465:
6073:
6078:
5509:
2830:
5207:
205:
7683:
5219:
7888:
5542:
5213:
530:
417:
4686:
6789:
6783:
6777:
4691:
7678:
838:
850:
638:
886:
874:
135:
862:
728:
originated from probainognathian cynodonts during the Late
Triassic. Early Mammaliaformes were small bodied insectivores. Only two groups of non-mammaliaform cynodonts existed beyond the end of the Triassic, both belonging to Probainognathia. The first is the insectivorous
457:, who were the closest relatives of cynodonts. (However, the secondary palate of cynodonts primarily comprises the maxillae and palatines as in mammals, whereas the secondary palate of the therocephalians primarily comprises the maxillae and the vomer.) The
777:
in the roof of the mouth. This caused air flow from the nostrils to travel to a position in the back of the mouth instead of directly through it, allowing cynodonts to chew and breathe at the same time. This characteristic is present in all mammals.
551:
on their snout bones, similar to reptiles. This suggests that they had immobile, non-muscular lips like those of lizards, and lacked muscular cheeks. As a muscular, mobile face is necessary to perform whisking movements and to avoid damage to
568:
bones. These served to strengthen the torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature, aiding them in the development of an erect gait, but at the expense of prolonged pregnancy, forcing these animals to give birth to highly
560:
cynodonts, the group that includes mammals, the foramina are replaced by a single large infraorbital foramen, which indicates that the face had become muscular and that whiskers would have been present.
603:
does indeed demonstrate that at least tritylodontids already had a fundamentally marsupial-like reproductive style, but produced much higher litters at around 38 perinates or possibly eggs.
710:. During the Early and Middle Triassic, cynodont diversity was dominated by members of Cynognathia, and members of Probainognathia would not become prominent until the Late Triassic (early
3429:
3158:
Jason A. Lillegraven, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, William A. Clemens, Mesozoic
Mammals: The First Two-Thirds of Mammalian History, University of California Press, 17 December 1979 – 321
737:, which first appeared in the latest Triassic, which were abundant and diverse during the Jurassic, predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere, persisted into the Early Cretaceous (
3325:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (22 October 2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (eds.).
698:. Peak disparity in cynodonts occurred from the Induan to the Carnian and in the middle Norian. Post-Early Triassic cynodonts were dominated by members of the advanced clade
400:, both as carnivores and as herbivores. Following the emergence of mammals, most other cynodont lines went extinct, with the last known non-mammaliaform cynodont group, the
3914:
3219:
Meng, Qing-Jin; Grossnickle, David M.; Di, Liu; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Neander, April I.; Ji, Qiang; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2017). "New gliding mammaliaforms from the
Jurassic".
3024:"The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian Ancestors"
3270:
Tolchard, Frederick; Kammerer, Christian F.; Butler, Richard J.; Hendrickx, Christophe; Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Choiniere, Jonah N. (26 July 2021).
3711:
3699:
8006:
3909:
2911:
Bajdek, Piotr (2015). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper
Permian coprolites from Russia".
6072:
3731:
S. H. Haughton and A. S. Brink. 1954. A bibliographical list of
Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 2:1–187
2843:
695:
378:
3558:
3344:
8001:
5578:
623:, which has been estimated to have a maximum skull length of approximately 617 millimetres (24.3 in) based on a fragmentary specimen.
8011:
6077:
3951:
720:) having been found in the Northern Hemisphere. Among the most dominant groups of Middle and Late Triassic cynodonts is the herbivorous
797:(1913) reranked Cynodontia as an infraorder, since retained by others, including Colbert and Kitching (1977), Carroll (1988), Gauthier
2858:
3803:
464:
3887:
Hopson, J.A.; Kitching, J.W. (2001). "A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of non-mammalian cynodonts".
5508:
3168:
Hoffman, Eva A.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2018). "Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth".
3370:"A Basal Nonmammaliaform Cynodont from the Permian of Zambia and the Origins of Mammalian Endocranial and Postcranial Anatomy"
684:. Fossils of Permian cynodonts are relatively rare outside of South Africa, with the most widely distributed genus being
606:
Cynodonts are the only known synapsid lineage to have produced aerial locomotors, with gliding and flying being known in
7682:
670:
161:
5218:
5206:
3022:
Benoit, Julien; Ruf, Irina; Miyamae, Juri A.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rodrigues, Pablo Gusmão; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2020).
