1607:
system. The shorebird ancestor specifically evolved from a bi-parental care system, yet the species within the clade
Scolopacidae evolved from a male parental care system. These transitions might have occurred for several reasons. Brooding density is correlated with male parental care. Male care systems in birds are shown to have a very low breeding density while female care systems in birds have a high breeding density. (Owens 2005). Certain rates of male and female mortality, male and female egg maturation rate, and egg death rate have been associated with particular systems as well. It has also been shown that sex role reversal is motivated by the male-biased adult sex ratio. The reason for such diversity in shorebirds, compared to other birds, has yet to be understood.
120:
152:
4133:
4157:
1229:
4169:
4145:
1606:
Shorebirds pursue a larger diversity of parental care strategies than do most other avian orders. They therefore present an attractive set of examples to support the understanding of the evolution of parental care in avians generally. The ancestral avian most likely had a female parental care
414:
technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the
Charadriiformes constitute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own.
2349:
Owens, I.P. 2002. Maleâonly care and classical polyandry in birds: phylogeny, ecology and sex differences in remating opportunities. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357:
2509:
Tullberg, B. S., M. AhâKing and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parentalâcare systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357:
2232:
Tullberg, B. S., M. AhâKing and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parentalâcare systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357:
2270:
2264:
Bourdon, Estelle (2006): L'avifaune du PaléogÚne des phosphates du Maroc et du Togo: diversité, systématique et apports à la connaissance de la diversification des oiseaux modernes (Neornithes) . Doctoral thesis,
2343:
Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. Ecology and
Evolution. 3: 792â806.
2242:
Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. Ecology and
Evolution. 3: 792â806.
2353:
Paton, Tara A. & Baker, Allan J. (2006): Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the
Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree.
2330:
GĂĄl, Erika; HĂr, JĂĄnos; Kessler, EugĂ©n & KĂłkay, JĂłzsef (1998â99): KözĂ©psĂ”-miocĂ©n Ă”smaradvĂĄnyok, a MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s, RĂĄkĂłczi-kĂĄpolna alatti ĂștbevĂĄgĂĄsbĂłl. I. A MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s 1. lelĂ”hely .
2411:
Székely, T and J.D. Reynolds. 1995. Evolutionary transitions in parental care in shorebirds. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 262: 57â64.
2275:
Ericson, Per G.P.; Envall, I.; Irestedt, M. & Norman, J.A. (2003): Inter-familial relationships of the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) based on nuclear DNA sequence data.
2513:
van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships.
1285:, the Charadriiformes are the only other order of modern bird to have an established fossil record within the late Cretaceous, alongside the other dinosaurs. Much of the
1200:
Phylogeny of the
Charadriiformes based a study by Heiner Kuhl and collaborators published in 2020. The families and the number of species are from the list maintained by
418:
The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving.
3045:
4391:
2504:
4430:
1835:ÄernĂœ, David; Natale, Rossy (2021-07-16). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)".
1965:"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds"
364:(or "Charadrii"): typical shorebirds, most of which feed by probing in the mud or picking items off the surface in both coastal and freshwater environments.
4540:
2266:
1290:
131:
130:
2382:
Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds.
2346:
Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.
2251:
Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.
4365:
128:
2449:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamås (2004a): Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-
4404:
3040:
1209:
1439:. They are now assumed to be mostly basal taxa of the charadriiforms and/or "higher waterbirds", which probably were two distinct lineages 65
4565:
2540:; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand.
2455:
2384:
2355:
1947:
1765:
1616:
2338:
4550:
2542:
342:(seabirds), others frequent deserts, and a few are found in dense forest. Members of this group can also collectively be referred to as
2325:
127:
4570:
4560:
2019:
Case, J. A. and C. P. Tambussi. 1999. Maastrichtian record of neornithine birds in Antarctica: comments on a Late Cretaceous radiation
2153:
126:
4555:
2432:
2209:
1268:
2415:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Székely, Tamås; Reynolds, John D. (2007). "Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds".
2192:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Székely, Tamås; Reynolds, John D. (2007). "Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds".
1443:
already, and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct waterfowl. Taxa formerly considered graculavids are:
1636:
Bertelli, S.; Lindow, B. E. K.; Dyke, G. J.; Mayr, G. (2013). "Another charadriiform-like bird from the lower Eocene of Denmark".
124:
4545:
4492:
1246:
129:
125:
2584:
1784:
Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020).
1302:
1250:
4409:
4173:
151:
4417:
2082:
2028:
2532:
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3030:
381:
will also take food items from beaches, or rob smaller species, and some have become adapted to inland environments.
4334:
2812:
1893:
1201:
1239:
4435:
4347:
2727:
2717:
1404:
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?
