki 5068:“Cotylorhynchus” bransoni 4897: 4880: 4873: 4856: 4839: 4832: 4815: 4808: 4791: 4784: 4767: 4760: 4743: 4736: 4719: 4702: 4695: 4678: 4671: 4658:Martensius bromackerensis 4654: 4647: 4640: 4623: 4616: 4538: 4521: 4504: 4487: 4470: 4463: 4446: 4439: 4422: 4405: 4388: 4371: 4354: 4347: 4334:Martensius bromackerensis 4330: 4323: 4316: 4299: 4292: 4212:Martensius bromackerensis 4187:Martensius bromackerensis 4075: 4057: 4050: 4032: 4025: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3957: 3939: 3932: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3864: 3846: 3839: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3789: 3782: 3764: 3757: 3739: 3732: 3713: 3706: 3536: 3518: 3511: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3461: 3454: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3404: 3386: 3379: 3361: 3354: 3336: 3329: 3311: 3304: 3286: 3279: 3261: 3254: 3236: 3229: 3212: 3205: 3079: 3061: 3054: 3036: 3029: 2989:Ruthenosaurus russellorum 2984: 2966: 2959: 2941: 2934: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2866: 2848: 2841: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2791: 2784: 2766: 2759: 2741: 2734: 2715: 2708: 2547: 2529: 2522: 2504: 2497: 2479: 2472: 2454: 2447: 2429: 2422: 2404: 2397: 2379: 2372: 2354: 2347: 2319: 2301: 2294: 2283: 2252:and the three species of 2155: 2137: 2130: 2112: 2105: 2087: 2080: 2062: 2055: 2037: 2030: 2011: 2004: 1622:Ruthenosaurus russellorum 1598:Martensius bromackerensis 1271:, and having no distinct 936:phalanges which resemble 396:), from various parts of 372:that lived from the Late 221: 216: 125:Scientific classification 123: 113: 104: 23: 7330:Williston, S.W. (1911). 6472:10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.013 6392:10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.009 5898:(Synapsida, Caseidae)". 3826:Caseoides sanangeloensis 2828:Caseoides sanangeloensis 1891:Samuel Wendell Williston 1742:Caseoides sanangeloensis 7096:Palaeontologia Africana 6878:Paleontological Journal 5629:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 5585:Abrahamskraal Formation 5066:is the sister group of 4901:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 4884:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 4542:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 4525:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 4266:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 4264:. In this final clade, 4214:, and is followed by a 4062:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 4037:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 3541:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 3523:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 2971:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 2921:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 2673:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 2552:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 2534:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 1724:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 1715:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 1673:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 1664:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 1519:Cotylorhynchus bransoni 1239:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 489:Cotylorhynchus hancocki 7239:10.25131/sajg.123.0011 7090:Eunotosaurus africanus 7086:Modesto, S.P. (2000). 6853:Golubev, V.K. (2001). 6834:Cite journal requires 6810:Golubev, V.K. (2000). 6172:10.4202/app.00221.2015 3291:Datheosaurus macrourus 2671:is closely related to 1950:of a clade containing 1631:Lalieudorhynchus gandi 1589:Datheosaurus macrourus 1439:evolutionary radiation 1402: 1388: 1215: 1135:and the early Permian 1118: 1104: 865: 849: 672: 551:”) having the largest 512:evolutionary radiation 506:to occupy the role of 9348:Paleobiology Database 6821:(Suppl.2): S211–S224. 6731:Earth-Science Reviews 6607:10.5194/fr-20-87-2017 6320:10.4202/app.2010.0087 6188:Cotylorhynchus romeri 5942:Cotylorhynchus romeri 5343:Cotylorhynchus romeri 5269:“Angelosaurus” romeri 5034:Cotylorhynchus romeri 4860:Cotylorhynchus romeri 4723:Trichasaurus texensis 4508:Cotylorhynchus romeri 4392:Trichasaurus texensis 4227:Trichasaurus texensis 4080:Cotylorhynchus romeri 3498:Cotylorhynchus romeri 3366:Trichasaurus texensis 3266:Callibrachion gaudryi 2946:Cotylorhynchus romeri 2509:Cotylorhynchus romeri 2409:Trichasaurus texensis 2258:Cotylorhynchus romeri 2142:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1953:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1895:Alfred Sherwood Romer 1691:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1682:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1607:Callibrachion gaudryi 1394: 1380: 1331:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1260:Cotylorhynchus romeri 1207: 1110: 1099:Callibrachion gaudryi 1095: 1030:Cotylorhynchus romeri 858:Cotylorhynchus romeri 855: 841: 656: 645:Cotylorhynchus romeri 420:), and possibly from 117:Cotylorhynchus romeri 7556:Alierasaurus ronchii 7024:Lee, M.S.Y. (1995). 