548:, Colombia, for the first World Conference (and Third Latin American Conference) of Waste Pickers (WIEGO 2008). One of the key issues discussed was the global trend of privatization and concentration of waste management systems. Normally, privatization is thought of as the handover of government functions to the private sector, but in this case, privatization often means the transference of services formerly provided by informal waste collectors to private firms. As waste streams have expanded due to increased consumption, the waste management industry is becoming increasingly lucrative. Governments around the world are granting private companies monopolies on waste management systems, meaning that the cooperatives' survival hinges on building political and economic alliances needed to win contracts—often an uphill battle given authorities' distrust of waste collectors and the cooperatives' lack of capital for modern machinery.
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groups, women constitute a bigger group than men, with a total of 78%. However, men are the majority in the youngest age group. Before joining SWaCH, most members used to work as waste pickers or itinerant waste buyers. There's also another group that is constituted by former housekeeping and cleaning workers. The predominant group of SWaCH belongs to the
Scheduled Caste, although other Backward Castes, as well as the middle castes, are also represented in SWaCH. This initiative is a result of Inclusive cities project that has the objective of integrating Waste Pickers into Municipal Solid Waste Management in Pune (India).
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334:. In 1985 only one roadside recycling program existed in the United States. By 1998, there were 9,000 such programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers. Laws were passed in some states making it illegal not to recycle. Second, changes in the political economy including the loss of manufacturing jobs, cutbacks to government employment, and the roll back of the welfare state increased the ranks of the poor, working poor, and homeless—thus there were more people disposed to wastepick as a full-time profession or supplemental job.
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with business and government, waste collectors increase their selling power. Second, by securing uniforms, safety equipment, and work permits, cooperatives increase workplace dignity and safety. And third, by demanding recognition and compensation from the state for their environmental and economic contributions, cooperatives increase members' political might. These three functions—political influence, workplace dignity and safety, and increased earnings—are mutually reinforcing, like legs on a stool.
612:, needed support in a local campaign, member organizations across Latin America issued solidarity statements and pressured their national ambassadors in Uruguay to do the same. Third, LAWPN sends leaders from countries with strong waste picker movements to countries with weak movements in order to promote the development of new leadership and organizations. Fourth, LAWPN organizes global waste picker committees to make appeals for support to transnational governance organizations such as the
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fluctuating workforce, and widely dispersed and mobile worksites. Also, many researchers are reluctant to produce quantitative data out of fear that it might be used to justify crackdowns on waste picking by authorities. Thus, the large-scale estimates that do exist are mainly extrapolations based on very small original research samples. In his book, "The World's
Scavengers" (2007), Martin Medina provides a methodological guide to researching waste picking.
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to supplement income from other jobs. During times of need, waste picking serves as a safety net to street children, orphans, the elderly, widows, migrants, the disabled, the unemployed, and victims of armed conflicts. Waste picking also benefits the broader economy by supplying raw materials to industry and creating many associated jobs for middlemen who purchase, sort, process, and resell materials collected by waste pickers.
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402:: By cutting the quantity of virgin materials needed for production, waste pickers save room in landfills, lessen water and energy consumption, reduce air and water pollution, and abate climate change. Since 2009, international delegations of waste pickers have attended at least five global climate change conferences to demand that climate funds invest in
232:, earn approximately US$ 3 per day, while waste pickers in Cambodia typically earn $ 1 per day. Official statistics in Brazil indicate that men earn more than women, regardless of age. Approximately two-thirds of Brazil's waste pickers are men overall, but this proportion jumps to 98% in high income waste picker groups (those earning between 3–4 times the
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who work in open dumps are exposed to large amounts of toxic fumes, and face other severe threats including being run over by trucks and caught in surface subsidence, trash slides, and fires. On 10 July 2000, several hundred waste pickers were killed by a trash slide from a huge garbage mountain after monsoon rains at an open dump in
165:. A more contemporary term, focusing on the outcome of the professional activity, is "informal sector recycling". However, the word "informal" can be partly misleading, because in practice a continuum between total informality and proper organization in taxed registered formal activities may be encountered.
