422:, Stan Ovshinsky stated, "I think we at ECD we made a mistake of having a joint venture with an oil company, frankly speaking. And I think it’s not a good idea to go into business with somebody whose strategies would put you out of business, rather than building the business." In a later interview, however, when asked, "So it's your opinion that Cobasys is preventing other people from making it for that reason?", he responded "Cobasys is not preventing anybody. Cobasys just needs an infusion of cash.". Cobasys CEO Tom Neslage refuted the financial criticisms, saying that Cobasys had been continuously funded since its 2001 founding, and Chevron's funding had totaled more than $ 350 million.
401:. Chevron's influence over Cobasys extended beyond a strict 50/50 joint venture, holding a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics. In addition, Chevron maintained the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD Ovonics did not fulfill its contractual obligations. On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that ECD Ovonics had not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputed this claim. Since that time, the arbitration hearings were repeatedly suspended while the parties negotiated with an unknown prospective buyer. No agreement was reached with the potential buyer. Cobasys's patents relating to NiMH batteries expired in 2015.
315:
prevented
Matushita, Toyota, and PEVE from selling certain NiMH batteries for transportation applications in North America until the second half of 2007, and commercial quantities of certain NiMH batteries in North America until the second half of 2010. Additionally, Ovonic Battery Co. and ECD Ovonics received a $ 10 million patent license fee, Cobasys received a $ 20 million patent license fee, $ 16 million of which was earmarked to reimburse legal expenses, and Cobasys would receive royalties on certain batteries sold by Matushita/PEVE in North America.
140:(also called ECD Ovonics, ECD, or Ovonics) The intermediary hierarchy of ownership was that Cobasys LLC was owned by Chevron's subsidiary Chevron Technology Ventures LLC, and ECD Ovonics' subsidiary Ovonic Battery Company. Cobasys spent $ 180 million in funding from Chevron Technology Ventures, and the two owners were unable to agree on further funding of the company. After arbitration between the owners had stalled, a buyer was found.
249:(ZEV) Program, which required 2% of new vehicles sold or leased in the state to be ZEVs by the 1998 model year, and 10% by the 2003 model year. NiMH batteries were used in small production runs of EVs from Toyota, Honda, DaimlerChrysler, and Ford in 1997, and GM in 1999. In 1996, California pushed back its ZEV compliance requirement from 1998 to 2003, and required the sale of just 3,750 ZEVs between 1998 and 2001.
164:
decades by
Daimler-Benz Comp./Stuttgart and by Volkswagen AG. within the framework of Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft. The batteries showed high energy and power densities up to 50 Wh/kg, 1000 W/kg and a reasonable cycle life of 500 cycles. - Patent applications were filed in European countries (priority: Switzerland), USA and Japan and the patents transferred to Daimler-Benz Comp./Stuttgart. -
25:
311:
18,000 units in its first year of production, as well as the first Honda
Insight and, with Sanyo Electric Co, first generation Civic hybrid models. BEV production by major automakers ceased in the early 2000s, with most leased BEV vehicles crushed by their manufacturers, and replacement batteries unavailable for remaining vehicles.
197:. Mr. Ovshinsky invented a variation on the NiMH battery, and ECD Ovonics holds crucial patents on some types of NiMH battery technology, licensing them to all major NiMH battery producers. Among its many activities, it produces consumer-oriented NiMH batteries, while Cobasys focuses on higher-energy industrial applications.
238:(GM), called GM Ovonic Battery, to manufacture NiMH batteries for electric vehicles. GM was given a 60% share of the venture, and provided operating capital, manufacturing capability, and management personnel, while OBC was given a 40% share, and provided patents, licenses, intellectual property, and engineering personnel.