7002:10.1051/bsgf/2022007 6701:. 45(2)-e2 (2): e2. 6500:Dimetropus osageorum 6065:Arisierpeton simplex 5845:10.2992/007.086.0103 4843:Alierasaurus ronchii 4491:Alierasaurus ronchii 4278:Alierasaurus ronchii 4261:Alierasaurus ronchii 4210:is positioned above 4012:Alierasaurus ronchii 2650:Alierasaurus ronchii 1706:Arisierpeton simplex 1640:Alierasaurus ronchii 1211:Alierasaurus ronchii 1021:Wellington Formation 1016:Dimetropus osageorum 845:Arisierpeton simplex 495:Alierasaurus ronchii 7427:2016PLoSO..1156810B 7348:1911Sci....33..631W 7309:2011Geobi..44..399V 7274:2011PPP...302..474V 7231:2020SAJG..123..165D 7135:10.1038/nature14900 7127:2015Natur.525..239B 6743:2022ESRv..22603922M 6707:10.18563/pv.45.2.e2 6640:2016NYASA1385....3L 6558:2021PPP...579k0589M 6464:2019GondR..73...32M 6428:2012JSAES..38...31D 6383:2019GondR..72..139M 6270:2015Palgy..58.1109R 5984:Ennatosaurus tecton 5896:Ennatosaurus tecton 5781:2014PLoSO...994518R 5639:was 2-2-3-3-2 like 5252:Angelosaurus dolani 5132:Oromycter dolesorum 4819:Angelosaurus romeri 4795:Ennatosaurus tecton 4706:Oromycter dolesorum 4474:Angelosaurus romeri 4450:Ennatosaurus tecton 4375:Oromycter dolesorum 4249:Angelosaurus romeri 4243:Ennatosaurus tecton 4221:Oromycter dolesorum 3962:Angelosaurus romeri 3944:Angelosaurus greeni 3919:Ennatosaurus tecton 3744:Oromycter dolesorum 3466:Angelosaurus romeri 3316:Oromycter dolesorum 3084:Ennatosaurus tecton 3066:Angelosaurus dolani 3041:Angelosaurus romeri 2746:Oromycter dolesorum 2682:Angelosaurus dolani 2484:Angelosaurus romeri 2459:Ennatosaurus tecton 2359:Oromycter dolesorum 2160:Angelosaurus dolani 2117:Ennatosaurus tecton 2042:Oromycter dolesorum 1988:Below is the first 1959:Angelosaurus dolani 1854:Southern Hemisphere 1812:30th parallel north 1730:Angelosaurus dolani 1700:Oromycter dolesorum 1658:Angelosaurus romeri 1571:Ennatosaurus tecton 1513:Angelosaurus romeri 1398:Ennatosaurus tecton 955:Brontopus giganteus 892:condition of early 114:Fossil skeleton of 7564:. 20.2.26A: 1–27. 7332:"Permian Reptiles" 6914:Geological Journal 6648:10.1111/nyas.13264 6279:10.1111/pala.12197 6080:10.7717/peerj.6615 6061:Reisz, R. (2019). 6044:Fieldiana: Geology 5723:Geological Journal 4771:Euromycter rutenus 4426:Euromycter rutenus 4237:Euromycter rutenus 3794:Euromycter rutenus 3441:Ennatosaurus teton 3391:Euromycter rutenus 2796:Euromycter rutenus 1893:in 1911. In 1940, 1869:in the Permian of 1616:Euromycter rutenus 1403: 1389: 1216: 1208:Reconstruction of 1119: 1105: 962:basin in southern 904:and 2-3-4-5-4 for 898:phalangeal formula 866: 860:on display at the 850: 706:temporal fenestrae 673: 660:Euromycter rutenus 29:Late Carboniferous 9363: 9362: 9335:Open Tree of Life 9249:Taxon identifiers 9240: 9239: 9202: 9201: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9136: 9135: 8912: 8911: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8719:Sphenacodontoidea 8692:Palaeohatteriidae 8614: 8613: 8481: 8480: 8384: 8383: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8274: 8273: 8250: 8249: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8034: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7554:"New material of 7490:10.5252/g2011n2a2 7176:(14): 1887–1894. 7121:(7568): 239–242. 7057:((1):a13): 1–49. 6452:Gondwana Research 6371:Gondwana Research 5906:(13): 1097–1122. 5707:978-3-11-027590-2 5680:10.1111/let.12207 5551: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5328: 5327: 5011: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4911: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4090: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3551: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2335: 2334: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 1530:Paleobiogeography 958:from the Permian 900:of 2-3-4-5-3 for 353: 352: 212: 9393: 9356: 9355: 9343: 9342: 9330: 9329: 9317: 9316: 9304: 9303: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9244: 9230: 9229: 9197: 9173: 9163: 9153: 9084: 9079: 9049: 9017: 8991: 8965: 8950: 8942: 8931: 8918: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8749:Sphenacodontidae 8747: 8732: 8724: 8690: 8675: 8665: 8655: 8645: 8635: 8627: 8531: 8516: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8488:Haptodontiformes 8412: 8407: 8403: 8390: 8379: 8374: 8348:Protoclepsydrops 8345: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8280: 8065: 8057: 8052: 7991:Lalieudorhynchus 7852: 7844: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7805: 7792: 7734: 7707: 7698: 7691: 7690: 7655: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7617: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7573: 7549: 7540: 7539: 7511: 7502: 7501: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7438: 7406: 7395: 7394: 7391:10.1130/SPE28-p1 7374: 7368: 7367: 7342:(851): 631–632. 