1401:
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?
4520:
3053:
3035:
2515:
395:
2475:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamås (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny.
3058:
2501:
1905:
4191:
3025:
2837:
2787:
4530:
4466:
2862:
2078:
2036:
1935:
1314:
411:
123:
4484:
4282:
4535:
4445:
4303:
4269:
4238:
4229:
3490:
2061:
1836:
1710:
1645:
1294:
1281:
That the Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Alongside the
4497:
3020:
2912:
2852:
2797:
2577:
2301:
1942:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. xxxviiâxxxviii.
1931:
1593:
1293:
is made up of bits and pieces of birds which resemble this order. In many, this is probably due to
231:
4156:
1467:
1421:
3803:
2867:
2827:
2792:
2145:
1679:
1586:
1578:
1366:
1358:
146:
2299:
Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004): Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds.
1515:
1407:
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - larid?
4471:
4149:
4525:
4453:
4290:
3929:
3876:
3826:
2969:
2959:
2902:
2702:
2697:
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2438:
2428:
2400:
2371:
2317:
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2215:
2205:
2090:
2002:
1984:
1943:
1817:
1761:
1738:
1671:
1570:
1374:
1479:(Lance Creek Late Cretaceous - Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) - charadriiform?
1382:
390:(or "Alcae") are coastal species which nest on sea cliffs and "fly" underwater to catch fish.
4458:
4396:
3795:
2937:
2609:
2551:
2537:
2524:
2486:
2464:
2420:
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2310:
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2197:
2137:
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1992:
1976:
1897:
1807:
1797:
1728:
1718:
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1653:
1205:
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473:
334:
and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water and eat
259:
4027:
3325:
2847:
2832:
2770:
2669:
2597:
2125:
2040:
1786:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
1321:. However, more complete remains of undisputed charadriiforms are known only from the mid-
1306:
772:
480:
108:
4357:
4243:
1714:
1649:
4342:
4329:
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4137:
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3834:
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2887:
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2737:
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2637:
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1997:
1964:
1812:
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1112:
788:
646:
573:
487:
445:
377:"): these are generally larger species which take fish from the sea. Several gulls and
319:
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2424:
2397:
2201:
4514:
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4059:
3982:
3974:
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3456:
3343:
3301:
3101:
3093:
3015:
2979:
2897:
2821:
2528:
2149:
1410:
Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of MåtraszÔlÔs, Hungary
894:
502:
407:
70:
1683:
4161:
3905:
3750:
3566:
3404:
3352:
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958:
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2747:
2679:
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2632:
2368:
2175:
1758:
Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance
1699:"Erratum to: "Another charadriiform-like bird from the Lower Eocene of Denmark""
1554:
1491:
1350:
1310:
1298:
1228:
1057:
998:
703:
559:
539:
459:
374:
45:
2126:"A New Species of Graculavus from the Cretaceous of Wyoming (Aves: Neornithes)"
4083:
3945:
3884:
3863:
3695:
3679:
3614:
3559:
3531:
3463:
3428:
3306:
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2989:
2964:
2722:
2555:
2453:
gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling.
1841:
1723:
1698:
1657:
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1499:
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1440:
1428:
1343:
1334:
1318:
1286:
1041:
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623:
552:
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438:
314:
203:
90:
55:
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2141:
1988:
1802:
1742:
1675:
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4043:
3998:
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3580:
3497:
3481:
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3316:
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2742:
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1432:
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910:
662:
509:
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452:
163:
95:
39:
4214:
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2404:
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2006:
1980:
1821:
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4011:
3741:
3716:
3662:
3573:
3545:
3435:
3399:
3391:
3373:
3268:
3253:
3237:
2984:
2947:
2780:
1507:
1436:
1425:
427:
183:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
32:
1431:
formerly believed to constitute the common ancestors of charadriiforms,
4370:
4264:
3921:
3774:
3653:
3538:
3504:
3442:
3263:
3117:
3109:
2802:
2674:
2659:
2649:
2086:
2032:
1733:
1562:
1456:
1253: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1128:
1089:
580:
566:
399:
339:
331:
216:
100:
75:
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3990:
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3687:
3627:
3511:
3449:
3332:
2999:
2994:
2872:
1326:
173:
28:
4185:
4321:
2314:
1940:
The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
4479:
3937:
3724:
3287:
1901:
360:
4308:
3913:
3280:
3243:
3213:
2627:
2593:
378:
369:
327:
193:
4189:
3077:
2566:
1963:
Baker, Allan J; Pereira, SĂ©rgio L; Paton, Tara A (2007-04-22).
4035:
2892:
2654:
1697:
Bertelli, S.; Lindow, B. E. K.; Dyke, G. J.; Mayr, G. (2014).