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The South
African Waste Picker Association (SWAPA) was constituted in July 2009, which included 100 waste pickers from 26 landfills across the country. SWAPA currently (2024) has a membership of between 4000 and 6000 members drawn from all of South Africa’s nine provinces. There are no present plans
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system—they no longer travel by hanging off of trucks, they have obtained a work incentive and uniforms, and lastly they have founded a nursery for 160 children, some of whom worked in the past as cartoneros. However, they still have to advance in designing a social security program that includes all
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Waste pickers use many organizational formats including cooperatives, associations, companies, unions, and micro-enterprises. Despite the differences in format, most of these organizations share three primary purposes. First, by pooling capital, establishing microenterprises, and forming partnerships
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Job creation: Waste picking provides a source of livelihood to extremely poor people with few other employment opportunities. Though many waste pickers practice their trade as a full-time profession, its flexible hours make it accessible to women with other care responsibilities and to people looking
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Over the past half century, in-country migration and increased fertility rates have caused the population of cities in the developing world to mushroom. The global population of urban dwellers is expected to double between 1987 and 2015, with 90% of this growth occurring in developing countries. Much
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community, which in the 1940s began collecting garbage—work viewed as impure by Egypt's Muslim majority. In 2003, the
Zabaleen's existence and way of life came under threat when Cairo authorities awarded annual contracts $ 50 to three multinational garbage disposal companies, pushing the Zabaleen to
631:, The Movement of Excluded Workers (excluded in the sense that their work is not recognized by the government and they are excluded from receiving rights) is the largest waste pickers organization. It is a social organization, independent from political parties, which brings together more than 2,000
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On the supply side, urbanization has facilitated the expansion of waste picking by creating a large pool of unemployed and underemployed residents with few alternative means of earning a livelihood. Known as "the one industry that is always hiring", waste picking provides a cushion for many who lose
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Traditionally, scholars assumed that informal workers such as waste pickers could not collectively organize due to structural barriers such as lack of legal protection, widely dispersed worksites, porous borders to their profession, a culture of independence and individualism, lack of institutional
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Among the most common types of job-related injuries for waste pickers are back and hand injuries caused by lifting heavy objects with little equipment. In a study of 48 waste pickers in Santo André, Brazil, almost all workers reported pain in the back, legs, shoulder, arms, and hands. Waste pickers
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Some waste pickers have created "women's only" organizations, which seek to combat gender-based discrimination at worksites and in communities. A study in Brazil indicates that women are heavily overrepresented even in coed organizations, making up 56% of the membership despite the fact that they
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Most waste picking activity is illegal or unpermitted, so waste pickers commonly face harassment by police and authorities. Also, there is widespread public scorn against waste pickers due to their poverty and perceived lack of hygiene. Women are subject to greater harassment, particularly sexual
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The rapid urbanization greatly increased the demand for informal waste collecting services, as cities lacked the infrastructure and resources to collect the totality of wastes generated by their inhabitants. Despite spending 30–50% of operation budgets on waste management, developing world cities
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In Pune (India) there are a worker cooperative of Waste
Pickers, called SWaCH. SWaCH is an acronym for Solid Waste Collection Handling that also means clean, in the local language. This initiative empower all members. They all work, they're not merely shareholders. Among the workers, in most age
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American waste pickers predominantly collect cans, bottles, and cardboard. Many immigrants work as waste pickers because language and documentation barriers limit their opportunities to work elsewhere. Many homeless people also work as waste pickers—some describe it as their only alternative to
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led to three trends which favored the blossoming of the informal waste collecting industry: increased generation of urban waste, increased demand for raw materials from industry, and increased numbers of urban dwellers in need of livelihoods. In that era, waste pickers were known as wharf rats,
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estimated that 1–2% of the global population subsists by waste picking. A 2010 study estimates that there are 1.5 million waste pickers in India alone. Brazil, the country that collects the most robust official statistics on waste pickers, estimates that nearly a quarter million of its citizens
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An Indian waste pickers union known as KKPKP recently carried out a mapping initiative to identify organizations of or that work with waste pickers across the continent—a first step towards the development an Asian network. Several NGOs and trade unions that work with waste pickers, as well as
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hosted the first meeting of the Latin
American Waste Picker Network (LAWPN)—an organization that now represents waste pickers movements from 16 countries. LAWPN has four key functions. First, it facilitates exchanges of knowledge, technology, and strategies between member organizations through
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that exclusively organizes women in the informal economy and has membership of over one million, began organizing waste pickers in the late 1970s. SEWA has created nearly ninety waste pickers cooperatives, which members use to gain collective work contracts and access to credit, training, and
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Public nuisance: Many people view waste pickers as a nuisance or source of shame for their communities. Waste pickers' perceived poverty and lack of sanitation makes some people uncomfortable or fearful. In developing countries especially, many argue that modern services should replace waste
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There is little reliable data about the number and demographics of waste pickers worldwide. Most academic research on waste pickers is qualitative rather than quantitative. Systematic large-scale data collection is difficult due to the profession's informal nature, porous borders, seasonally
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Public health and sanitation: Waste pickers collect garbage from neighborhoods that lack public services. Without waste pickers, residents would be forced to burn trash, or dispose of it in rivers, streets and empty lots. Waste pickers provide the only solid waste removal service in many
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In 2008, participants of the First World
Conference of Waste Pickers chose to use the term "waste picker" for English usage to facilitate global communication. The term "scavenger" is also commonly used, but many waste pickers find it demeaning due to the implied comparison with animals.
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markets. One of Asia's largest waste picker associations is The
Alliance of Indian Waste Pickers (AIW), a national network of 35 organizations in 22 cities. The AIW facilitates peers support, advocacy and cross-learning among waste pickers, iterant buyers, and support NGOs.