2818:
Non-mammalian cynodonts have been found in South
America, India, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe and North America.
204:
3326:
3781:
5571:
4030:
175:
762:
bones reduced. This move towards a single bone for the mandible paved the way for other bones in the jaw, the
3272:"A new large gomphodont from the Triassic of South Africa and its implications for Gondwanan biostratigraphy"
6788:
4057:
3944:
7754:
7908:
6776:
5410:
5212:
4685:
3742:
167:
6782:
3722:
R. Broom. 1913. A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo. Annals of the South
African Museum 7(6):361–366
7968:
5317:
5291:
433:. The teeth were fully differentiated and the braincase bulged at the back of the head. Outside of some
190:
7677:
6384:
3423:
Ruta, Marcello; Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Mitchell, Stephen A.; Benton, Michael James (22 October 2013).
493:
secreting lipids to coat their fur, but the telltale imprint of this structure is only found from the
7955:
7412:
6846:
6024:
5375:
5343:
3857:
3842:
3754:
3642:
3381:
3369:
3283:
3228:
3177:
3090:
2970:
1564:
901:
from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:
814:
632:
7814:
7036:
4690:
7442:
6996:
5902:
5564:
5433:
2835:
1805:
1104:
449:
in a more mammal-like skull would have allowed for more robust jaw musculature. They also have the
7724:
7511:
6896:
6364:
6344:
5782:
7996:
7891:
7824:
7576:
7548:
7481:
7276:
7174:
7137:
6976:
6946:
5912:
5762:
5669:
5545:
5092:
4951:
4904:
3937:
3682:
3658:
3611:
3405:
3350:
3307:
3252:
3201:
3132:
3059:
3043:
2848:
1507:
442:
199:
185:
153:
7784:
7504:
7496:
6477:
6224:
3743:"Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana"
2287:
7973:
7619:
7734:
7657:
7457:
7283:
7144:
6438:
6238:
5796:
5032:
5005:
3799:
3674:
3666:
3603:
3554:
3516:
3464:
3446:
3397:
3340:
3299:
3244:
3193:
3124:
3106:
3051:
3004:
2986:
1846:
681:
397:
310:
510:
show that more basal therapsids may have had fur, and at any rate fur was already present in
7744:
7541:
7121:
6557:
6468:
6404:
6193:
5062:
4801:
4661:
4304:
3899:
Davis, Dwight (1961). "Origin of the
Mammalian Feeding Mechanism". Am. Zoologist, 1:229–234.
3865:
3762:
3650:
3593:
3546:
3506:
3498:
3454:
3438:
3389:
3332:
3291:
3236:
3185:
3114:
3098:
3035:
2994:
2978:
2920:
2891:
2239:
1914:
1714:
1639:
1407:
1248:
774:
730:
721:
677:
615:
557:
486:
450:
405:
7946:
770:, to migrate to the cranium, where they function as parts of the mammalian hearing system.
489:, but fossil evidence of their fur (or lack thereof) has been elusive. Modern mammals have
7804:
6715:
6601:
6484:
6307:
6254:
6108:
6095:
6036:
5922:
5833:
5812:
5128:
4971:
4911:
4771:
4727:
4015:
2469:
2405:
2339:
2168:
2044:
1156:
924:
734:
707:
490:
454:
401:
390:
316:
3861:
3758:
3646:
3538:
3385:
3287:
3232:
3181:
3094:
2974:
2938:
Estes, Richard (1961). "Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile
Thrinaxodon liorhinus".