222:
334:
announced a partnership in 2007 to develop, manufacture, sell and service lithium-ion batteries for automotive applications. A123Systems will provide their proprietary nanophosphate lithium ion technology and manufacture the batteries, while
Cobasys will act as the tier one supplier to the automotive
261:
announced it will buy GM's 60% share in GM Ovonics
Battery Systems, adding to their existing 20% share in the company, and restructure the joint venture as a 50-50 partnership with ECD Ovonics, renamed Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems LLC. Less than a week later, Texaco and Chevron Corporation announced
168:
Elektrode zur
Speicherung und Aktivierung von Wasserstoff", K.D. Beccu, Battelle-Geneva, CH Priority Application No. 6333/67-Bb3/CH/2 - (2.05.1967), Patent: DE 2317505 C2 (18.10.73). Negative electrode of Ti-Ni alloy hydride phases, US patent US 3,669,745 (06/13,1972), inventor: K.D. Beccu, Ph.D.,
414:
argues that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable but that
Cobasys refuses to sell or license them to small companies or individuals. Boschert concludes that "it's possible that Cobasys (Chevron) is squelching all access to large NiMH batteries through its control of patent licenses in
314:
A 2001 patent infringement lawsuit brought by ECD Ovonics and Ovonic
Battery Company, Inc. against Matsushita, Toyota, and PEVE was settled in July 2004. Settlement terms called for cross-licensing between parties of current and future NiMH-related patents filed through December 31, 2014. The terms
163:
The pioneering work on NiMH batteries – essentially based on sintered Ti2Ni+TiNi+x alloys for the negative electrode and NiOOH-electrodes for the positives – was performed at the
Battelle Geneva Research Center starting after its invention in 1967: The development work was sponsored over nearly two
290:
In
October 2000, Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems, LLC was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Texaco Energy Systems, Inc. to develop and market ECD's metal hydride hydrogen technology. It was later renamed ChevronTexaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems. In December 2004, ChevronTexaco's
268:
In addition to holding a 50% share of Cobasys, Chevron holds a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics. Chevron maintains veto power over any sale or licensing of Cobasys' NiMH technology. In addition, Chevron maintains the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD
310:
PEVE supplied higher-capacity (28–95 Ah) NiMH batteries for use in Toyota, Honda, and Ford battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that began production in 1997. PEVE's lower capacity batteries powered the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) Toyota Prius, which was introduced in Japan in 1997, and sold
281:
In September 2000, Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company, LLC was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Texaco Energy Systems, Inc. to develop and market Ovonic regenerative fuel cell technology. It was later renamed ChevronTexaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company. In June 2003, ECD acquired
205:
Ovonic Battery Company (OBC) was formed in 1982 as a joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Detroit, Michigan-based American Natural Resources Company (ANR) to capitalize on the rechargeable NiMH batteries which Mr. Ovshinsky had invented. ANR had invested $ 23 million before backing out of the
175:
The "invented NiMH variation" of Mr. Ovshinsky consisted in special alloys with disordered alloy structure and specific multicomponent alloy compositions. This variation made possible to increase the battery performance, i.e. the energy density, the cycle life and other characteristics.
1447:
209:
In the early 1980s OBC produced Ovonic NiMH batteries for the consumer market. Until that time, Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) batteries dominated the consumer rechargeable battery market, but NiMH batteries were safer, and stored more energy in an equivalent size. It also began work with
425:
In October 2007, International Acquisitions Services, Inc. and Innovative Transportation Systems AG filed suit against Cobasys and its parents for refusing to fill a large, previously agreed-upon order for large-format NiMH batteries to be used in the electric Innovan.
272:
Two other 50/50 joint ventures between Texaco and EVD Ovonics were created shortly before and after Texaco's acquisition of GM's shares in what became Cobasys. One focused on regenerative fuel cell technology, the other on metal hydride hydrogen technology.
381:
Large-format NiMH batteries may have been commercially viable and ready for mass production, but there have been claims that Chevron and other oil-related interests may have suppressed the technology. Presumably to forestall the introduction of
291:
share in the venture was traded to ECD Ovonic in a deal that granted Cobasys an expansion of their NiMH battery technology licenses given by ECD Ovonics. The now wholly owned subsidiary of ECD Ovonics was renamed Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC.
1444:
318:
Licensing terms were expanded in 2005, with PEVE granted further license to sell NiMH batteries for certain transportation applications in North America, in exchange for royalties paid to Cobasys through 2014.
415:
order to remove a competitor to gasoline. Or it's possible that Cobasys simply wants the market for itself and is waiting for a major automaker to start producing plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles."
606:. (Abstract Only). Society of Automotive Engineers international congress and exposition; 27 Feb - 3 Mar 1989; Detroit, MI (USA); DOE Project; Technical Paper 890785. 1989. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
1334:
931:
835:
820:
345:
In March, 2007, Cobasys announced that they were exploring strategic alternatives to growth, engaging the services of financial advisors from UBS Investment Bank and Goldman, Sachs & Co.
269:
Ovonics does not fulfill its contractual obligations. On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that ECD Ovonics has not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputes this claim.
218:(USABC), a consortium of US automakers, to develop EV batteries, and in 1993, their first EV NiMH battery pack was used in the Chrysler TE van, which previously used Li-alloy/FeS batteries.