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277:. This is a source of air, land, and water pollution that threatens human health and the environment. Informal waste collectors help mitigate this harm by collecting recyclable materials by foot or in pushcarts, tricycles, donkey carts, horse carts, and pickup trucks.
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Beginning in the 1990s, waste picker organizations in many parts of the world began uniting into regional, national, and transnational coalitions to increase their political voice and economic leverage. In March 2008, delegates from 30 countries gathered in
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Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, informal recycling in parts of the United States and
Western Europe once again began to mushroom. Two factors fueled the boom: First, the demand for recycling surged due to the increased waste stream, declining room in
710:. A daycare centre and a non-formal primary school has been established for the child waste pickers where 112 child waste pickers are given early childhood care and education. Women waste pickers of Matuail has formed a Waste Pickers' cooperative.
342:. Some recyclers use vans to increase their yield while others work on foot with carts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that most American waste pickers are male, as waste picking is widely considered too dirty and strenuous a job for women. During an
1381:"Solidarity Economy and the Struggle for Social Citizenship in Ties of Globalization: A Study of Cooperatives of Informal Garbage Pickers in Colombia." In Boaventura de Sousa Santos (ed.) Another Production is Possible: Beyond the Capitalist Canon
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In Delhi, the NGO Chintan
Environmental Research and Action Group makes the work of waste pickers safer (by providing gloves and mouth masks) and it also provides for a steady source of income (by paying a monthly wage to the waste pickers).
576:, Colombia. The Colombian waste pickers movement did not emerge as a veritable political force until 1990, however, when four cooperatives who had been fighting the closure of a landfill united as the Waste Collector's Association of Bogotá (
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There is a high prevalence of disease among waste pickers due to their exposure to hazardous materials such as fecal matter, paper saturated by toxic materials, bottles and containers with chemical residues, contaminated needles, and
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Velis, C. et al. (2012). An analytical framework and tool ('InteRa') for integrating the informal recycling sector in waste and resource management systems in developing countries. Waste Management & Research 30(9) Supplement
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experience, and lack of money and time to build organizations. Nonetheless, in recent decades waste pickers across Latin America, Asia, and Africa have begun collectively organizing to win a place within formal recycling systems.
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Waste picker incomes vary vastly by location, form of work, and gender. Some waste pickers live in extreme poverty, but many others earn multiple times their country's minimum wage. Recent studies indicate that waste pickers in
1143:"Informação e trabalho: uma leitura sobre os catadores de material reciclável a partir das bases pĂşblicas de dados" in Catadores na Cena Urbana: Construção de PolĂticas Socioambientais (V. H. Kemp, & H.M.T. Crivellari, ed)
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their jobs during times of war, crisis, and economic downturn in countries that do not have welfare systems. It is also one of the few work opportunities available to people who lack formal education or job experience.
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A young man in Uganda who is working in a waste dump. Because of work locations and conditions, there is a high chance of catching disease or injury while working as a waste picker in certain environments.
683:-based company, Ramky Energy and Environment Ltd to manage the waste, in effect criminalising the work of more than 100,000 unorganised waste pickers that currently sort about 20% of Delhi's garbage. The
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regional conventions, country-to-country delegations, telecommunications, and strategic reports. Second, it organizes transnational solidarity to aid in local battles. For example, when waste pickers in
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Pilfering of public property: In some cities, waste pickers have been known to steal, melt down, and resell public property such as telephone and electrical copper wire, steel fencing, or manhole covers.
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found the average lifespan of a dumpsite waste collector to be 39 years, compared to the national average of 69 years, though a later World Bank study estimated life span to be 53 years. In
322:, and ragpickers. By the mid-20th century waste picking decreased, as waste management industries were formalized, and welfare states decreased the poor's reliance on informal recycling.
652:. Additionally, they have to raise awareness among residents of the city to separate their trash so that they can collect door to door, without having direct contact with wet materials.
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in Colombia. Throughout the 1990s, powerful waste collectors associations began to form in other Latin American countries as well—most notably in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.
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515:" vigilante groups, sometimes working with police complicity, have killed at least two thousand waste collectors, beggars, and prostitutes—whom they refer to as "disposables" (
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today collect only 50–80% of refuse generated by inhabitants. Residents and businesses often resort to burning garbage or disposing of it in streets, rivers, vacant lots, and
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report. This effectively serves as a mass subsidy for city governments, who do not pay for the labor. Moreover, recycling expands the lifespan of city dumps and landfills.
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to create an African waste picker's network, but Shack/Slum Dwellers International organized meetings between waste picker leaders in Kenya, Egypt, and South Africa.
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as early as the 17th century, modern waste picking did not flourish in the US and Europe until the 19th century. Just as in the developing world, the combination of
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Scheinberg; Justine AnschĂĽtz (December 2007). "Slim pickin's: Supporting waste pickers in the ecological modernisation of urban waste management systems".
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Litter: Waste pickers working on streets sometimes spread waste from trash bags, sullying the sidewalk and creating more work for city street sweepers.