7855:
7850:
7711:
7590:
7489:
7427:
7151:
6936:
6819:
6806:
6740:
6652:
6617:
6531:
6414:
6291:
5638:
5456:
5387:
5085:
5014:
4934:
4897:
4855:
4846:
4598:
4502:
4447:
4436:
4393:
4359:
4269:
4144:
4042:
3511:
3486:
3459:
3424:
3119:
2999:
2958:
2595:
2510:
2421:
2218:
2193:
1730:
1657:
1589:
1448:
810:
802:
725:
655:
620:
599:
593:
541:
511:
446:
386:
275:
3023:
714:). Almost all Middle Triassic cynodonts are known from Gondwana, with only one genus (
7990:
7860:
7602:
7562:
7370:
7356:
7349:
7305:
7248:
7165:
7006:
6966:
6876:
6701:
6547:
6454:
6324:
6139:
5972:
5865:
5842:
5530:
5399:
5158:
5150:
5071:
5021:
4991:
4981:
4918:
4778:
4736:
4533:
4518:
4491:
4470:
4332:
4325:
4241:
3787:
3686:
3615:
3539:"The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage"
3487:"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"
3425:"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"
3409:
3311:
3256:
3205:
3063:
1773:
1614:
1063:
997:
974:
842:
716:
686:
666:
651:
587:
494:
422:
333:
92:
3843:"A Late Triassic Traversodont Cynodont From the Newark Supergroup of North Carolina"
3630:
3354:
3079:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
2959:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
416:
7865:
7841:
7836:
7526:
7468:
7334:
7320:
7241:
7227:
7197:
7016:
6906:
6856:
6722:
6638:
6610:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6447:
6268:
6169:
6129:
5999:
5983:
5956:
5535:
5525:
5489:
5349:
5306:
5280:
5142:
5078:
4883:
4869:
4862:
4785:
4757:
4484:
4400:
4339:
4283:
4276:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4169:
3869:
3136:
2645:
2553:
2357:
2305:
1430:
1211:
1170:
806:
794:
786:
767:
699:
535:
516:
498:
478:
370:
363:
293:
147:
54:
39:
3919:
3393:
3295:
829:(2007) seems to have followed Owen (1861), but without specifying taxonomic rank.
724:, predominantly in Gondwana, which reached a peak diversity in the Late Triassic.
691:
which is known from South Africa, Germany, Tanzania, Zambia, and possibly Russia.
529:
3766:
3550:
7940:
7612:
7569:
7518:
7450:
7420:
7377:
7363:
7341:
7290:
7234:
7204:
7189:
7097:
7066:
7046:
6986:
6956:
6926:
6916:
6836:
6694:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6645:
6631:
6624:
6577:
6520:
6394:
6354:
6247:
6209:
6179:
6013:
5932:
5364:
5332:
5135:
5114:
4890:
4750:
4743:
4708:
4651:
4641:
4569:
4477:
4372:
4200:
4178:
4159:
3795:
3271:
2627:
2485:
2134:
1896:
1532:
1323:
1289:
1271:
1197:
1182:
1122:
890:
854:
809:, Colbert and Kitching (1977) to Theriodontia, and Rubridge and Sidor (2001) to
790:
747:
703:
642:
470:
434:
67:
3920:
Bennett and Ruben 1986. The
Metabolic and Thermoregulatory Status of Therapsids
3654:
3598:
3581:
3580:
Grossnickle, David M.; Smith, Stephanie M.; Wilson, Gregory P. (October 2019).
3039:
837:
7434:
7404:
7391:
7327:
7298:
7269:
7255:
7130:
7077:
7056:
6866:
6729:
6708:
6687:
6567:
6512:
6334:
6284:
6277:
6216:
6149:
5965:
5892:
5882:
5819:
5772:
5629:
5479:
5469:
5249:
5236:
5170:
5100:
5048:
4832:
4764:
4611:
4526:
4511:
4421:
4414:
4386:
4311:
4297:
3791:
3336:
3189:
2825:
2535:
2439:
2255:
2084:
1871:
1482:
1366:
1227:
1045:
1013:
878:
866:
733:, which briefly lasted into the Early Jurassic. The second is the herbivorous
607:
582:
578:
574:
328:
262:
112:
77:
7931:
3924:
3670:
3662:
3450:
3401:
3303:
3149:
Michael L. Power, Jay Schulkin. The Evolution of the Human Placenta. pp. 68–.