1222:
386:
301:
1212:. The suborders are those defined by Joel Cracraft in 2013.
295:
118:
1416:(Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) - scolopacid? larid?
283:
265:
1585:
Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of
1521:"Graculavidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Gloucester County, US)
289:
274:
1760:. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 306.
1362:(Huadian Middle Eocene of Huadian, China) - charadriid?
2060:
Several wing and thorax bones of a bird the size of a
1495:(Navesink Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform? gruiform?
1348:(Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Jutland, Denmark) - a
1398:(John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, US) - larid?
354:
The order was formerly divided into three suborders:
304:
292:
262:
1370:(Early Oligocene of Boutersem, Belgium) - glareolid?
280:
277:
271:
4198:
4010:
3965:
3904:
3875:
3846:
3825:
3786:
3749:
3740:
3707:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3597:
3521:
3480:
3418:
3390:
3366:
3342:
3315:
3236:
3223:
3184:
3153:
3092:
3008:
2911:
2811:
2761:
2688:
2618:
298:
268:
1392:(Early Miocene of SE France) - larid? stercorarid?
398:lumps all the Charadriiformes together with other
2089:(MNZ S41058) of a bird apparently similar to the
1531:, which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are:
1487:(Hornerstown Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform?
1325:onwards. Present-day orders emerged around the
122:
1779:
1777:
326:) is a diverse order of small to medium-large
2578:
2043:(MNZ S42415, S42435) of a bird the size of a
1602:Evolution of parental care in Charadriiformes
8:
2419:. Vol. 37. Elsevier. pp. 279â342.
2196:. Vol. 37. Elsevier. pp. 279â342.
1386:(Early Miocene Saint-GĂ©rand-le-Puy, France)
286:
4186:
3746:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3387:
3233:
3220:
3181:
3177:
3150:
3089:
3085:
3074:
3070:
2585:
2571:
2563:
2332:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
1925:
1923:
1709:(13). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 1441â1448.
1644:(11). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 1282â1301.
1337:. Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are:
626:â stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
338:or other small animals; however, some are
20:
2130:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1996:
1840:
1811:
1801:
1732:
1722:
1665:
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
441:â stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
1317:charadriiform somewhat reminiscent of a
1904:. International Ornithologists' Union.
1628:
1597:(Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal)
1092:â gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species)
1574:(Early Paleocene of Volgograd, Russia)
569:â gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species)
1888:
1886:
1617:List of Charadriiformes by population
1291:CretaceousâPaleogene extinction event
1060:â coursers, pratincoles (17 species)
426:The order Charadriiformes contains 3
7:
4485:AB0787CD-0A40-FF99-FDAB-F958E5CD22B4
4446:e36be5fc-7f3a-4ad4-9e35-2480e435a5ed
4348:49ff3c6a-a714-4caf-87ed-504fd4cbe627
4144:
2267:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
1251:adding citations to reliable sources
562:â coursers, pratincoles (17 species)
4168:
1908:from the original on 4 October 2020
1210:International Ornithologists' Union
1208:and David Donsker on behalf of the
1105:
1082:
1034:
1027:
1004:
935:
887:
880:
857:
849:
765:
742:
719:
696:
639:
616:
609:
601:
593:
350:Taxonomy, systematics and evolution
1902:"IOC World Bird List Version 11.2"
867:â sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
107:Possible an early origin based on
14:
4541:Extant Lutetian first appearances
3046:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2417:Advances in the Study of Behavior
2194:Advances in the Study of Behavior
533:â sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
410:. However, the resolution of the
4167:
4155:
4143:
4132:
4131:
4022:(New World vultures and condors)
2529:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x
1880:(2004), Paton & Baker (2006)
1527:Other wader- or gull-like birds
1420:The "transitional shorebirds" ("
1227:
258:
150:
2156:from the original on 8 May 2024
1790:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1238:needs additional citations for
752:â stilts, avocets (10 species)
430:, 19 families and 391 species.
791:â oystercatchers (12 species)
476:â stilts, avocets (10 species)
406:into a greatly enlarged order
1:
2469:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7
2425:10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37006-x
2398:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8
2202:10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37006-x
1558:(Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
1550:(Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
1540:(Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
1378:(Early Oligocene) - turnicid?
897:â painted-snipes (3 species)
490:â oystercatchers (12 species)
141:Several members of the order
4566:Pleistocene taxonomic orders
2174:A wading bird the size of a
2124:Hope, Sylvia (4 June 1996).
1313:, Antarctica) is probably a
1303:LĂłpez de Bertodano Formation
1014:â buttonquails (18 species)
505:â painted-snipes (3 species)
4086:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2369:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011
1452:- charadriiform? gruiform?