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Many terms are used to refer to people who salvage recyclables from the waste stream for sale or personal consumption. In English, these terms include
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Municipal savings: Waste pickers provide between 50 and 100% of waste collecting services in most cities of the developing world, according to a 2010
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429:: Children commonly work as waste pickers. This may interfere with their education, or harm their physical, emotional, and social well-being.
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materials thrown away by others to sell or for personal consumption. There are millions of waste pickers worldwide, predominantly in
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1117:"Addressing the Exploitation of Children in Scavenging (Waste Picking): A Thematic Evaluation of Action on Child Labour (2004)"
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has one of the world's most well-established and robust informal recycling systems. The labor is done for the most part by the
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519:). In 1992, around the peak of this activity, eleven corpses of murdered waste collectors were discovered at a university in
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Various forms of waste picking have been practiced since antiquity, but modern traditions of waste picking took root during
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Chaturvedi, Bharati (2010). "Mainstreaming Waste Pickers and the Informal Recycling Sector in the Municipal Solid Waste".
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643:. After years of sacrifice and struggle, they managed to improve their working conditions. They have established a more
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in the nineteenth century. Over the past half-century, waste picking has expanded vastly in the developing world due to
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1430:"The effects of handling solid waste on the wellbeing of informal and organized recyclers: a review of the literature"
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523:. Their organs had been sold for transplants and bodies sold to the medical school for dissection (Medina 2009, 155).
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In Bangladesh, Grambangla Unnayan Committee is working with the waste picker community at Matuail Waste Dumpsite of
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886:. London: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Environmental control and Waste Management.
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580:, ARB). Today the ARB is one of the world's most active and established waste picker organizations. In 2013, the
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loosely formed groups of waste pickers, were identified in Cambodia, Indonesia, The Philippines, and Thailand.
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Gowan, Teresa (1997). "American Untouchables: Homeless Scavengers in San Francisco's Underground Economy".
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found that nearly one billion people worldwide live in slums, about a third of the world's urban dwellers.
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Assaad, Ragui (1996). "Formalizing the Informal? The Transformation of Cairo's Refuse Collection System".
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programs that will help ensure waste pickers' livelihoods, rather than waste disposal technologies like
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activists who reclaim items such as food and clothes from the waste stream as a form of protest against
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1983:"An Indian Group Is Making E-Waste Picking a Dignified & 'Green' Job. It Just Won a UN Award Too"
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pours water onto the paper she has collected in order to increase her profit by adding to its weight.
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Teresa Gowan claims to have met hundreds of male waste pickers, but only four female waste pickers.
236:). No women were found in the highest income groups (those earning over 10 times the minimum wage).
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Solid waste management in Latin America: The role of micro- and small enterprises and cooperatives
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Cooling Agents: An Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by the Informal Recycling Sector in India
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Waste pickers not only generate social benefits, but also potential costs as well. These include:
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2015:"Inclusive Waste Management. [Social Impact]. ICP. Inclusive Cities Project (2008-2014)"
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Tokman, V. E. (1978). "An Exploration into the Nature of Informal-formal Sector Relationships".
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Sethuraman, S. V., ed. (1981). "The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Employment".
2014:
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Also in India, the All India Kabari Mazdoor Mahasangh (AIKMM) is locked in a battle with the
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635:(waste picker) in Capital Federal and the suburbs, specifically in the neighborhoods of
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1963:"Rising from the Waste– Organising Wastepickers in India, Thailand and the Philippines"
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Medina, Martin (December 2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America".
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and squatter settlements, which have expanded rapidly with no central planning. The
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Hart, Kieth (1973). "Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana".
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of 1/3 among waste pickers (one out of three babies dies before reaching age one).
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La Sociedad de la Basura: Caciquismo Urbano en la Ciudad de MĂ©xico. Second Edition
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203:. "Waste picking" generally refers to activity motivated purely by economic need.
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network of networks of waste pickers, mainly from Asia, Africa and Latin America.
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Tarchi Crivellari, Helena Maria, Sonia Maria Dias and André de Souza Pen (2008).
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A Paper Life: Belgrade's Roma in the Underworld of Waste Scavenging and Recycling
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Toolkit: Assessment and Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management
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Wasted Citizenship? Reclaimers and the Privatised Expansion of the Public Sphere
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Role of informal sector in recycling in waste management in developing countries
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The People of the Gabbal: Life and work among the Zabbaleen of Manshiyet Nasser
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project made a video on what they call the Delhi waste war. Waste pickers in
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The World's Scavengers: Salvaging for Sustainable Consumption and Production
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Waste picking offers significant ecological, economic, and social benefits:
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1996:
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The perception of health with informal recyclers in Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Medina, Martin (2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America".
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International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development
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Simpson-Hebert, Mayling, Aleksandra Mitrovic and Gradamir Zajic (2005).
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harassment due to their low social status and lack of social support.
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Refusing to be Cast Aside: Waste Pickers Organizing Around the World
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1568:"Informal Recycling and Occupational Health in Santo André, Brazil"
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Helena, Maria; Tarchi Crivellari; Sonia Dias; André de Souza Pena.