3110:
3055:
3047:
2990:
7533:
7218:
7107:
7087:
7026:
6424:
6374:
5942:
5805:
5654:
5620:
5266:
5121:
4822:
4547:
4407:
4318:
4262:
4255:
4193:
4123:
4110:
4069:
3960:
3631:"Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs"
898:
885:
849:
763:
755:
738:
662:
637:
570:
522:
507:
374:
366:
249:
216:
117:
61:
3678:
3607:
3545:, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445,
3520:
3502:
3468:
3442:
3248:
3197:
3128:
3008:
2896:
2879:
873:
745:) in Asia, at least until around 120 million years ago, as represented by
7925:
7794:
7764:
7626:
7583:
7555:
7312:
7181:
6886:
6659:
6587:
5611:
5107:
4961:
4876:
4631:
4621:
4554:
4540:
4463:
4456:
4211:
4186:
3990:
3984:
3537:
Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.),
2853:
2610:
1348:
565:
236:
180:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
31:
3240:
481:
metabolism. This has led to many reconstructions of cynodonts as having
445:
were much larger than those of their ancestors, and the widening of the
134:
17:
7774:
7262:
6202:
6159:
5849:
4290:
3999:
3078:
2116:
2059:
1821:
1755:
861:
553:
548:
503:
458:
122:
97:
35:
3102:
2982:
2924:
7646:
5752:
5605:
5439:
4429:
3978:
956:
742:
711:
438:
430:
382:
322:
226:
7902:
825:(2007) all considered Cynodontia as belonging to Therapsida. Botha
385:
are cynodonts, as are their extinct ancestors and close relatives (
4248:
3485:
Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013).
2880:"Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and Feathers"
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
636:
528:
463:
415:
3629:
Mao, Fangyuan; Zhang, Chi; Liu, Cunyu; Meng, Jin (7 April 2021).
702:, which has two main subdivisions, the predominantly herbivorous
7960:
3582:"Untangling the Multiple Ecological Radiations of Early Mammals"
7906:
7698:
6804:
6093:
5716:
5598:
5560:
5234:
4706:
4108:
3971:
3933:
3368:
Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Sidor, Christian A. (1 December 2020).
759:
482:
5556:
3841:
Sues, Hans-Dieter; Olsen, Paul E.; Carter, Joseph G. (1999).
429:
Early cynodonts have many of the skeletal characteristics of
3929:
3828:
In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods
3077:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (9 May 2016).
2957:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (9 May 2016).
3491:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3430:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
556:, it is unlikely that early cynodonts had whiskers. In
7820:
7810:
7800:
7790:
7780:
7770:
7760:
7750:
7740:
7730:
7720:
7388:
7215:
7162:
7118:
7103:
7093:
7083:
7073:
7062:
7052:
7042:
7032:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6922:
6912:
6902:
6892:
6882:
6872:
6862:
6852:
6842:
6832:
6598:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6465:
6435:
6420:
6410:
6400:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6350:
6340:
6330:
6320:
6265:
6235:
6190:
6175:
6165:
6155:
6145:
6135:
6125:
6010:
5995:
5953:
5938:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5888:
5878:
5830:
5793:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5748:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5396:
5361:
5329:
5303:
5277:
5262:
5059:
5044:
5002:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4843:
4828:
4818:
4724:
4657:
4647:
4637:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4369:
4156:
4140:
3712:
Classification of B. S. Rubidge and C. A. Sidor 2001
7915:
7835:
7709:
7644:
7601:
7467:
7387:
7214:
7161:
7117:
6817:
6739:
6597:
6530:
6464:
6434:
6305:
6264:
6234:
6189:
6106:
6035:
6009:
5982:
5952:
5863:
5829:
5792:
5729:
5680:
5653:
5454:
5421:
5395:
5386:
5360:
5328:
5302:
5276:
5247:
5169:
5058:
5031:
5001:
4932:
4842:
4799:
4723:
4596:
4568:
4501:
4446:
4368:
4357:
4210:
4168:
4155:
4121:
4068:
4041:
4014:
453:that other primitive therapsids lacked, except the
694:Cynodonts expanded rapidly in diversity after the
3747:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
485:. Being endothermic they may have needed it for
3826:Fraser, Nicholas C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997).
817:(1910), Broom (1913), Carroll (1988), Gauthier
789:named Cynodontia in 1861, which he assigned to
680:of South Africa, belonging to the basal family
3328:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
396:Non-mammalian cynodonts occupied a variety of
5572:
3945:
3741:Abdala, Fernando; Ribeiro, Ana Maria (2010).
2940:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
821:(1989), Hopson and Kitching (2001) and Botha
8:
805:(2001). Olson (1966) assigned Cynodontia to
613:The largest known non-mammalian cynodont is
502:and onwards. Nonetheless, recent studies on
347:
7903:
7706:
7695:
7473:
7396:
6825:
6814:
6801:
6536:
6313:
6118:
6114:
6103:
6090:
5988:
5871:
5741:
5737:
5726:
5713:
5659:
5650:
5595:
5579:
5565:
5557:
5392:
5255:
5244:
5231:
5037:
4940:
4811:
4807:
4720:
4716:
4703:
4593:
4378:
4365:
4165:
4133:
4129:
4118:
4105:
4047:
4020:
4011:
3968:
3952:
3938:
3930:
3798:: Columbia University Press. p. 133.