1289:' fossil record around the
548:â buttonquails (18 species)
4587:
4551:Oligocene taxonomic orders
3948:(cormorants and relatives)
3041:Extinct species since 1500
2039:S42416) and proximal left
1301:habits. Specimen VI 9901 (
665:â sheathbills (2 species)
4571:Holocene taxonomic orders
4561:Pliocene taxonomic orders
4127:
4078:(kingfishers and rollers)
3932:(albatrosses and petrels)
3816:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3798:(nightjars and relatives)
3648:
3622:(pheasants and relatives)
3180:
3149:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3069:
2605:
2556:10.1017/S1477201906001957
2093:but almost the size of a
1842:10.1101/2021.07.15.452585
1724:10.1134/s0031030114130024
1658:10.1134/s0031030113110026
1126:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1080:
1055:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1002:
961:â seedsnipes (4 species)
956:
940:
933:
908:
892:
885:
878:
862:
855:
847:
786:
770:
763:
747:
740:
724:
717:
701:
694:
660:
644:
637:
621:
614:
607:
599:
455:â sheathbills (2 species)
244:
239:
147:Scientific classification
145:
140:
116:
23:
4556:Miocene taxonomic orders
3977:(seriemas and relatives)
3956:(pelicans and relatives)
2142:10.5479/SI.00810266.89.1
1333:boundary, roughly 35-30
526:â seedsnipes (4 species)
396:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
330:. It includes about 390
4546:Eocene taxonomic orders
4070:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3985:(falcons and relatives)
1930:Cracraft, Joel (2013).
1855:Fain & Houde (2004)
1703:Paleontological Journal
1638:Paleontological Journal
729:â plovers (69 species)
4054:(trogons and quetzals)
3866:(cranes and relatives)
3136:(emus and cassowaries)
3026:Glossary of bird terms
2838:Confuciusornithiformes
2505:Supplementary Material
2491:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
2456:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
2385:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
2356:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
2291:10.1186/1471-2148-3-16
1981:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606
1876:(2004a,b), van Tuinen
1803:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
913:â jacanas (8 species)
469:â plovers (69 species)
373:and their allies (or "
134:
4467:Paleobiology Database
3895:(kagu and sunbittern)
3858:(gulls and relatives)
2863:Songlingornithiformes
2828:Omnivoropterygiformes
1756:Mayr, Gerald (2016).
1582:(Paleocene of France)
1414:"Totanus" teruelensis
512:â jacanas (8 species)
412:DNA-DNA hybridization
133:
4343:Fauna Europaea (new)
3717:Phoenicopteriformes
2543:J. Syst. Palaeontol.
2081:S42681, S42736) and
2062:double-banded plover
1900:, eds. (July 2021).
1503:- phoenicopteriform?
1295:convergent evolution
1247:improve this article
1219:Evolutionary history
1131:â auks (25 species)
1115:â skuas (7 species)
649:â Magellanic plover
3688:Mesitornithiformes
3682:(doves and pigeons)
3016:Families and orders
2878:Ichthyornithiformes
2853:Patagopterygiformes
1715:2014PalJ...48.1441B
1650:2013PalJ...47.1282B
1424:") are a generally
1390:"Larus" desnoyersii
583:â auks (25 species)
576:â skuas (7 species)
448:â Magellanic plover
434:Suborder Charadrii
4030:(eagles and hawks)
3930:Procellariiformes
3835:Opisthocomiformes
3804:Steatornithiformes
3031:List by population
2868:Hongshanornithidae
2793:Evolution of birds
1896:; Donsker, David;
1587:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1460:(Late Cretaceous?)
945:â plains-wanderer
706:â Egyptian plover
135:
4508:
4507:
4454:Open Tree of Life
4192:Taxon identifiers
4183:
4182:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
3916:(loons or divers)
3885:Phaethontiformes
3877:Phaethontimorphae
3827:Opisthocomiformes
3796:Caprimulgiformes
3736:
3735:
3725:Podicipediformes
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3362:
3361:
3145:
3144:
3102:Struthioniformes
2970:Waterfowl hunting
2903:Gastornithiformes
2898:Aepyornithiformes
2888:Lithornithiformes
2558:
2538:Worthy, Trevor H.
2531:
2500:
2471:
2407:
2378:
2324:
2308:(11): 2558â2573.
2293:
2182:): Bourdon (2005)
2091:black-billed gull
1949:978-0-9568611-0-8
1898:Rasmussen, Pamela
1767:978-1-119-02076-9
1566:(Late Cretaceous)
1511:- presbyornithid?