7327: 7321: 7320: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7268:(3–4): 474–483. 7257: 7251: 7250: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7185: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7004: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6920:(4): 2084–2098. 6908: 6902: 6901: 6884:(2): 1346–1352. 6873: 6867: 6866: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6699:Palaeovertebrata 6696: 6687: 6668: 6667: 6623: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6581: 6570: 6569: 6543: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6322: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6281: 6264:(6): 1109–1130. 6249: 6238: 6237: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6142: 6129: 6128: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6082: 6073:. 7e6615: 1–20. 6058: 6052: 6051: 6039: 6012: 6011: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5935: 5924: 5923: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5828: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5792: 5760: 5747: 5746: 5729:(3): 1554–1566. 5718: 5712: 5711: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5663: 5644: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5565: 5415:Lalieudorhynchus 5407: 5383: 5359: 5292: 5285: 5244: 5220: 5196: 5180:“Casea” nicholsi 5172: 5148: 5124: 5117: 5093: 5085: 5072:Lalieudorhynchus 5060:Lalieudorhynchus 5017:Lalieudorhynchus 4876: 4835: 4811: 4787: 4763: 4739: 4698: 4674: 4650: 4643: 4619: 4611: 4466: 4442: 4350: 4326: 4319: 4295: 4287: 4053: 4028: 4003: 3996: 3935: 3910: 3903: 3869:“Casea” nicholsi 3851:Caseopsis agilis 3842: 3817: 3810: 3785: 3760: 3735: 3718:Eothyris parkeyi 3709: 3698: 3514: 3489: 3482: 3457: 3432: 3425: 3382: 3357: 3332: 3307: 3282: 3257: 3232: 3208: 3197: 3057: 3032: 2962: 2937: 2912: 2905: 2871:Caseopsis agilis 2853:“Casea” nicholsi 2844: 2819: 2812: 2787: 2762: 2737: 2720:Eothyris parkeyi 2711: 2700: 2663:“Casea” nicholsi 2525: 2500: 2475: 2450: 2425: 2400: 2375: 2350: 2306:Eothyris parkeyi 2297: 2286: 2275: 2133: 2108: 2083: 2058: 2033: 2007: 1996: 1879:migratory routes 1748:Caseopsis agilis 1551: 1542: 1503:Lalieudorhynchus 1466:Sedimentological 1358:Lalieudorhynchus 1290:thermoregulation 1220:Everett C. Olson 1047:Sphenacodontidae 638: 627: 592:Lalieudorhynchus 559:) to survive in 542:Lalieudorhynchus 508:primary consumer 310:Lalieudorhynchus 207: 202: 189: 133: 132: 109: 99: 27:Temporal range: 21: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9351: 9346: 9338: 9333: 9325: 9320: 9312: 9307: 9299: 9294: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9251: 9241: 9236: 9198: 9181: 9132: 9103: 9068: 9042: 9010: 8984: 8958: 8938: 8925: 8908: 8871: 8851: 8815:Secodontosaurus 8740: 8713: 8683: 8658:Hypselohaptodus 8623: 8610: 8598:Remigiomontanus 8524: 8490: 8477: 8458:Stereophallodon 8414:Ophiacodontidae 8397: 8380: 8354: 8270: 8246: 8183: 8128: 8048: 8031: 7892: 7837: 7812: 7799: 7770: 7750: 7723: 7717:Tetrapodomorpha 7702:Tetrapodomorpha 7692: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7644: 7602: 7597: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7421:(6): e0156810. 7408: 7407: 7398: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7170:Current Biology 7163: 7162: 7158: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7023: 7022: 7018: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6926:10.1002/gj.3285 6910: 6909: 6905: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6833: 6823: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6671: 6625: 6624: 6615: 6583: 6582: 6573: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6497: 6496: 6487: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6348:Palaevertebrata 6341: 6340: 6336: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6226:10.2307/1005904 6211: 6210: 6203: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6144: 6143: 6132: 6127:(230): 145–215. 