327:
According to SEC filings, ECD Ovonics and Cobasys hold 125 US patents related to NiMH battery technology. 13 of the patents, considered particularly important, were due to expire by 2014.
673:
Anderman, Menahem, Fritz R. Kalhammer, Donald MacArthur, The Year 2000 Battery Technology Advisory Panel. State of California Air Resources Board, 2000-06-22. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
376:
1068:
242:, who in 1992 concluded a 37-year career at GM, finishing as chairman and CEO, joined ECD Ovonics as an advisor in 1993, and has served as ECD Ovonics' chairman since 1995.
360:, was announced. This joint venture was terminated in 2012, with Cobasys being folded into Bosch, with joint access of the partners to the 3000 or so patents held by it.
397:
announced its acquisition of Texaco six days later. In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into Cobasys, a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and
1471:
1391:
282:
Texaco Energy Systems' share for $ 1.00, effective December 31, 2002, and 100% ownership was assumed by ECD. The name was changed to Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC.
342:
Vue Green Line SUV, GM's Saturn Aura Green Line sedan, and GM's Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid Sedan. In 2009, GM discontinued the Saturn brand, ending the contract.
567:
893:
132:, telecommunications applications, and distributed power generation. For 8 years ending in 2009, Cobasys was a 50-50 joint venture between California-based
1213:
995:
1419:
1289:
1270:
912:
1338:
1251:
869:
206:
venture in 1995, at which point ECD Ovonics purchased ANR for $ 8 million in stock and notes, leaving OBC as a wholly owned subsidiary of ECD Ovonics.
215:
928:
832:
817:
704:
746:
724:
Texaco To Acquire General Motor's Share of GM Ovonic Battery Joint Venture: Deal Reflects Technology's Potential For Broad Energy Applications
245:
This period was during the development of hybrid and electric vehicles by several automotive manufacturers trying to comply with California's
1322:
1200:
1230:
487:
300:
1065:
685:
398:
137:
108:
993:
ECD Announces Expansion of NiMH Battery License to Cobasys and Restructuring of Relationship with ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures
798:
934:
2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive (Press release). Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2000-09-21. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
445:
536:
363:
On February 14, 2012, the former Energy Conversion Devices Inc. operating subsidiary "Ovonic Battery Company" was acquired by
1466:
512:
46:
1014:
1395:
1476:
1363:
976:
129:
125:
1087:
850:
779:
726:
618:
214:
and an unnamed Japanese automaker on batteries for electric vehicles (EVs). In 1992, OCB was awarded a contract by the
1335:"The Energy Roadmap - the Edison of our Age: Stan Ovshinsky and the Future of Energy [Video Interview Part 1]"
564:
89:
61:
1166:
1147:
1128:
992:
890:
838:
2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2001-10-09. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
823:
2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2000-10-16. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1310:
1188:
464:
405:
383:
68:
42:
1416:
1286:
1267:
909:
1248:
1033:
866:
692:
Bureau of Air Quality, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, January, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
661:
35:
1126:
Cobasys and A123Systems Announce Partnership to Develop Lithium Ion Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Systems
603:
590:
307:
begun in 1996, pioneered several advances in large-format NiMH batteries suitable for electric vehicles.
75:
221:
211:
190:
701:
664:
Air Resource Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, 2007-04-20. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
57:
1439:
394:
133:
1104:
1359:
649:
339:
1227:
484:
1049:
958:
1318:
1196:
357:
194:
152:
155:, was announced. The joint venture ended in 2012, with Bosch taking full control of Cobasys.
818:
Chevron and Texaco Agree to $ 100 Billion Merger Creating Top-tier Integrated Energy Company
1451:
1423:
1314:
1293:
1274:
1255:
1234:
1192:
1072:
1037:
999:
916:
897:
873:
802:
708:
689:
682:
571:
540:
516:
491:
468:
449:
411:
262:
a merger plan, which was completed a year later as they became ChevronTexaco Corporation.