133:
46:
3597:
3510:
3480:
3478:
3458:
3118:
2998:
2895:
461:was the largest bone in their lower jaw.
441:), all cynodonts probably laid eggs. The
377:), and extensively diversified after the
477:The cynodonts probably had some form of
2870:
661:The earliest cynodonts are known early
650:The closest relatives of cynodonts are
646:from the Early Triassic of South Africa
3915:Phylogeny of Theriodonts and Cynodonts
3532:
3530:
404:, having its youngest records in the
7:
393:cynodonts during the Late Triassic.
2603:
2526:
2501:
2476:
2464:
2412:
2400:
2330:
2278:
2271:
2246:
2234:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2107:
2100:
2075:
2050:
1887:
1862:
1837:
1812:
1746:
1721:
1709:
1630:
1605:
1580:
1555:
1548:
1523:
1498:
1473:
1421:
1414:
1339:
1314:
1262:
1255:
1243:
1218:
1188:
1177:
1147:
1095:
1088:
1036:
1029:
1004:
947:
940:
915:
904:
547:Early cynodonts had numerous small
3850:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3374:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3276:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2859:Triassic-Jurassic extinction event
706:and the predominantly carnivorous
597:, would lose these. A specimen of
25:
3586:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2878:Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D. (2000).
2844:Permian–Triassic extinction event
696:Permian-Triassic extinction event
654:, with which they form the clade
379:Permian–Triassic extinction event
8007:Extant Permian first appearances
7887:
7886:
7681:
7676:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6076:
6071:
5541:
5540:
5507:
5217:
5211:
5205:
4689:
4684:
3331:. De Gruyter. pp. 117–198.
2828:
389:), having evolved from advanced
203:
3870:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011146
3700:Classification of R. Owen 1861
3028:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
3830:. Cambridge University Press.
3394:10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413
3296:10.1080/02724634.2021.1929265
3767:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.011
3551:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11
564:Derived cynodonts developed
162:Brasilitherium riograndensis
8002:Lopingian first appearances
773:Cynodonts also developed a
610:and various mammal groups.
369:that first appeared in the
8028:
8012:Taxa named by Richard Owen
3783:Chinese Fossil Vertebrates
3780:Lucas, Spencer G. (2001).
3655:10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2
3599:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.008
3040:10.1007/s10914-019-09467-8
630:
29:
7882:
7705:
7694:
7674:
7476:
7399:
6828:
6813:
6800:
6773:
6539:
6316:
6121:
6117:
6102:
6089:
6069:
5991:
5874:
5744:
5740:
5725:
5712:
5662:
5649:
5594:
5520:
5505:
5258:
5243:
5230:
5203:
5040:
4943:
4814:
4810:
4719:
4715:
4702:
4682:
4592:
4381:
4136:
4132:
4117:
4104:
4050:
4023:
4010:
3967:
3337:10.1515/9783110341553-005
3190:10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3
2641:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2549:
2531:
2524:
2506:
2499:
2481:
2474:
2462:
2435:
2417:
2410:
2398:
2353:
2335:
2328:
2301:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2251:
2244:
2232:
2214:
2207:
2189:
2182:
2164:
2157:
2130:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2080:
2073:
2055:
2048:
1910:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1835:
1817:
1810:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1653:
1635:
1628:
1610:
1603:
1585:
1578:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1471:
1444:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1362:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1312:
1285:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1241:
1223:
1216:
1193:
1186:
1175:
1152:
1145:
1118:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1059:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1009:
1002:
970:
952:
945:
938:
920:
913:
758:, the number of cynodont
306:
301:
200:Scientific classification
198:
141:
132:
49:
801:(1989), and Rubidge and
669:) aged sediments of the
176:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
30:Not to be confused with
3543:The Late Triassic World
3503:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865
3443:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865
1565:"Scalenodon" attridgei
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
647:
544:
474:
426:
168:Megazostrodon rudnerae
142:Examples of cynodonts.