6114: 6113: 6106: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6041: 6040: 6015: 5981: 5980: 5969: 5937: 5936: 5927: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5830: 5829: 5816: 5762: 5761: 5750: 5735:10.1002/gj.3250 5720: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5609: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5329: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4627:Eocasea martini 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4303:Eocasea martini 4201:Eocasea martini 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 3983: 3974: 3890: 3881: 3730: Caseidae 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3241:Eocasea martini 3227: Caseidae 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2892: 2883: 2732: Caseidae 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2345: Caseidae 2336: 2324:Oedaleops campi 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2092:“Casea’’ rutena 2028: Caseidae 1887: 1804:European Russia 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1649:Eocasea martini 1554: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1384:Eocasea martini 1375: 1297:paleontological 1273:medullary canal 1202: 1153:ontogenetically 1090: 1085: 950: 842:Premaxillae of 825:hyoid apparatus 651: 650: 649: 648: 641: 640: 639: 630: 629: 628: 617: 482:that adopted a 402:European Russia 206: 200: 187: 127: 100: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 36: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9399: 9397: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9368: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9344: 9331: 9318: 9305: 9292: 9277: 9261: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9169: 9159: 9148: 9146: 9143:Incertae sedis 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9122: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9090: 9088: 9076: 9074:Eutheriodontia 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9032: 9023: 9021: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8997: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8971: 8969: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8945: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8841: 8833: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8772:Ctenospondylus 8768: 8761: 8753: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8701:Palaeohatteria 8696: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8651: 8641: 8630: 8624: 8621:Sphenacodontia 8619: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8584:Melanedaphodon 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8542:Bohemiclavulus 8537: 8535: 8533:Edaphosauridae 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8501: 8491: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8416: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8341: 8331: 8321: 8311: 8301: 8290: 8288: 8285:Incertae sedis 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8193: 8191: 8189:Varanodontinae 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8136: 8134:Mesenosaurinae 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8123:Thrausmosaurus 8119: 8112: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8080:Archaeovenator 8076: 8068: 8062: 8049: 8046:Eupelycosauria 8044: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7956:Cotylorhynchus 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7860: 7858: 7849: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7831:Diadectomorpha 7823: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7744:Reptiliomorpha 7737: 7731: 7729:Reptiliomorpha 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7710: 7704: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7658: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7600:External links 7598: 7596: 7595: 7541: 7522:(4): 601–624. 7503: 7484:(2): 227–246. 7472:"Casea" rutena 7460: 7396: 7369: 7322: 7303:(4): 399–407. 7287: 7252: 7225:(2): 165–180. 7205: 7156: 7105: 7078: 7033: 7016: 6975: 6956:(2): 186–238. 6939: 6903: 6868: 6845: 6836:|journal= 6802: 6783:(1): 125–153. 6764: 6720: 6669: 6613: 6571: 6529: 6510:(3): 175–192. 6485: 6441: 6406: 6357: 6334: 6313:(4): 723–738. 6293: 6239: 6216:. New Series. 6201: 6178: 6165:(3): 597–616. 6130: 6104: 6053: 6013: 5994:(1): 160–180. 5967: 5925: 5883: 5877:978-0124041202 5876: 5858: 5814: 5748: 5713: 5706: 5685: 5674:(4): 511–526. 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5620: 5607: 5605:dinocephalian. 5568:Dinocephalians 5559: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5056:Cotylorhynchus 5026:Cotylorhynchus 5009: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747:Casea nicholsi 4742: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409:Casea nicholsi 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4285: 4255:Cotylorhynchus 4234:, followed by 4232:Casea nicholsi 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3689:Cotylorhynchus 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3409:Casea nicholsi 3403: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434:“Casea” rutena 2428: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2254:Cotylorhynchus 2242:“Casea” rutena 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1977:“Casea” rutena 