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1841:. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO)
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1861:"Prize Recipient, 2013 South and Central America. Nohra Padilla"
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Medina, Martin (2005). "Co-operatives benefit waste recyclers".
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One of the most extreme manifestations of such stigma occurs in
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because the waste collected by the latter may be destined for a
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1945:"EJOLT presents documentary to support wastepickers' struggles"
1684:"Before Manila's Garbage Hill Collapsed: Living Off Scavenging"
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Chintan is an environmental research and action group uniting
1437:
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
540:
represent only a third of the total waste picking population.
2113:
1350:"Waste Pickers at United Nations Climate Change Conferences"
1259:
Hobos, Hustlers, and Backsliders: Homeless in San Francisco
1175:
The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements
1883:
1881:
2089:
1801:
Arroyo-Moreno, J.; Rivas-Rios, F.; Lardinois I. (1999).
1313:
Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group (2009).
1835:"Bogota Recycler Nohra Padilla Praised on World Stage"
1575:
International Journal of Environmental Health Research
1403:
1401:
1012:
Handling and Management Rules 2000, A Discussion Paper
570:
Cooperativa Antioqueña de Recolectores de Subproductos
1373:
1371:
560:
A picker in Brazil who has collected cans and bottles
831:
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
3500:
3469:
3379:
3231:
3028:
2864:
2653:
2472:
2384:
2338:
2248:
2151:
995:Bartone, C. (January 1988). "The Value in Wastes".
79:. Many cities only provide solid waste collection.
3508:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1110:
1108:
2068:"About – South African Waste Pickers Association"
1300:Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities 2010
663:is home to Asia's largest waste picker movement.
330:, new recycling technologies, and the efforts of
882:Wilson, D. C., Velis, C., Cheeseman, C. (2005).
160:
2001:Chintan⎪Environmental Research and Action Group
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
588:(representing the ARB) for her contribution to
2834:
2129:
1527:. Cairo: Environmental Quality International.
1261:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
1168:
1166:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
729:(informal waste collectors), a predominantly
154:
148:
142:
136:
130:
124:
8:
2034:Journal of Planning Education & Research
1155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
184:, not necessarily for a recycling facility.
1819:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
423:Occupational hazards: See discussion below.
261:of the new population has settled in urban
2841:
2827:
2819:
2136:
2122:
2114:
1815:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
665:Self-Employed Women's Association of India
1209:
1136:
1134:
1428:Binion, E.; Gutberlet, J. (March 2012).
1027:"WIEGO Fact Sheet: Waste Pickers Brazil"
805:. The Global Development Research Center
447:
3538:High-level radioactive waste management
1384:. New York, NY: Verso. pp. 43–69.
793:
27:Scavenging solid waste for personal use
1808:
1148:
1090:
1061:
1050:
889:
734:collectively defend their livelihood.
191:" generally refers to the practice of
2102:a virtual exhibition about ragpickers
1915:"Waste pickers rally against company"
1711:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
1658:"Manila dump survivors sue for $ 20m"
1547:(MA thesis). University of Victoria.
1538:Binion, Eric Norman Olaf (May 2012).
1190:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
48:is a person who salvages reusable or
7:
3650:Cleaning and maintenance occupations
3553:Sewage regulation and administration
2801:
1145:. Belo Horizonte: AutĂŞntica Editora.
578:Asociación de Recicladores de Bogotá
2019:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
974:"Waste Pickers: Occupational Group"
691:have also organized, including the
172:A waste picker is different from a
1512:. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
1378:RodrĂguez-Garavito, CĂ©sar (2006).
953:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: WIEGO.
803:"Solid Waste Management: Glossary"
25:
1746:Journal of Modern African Studies
1566:Gutberlet, Jutta. (5 June 1997).
622:International Labour Organization
3603:
3602:
3591:
3533:Extended producer responsibility
3019:
2800:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2510:Extended producer responsibility
2239:
2090:Global Alliance of Waste Pickers
499:Stigma, harassment, and violence
474:, Egypt, a 1981 study showed an
162:catador de materiais recicláveis
3091:Mechanical biological treatment
679:, which closed a deal with the
618:UN Convention on Climate Change
614:Inter-American Development Bank
289:Though documentation exists of
1632:"Manila dump death toll rises"
1449:10.1179/1077352512z.0000000001
363:Social and ecological benefits
297:collectors supplying goods to
1:
2676:Container-deposit legislation
1731:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9
1220:10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00071-9
1119:. International Labour Office
568:waste picker's organization,
267:United Nations Habitat Report
1788:10.1016/0305-750x(78)90063-3
1273:"Recycling Around the World"
285:In post-industrial countries
3543:History of waste management
2371:Materials recovery facility
1997:"What We Do | Chintan"
1865:Goldman Environmental Prize
871:. New York: Altamira Press.