7969:Paleobiology Database
3889:Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
640:
532:
467:
437:mammals (notably the
419:
191:African bush elephant
2897:10.1093/icb/40.4.585
815:William King Gregory
633:Evolution of mammals
627:Evolutionary history
3862:1999JVPal..19..351S
3759:2010PPP...286..202A
3647:2021Natur.592..577M
3386:2020JVPal..40E7413H
3288:2021JVPal..41E9265T
3241:10.1038/nature23476
3233:2017Natur.548..291M
3182:2018Natur.561..104H
3095:2016NatSR...625604B
2975:2016NatSR...625604B
2836:Paleontology portal
1806:Gomphodontosuchinae
573:young as in modern
373:(approximately 260
27:Clade of therapsids
3497:(1769): 20131865.
3437:(1769): 20131865.
3083:Scientific Reports
2963:Scientific Reports
2884:American Zoologist
2849:Prehistoric mammal
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
648:
545:
475:
443:temporal fenestrae
427:
186:Loxodonta africana
154:Trirachodon berryi
7984:
7983:
7909:Taxon identifiers
7900:
7899:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7690:
7689:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
6796:
6795:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6439:Prozostrodontidae
6301:
6300:
6239:Probainognathidae
6085:
6084:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
5859:
5858:
5797:Charassognathidae
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5554:
5553:
5516:
5515:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5450:
5449:
5226:
5225:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5033:Sphenacodontoidea
5006:Palaeohatteriidae
4928:
4927:
4795:
4794:
4698:
4697:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4588:
4587:
4564:
4563:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
3910:Palaeos cynodonts
3641:(7855): 577–582.
3560:978-3-319-68008-8
3346:978-3-11-034155-3
3227:(7667): 291–296.
3176:(7721): 104–108.
3103:10.1038/srep25604
2983:10.1038/srep25604
2925:10.1111/let.12156
2810:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2451:
2450:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2317:
2316:
2146:
2145:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1847:Gomphodontosuchus
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1460:
1459:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1301:
1300:
1134:
1133:
1075:
1074:
986:
985:
682:Charassognathidae
398:ecological niches
341:
340:
311:Charassognathidae
297:
16:(Redirected from
8019:
7977:
7976:
7964:
7963:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7904:
7890:
7889:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7742:
7732:
7722:
7707:
7696:
7685:
7680:
7474:
7397:
7390:
7217:
7164:
7122:Kuehneotheriidae
7120:
7105:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7064:
7054:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6994:
6984:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6924:
6914:
6904:
6894:
6884:
6874:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6826:
6815:
6802:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6600:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6558:Botucaraitherium
6555:
6545:
6537:
6469:Tritheledontidae
6467:
6437:
6422:
6412:
6405:Santacruzgnathus
6402:
6392:
6385:Pseudotriconodon
6382:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6314:
6267:
6237:
6194:Chiniquodontidae
6192:
6177:
6167:
6157:
6147:
6137:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6104:
6091:
6080:
6075:
6012:
5997:
5989:
5955:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5872:
5832:
5795:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5727:
5714:
5660:
5651:
5644:
5643:
5596:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5558:
5544:
5543:
5511:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5398:
5393:
5363:
5331:
5305:
5279:
5264:
5256:
5245:
5232:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5063:Sphenacodontidae
5061:
5046:
5038:
5004:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4941:
4845:
4830:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4802:Haptodontiformes
4726:
4721:
4717:
4704:
4693:
4688:
4662:Protoclepsydrops
4659:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4594:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4305:Lalieudorhynchus
4166:
4158:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4119:
4106:
4048:
4021:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3969:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3896:
3874:
3873:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3753:(3–4): 202–217.