1396:"Larus" pristinus
1297:brought about by
1279:
1278:
1271:
1216:
1215:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1069:
1068:
988:
987:
979:
978:
970:
969:
922:
921:
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:
817:
809:
808:
800:
799:
683:
682:
674:
673:
519:â plains-wanderer
462:â Egyptian plover
251:
250:
235:
111:
4578:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4423:NBNSYS0000159655
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4387:
4386:
4374:
4373:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4270:7FC8B7ED29E2F6B4
4260:
4259:
4247:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4187:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4134:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4060:Leptosomiformes
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4028:Accipitriformes
4023:
4002:
4001:(perching birds)
3994:
3986:
3978:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3922:Sphenisciformes
3917:
3896:
3888:
3867:
3859:
3856:Charadriiformes
3838:
3817:
3799:
3778:
3770:
3767:Musophagiformes
3762:
3747:
3728:
3720:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3623:
3610:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3290:
3283:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3182:
3178:
3151:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3075:
3071:
2938:Bird collections
2893:Dinornithiformes
2798:Darwin's finches
2788:Origin of flight
2728:Seabird breeding
2718:Sexual selection
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2550:
2523:
2485:
2463:
2446:
2392:
2363:
2309:
2285:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2189:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2045:red-necked stint
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1936:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
1927:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1890:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1633:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1231:
1223:
1206:Pamela Rasmussen
1106:
1083:
1035:
1028:
1005:
936:
888:
881:
858:
850:
766:
750:Recurvirostridae
743:
720:
697:
640:
617:
610:
602:
597:Charadriiformes
594:
589:
588:
474:Recurvirostridae
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
230:
155:
154:
121:
106:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4521:Charadriiformes
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4358:charadriiformes
4356:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4257:Charadriiformes
4255:
4250:
4244:Charadriiformes
4242:
4237:
4230:Charadriiformes
4228:
4227:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4200:Charadriiformes
4194:
4184:
4179:
4091:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4068:Bucerotiformes
4062:(cuckoo-roller)
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4020:Cathartiformes
4006:
4000:
3992:
3991:Psittaciformes
3984:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3954:Pelecaniformes
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:Eurypygiformes
3886:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3821:
3815:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3696:Pterocliformes
3689:
3681:
3632:
3621:
3608:
3593:
3517:
3476:
3414:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3338:
3311:
3288:
3281:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:Casuariiformes
3127:
3126:Apterygiformes
3119:
3111:
3103:
3080:
3065:
3036:Lists by region
3004:
2914:
2907:
2848:Chaoyangiformes
2833:Jeholornithidae
2807:
2771:Origin of birds
2757:
2738:Brood parasites
2684:
2614:
2601:
2591:
2559:(HTML abstract)
2478:BMC Evol. Biol.
2472:(HTML abstract)
2435:
2414:
2408:(HTML abstract)
2379:(HTML abstract)
2278:BMC Evol. Biol.
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2212:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2180:Ciconia ciconia
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
1969:Biology Letters
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1932:Dickinson, E.C.
1929:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1872:(2003), Thomas
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1613:
1604:
1307:Late Cretaceous
1275:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1244:
1232:
1221:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1070:
989:
980:
971:
923:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
773:Ibidorhynchidae
684:
675:
481:Ibidorhynchidae
424:
352:
261:
257:
254:Charadriiformes
229:
227:Charadriiformes
149:
136:
132:
119:
112:
109:molecular clock
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4440:
4427:
4414:
4401:
4388:
4375:
4362:
4352:
4339:
4330:Fauna Europaea
4326:
4313:
4300:
4287:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4235:
4220:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4076:Coraciiformes
4073:
4065:
4057:
4052:Trogoniformes
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:Passeriformes
3996:
3988:
3983:Falconiformes
3980:
3975:Cariamiformes
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3938:Ciconiiformes
3935:
3927:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3848:Cursorimorphae
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3709:Mirandornithes
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3680:Columbiformes
3676:
3674:
3672:Columbimorphae
3665:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3607:Meleagridinae
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3523:Odontophoridae
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:Stictonettinae
3299:
3297:Dendrocygninae
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3250:
3248:
3231:
3218:
3175:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3050:Notable birds
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3000:Egg collecting
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Hesperornithes
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Ambiortiformes
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Enantiornithes
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2535:
2522:(3): 191â194.
2516:J. Avian Biol.
2511:
2507:
2473:
2462:(3): 516â526.
2447:
2433:
2412:
2409:
2380:
2362:(3): 657â667.
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2328:
2315:10.1554/04-235
2297:
2273:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2225:
2210:
2184:
2167:
2116:
2103:
2070:
2053:
2041:carpometacarpi
2021:
2012:
1975:(2): 205â210.