677:New Delhi Municipal Council
582:Goldman Environmental Prize
552:Organizing in Latin America
511:, where, since the 1980s, "
466:from batteries. A study in
207:Prevalence and demographics
97:informal resource recoverer
3691:
3131:fluorescent lamp recycling
2046:10.1177/0739456x9601600204
3586:
3017:
2749:
2237:
1587:10.1080/09603120701844258
564:In 1962, the first known
400:mitigating climate change
346:of homeless recyclers in
220:engage in waste picking.
3513:China's waste import ban
1889:"Waste Pickers Networks"
1408:Samson, Melanie (2009).
1237:. Buckinghamshire, U.K.
947:Samson, Melanie (2008).
2874:Agricultural wastewater
2701:Reverse vending machine
1891:. WIEGO. Archived from
1761:Poverty and Environment
1412:. Cambridge: Cambridge.
867:Martin, Medina (2007).
527:Waste picker organizing
398:Reducing pollution and
245:In developing countries
3598:Environment portal
3276:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3166:water recycling shower
2741:Water recycling shower
2585:Reuse of human excreta
2555:Recycling (ecological)
2540:Material flow analysis
1919:Civil Society Magazine
1508:Bernstein, J. (2004).
1257:Gowan, Teresa (2010).
1235:Appropriate Technology
1060:Cite journal requires
925:10.1386/ijtm.5.3.257/1
708:Dhaka City Corporation
561:
453:
376:
257:
161:
155:
149:
143:
137:
131:
125:
56:, but increasingly in
41:
2966:Municipal solid waste
2946:Industrial wastewater
2530:Interchangeable parts
2525:Industrial metabolism
2107:26 April 2023 at the
1523:Etribi, T.L. (1981).
1493:Castillo, H. (1990).
559:
476:infant mortality rate
451:
370:
252:
35:
3655:Informal occupations
3161:water heat recycling
3066:Garden waste dumping
2736:Water heat recycling
2726:Waste management law
1497:. Mexico City: UNAM.
1356:on 18 September 2019
1302:. London: Earthscan.
1177:. London: Earthscan.
718:Organizing in Africa
693:Khon Kaen scavengers
444:Occupational hazards
159:; and in Portuguese
54:developing countries
3528:Eco-industrial park
3116:appliance recycling
3036:Anaerobic digestion
2981:Post-consumer waste
2879:Biodegradable waste
2686:Ethical consumerism
2620:Urban lumberjacking
2550:Product stewardship
2500:Eco-industrial park
1782:(9–10): 1065–1075.
1723:2000RCR....31...51M
1298:UN Habitat (2010).
1202:2000RCR....31...51M
1173:UN Habitat (2003).
783:Canner (occupation)
60:countries as well.
3573:Waste minimisation
3518:Cleaner production
3183:Reusable packaging
3096:Mechanical sorting
2899:Construction waste
2759:Environment portal
2630:Waste minimisation
2575:Reusable packaging
2520:Industrial ecology
1951:. 12 January 2012.
1688:The New York Times
656:Organizing in Asia
648:the cartoneros of
562:
454:
377:
358:Costs and benefits
258:
77:global waste trade
42:
3637:
3636:
3568:Waste legislation
3477:Sanitation worker
3451:London Convention
3387:Bamako Convention
3178:Resource recovery
3146:textile recycling
3141:plastic recycling
3121:battery recycling
3061:Ecological design
2986:Radioactive waste
2816:
2815:
2570:Resource recovery
2560:Refill (campaign)
2505:Ecological design
2485:Dematerialization
2295:Fluorescent lamps
1985:. 2 January 2016.
1776:World Development
1391:978-1-84467-078-9
572:, was created in
404:resource recovery
332:environmentalists
307:industrialization
73:toxic colonialism
65:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
3682:
3660:Waste collection
3606:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3461:OSPAR Convention
3392:Basel Convention
3203:Waste collection
3193:Sewage treatment
3151:timber recycling
3126:bottle recycling
3106:Reclaimed lumber
3101:Photodegradation
3023:
2941:Industrial waste
2909:Electronic waste
2904:Demolition waste
2884:Biomedical waste
2858:waste management
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2804:
2803:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2731:Waste management
2721:Waste collection
2580:Reuse of bottles
2480:Circular economy
2457:Northern Ireland
2243:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1921:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1895:on 20 April 2012
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:on 26 April 2012
1611:
1605:. Archived from
1572:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1467:. Archived from
1434:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:on 25 April 2012
1328:
1322:. Archived from
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1083:. Loughborough:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1032:. Archived from
1031:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
970:
955:
954:
944:
929:
928:
908:
902:
901:
895:
887:
879:
873:
872:
864:
847:
846:
843:10.1108/eb013304
837:(3/4): 159–190.
826:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:Srinivas, Hari.