1975:, the species 1910:Sphenacomorpha 1903:Sphenacodontia 1899:Edaphosauridae 1886: 1883: 1556: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1374: 1371: 1363:Cotylorhynchus 1310:Cotylorhynchus 1286:Cotylorhynchus 1255:Cotylorhynchus 1230:Cotylorhynchus 1201: 1198: 1171:suggests that 1127:Edaphosauridae 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 949: 946: 914:Cotylorhynchus 888:possessed the 812:Edaphosauridae 772:Cotylorhynchus 716:supratemporals 643: 642: 633: 632: 631: 622: 621: 620: 619: 618: 616: 613: 581:dinocephalians 569:middle Permian 538:Cotylorhynchus 462:middle Permian 351: 350: 349: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 292: 285: 278: 275:Cotylorhynchus 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 219: 218: 214: 213: 198: 194: 193: 185: 178: 177: 172: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 121: 120: 111: 110: 102: 101: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 37: 33:Middle Permian 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9398: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9233: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9217:Phthinosuchia 9215: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9196: 9178: 9177: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9127: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9097:Therocephalia 9094: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9086:Therocephalia 9080: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9013: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8902: 8900: 8894: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8846: 8845:Tetraceratops 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837:Tappenosaurus 8834: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8758:Cryptovenator 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8708:Pantelosaurus 8705: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8678:Tetraceratops 8672: 8670: 8669: 8668:Kenomagnathus 8662: 8660: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8605:Xyrospondylus 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8465:Stereorhachis 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8423:Archaeothyris 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8378: 8373: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8277: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8220:Tambacarnifex 8217: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205:Mycterosaurus 8202: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8178:Microvaranops 8175: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8157:Elliotsmithia 8154: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8042: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8019:Ruthenosaurus 8016: 8014: 8013: 8012:Phreatophasma 8009: 8007: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7928:Callibrachion 7925: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7634: 7629: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7581:11573/1045550 7577: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478:Geodiversitas 7475: 7473: 7464: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7082: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6869: 6865:(5): 454–472. 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6594:Fossil Record 6591: 6589: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6258:Palaeontology 6255: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6179: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149:Callibrachion 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775:(4): e94518. 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5595:, the caseid 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570:are known in 5569: 5564: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300:Ruthenosaurus 5294: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5042:Ruthenosaurus 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682:Casea broilii 4676: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358:Casea broilii 4352: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258:species plus 4257: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4207:Casea broilii 4203: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3769:Casea broilii 3762: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341:Casea broilii 3334: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173:Callibrachion 3163: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771:Casea broilii 2764: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2668:Ruthenosaurus 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384:Casea broilii 2377: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2237:Casea broilii 