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In 2020, local farmers clearing land in the La
Libertad region of northwestern Peru found the ruins of a shrine bearing a large mural painted in shades of ocher, yellow, gray and white. The site was previously unknown and it is estimated that about 60% of the shrine complex was accidentally destroyed
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and the
Cupisnique cultures are referred to interchangeably. The reason for that is because of similarities in their ceramic designs. The Moche were a very "vibrant" culture among emerging cultures within the Cupisnique society that had a base population of farming and fishing along with a middle and
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There are many shared elements among motifs used in all three locations. For example, one common element is that of the spider deity. This spider motif appears to persevere from the 4,000-year-old temple of
VentarrĂłn throughout time, to its appearance on artifacts of the Moche culture dated to c. 300
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Sometimes the
Cupisnique people are spoken of as a cult, due to two main reasons. The first reason being that there had been very "little direct evidence of their patterns of social organization, demography, or subsistence strategies". The second reason being the buildings embellished with painted,
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The relationship between the Chavin culture and the
Cupisnique culture is not well understood, and the names are sometimes used interchangeably. For instance, the anthropological scholar, Alana Cordy-Collins, treats as Cupisnique a culture lasting from 1000 – 200 BC, which are the dates some
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The main connection between the
Cupisnique and the Moche is the incorporation of the decapitation theme where there exists a decapitator and a decapitated character. In the Cupisnique society, "the decapitators appear in five supernatural guises: human, monster, bird, fish, and spider..." Moche
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The temple found in 2008 also includes imagery of the spider deity, thought to be associated with rainfall, hunting, and warfare. The spider deity image combines a spider's neck and head, with the mouth of a large feline, and the beak of a bird.
128:"Cupisnique and Chavin shared the same gods and the same architectural and artistic forms, showing intense religious interaction among the cultures of the Early Formative Period from the north coast to the Andes and down to the central Andes."
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This spider deity temple sheds some light on the connection between the
Cupisnique and the Chavin because of shared iconography. In fact, some other related temples also had been discovered in the area at approximately the same time.
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The Chavin people who came after the
Cupisnique built a temple adjacent to Collud about three hundred years later, in a location named "Zarpan". The three temples are close together and form a single archaeological site.
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The
Cupisnique motifs seem to be deeply rooted in religion, which apparently had a great influence upon the character of emerging cultures such as the Salinar, Vicus, Gallinazo, and as mentioned, the Moche culture.
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decapitators are the same five plus two additional characters: the crab and the scorpion. Images of the five main decapitators from both the
Cupisnique and the Moche culture appear in many references.
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Scholars believe that the parallelism between Moche and Cupisnique iconography is not just coincidental, rather, that the Moche were "the heirs to a belief that they subscribed to in practice".
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people of Peru depicted spiders in their art, such as portrayed on this c. 300 AD ceramic artifact of the culture, with the spider deity shown holding a knife that often appears in depictions (
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77:(Moche) culture with no mention of Chavin. Yet another scholar, Anna C. Roosevelt, refers to "the coastal manifestation of the Chavin Horizon... dominated by the Cupisnique style".
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of the northern Peru coast. Two phases of construction were identified; among other things, animal faces indicating Cupisnique iconography were uncovered.
343:, ed. Bruce G. Trigger, Wilcomb E. Washburn, Richard E. W. Adams, Frank Salomon, Murdo J. MacLeod, Stuart B. Schwartz, Cambridge University Press, 1996
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Mirrors dating to 900-200 BC were discovered in archaeological sites that have been identified as Cupisnique. They reflect high quality images.
558:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Cupisnique (see index)
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during the process. Researchers have now identified the mural image as a 3,200-year-old painting of a knife-wielding spider god.
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A Cupisnique adobe temple was discovered in 2008 in the Lambayeque valley in the area of the archaeological site of
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associate with the Chavin culture. Another scholar, Izumi Shimada, calls Cupisnique a possible ancestor of
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Los complejos de Cerro Ventarrón y Collud-Zarpán: del Precerámico al Formativo en el valle de Lambayeque.
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In 2008, it was reported that archaeologists had excavated the Cupisnique site of Limoncarro in the
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Cupisnique ceramic bottle depicting a feline with rounded ears, a distinctive characteristic of the
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clay architecture. Artifacts of the culture share artistic styles and religious symbols with the
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434:""Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography""
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311:"Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography"
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indigenous culture that flourished from c. 1500 to 500 BC along what now is
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Ancient Peruvian ceramics: the Nathan Cummings collection by Alan R. Sawyer
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America
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Archaeologists identify 3,200-year-old temple mural of spider god in Peru
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Excavaciones en el Templete de Limoncarro, valle bajo de Jequetepeque.
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BOLETÍN DE ARQUEOLOGÍA PUCP / N.° 12 / 2008, 171-201 / ISSN 1029-2004
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BOLETÍN DE ARQUEOLOGÍA PUCP / N.° 12 / 2008, 97-117 / ISSN 1029-2004
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40:'s northern Pacific coast. The culture had a distinctive style of
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496:"3,200-Year-Old Mural of Knife-Wielding Spider God Found in Peru"
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is another site that was influenced by the Cupisnique culture.
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incised stucco relief work depicting surreal creatures".
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Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Lunazzi, J. J. (2007). "Ă“ptica precolombina del PerĂş".
20:Stirrup-handled Cupinisque ceramic vase 1250 BC (
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329:, Izumi Shimada, University of Texas Press, 1994
391:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the
177:One of the most important Cupisnique sites is
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48:that arose in the same area at a later date.
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413:National Geographic News, October 29, 2008
281:, The Guardian, March 25, 2021 with images
124:According to the team leader Walter Alva,
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393:Museo ArqueolĂłgico Rafael Larco Herrera
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389:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
327:"Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture"
255:Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture.
145:body and feline head. Met Museum, NYC
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229:Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru
477:Masato Sakai, Juan JosĂ© MartĂnez,
354:"The new temples of Collud-Zarpán"
292:'Spider God' Temple Found in Peru"
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411:"Spider God" Temple Found in Peru
258:University of Texas Press, 2010
81:Spider deity temple discovered
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432:Cordy-Collins, Alana (1992).
190:Guadalupe District, Pacasmayo
52:The Cupisnique and the Chavin
133:The Cupisnique and the Moche
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315:Latin American Archaeology
521:Revista cubana de fĂsica
438:Latin American Antiquity
296:National Geographic News
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24:collection)
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264:029278757X
240:References
30:Cupisnique
87:Ventarron
218:See also
104:Ancient
68:, Paris)
535:Bibcode
401:, 1997.
181:in the
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