798:
763:Rag-and-bone man
731:Coptic Christian
590:waste management
513:social cleansing
316:rag and bone men
253:Waste picker in
201:consumer culture
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
128:
21:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3609:Category: Waste
3590:
3582:
3563:Waste hierarchy
3496:
3487:Waste collector
3465:
3456:Oslo Convention
3375:
3227:
3223:Waste-to-energy
3218:Waste treatment
3188:Right to repair
3086:Landfill mining
3071:Illegal dumping
3024:
3015:
2976:Packaging waste
2971:Open defecation
2931:Hazardous waste
2860:
2847:
2817:
2812:
2745:
2716:Waste-to-energy
2681:Dumpster diving
2649:
2625:Waste hierarchy
2600:Right to repair
2468:
2437:The Netherlands
2392:Rate by country
2380:
2334:
2244:
2235:
2147:
2142:
2109:Wayback Machine
2080:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1664:. 1 August 2000
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:on 4 March 2016
1471:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
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1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1211:10.1.1.579.6981
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
972:
971:
958:
946:
945:
932:
910:
909:
905:
888:
881:
880:
876:
866:
865:
850:
828:
827:
818:
808:
806:
800:
799:
795:
791:
748:Dumpster diving
744:
720:
658:
641:Lomas de Zamora
584:was awarded to
554:
529:
501:
484:
482:Risks of injury
459:
446:
417:
371:A scavenger in
365:
360:
287:
247:
242:
209:
189:Dumpster diving
174:waste collector
85:
58:post-industrial
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3600:
3587:
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3565:
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3555:
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3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Street sweeper
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3366:United Kingdom
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:tire recycling
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:land recycling
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Biodegradation
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:Surface runoff
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Chemical waste
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2761:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Bottle cutting
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Land recycling
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:United Kingdom
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2263:Automotive oil
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2078:External links
2076:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2040:(2): 115–126.
2024:
2006:
1988:
1974:
1954:
1936:
1925:on 13 May 2013
1906:
1877:
1852:
1826:
1793:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1701:
1690:. 18 July 2000
1675:
1649:
1638:. 17 July 2000
1623:
1558:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1415:
1397:
1390:
1367:
1340:
1305:
1290:
1279:. 25 June 2005
1264:
1244:
1225:
1180:
1162:
1130:
1104:
1071:
1062:|journal=
1017:
1002:
987:
956:
930:
903:
874:
848:
816:
792:
790:
787:
786:
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743:
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719:
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657:
654:
566:Latin American
553:
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286:
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246:
243:
241:
238:
208:
205:
84:
81:
36:Scavenging in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3687:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3629:Organizations
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Landfill fire
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
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3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
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3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:EU directives
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:United States
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Waste sorting
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Marine debris
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:organizations
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Simple living
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Pallet crafts
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Waste picking
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Repairability
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Green economy
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2464:United States
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2376:Waste sorting
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Mobile phones
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1805:. Lima, Peru.
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1763:. Geneva:JLO.
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1679:
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1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1608:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
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1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
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1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1501:
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1454:
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1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1422:
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1416:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1382:
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1368:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
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1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1054:
1039:on 4 May 2012
1035:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
975:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
952:
951:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
919:(3): 257–27.
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
893:
885:
878:
875:
870:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
823:
821:
817:
804:
797:
794:
788:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
670:
666:
662:
655:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:Nohra Padilla
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
558:
551:
549:
547:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
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510:
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490:
481:
479:
477:
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434:
431:
428:
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421:
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409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
380:
374:
369:
362:
357:
355:
353:
349:
348:San Francisco
345:
341:
335:
333:
329:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
278:
276:
270:
268:
264:
256:
251:
244:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
221:
218:
215:In 1988, the
213:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:anti-consumer
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:
157:
151:
145:
139:
133:
127:
123:; in Spanish
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3501:Other topics
3492:Waste picker
3491:
3419:incineration
3198:Urban mining
3076:Incineration
3056:Durable good
3001:Sharps waste
2961:Mining waste
2805:
2666:Cogeneration
2634:
2495:Durable good
2097:wastepickers
2062:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1977:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1868:. Retrieved
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1802:
1796:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1717:(1): 51–69.
1714:
1710:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1578:
1574:
1561:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1443:(1): 43–52.
1440:
1436:
1409:
1380:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1315:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1258:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1196:(1): 51–69.
1193:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1142:
1121:. Retrieved
1080:
1074:
1053:cite journal
1041:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1020:
1011:
1005:
997:Decade Watch
996:
990:
978:. Retrieved
949:
916:
912:
906:
883:
877:
868:
834:
830:
807:. Retrieved
796:
736:
721:
712:
705:
701:
697:
674:
659:
650:Buenos Aires
626:
598:
577:
569:
563:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:Barranquilla
516:
506:
502:
485:
464:heavy metals
460:
457:Health risks
418:
415:Social costs
408:incinerators
378:
336:
324:
311:urbanization
288:
279:
271:
259:
234:minimum wage
222:
214:
210:
186:
171:
167:
144:clasificador
121:waste picker
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
69:urbanization
62:
46:waste picker
45:
43:
29:
3523:Downcycling
3470:Occupations
3439:waste water
3336:Switzerland
3326:South Korea
3316:New Zealand
3241:Afghanistan
3213:Waste trade
3173:Repurposing
3011:Toxic waste
2991:Scrap metal
2926:Green waste
2889:Brown waste
2866:Major types
2779:by material
2640:Wishcycling
2590:Repurposing
2490:Downcycling
2442:Switzerland
2278:PET bottles
2226:Cooking oil
2211:Refrigerant
1899:16 December
1748:. 11:61–89.