165:
795:
128:
batteries, battery control systems, and packaged solutions for automotive applications,
387:
239:
235:
170:
442:
1460:
1214:"ChevronTexaco Corporation Announces Completion of Merger | Chevron Corporation"
1170:
1151:
1132:
1091:
1018:
1011:
980:
854:
783:
730:
622:
246:
82:
393:
On October 10, 2000, Texaco announced the purchase of GM's share in GM Ovonics, and
1105:"ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES INC, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Sep 13, 2005"
973:
533:
1084:
847:
776:
723:
662:
Status Report on the California Air Resource Board's Zero Emission Vehicle Program
615:
509:
983:(Press release). Ovonic Hydrogen Solutions, 2000-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
349:
331:
144:
24:
1368:
974:
Texaco and Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Form Hydrogen Storage Joint Venture
1163:
1144:
1125:
711:
State of California Air Resources Board, 2004-03-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1145:
Cobasys Confirms Production Contract for 2008 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid Sedan
1040:(Corporate website). Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
777:
Texaco and ECD Restructure NiMH Battery Joint Venture - Texaco Ovonic, LLC
634:
616:
Texaco and ECD Restructure NiMH Battery Joint Venture - Texaco Ovonic, LLC
1305:
1183:
946:
552:
1375:
763:
353:
148:
929:
Texaco and Energy Conversion Devices Inc. Form Fuel Cell Joint Venture
304:
258:
461:
338:
Cobasys was contracted to provide NiMH battery systems for the GM's
335:
industry, providing extensive development and integration services.
1002:(Press release). ECD Ovonics, 2004-12-03. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
220:
1075:. (SEC filing). ECD Ovonics, 2004-07-07. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1030:
857:. (Press release). Cobabsys, 2004-03-15. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
733:. (Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
964:, Vol. 1, Issues 6-8, June–August 2003. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
625:(Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
364:
949:(SEC Filing). SECInfo.com, 2002-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
786:(Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1135:(Press release). Cobasys, 2007-01-03. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1094:(Press release). Cobasys, 2005-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1066:
US SEC Form 8-K, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., July 7, 2004
124:
is an American automotive technology corporation. It supplies
18:
891:
ECD Ovonics Amended General Statement of Beneficial Ownership
591:
Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.: Information from Answers.com
1085:
Cobasys and Panasonic Expand Relationship for NiMH Batteries
637:(SEC Filing). SEC Info, 1997-05-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
234:
In 1994, Ovonic Battery Company formed a joint venture with
193:, a scientist and inventor, with his wife and collaborator
189:
ECD Ovonics, half owner of Cobasys, was founded in 1960 by
1164:
Cobasys to Explore Alternatives to Support Growth Strategy
947:
Energy Conversion Devices Inc, DEF 14A, For 1/18/02, EX-99
796:
Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems to Build New Plant in Ohio
833:
ChevronTexaco Corporation Announce Completion of Merger
747:"GM will sell its 60% stake in battery maker to Texaco"
702:
Fact Sheet: 2003 Zero Emission Vehicle Program Changes
471:(Corporate website). Cobasys. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
650:
Honda EV Plus: The Dream of an Electric Vehicle(1988)
377:
Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
1307:
Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America
1185:
Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America
565:
Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. 2006 Proxy Statement
510:
Ovonic Materials Division — NiMH Battery JV Overview
407:
Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America
352:, an electric vehicle battery joint venture between
299:
Panasonic EV Energy (PEVE), a joint venture between
265:
In 2004 this joint venture was renamed Cobasys LLC.
147:, an electric vehicle battery joint venture between
1195:Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1228:"Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries"
813:
811:
505:
503:
485:Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries.
635:Energy Conversion Devices Inc, 10-Q, For 3/31/97
529:
527:
525:
253:Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems, and Cobasys, 2000
1021:. (Corporate website). Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1012:Our Company: Welcome to Ovonic Hydrogen Systems
159:Battelle-Geneva's pioneering work on NiMH, 1967
1317:(Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers)
1050:Timeline: Life & Death of the Electric Car
942:
940:
1173:Cobasys, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
1154:Cobasys, 2007-03-13. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
574:. Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. 2006-10-16.
158:
8:
1445:US Patent No. 6,969,567 - Multi-cell battery
959:The (De-)Construction Site: M&A Activity
886:
884:
882:
741:
739:
719:
717:
553:ENER: Profile for Energy Conversion Devices
555:. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
479:
477:
1392:"Cobasys CEO Defends His Battery Company"
683:Zero Emission Vehicle Study, January 2000
604:Li/FeS battery design for an electric van
348:On July 14, 2009, the sale of Cobasys to
216:United States Advanced Battery Consortium
169:Battelle-Geneva R&D Center. See also
143:On July 14, 2009, the sale of Cobasys to
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1277:for the period ending September 30, 2007
919:for the period ending September 30, 2007
645:
643:
758:
756:
593:. Answers.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
586:
584:
582:
580:
435:
399:Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics
295:Patent dispute with Panasonic EV Energy
1472:Electric vehicle battery manufacturers
1249:ECD Ovonics Definitive Proxy Statement
867:ECD Ovonics Definitive Proxy Statement
497:, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
805:(Press release). Chevron, 2002-10-29.