2233: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067:Casea broilii 2060: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916:in the clade 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:pantestudines 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1820:paleolatitude 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:United States 1769: 1759: 1758: 1757:Casea broilii 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1541: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478:Phreatophasma 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:edaphosaurids 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1434:Phreatophasma 1430: 1429: 1428:Callibrachion 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1407:North America 1400: 1399: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339:preserved in 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1281:paleoclimates 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1193:Phreatophasma 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181:endosymbiotic 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:insectivorous 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1138:Callibrachion 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1123:Captorhinidae 1116: 1115: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 997:South America 994: 993:North America 990: 986: 982: 981: 976: 972: 969: 968:dinocephalian 965: 961: 957: 956: 947: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:plesiomorphic 887: 883: 882: 881:Callibrachion 877: 872: 863: 859: 854: 847: 846: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 804: 800: 799: 794: 790: 789: 784: 780: 779: 774: 773: 768: 767: 762: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686: 681: 680: 676:species like 670: 666: 662: 661: 655: 646: 637: 626: 614: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599:and possibly 598: 597:Phreatophasma 594: 593: 588: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553:stratigraphic 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 523:edaphosaurids 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 491: 490: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 467:Phreatophasma 463: 459: 458: 453: 452: 451:Callibrachion 447: 446: 441: 437: 436:insectivorous 433: 429: 428: 424:if the genus 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:United States 379: 375: 374:Carboniferous 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 347: 346: 342: 340: 339: 338:Ruthenosaurus 335: 333: 332: 331:Phreatophasma 328: 326: 325: 321: 319: 318: 314: 312: 311: 307: 305: 304: 300: 298: 297: 293: 291: 290: 286: 284: 283: 279: 277: 276: 272: 270: 269: 265: 263: 262: 258: 256: 255: 251: 249: 248: 247:Callibrachion 244: 242: 241: 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 227: 223: 222: 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 196: 195: 192: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 131: 126: 122: 119: 118: 112: 108: 103: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 34: 30: 22: 19: 9256: 9222:Theriodontia 9212:Pelycosauria 9176:Niaftasuchus 9174: 9164: 9154: 9141: 9004:Dinocephalia 8993:Dinocephalia 8978:Biarmosuchia 8967:Biarmosuchia 8951: 8896: 8843: 8835: 8829:Steppesaurus 8827: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8770: 8765:Ctenorhachis 8763: 8756: 8733: 8706: 8699: 8676: 8666: 8656: 8646: 8636: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8570:Ianthasaurus 8568: 8561: 8556:Glaucosaurus 8554: 8549:Edaphosaurus 8547: 8540: 8517: 8507: 8472:Varanosaurus 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8444:Echinerpeton 8442: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8346: 8336: 8326: 8316: 8306: 8296: 8283: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8203: 8196: 8176: 8171:Mesenosaurus 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8087:Ascendonanus 8085: 8078: 8071: 8026:Trichasaurus 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7970:Ennatosaurus 7968: 7963:Datheosaurus 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7921:Arisierpeton 7919: 7914:Angelosaurus 7912: 7907:Alierasaurus 7905: 7897: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7856:Eothyrididae 7829: 7681: 7675:Superclass: 7606:Tree of Life 7571:10.26879/684 7561: 7555: 7519: 7515: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7418: 7414: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7081: 7064:10.26879/886 7054: 7050: 7045:Chinlechelys 7044: 7036: 7026: 7019: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6827:cite journal 6818: 6805: 6780: 6776: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6698: 6631: 6627: 6600:(1): 87–93. 6597: 6593: 6587: 6549: 6545: 6532: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6261: 6257: 6220:(2): 1–224. 