323:. Nine numbered issues appeared between 1936 and 1960. They can be divided into two distinct periods, with an interval of a decade, due to financial difficulties and the dispersal of members of the group throughout the islands. The first three issues, published on March and August 1936 and March 1937, were written almost exclusively by the founders, while the works of the remaining seven, that took place between 1947 and 1960 (fourth issue in January 1947, fifth issue later in September, sixth in July 1948, seventh in December 1949, eighth in May 1958 and the last in December 1960), were primarily conducted by Baltasar da Silva, because during this period, Jorge Barbosa had been stationary on the Island of Sal, and Manuel Lopes was already on
369:, the poetic folklore of Santiago, and Ana Procópio's songs of the Island of Fogo; the novelistic folklore of the Islands of São Nicolau and Santo Antão; ethnographic studies of peoples from Santiago and Fogo; and studies on the social structure of the latter island and on the human originality of the other islands.
441:
were founded, which, in addition to form the ruling classes of the Cape
Verdean administration, were responsible of creating crucibles from where came successive generations of intellectuals, who have led the reaction against the strong hand of colonialist process. Such a process would then open the
388:
several other bilingual writers contributed greatly to the magazine's development, in particular, and to modern Cape Verde literature in general. They were Pedro
Corsino de Azevedo and José Osório de Oliveira on the first issues, and
155:. Its founders aimed to free Cape Verdean writers from the Portuguese canons, awaken the Cape Verdean collective conscience and recover local cultural elements that had long been repressed by Portuguese colonialism, such as
384:, we should mention two other very important contributors: painter and critic Jaime de Figueiredo and writer João Lopes, who cooperated immensely at early stages of the magazine. Additionally, throughout the existence of
225:, certain literary and cultural elements had been developed both within and outside of Cape Verde, which to some extent influenced directly or indirectly the magazine. As the endogenous factors, stood out:
360:
by
Francisco Xavier da Cruz of São Vicente, better known as B. Leza, and other literary and cultural articles also in Portuguese. The remaining issues, predominantly in the Cape Verdean language, featured
191:
excessive, and settled for a magazine. The title reflected the hope that the publication would become an intellectual "beacon". Its founding can be viewed in the context of nineteenth century liberalism.
1097:
1137:
1102:
447:
461:
has further awakened and illuminated the Cape
Verdean intellectuality and the vestiges of this effect can be verified in the masterpieces released by the founders of
961:
1117:
820:
1092:
1087:
433:, was one of the most fundamental building blocks in the development of modern Cape Verdean literature. Years later, the Advanced Schools in the cities of
1112:
176:(International and State Defence Police). Subversive activities could lead to torture and to the political prison of Tarrafal, on the Island of
1132:
1107:
951:
278:(1935), which opened the door to modern Cape Verdean literature, demonstrated a complete change in rhetoric and thematic poetry of Cape Verde.
792:
735:
707:
925:
121:. It was part of a movement of cultural, social, and political emancipations of the Cape Verdean society. The founding contributors were
229:
During the 'pre-Claridade' generation, later named classical-romantic generation, the three literary and cultural figures of Cape Verde,
490:. Similarly, the same literary magazine released literary seeds that would germinate in other major Cape Verdean publications, such as,
450:
on July 5, 1975, and with the affirmation of
Democracy, the social and economic development, currently enjoyed by the Cape Verdeans.
1122:
813:
777:
29:
1127:
418:
163:
894:
238:
806:
485:
429:
The establishing of the ecclesiastical and secular
Advanced School (Liceu-Seminário) of Ribeira Brava, on the Island of
619:
133:, born in the Islands of São Nicolau, Santiago and São Vicente, respectively. The magazine followed the steps of the
137:
writers, and contributed to the building of "Cape
Verdeanity", an autonomous cultural identity for the archipelago.
1058:
899:
889:
557:
430:
390:
250:
114:
308:
is title is inspired by
Clarity, a book by Henri Barbusse, then a review and pacifist group animated by the latte
1025:
567:"Bandeiras da Ilha do Fogo — O Senhor e o Escravo Divertem-se" ("Flags of the Island of Fogo") by Félix Monteiro
915:
582:
410:
166:'s fascist regime, caused by widespread misery and colonial mismanagement, and exacerbated by severe droughts.