1581:(1): 1–15.
1478:23 February
1360:15 December
1333:15 December
1283:16 December
1123:15 December
1043:15 December
980:15 December
809:13 November
669:trade union
517:desechables
493:Philippines
468:Mexico City
427:Child labor
352:sociologist
344:ethnography
340:panhandling
299:paper mills
295:scrap metal
291:rag pickers
182:incinerator
83:Terminology
40:, Indonesia
3644:Categories
3578:Zero waste
3380:Agreements
3311:Kazakhstan
3266:Bangladesh
3051:Composting
2936:Heat waste
2921:Food waste
2914:by country
2784:by product
2774:by country
2691:Freeganism
2671:Composting
2645:Zero waste
2545:Precycling
2366:Collection
2356:Blue boxes
2258:Appliances
1929:13 January
1616:23 October
1115:ILO/IPEC.
789:References
645:logistical
633:cartoneros
620:, and the
606:Montevideo
393:UN Habitat
275:open dumps
217:World Bank
156:reciclador
132:chatarrero
89:rag picker
50:recyclable
3670:Recycling
3558:Upcycling
3424:landfills
3414:framework
3407:Recycling
3402:batteries
3331:Sri Lanka
3291:Hong Kong
3256:Australia
3233:Countries
3111:Recycling
3029:Processes
2850:Biosolids
2615:Upcycling
2609:Green Dot
2397:Australia
2385:Countries
2351:Blue bags
2339:Apparatus
2285:Computers
2268:Batteries
2161:Aluminium
2153:Materials
2145:Recycling
2054:111275929
1949:ejolt.org
1839:wiego.org
1811:cite book
1694:6 January
1668:6 January
1642:6 January
1553:1828/3872
1206:CiteSeerX
1151:cite book
1093:cite book
892:cite book
768:Ragpicker
681:Hyderabad
629:Argentina
599:In 2005,
594:recycling
472:Port Said
373:Hong Kong
328:landfills
314:tinkers,
303:foundries
255:Indonesia
138:pepenador
126:cartonero
117:scavenger
93:reclaimer
18:Catadores
3619:Journals
3434:vehicles
3356:Thailand
3346:Tanzania
3081:Landfill
3041:Balefill
2769:Category
2654:See also
2473:Concepts
2432:Mongolia
2427:Malaysia
2330:Vehicles
2320:Textiles
2250:Products
2171:Concrete
2105:Archived
1870:25 April
1845:25 April
1662:BBC News
1636:BBC News
1595:18231943
1465:33645314
1457:22550696
1277:BBC News
758:Junk man
753:Gleaning
742:See also
727:Zabaleen
689:Thailand
574:MedellĂn
509:Colombia
436:pickers.
320:mudlarks
226:Belgrade
178:landfill
113:salvager
105:recycler
75:and the
3665:Poverty
3286:Georgia
3261:Belgium
3251:Armenia
3246:Albania
2807:Commons
2412:Ireland
2273:Bottles
2206:Plastic
2166:Asphalt
1719:Bibcode
1603:7700211
1348:WIEGO.
1198:Bibcode
976:. WIEGO
778:Mudlark
610:Uruguay
489:Payatas
388:cities.
197:freegan
150:minador
109:poacher
38:Jakarta
3607:
3361:Turkey
3351:Taiwan
3321:Russia
3301:Israel
3271:Brazil
2996:Sewage
2951:Litter
2856:, and
2605:Symbol
2447:Taiwan
2417:Israel
2407:Canada
2402:Brazil
2300:Lumber
2221:Timber
2196:Gypsum
2186:Energy
2181:Cotton
2176:Copper
2052:
1601:
1593:
1463:
1455:
1388:
1208:
773:Tosher
616:, the
601:Brazil
546:Bogotá
240:Causes
230:Serbia
119:, and
101:binner
3675:Reuse
3624:Lists
3614:Index
3341:Syria
3306:Japan
3296:India
3281:Egypt
2854:waste
2796:Index
2711:Waste
2595:Reuse
2422:Japan
2361:Codes
2325:Tires
2315:Ships
2310:Paint
2290:Drugs
2231:Water
2216:Scrap
2201:Paper
2191:Glass
2085:43–66
2050:S2CID
1968:WIEGO
1610:(PDF)
1599:S2CID
1571:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1433:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
723:Egypt
685:EJOLT
661:India
637:LanĂşs
263:slums
3444:WEEE
3429:RoHS
2346:Bins
1931:2012
1901:2011
1872:2019
1847:2019
1821:link
1817:link
1696:2011
1670:2011
1644:2011
1618:2009
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