6217: 6213: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6162: 6158: 6153:Datheosaurus 6152: 6148: 6124: 6120: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6047: 6043: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5867: 5861: 5839:(1): 43–75. 5836: 5832: 5772: 5768: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5697: 5671: 5667: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5610: 5598:Ennatosaurus 5596: 5589:South Africa 5578: 5563: 5430: 5429: 5413: 5412: 5389: 5388: 5367:Alierasaurus 5365: 5364: 5341: 5340: 5315: 5314: 5298: 5297: 5267: 5266: 5250: 5249: 5228:Ennatosaurus 5226: 5225: 5202: 5201: 5178: 5177: 5154: 5153: 5130: 5129: 5099: 5098: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064:Alierasaurus 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052:Alierasaurus 5051: 5045: 5041: 5038:Angelosaurus 5037: 5033: 5030:paraphyletic 5025: 5022:Angelosaurus 5021: 5015: 5013: 4899: 4898: 4882: 4881: 4858: 4857: 4841: 4840: 4817: 4816: 4793: 4792: 4769: 4768: 4745: 4744: 4721: 4720: 4704: 4703: 4680: 4679: 4656: 4655: 4625: 4624: 4540: 4539: 4523: 4522: 4506: 4505: 4489: 4488: 4472: 4471: 4448: 4447: 4424: 4423: 4407: 4406: 4390: 4389: 4373: 4372: 4356: 4355: 4332: 4331: 4301: 4300: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4078: 4076: 4060: 4058: 4035: 4033: 4010: 4008: 3960: 3958: 3942: 3940: 3917: 3915: 3867: 3865: 3849: 3847: 3824: 3822: 3792: 3790: 3767: 3765: 3742: 3740: 3716: 3714: 3693: 3688: 3684:Alierasaurus 3682: 3680: 3539: 3537: 3521: 3519: 3496: 3494: 3464: 3462: 3439: 3437: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3387: 3364: 3362: 3339: 3337: 3314: 3312: 3289: 3287: 3264: 3262: 3239: 3237: 3216:Eothyrididae 3213: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179:Datheosaurus 3177: 3171: 3169: 3082: 3080: 3064: 3062: 3039: 3037: 2987: 2985: 2969: 2967: 2944: 2942: 2919: 2917: 2869: 2867: 2851: 2849: 2826: 2824: 2794: 2792: 2769: 2767: 2744: 2742: 2718: 2716: 2695: 2691:Ennatosaurus 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677:Ennatosaurus 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2550: 2548: 2532: 2530: 2507: 2505: 2482: 2480: 2457: 2455: 2432: 2430: 2407: 2405: 2382: 2380: 2357: 2355: 2322: 2320: 2304: 2302: 2291:Eothyrididae 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250:Angelosaurus 2249: 2246:Ennatosaurus 2245: 2241: 2235: 2231:Trichasaurus 2229: 2227: 2158: 2156: 2140: 2138: 2115: 2113: 2090: 2088: 2065: 2063: 2040: 2038: 2014: 2012: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1957: 1951: 1948:sister group 1943:Ennatosaurus 1941: 1935: 1932:phylogenetic 1929: 1914:Eothyrididae 1888: 1875:North Africa 1864: 1850:Eunotosaurus 1849: 1838:Eunotosaurus 1837: 1834:South Africa 1829:Eunotosaurus 1827: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1517: 1511: 1501: 1497:Alierasaurus 1495: 1483:Ennatosaurus 1481: 1477: 1432: 1426: 1422:Datheosaurus 1420: 1414: 1404: 1396: 1382: 1381:Holotype of 1362: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1336:Brachydectes 1334: 1330: 1309: 1294: 1285: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1237: 1234:reproduction 1229: 1217: 1209: 1191: 1184:cellulolysis 1168: 1160: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1120: 1112: 1097: 1083:Paleobiology 1076:Ennatosaurus 1074: 1071:D. osageorum 1070: 1066: 1063:D. osageorum 1062: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1014: 1006:nomen dubium 1004: 1000: 978: 974: 953: 951: 940:rather than 930:Angelosaurus 929: 913: 909: 885: 879: 875: 867: 857: 856:Skeleton of 843: 832: 829:Ennatosaurus 828: 807:Angelosaurus 806: 803:Angelosaurus 802: 798:Angelosaurus 796: 793:phylogenetic 786: 783:Ennatosaurus 782: 776: 770: 766:Arisierpeton 764: 758: 711:Ennatosaurus 709: 683: 677: 674: 665:parasphenoid 658: 644: 601:Eunotosaurus 600: 596: 590: 586:Ennatosaurus 584: 546: 541: 537: 531: 493: 487: 472:Eunotosaurus 471: 465: 455: 449: 443: 427:Eunotosaurus 425: 422:South Africa 355: 354: 345:Trichasaurus 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 289:Ennatosaurus 287: 282:Datheosaurus 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 240:Arisierpeton 238: 233:Angelosaurus 231: 226:Alierasaurus 224: 203: 181: 168: 115: 18: 9281:Wikispecies 9062:Gorgonopsia 9051:Gorgonopsia 9036:dicynodonts 9030:Anomodontia 9019:Anomodontia 8822:Sphenacodon 8801:Macromerion 8591:Ramodendron 8577:Lupeosaurus 8437:Clepsydrops 8430:Baldwinonus 8395:Metopophora 8338:Mastersonia 8328:Knoxosaurus 8256:Metopophora 8164:Heleosaurus 8059:Varanopidae 7887:Vaughnictis 7865:Asaphestera 7846:Caseasauria 7215:Endothiodon 6950:Palaeoworld 6634:(1): 1–18. 6377:: 139–168. 6123:. 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