162:
The project was a facet of the political and ideological unrest that existed in Cape Verde in the 1930s during
134:
126:
786:
1012:
853:
754:
467:
414:
130:
930:
760:
443:
147:. It set new standards of literary aesthetics and language, overcoming the conflict between Portuguese
144:
122:
210:
521:
286:
the personal presence of some
Portuguese writers in Cape Verde in late 1920 and early 1930, including
966:
234:
177:
1030:
1000:
406:
320:
156:
106:
92:
1051:
935:
533:
976:
971:
746:
230:
848:
731:
703:
517:
513:
472:
332:
253:, respectively, contributed immensely to the appreciation of Cape Verdean people and language;
242:
188:
713:
Baltazar Lopes et le mouvement
Claridade : littérature, expositions, entretiens, mémoire
172:
s editors had to deal with the Portuguese colonial censorship system and the surveillance of
1006:
956:
398:
287:
257:
246:
525:
509:
858:
702:, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland ; Toronto ; Plymouth, UK, 2007, p. 57
570:"Sobrados, lojas e funcos" ("Sobradoes, Lojas and Funcos") by Henrique Teixeira de Sousa
402:
394:
205:
1081:
529:
352:
873:
843:
719:), Cahiers lusophones, Paris, 2007, 128 p. (no 30 was a special issue published in
556:"A estrutura social da Ilha do Fogo" ("Social Structure on the Island of Fogo") by
350:
being a drum musical style from the Island of Santiago). The second issue had the
324:
208:, later another review and a peace group were later made with the Argentine review
187:
had considered creating a newspaper, but found the required deposit of 50 thousand
717:
Baltasar Lopes and the Claridade Movement: Literature, Expos, Interviews, Memoirs
691:
George Alao, (1999). "The Development of Lusophone Africa's Literary Magazines."
920:
479:
152:
148:
1044:
118:
993:
863:
1065:
868:
829:
587:
492:
434:
298:
110:
282:
With regard to the exogenous elements, the following are highlighted:
109:
for "light") was a literary review inaugurated in 1936 in the city of
28:
328:
698:
Richard A. Lobban Jr et Paul Khalil Saucier, "Claridade movement",
798:
438:
465:, which remarkably enhanced the Cape Verdean literature, such as
173:
802:
751:
Claridade and the Question of Political Conscience (1936–1960)
342:
presented three poetic texts of oral tradition in Creole –
129:, who used the poetic pseudonym of Osvaldo Alcântara, and
200:
The name of the review was inspired by the French book
304:
the Brazilian modern literature and Northeast realism.
421:, among others, in other published magazine issues.
985:
944:
908:
882:
836:
700:
Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cape Verde
621:
São Vicente de Cabo Verde no pós guerra (1945-1960)
88:
80:
72:
64:
54:
46:
38:
508:(1983), which featured brilliant writers, such as
425:Intellectual development and national sovereignty
757:, 2007, 494 pages (thesis studies in Portuguese)
741:Récits & nouvelles du Cap-Vert. "Claridade"
1098:Defunct literary magazines published in Europe
765:Insularité et littérature aux îles du Cap-Vert
814:
8:
290:, António Pedro and José Osório de Oliveira;
19:
33:The first issue of Claridade issued in 1936
821:
807:
799:
679:. Lisbon: Edições 70, 1984 (1st ed. 1959).
666:. Lisbon: Edições 70, 1982 (1st ed. 1956).
607:postface à Récits et nouvelles du Cap-Vert
319:s articles were written in Portuguese and
151:—dominant during the 19th century—and the
18:
331:, where he had been transferred to, as a
274:the publication of Jorge Barbosa's book,
1138:Literary magazines published in Portugal
743:, Chandeigne, 1996, republished in. 2006
267:the hidden speech among the founders of
256:the publication of the book of poems by
1103:Defunct magazines published in Portugal
598:
952:Centro Nacional de Artesanato e Design
7:
926:Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde
653:. Lisbon: ALAC, 1982 (1st ed. 1947).