3738:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3122:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2875:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2604:
2527:
2502:
2477:
2465:
2413:
2401:
2331:
2279:
2272:
2247:
2240:Tritheledontidae
2235:
2210:
2185:
2160:
2108:
2101:
2076:
2051:
1915:Scalenodontoides
1888:
1863:
1838:
1813:
1747:
1722:
1715:Massetognathinae
1710:
1640:Arctotraversodon
1631:
1606:
1581:
1556:
1549:
1524:
1499:
1474:
1422:
1415:
1408:Traversodontidae
1340:
1315:
1263:
1256:
1249:Trirachodontidae
1244:
1219:
1189:
1178:
1148:
1096:
1089:
1037:
1030:
1005:
948:
941:
916:
905:
775:secondary palate
731:Tritheledontidae
722:Traversodontidae
678:Karoo Supergroup
616:Scalenodontoides
558:prozostrodontian
495:primitive mammal
491:Harderian glands
487:thermoregulation
451:secondary palate
406:Early Cretaceous
391:probainognathian
362:) is a clade of
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
292:
208:
207:
137:
127:
64:
53:Temporal range:
47:
21:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8016:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7972:
7967:
7959:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7911:
7901:
7896:
7870:
7840:
7831:
7805:Panchetocynodon
7701:
7686:
7664:
7632:
7597:
7463:
7413:Hypsiprymnopsis
7383:
7210:
7157:
7113:
6847:Brachyzostrodon
6822:
6809:
6792:
6755:
6735:
6716:Xenocretosuchus
6602:Tritylodontidae
6593:
6526:
6485:Diarthrognathus
6460:
6430:
6310:
6308:Prozostrodontia
6297:
6260:
6255:Probainognathus
6230:
6185:
6111:
6109:Probainognathia
6098:
6096:Probainognathia
6081:
6051:
6037:Probainognathia
6031:
6005:
5978:
5948:
5923:Platycraniellus
5868:
5855:
5834:Procynosuchidae
5825:
5813:Charassognathus
5788:
5734:
5721:
5696:
5676:
5645:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5585:
5555:
5550:
5512:
5495:
5446:
5417:
5382:
5356:
5324:
5298:
5272:
5252:
5239:
5222:
5185:
5165:
5129:Secodontosaurus
5054:
5027:
4997:
4972:Hypselohaptodus
4937:
4924:
4912:Remigiomontanus
4838:
4804:
4791:
4772:Stereophallodon
4728:Ophiacodontidae
4711:
4694:
4668:
4584:
4560:
4497:
4442:
4362:
4345:
4206:
4151:
4126:
4113:
4084:
4064:
4037:
4031:Tetrapodomorpha
4016:Tetrapodomorpha
4006:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3906:
3886:
3883:
3881:Further reading
3878:
3877:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3592:(10): 936–949.
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3380:(5): e1827413.
3367:
3366:
3362:
3347:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3282:(2): e1929265.
3269:
3268:
3264:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2470:Tritylodontidae
2452:
2406:Brasilodontidae
2388:
2379:
2370:
2340:Diarthrognathus
2318:
2169:Probainognathus
2147:
2045:Probainognathia
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1795:
1786:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1461:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1302:
1157:Platycraniellus
1135:
1076:
987:
925:Charassognathus
835:
784:
735:Tritylodontidae
708:Probainognathia
674:Assemblage Zone
652:therocephalians
635:
629:
455:therocephalians
414:
402:Tritylodontidae
359:
356:
353:
350:
317:Procynosuchidae
291:
202:
172:
158:
143:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
59:
58:
51:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7989:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7965:
7952:
7937:
7921:
7919:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7856:Morganucodonta
7853:
7851:Dromatheriidae
7847:
7845:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7818:
7815:Redondagnathus
7808:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7768:
7758:
7748:
7738:
7728:
7717:
7715:
7712:Incertae sedis
7703:
7702:
7699:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7651:
7649:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7591:Gondwanatheria
7587:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7523:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7490:Arboroharamiya
7486:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7428:Kalaallitkigun
7424:
7417:
7409:
7400:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7221:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7152:Kuehneotherium
7148:
7141:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7037:Paikasigudodon
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6937:Erythrotherium
6930:
6920:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6880:
6870:
6860:
6850:
6840:
6829:
6823:
6820:Mammaliaformes
6818:
6811:
6810:
6807:Mammaliaformes
6805:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6741:Mammaliaformes
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6653:Kayentatherium
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6618:Bienotheroides
6614:
6606:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6540:
6534:
6532:Mammaliamorpha
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6441:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6415:Therioherpeton
6408:
6398:
6388:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6328:
6317:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6292:Trucidocynodon
6288:
6281:
6273:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6163:
6153:
6143:
6133:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5886:
5875:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5766:
5756:
5745:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5663:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:Eutheriodontia
5632:
5623:
5614:
5608:
5599:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5462:
5460:
5457:Incertae sedis
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5404:
5402:
5390:
5388:Eutheriodontia
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5086:Ctenospondylus
5082:
5075:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5015:Palaeohatteria
5010:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4944:
4938:
4935:Sphenacodontia
4933:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4898:Melanedaphodon
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4856:Bohemiclavulus
4851:
4849:
4847:Edaphosauridae
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4730:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4604:
4602:
4599:Incertae sedis
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4503:Varanodontinae
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4448:Mesenosaurinae
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4437:Thrausmosaurus
4433:
4426:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4394:Archaeovenator
4390:
4382:
4376:
4363:
4360:Eupelycosauria
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4270:Cotylorhynchus
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:Diadectomorpha
4137:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:Reptiliomorpha
4051:
4045:
4043:Reptiliomorpha
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3904:External links
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3856:(2): 351–354.