1955:
1948:
1919:
1882:
1868:(2003), Paton
1857:
1848:
1827:
1773:
1766:
1748:
1689:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1529:incertae sedis
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1277:
1276:
1235:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:Stercorariidae
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:â crab-plover
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
939:
934:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
920:
919:
916:
915:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
861:
856:
854:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
821:
820:
816:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:
803:
802:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:Haematopodidae
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
769:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
746:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
723:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
700:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
671:
668:
667:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
647:Pluvianellidae
643:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
600:
598:
592:
587:
586:
585:
584:
577:
574:Stercorariidae
570:
563:
556:
549:
536:
535:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
493:
492:
491:
488:Haematopodidae
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
446:Pluvianellidae
442:
423:
420:
392:
391:
382:
365:
351:
348:
249:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
224:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
138:
137:
117:
114:
113:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
16:Order of birds
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4583:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:Featherbase:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:Strigiformes
4034:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3887:(tropicbirds)
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3809:Podargiformes
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:Cuculiformes
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
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3655:
3651:
3647:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:Macrocephalon
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3344:Anseranatidae
3341:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:Tinamiformes
3116:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3094:Palaeognathae
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3044:
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3039:
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3034:
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3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Pigeon racing
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
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2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
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2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
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2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
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2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
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2869:
2866:
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2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
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2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:Archaeopteryx
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
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2772:
2769:
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2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
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2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
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2729:
2726:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
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2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
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2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:9780120045372
2430:
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2279:
2274:
2272:
2271:HTML abstract
2268:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2226:
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2217:
2213:
2211:9780120045372
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
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2127:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
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2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:Premaxillae (
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
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1596:
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1594:Fluviatitavis
1591:
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1576:
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1241:
1236:This section
1234:
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1019:
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937:
931:
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927:
926:
918:
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912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
896:
895:Rostratulidae
890:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
866:
860:
859:
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
823:
822:
814:
813:
805:
804:
796:
795:
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780:
779:
776:
774:
768:
767:
761:
760:
757:
756:
753:
751:
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738:
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730:
728:
722:
721:
715:
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687:
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678:
670:
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654:
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642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
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612:
611:
604:
603:
596:
595:
591:
590:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
555:â crab-plover
554:
550:
547:
543:
542:
541:
537:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
503:Rostratulidae
500:
499:
498:
494:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
435:
433:
432:
431:
429:
421:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:Ciconiiformes
405:
404:birds of prey
401:
397:
389:
388:
383:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
363:
362:
357:
356:
355:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:invertebrates
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
309:
255:
247:
243:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
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185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
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159:
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148:
144:
139:
115:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
22:
19:
4531:Wading birds
4199:
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4046:(mousebirds)
4044:Coliiformes
3914:Gaviiformes
3906:Aequornithes
3855:
3814:Apodiformes
3775:Otidiformes
3751:Otidimorphae
3698:(sandgrouse)
3620:Phasianinae
3586:
3579:
3572:
3567:Odontophorus
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3405:Oreophasinae
3351:
3331:
3324:
3229:(waterfowls)
3225:Anseriformes
2975:Cockfighting
2960:Conservation
2955:Bird feeding
2943:Birdwatching
2933:Ornithomancy
2873:Gansuiformes
2820:
2813:Fossil birds
2703:Intelligence
2546:
2541:
2533:PDF fulltext
2519:
2514:
2502:PDF fulltext
2481:
2476:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2416:
2388:
2383:
2359:
2354:
2339:PDF fulltext
2334:
2331:
2326:PDF fulltext
2305:
2300:
2295:PDF fulltext
2281:
2276:
2247:
2238:
2228:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2133:
2129:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2024:
2015:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1939:
1910:. Retrieved
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1757:
1751:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1605:
1592:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1546:Cimolopteryx
1543:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1484:Palaeotringa
1482:
1474:
1468:Graculavidae
1465:
1455:
1449:Laornithidae
1447:
1422:Graculavidae
1419:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1283:Anseriformes
1280:
1265:
1256:
1245:Please help
1240:verification
1237:
1127:
1111:
1088:
1056:
1040:
1010:
959:Thinocoridae
957:
943:Pedionomidae
941:
909:
893:
865:Scolopacidae
863:
787:
771:
748:
727:Charadriidae
725:
702:
661:
645:
622:
531:Scolopacidae
524:Thinocoridae
517:Pedionomidae
467:Charadriidae
425:
417:
393:
385:
368:
359:
353:
343:
324:Charadriidae
313:
253:
252:
245:
226:
210:
200:Infraclass:
18:
4536:Bird orders
4379:iNaturalist
4224:Wikispecies
4174:WikiProject
4084:Piciformes
3967:Australaves
3946:Suliformes
3864:Gruiformes
3719:(flamingos)
3628:Tetraoninae
3599:Phasianidae
3588:Rhynchortyx
3553:Dactylortyx
3420:Megapodidae
3410:Penelopinae
3368:Galliformes
3110:Rheiformes
3104:(ostriches)
3054:individuals
2928:Ornithology
2915:interaction
2670:Preen gland
2549:(1): 1-39.