787:The Creation of a Creole Literature
695:, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 169–183.
84:Cape Verde in the Portuguese Empire
1118:Culture of São Vicente, Cape Verde
1093:1960 disestablishments in Portugal
1088:1930s establishments in Cape Verde
728:A Imprensa Cabo-Verdiana 1820–1975
344:Lantuna & 2 reasons of finaçom
14:
548:"Lantuna e 2 motivais de finaçom"
442:door to political demand, so the
405:, Tomás Martins, Virgílio Pires,
217:Endogenous and exogenous elements
1113:Magazines disestablished in 1960
446:would reach its apogee with the
393:, Félix Monteiro, Nuno Miranda,
312:Publication history and contents
27:
693:Research in African Literatures
293:the Portuguese magazine, named
42:Jaime de Figueiredo, João Lopes
778:From classicism to realism in
380:Besides the above founders of
1:
1133:Portuguese-language magazines
1108:Magazines established in 1936
730:, Fundação Macau, Macau 1998
16:Cape Verdean literary reviews
677:Os Flagelados do Vento Leste
624:, University of Porto, 2009
486:Os Flagelados do Vento Leste
419:Luís Romano de Madeira Melo
221:Prior to the foundation of
1154:
895:Rua Libertadores de África
649:Silva, Baltazar Lopes da.
558:Henrique Teixeira de Sousa
391:Henrique Teixeira de Sousa
1039:
618:Soares, Risanda dos Reis
26:
1123:Mass media in Cape Verde
916:University of Cape Verde
726:João Nobre de Oliveira:
583:Literature of Cape Verde
411:Francisco Xavier da Cruz
864:Fortinho/Escola Técnica
763:, Elisa Silva Andrade,
594:Biographical references
297:, published in 1927 in
145:Cape Verdean literature
127:Baltasar Lopes da Silva
1026:Rádio Clube do Mindelo
755:University of Sorbonne
605:Jorge Miranda Alfama,
241:, from the Islands of
1128:Mass media in Mindelo
931:University of Mindelo
454:Literary publications
448:National Independence
444:History of Cape Verde
135:Portuguese neorealist
900:Praça Amílcar Cabral
417:, Virgílio de Melo,
883:Streets and squares
783:by Alberto Carvalho
640:Mindelo: ICL, 1935.
506:Ponto & Vírgula
498:Suplemento Cultural
338:The first issue of
321:Cape Verdean Creole
157:Cape Verdean Creole
23:
936:Liceu Ludgero Lima
854:City Center/Morada
793:Cape Verde Fiction
534:Germano de Almeida
401:, Arnaldo França,
196:Origin of the name
189:Portuguese escudos
1075:
1074:
967:Paços do Concelho
962:Mindelo Cathedral
736:978-972-65-8017-1
708:978-0-8108-4906-8
518:Aguinaldo Fonseca
333:Western Telegraph
113:on the island of
98:
97:
50:Cultural magazine
1145:
1031:Rádio Barlavento
1001:Jornal o Cidadão
957:Farol de D. Luis
890:Avenida Marginal
823:
816:
809:
800:
767:, Karthala, 1997
680:
673:
667:
660:
654:
647:
641:
636:Barbosa, Jorge.
634:
628:
627:
616:
610:
603:
522:Terêncio Anahory
407:Onésimo Silveira
288:Augusto Casimiro
183:The founders of
31:
24:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1035:
981:
977:Fortim d'El-Rei
972:Palácio do Povo
940:
904:
878:
832:
830:City of Mindelo
827:
774:
688:
686:Further reading
683:
675:Lopes, Manuel.
674:
670:
662:Lopes, Manuel.