543:ECD Ovonics. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
519:ECD Ovonics. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
7:
1426:for the period ending March 31, 2008
1370:Stanford Ovshinsky Interview, Part 2
1296:for the period ending March 31, 2008
1056:2006-06-09. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
277:Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company, LLC
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd.: News
848:We have changed our name to COBASYS
286:Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems, LLC
602:Chilenskas, A. A., and G. Barlow.
14:
1417:ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report
1287:ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report
1268:ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report
910:ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report
652:. Honda. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
452:Cobasys. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
16:Automotive technology corporation
1390:Neslage, Tom (August 10, 2008).
23:
138:Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.
34:needs additional citations for
1226:Roberson, J. (March 14, 2007)
410:, published in February 2007,
130:uninterruptible power supplies
1:
225:GM Ovonic NiMH battery module
201:Ovonic Battery Company, 1982
1394:(Interview). Archived from
126:nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
1493:
374:
384:battery electric vehicles
467:January 5, 2016, at the
448:January 5, 2016, at the
367:Corporation of Germany.
872:April 19, 2012, at the
230:GM Ovonic Battery, 1994
1422:July 28, 2009, at the
1071:July 17, 2004, at the
896:July 29, 2009, at the
764:"Electric Vehicles UK"
226:
1467:Battery manufacturers
915:May 24, 2009, at the
418:In an interview with
247:Zero-Emission Vehicle
224:
212:Hyundai Motor Company
191:Stanford R. Ovshinsky
1398:on December 17, 2008
354:Samsung SDI Co. Ltd.
350:SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.
323:Sale and dissolution
149:Samsung SDI Co. Ltd.
145:SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.
43:improve this article
1477:Chevron Corporation
1258:of January 15, 2003
900:of December 2, 2004
876:of January 15, 2003
534:ECD Ovonics History
462:Cobabsys: Investors
136:and Michigan-based
134:Chevron Corporation
1450:2016-01-05 at the
1313:2011-02-06 at the
1292:2009-07-28 at the
1273:2009-05-24 at the
1254:2012-04-19 at the
1238:Detroit Free Press
1233:2010-12-05 at the
1191:2011-02-06 at the
1036:2007-08-10 at the
998:2006-10-25 at the
801:2007-09-29 at the
749:. 23 October 2000.
707:2011-07-21 at the
688:2007-09-30 at the
570:2006-10-16 at the
539:2007-09-04 at the
515:2009-05-22 at the
495:Detroit Free Press
490:2010-12-05 at the
227:
1323:978-0-86571-571-4
1201:978-0-86571-571-4
1107:. secdatabase.com
358:Robert Bosch GmbH
257:In October 2000,
195:Iris M. Ovshinsky
185:ECD Ovonics, 1960
153:Robert Bosch GmbH
119:
118:
111:
93:
1484:
1427:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1337:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1246:
1240:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1180:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
971:
965:
956:
950:
944:
935:
926:
920:
907:
901:
888:
877:
864:
858:
845:
839:
830:
824:
815:
806:
793:
787:
774:
768:
767:
760:
751:
750:
743:
734:
721:
712:
699:
693:
680:
674:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
638:
632:
626:
613:
607:
600:
594:
588:
575:
562:
556:
550:
544:
531:
520:
507:
498:
481:
472:
459:
453:
440:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1457:
1456:
1452:Wayback Machine
1440:Cobasys website
1436:
1431:
1430:
1424:Wayback Machine
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1367:
1364:Wayback Machine
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1315:Wayback Machine
1304:
1300:
1294:Wayback Machine
1285:
1281:
1275:Wayback Machine
1266:
1262:
1256:Wayback Machine
1247:
1243:
1235:Wayback Machine
1225:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1193:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1073:Wayback Machine
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1038:Wayback Machine
1029:
1025:
1010:
1006:
1000:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
972:
968:
957:
953:
945:
938:
927:
923:
917:Wayback Machine
908:
904:
898:Wayback Machine
889:
880:
874:Wayback Machine
865:
861:
846:
842:
831:
827:
816:
809:
803:Wayback Machine
794:
790:
775:
771:
762:
761:
754:
745:
744:
737:
722:
715:
709:Wayback Machine
700:
696:
690:Wayback Machine
681:
677:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
641:
633:
629:
614:
610:
601:
597:
589:
578:
572:Wayback Machine
563:
559:
551:
547:
541:Wayback Machine