2391:: 268â278.
2176:white stork
2160:23 February
2136:: 261â266.
1912:19 December
1894:Gill, Frank
1796:: 108â127.
1734:11336/12701
1579:Eupterornis
1555:Palintropus
1492:Telmatornis
1367:Boutersemia
1359:Jiliniornis
1351:nomen nudum
1311:Vega Island
1299:semiaquatic
1058:Glareolidae
775:â ibisbill
704:Pluvianidae
560:Glareolidae
460:Pluvianidae
4515:Categories
3924:(penguins)
3777:(bustards)
3615:Perdicinae
3560:Dendrortyx
3532:Callipepla
3464:Megapodius
3429:Aepypodius
3307:Tadorninae
3289:true geese
3120:(tinamous)
3079:Neornithes
2990:Pheasantry
2965:Aviculture
2733:Incubation
2723:Lek mating
2337:: 33â78.
2259:References
1667:11336/7192
1589:, Morocco)
1537:Ceramornis
1516:Dakotornis
1500:Scaniornis
1476:Graculavus
1429:form taxon
1344:Morsoravis
1319:thick-knee
1287:Neornithes
1202:Frank Gill
1042:Dromadidae
1012:Turnicidae
853:Scolopaci
624:Burhinidae
605:Charadrii
553:Dromadidae
546:Turnicidae
483:â ibisbill
439:Burhinidae
344:shorebirds
322:of family
320:type genus
315:Charadrius
246:See text.
204:Neognathae
38:55â0
24:Shorebirds
3993:(parrots)
3837:(hoatzin)
3788:Strisores
3769:(turacos)
3761:(cuckoos)
3690:(mesites)
3609:(turkeys)
3581:Philortyx
3498:Agelastes
3491:Acryllium
3482:Numididae
3471:Talegalla
3381:gamebirds
3374:landfowls
3353:Anseranas
3317:Anhimidae
3276:Anserinae
3059:fictional
2781:dinosaurs
2776:Theropoda
2763:Evolution
2708:Migration
2690:Behaviour
2443:0065-3454
2302:Evolution
2220:0065-3454
2150:140700031
2114:(1998-99)
2097:: Worthy
2095:kelp gull
2064:: Worthy
2047:: Worthy
1989:1744-9561
1743:0031-0301
1676:0031-0301
1623:Footnotes
1437:flamingos
1433:waterfowl
1331:Oligocene
1323:Paleogene
1259:June 2021
911:Jacanidae
663:Chionidae
538:Suborder
510:Jacanidae
497:Scolopaci
495:Suborder
453:Chionidae
428:suborders
240:Families
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
4526:Seabirds
4209:Wikidata
4138:Category
4012:Afroaves
3940:(storks)
3742:Passerea
3727:(grebes)
3663:Columbea
3574:Oreortyx
3546:Cyrtonyx
3436:Alectura
3400:Cracinae
3392:Cracidae
3269:Oxyurini
3259:Aythyini
3254:Anatinae
3238:Anatidae
2985:Falconry
2948:big year
2803:Seabirds
2713:Foraging
2660:Feathers
2510:251â257.
2498:15329156
2405:13678682
2376:16531074
2350:283â293.
2322:15612298
2233:251â257.
2154:Archived
2083:proximal
2029:Proximal
2007:17284401
1938:(eds.).
1906:Archived
1864:Ericson
1822:32781465
1684:85141394
1611:See also
1571:Volgavis
1508:Zhylgaia
1426:Mesozoic
1375:Turnipax
422:Families
400:seabirds
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
33:Holocene
4371:7192402
4309:2917972
4265:Avibase
4150:Commons
3654:Neoaves
3539:Colinus
3505:Guttera
3443:Eulipoa
3264:Mergini
3128:(kiwis)
3112:(rheas)
2923:Ringing
2748:Hybrids
2743:Nesting
2698:Singing
2675:Plumage
2650:Dactyly
2620:Anatomy
2610:Outline
2600:: Aves)
2284:: 16.