661:
657:
648:
644:
635:
631:
626:(in Portuguese)
625:
617:
613:
604:
600:
596:
579:
542:
540:Selected issues
526:Yolanda Morazzo
510:Gabriel Mariano
456:
427:
378:
314:
231:Eugénio Tavares
219:
198:
143:revolutionized
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
910:
906:
905:
903:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
849:Chã de Alecrim
846:
840:
838:
837:Neighbourhoods
834:
833:
828:
826:
825:
818:
811:
803:
797:
796:
790:
784:
773:
772:External links
770:
769:
768:
758:
747:Eugene Tavares
744:
738:
724:
710:
696:
687:
684:
682:
681:
668:
655:
642:
629:
611:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
560:
551:
550:
549:
541:
538:
514:Ovídio Martins
455:
452:
426:
423:
403:Corsino Fortes
395:Sergio Frusoni
377:
371:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
291:
280:
279:
272:
265:
254:
218:
215:
206:Henri Barbusse
197:
194:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1150:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
907:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
839:
835:
831:
824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
804:
801:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
776:
775:
771:
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
690:
689:
685:
678:
672:
669:
665:
659:
656:
652:
646:
643:
639:
633:
630:
623:
622:
615:
612:
608:
602:
599:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
569:
566:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:
552:
547:
546:
544:
543:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
416:
415:Artur Augusto
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Abílio Duarte
396:
392:
387:
383:
376:
372:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
284:
283:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
258:António Pedro
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Pedro Cardoso
232:
228:
227:
226:
224:
216:
214:
213:
212:
207:
203:
195:
193:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
131:Jorge Barbosa
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
39:Staff writers
37:
30:
25:
22:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1019:
1018:
1011:
999:
992:
874:Ribeira Bote
859:Fonte Cónego
844:Alto Miramar
779:
764:
761:Manuel Veiga
750:
740:
727:
720:
716:
712:
699:
692:
676:
671:
663:
658:
650:
645:
637:
632:
620:
614:
609:, p. 193-200
606:
601:
505:
501:
497:
491:
484:
478:
473:
466:
462:
458:
457:
428:
385:
381:
379:
374:
366:
362:
357:
351:
347:
343:
339:
337:
325:Faial Island
316:
315:
307:
294:
281:
275:
268:
261:
222:
220:
209:
201:
199:
184:
182:
169:
168:
161:
140:
139:
123:Manuel Lopes
101:
100:
99:
58:
20:
1059:São Vicente
921:Liceu Velho
664:Chuva Braba
638:Arquipélago
504:(1977) and
480:Chuva Braba
468:Arquipélago
431:São Nicolau
373:Writers of
276:Arquipélago
251:São Nicolau
153:New Realism
149:Romanticism
115:São Vicente
73:Final issue
1082:Categories
1052:Barlavento
1045:Cape Verde
1013:Terra Nova
564:Number 8:
553:Number 5:
545:Number 1:
530:Leão Lopes
356:() called
335:operator.
317:Claridade'
239:José Lopes
170:Claridade'
119:Cape Verde
107:Portuguese
93:Portuguese
47:Categories
1020:Claridade
994:Artiletra
945:Landmarks
909:Education
780:Claridade
721:Latitudes
651:Chiquinho
474:Chiquinho
463:Claridade
459:Claridade
386:Claridade
382:Claridade
375:Claridade
340:Claridade
269:Claridade
223:Claridade
185:Claridade
141:Claridade
102:Claridade
55:Publisher
21:Claridade
577:See also
500:(1958),
496:(1944),
295:Presença
260:, named
211:Claridad
178:Santiago
89:Language
1066:Mindelo
869:Matiota
723:, 2007)
588:Certeza
493:Certeza
435:Mindelo
363:finaçom
348:finaçõm
299:Coimbra
264:(1929);
164:Salazar
111:Mindelo
81:Country
65:Founded
753:, New
734:
706:
502:Raízes
483:, and
367:batucu
329:Azores
262:Diário
249:, and
202:Clarté
986:Media
795:(pdf)
789:(pdf)
439:Praia
358:Vénus
353:morna
243:Brava
732:ISBN
704:ISBN
532:and
437:and
365:and
247:Fogo
237:and
174:PIDE
76:1960
68:1936
59:None
1007:RCV
204:by
1084::
749:,
536:.
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
512:,
477:,
471:,
413:,
409:,
397:,
327:,
245:,
233:,
180:.
159:.
125:,
117:,
822:e
815:t
808:v
715:(
488:.
346:(
301:;
271:;
105:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