532:
523:
517:Wayback Machine
508:
501:
492:Wayback Machine
482:
475:
469:Wayback Machine
460:
456:
450:Wayback Machine
441:
437:
432:
412:Sherry Boschert
388:plug-in hybrids
379:
373:
325:
297:
288:
279:
255:
232:
203:
187:
182:
161:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1435:
1434:External links
1432:
1429:
1428:
1409:
1382:
1351:
1326:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1241:
1219:
1205:
1175:
1169:2013-01-19 at
1156:
1150:2012-07-24 at
1137:
1131:2013-01-19 at
1118:
1096:
1090:2012-07-29 at
1077:
1058:
1042:
1023:
1017:2006-03-21 at
1004:
985:
979:2005-05-07 at
966:
962:Power Currents
951:
936:
921:
902:
878:
859:
853:2012-07-23 at
840:
825:
807:
788:
782:2012-07-30 at
769:
752:
735:
729:2012-07-24 at
713:
694:
675:
666:
654:
639:
627:
621:2012-07-30 at
608:
595:
576:
557:
545:
521:
499:
473:
454:
443:Markets Served
434:
433:
431:
428:
375:Main article:
372:
369:
324:
321:
296:
293:
287:
284:
278:
275:
254:
251:
240:Robert Stempel
236:General Motors
231:
228:
202:
199:
186:
183:
181:
178:
171:NiMH batteries
160:
157:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1341:on 2017-11-27
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:Boschert, S.
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:archive.today
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:archive.today
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:archive.today
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:archive.today
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:archive.today
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
989:
986:
982:
981:archive.today
978:
975:
970:
967:
963:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
911:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
863:
860:
856:
855:archive.today
852:
849:
844:
841:
837:
834:
829:
826:
822:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
792:
789:
785:
784:archive.today
781:
778:
773:
770:
765:
759:
757:
753:
748:
742:
740:
736:
732:
731:archive.today
728:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
679:
676:
670:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
623:archive.today
620:
617:
612:
609:
605:
599:
596:
592:
587:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
561:
558:
554:
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:Roberson, J.
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
444:
439:
436:
429:
427:
423:
421:
420:The Economist
416:
413:
409:
408:
404:In her book,
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
378:
370:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
343:
341:
336:
333:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
294:
292:
285:
283:
276:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
252:
250:
248:
243:
241:
237:
229:
223:
219:
217:
213:
207:
200:
198:
196:
192:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:
167:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1385:
1374:
1369:
1360:Ghostarchive
1358:Archived at
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1329:
1306:
1301:
1282:
1263:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1099:
1080:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1026:
1007:
988:
969:
961:
954:
924:
905:
862:
843:
828:
791:
772:
697:
678:
669:
657:
630:
611:
598:
560:
548:
494:
457:
438:
424:
419:
417:
406:
403:
392:
380:
362:
347:
344:
337:
330:Cobasys and
329:
326:
317:
313:
309:
298:
289:
280:
271:
267:
264:
256:
244:
233:
208:
204:
188:
174:
162:
142:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
332:A123Systems
259:Texaco Inc.
122:Cobasys LLC
1461:Categories
1345:2008-12-20
430:References
371:Criticisms
301:Matsushita
69:newspapers
99:June 2023
58:"Cobasys"
1448:Archived
1420:Archived
1402:June 16,
1362:and the
1311:Archived
1290:Archived
1271:Archived
1252:Archived
1231:Archived
1189:Archived
1167:Archived
1148:Archived
1129:Archived
1088:Archived
1069:Archived
1034:Archived
1015:Archived
996:Archived
977:Archived
932:Archived
913:Archived
894:Archived
870:Archived
851:Archived
836:Archived
821:Archived
799:Archived
780:Archived
727:Archived
705:Archived
686:Archived
619:Archived
568:Archived
537:Archived
513:Archived
488:Archived
465:Archived
446:Archived
1376:YouTube
1111:May 14,
395:Chevron
180:History
83:scholar
1321:
1199:
340:Saturn
305:Toyota
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
90:JSTOR
76:books
1404:2023
1319:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1113:2018
1054:NOW,
1052:PBS
386:and
365:BASF
356:and
303:and
166:Ref:
151:and
62:news
45:by
1463::
1373:.
1366::
939:^
881:^
810:^
755:^
738:^
716:^
642:^
579:^
524:^
502:^
476:^
390:.
1406:.
1379:.
1348:.
1216:.
1203:.
1115:.
766:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