2087:scapula
2033:humerus
1998:2375939
1837:bioRxiv
1813:7783168
1711:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1563:Torotix
1457:Laornis
1383:Elorius
1129:Alcidae
1090:Laridae
581:Alcidae
579:Family
572:Family
567:Laridae
565:Family
558:Family
551:Family
544:Family
529:Family
522:Family
515:Family
508:Family
501:Family
486:Family
479:Family
472:Family
465:Family
458:Family
451:Family
444:Family
437:Family
340:pelagic
332:species
312:, from
223:Order:
217:Neoaves
190:Class:
4459:313124
4443:NZOR:
4410:176445
4322:1CHDRO
4215:Q25978
4162:Portal
4038:(owls)
3512:Numida
3450:Leipoa
3333:Chauna
3326:Anhima
3021:Genera
2995:Imping
2913:Human
2753:Colony
2680:Vision
2665:Flight
2496:
2484:: 28.
2441:
2431:
2403:
2374:
2320:
2218:
2208:
2148:
2112:et al.
2101:(2007)
2099:et al.
2085:right
2068:(2007)
2066:et al.
2051:(2007)
2049:et al.
2031:right
2005:
1995:
1987:
1946:
1878:et al.
1874:et al.
1870:et al.
1866:et al.
1839:
1820:
1810:
1764:
1741:
1682:
1674:
1327:Eocene
361:waders
318:, the
234:, 1867
232:Huxley
29:Eocene
4493:WoRMS
4480:Plazi
4472:36640
4397:10265
4392:IRMNG
4384:67561
4335:10769
3282:swans
3244:ducks
3214:fowls
3009:Lists
2633:Brain
2598:class
2594:Birds
2146:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1315:basal
394:The
379:skuas
370:gulls
328:birds
211:Clade
4498:2682
4436:8906
4431:NCBI
4405:ITIS
4366:GBIF
4317:EPPO
4278:BOLD
2655:Eggs
2643:milk
2638:Crop
2628:Beak
2494:PMID
2439:ISSN
2429:ISBN
2401:PMID
2372:PMID
2318:PMID
2216:ISSN
2206:ISBN
2162:2024
2110:GĂĄl
2003:PMID
1985:ISSN
1944:ISBN
1914:2021
1818:PMID
1762:ISBN
1739:ISSN
1672:ISSN
1435:and
999:Lari
540:Lari
402:and
387:auks
384:The
375:Lari
367:The
358:The
194:Aves
46:Preê
4418:NBN
4304:EoL
4291:CoL
4283:300
4252:AFD
4239:ADW
2552:doi
2525:doi
2487:doi
2465:doi
2421:doi
2394:doi
2365:doi
2311:doi
2287:doi
2198:doi
2138:doi
2079:MNZ
2037:MNZ
1993:PMC
1977:doi
1808:PMC
1798:doi
1729:hdl
1719:doi
1662:hdl
1654:doi
1441:mya
1335:mya
1309:of
1249:by
296:ÉËr
4517::
4495::
4482::
4469::
4456::
4433::
4420::
4407::
4394::
4381::
4368::
4345::
4332::
4319::
4306::
4296:X3
4293::
4280::
4267::
4254::
4241::
4226::
4211::
2520:35
2460:30
2437:.
2427:.
2389:29
2360:39
2335:23
2306:58
2269:.
2214:.
2204:.
2152:.
2144:.
2134:89
2132:.
2128:.
2001:.
1991:.
1983:.
1971:.
1967:.
1934:;
1922:^
1885:^
1816:.
1806:.
1794:38
1792:.
1788:.
1776:^
1737:.
1727:.
1717:.
1707:48
1705:.
1701:.
1678:.
1670:.
1660:.
1652:.
1642:47
1640:.
1305:,
1204:,
346:.
302:iË
213::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
3383:)
3376:-
3372:(
3246:)
3242:(
3216:)
3212:(
3208:e
3206:a
3204:r
3202:e
3200:s
3198:n
3196:a
3194:o
3192:l
3190:l
3188:a
3186:G
3173:e
3171:a
3169:h
3167:t
3165:a
3163:n
3161:g
3159:o
3157:e
3155:N
2596:(
2586:e
2579:t
2572:v
2554::
2547:5
2527::
2489::
2482:4
2467::
2451:b
2445:.
2423::
2396::
2367::
2313::
2289::
2282:3
2222:.
2200::
2178:(
2164:.
2140::
2035:(
2009:.
1979::
1973:3
1952:.
1916:.
1845:.
1824:.
1800::
1770:.
1745:.
1731::
1721::
1713::
1686:.
1664::
1656::
1648::
1548:"
1544:"
1470:"
1466:"
1354:?
1346:"
1342:"
1329:-
1272:)
1266:(
1261:)
1257:(
1243:.
308:/
305:z
299:m
293:f
290:ÉȘ
287:.
284:i
281:r
278:d
275:ĂŠ
272:r
269:Ë
266:É
263:k
260:/
256:(
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:ê
31:-
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