3833:
3818:
3804:
3772:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3704:
3692:
3621:
3572:
3559:
3526:
3474:
3415:
3360:
3345:
3317:
3262:
3211:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3069:
3034:(3): 329–348.
3014:
2949:
2930:
2919:(4): 455–477.
2903:
2890:(4): 585–596.
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2596:Mammaliaformes
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:Kayentatherium
2505:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:Brasilitherium
2416:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:Therioherpeton
2213:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:Trucidocynodon
2188:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:Massetognathus
1725:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:Boreogomphodon
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:Mandagomphodon
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:Pascualgnathus
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
919:
914:
912:
903:
834:
831:
811:Eutheriodontia
803:Cristian Sidor
783:
780:
726:Mammaliaformes
656:Eutheriodontia
628:
625:
621:traversodontid
600:Kayentatherium
594:Erythrotherium
585:, and perhaps
542:Mammaliaformes
512:Mammaliaformes
447:zygomatic arch
413:
410:
387:Mammaliaformes
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
325:
319:
313:
304:
303:
299:
298:
286:
279:
278:
276:Eutheriodontia
273:
266:
265:
260:
253:
252:
247:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
196:
195:
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8024:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7975:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7893:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7861:Symmetrodonta
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7693:
7684:
7679:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:Hahnodontidae
7600:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7563:Sineleutherus
7560:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7371:Tashkumyrodon
7368:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7357:Sibirotherium
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:Peraiocynodon
7347:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7306:Hutegotherium
7303:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7249:Cyrtlatherium
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7166:Shuotheriidae
7160:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7007:Megazostrodon
7001:
6999:
6998:
6997:Indozostrodon
6991:
6989:
6988:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6967:Hallautherium
6961:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:Cifellilestes
6871:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6702:Stereognathus
6699:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6548:Adelobasileus
6542:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6455:Pseudotherium
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6325:Alemoatherium
6319:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6304:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6140:Candelariodon
6134:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6079:
6074:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5973:Progalesaurus
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5903:Nanictosaurus
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5866:Epicynodontia
5862:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5843:Procynosuchus
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5547:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Phthinosuchia
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5510:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5411:Therocephalia
5408:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5400:Therocephalia
5394:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5159:Tetraceratops
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:Tappenosaurus
5148:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:Cryptovenator
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5022:Pantelosaurus
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4992:Tetraceratops
4986:
4984:
4983:
4982:Kenomagnathus
4976:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4919:Xyrospondylus
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:Stereorhachis
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:Archaeothyris
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4687:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:Tambacarnifex
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:Mycterosaurus
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4492:Microvaranops
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:Elliotsmithia
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:Ruthenosaurus
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:Phreatophasma
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:Callibrachion
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3925:BBC cynodonts
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3807:
3805:0-231-08482-X
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:New York City
3785:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:Santacruzodon
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:Nanogomphodon
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:Nanictosaurus
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:Progalesaurus
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:Epicynodontia
995:
994:
991:
990:
982:
981:
978:
977:
976:
975:Procynosuchus
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
958:
950:
949:
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
926:
918:
917:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
893:
892:
887:
881:
880:
875:
869:
868:
863:
857:
856:
851:
845:
844:
843:Procynosuchus
839:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:as a family.
792:
788:
781:
779:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:During their
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
718:
717:Nanogomphodon
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
688:
687:Procynosuchus
683:
679:
675:
673:
668:
667:Wuchiapingian
664:
659:
657:
653:
645:
644:
639:
634:
626:
624:
622:
618:
617:
611:
609:
604:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:Megazostrodon
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
562:
559:
555:
550:
543:
539:
537:
531:
527:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
472:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
424:
423:Procynosuchus
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
345:
335:
334:Epicynodontia
332:
330:
326:
324:
320:
318:
314:
312:
308:
307:
305:
300:
295:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
170:
169:
164:
163:
156:
155:
150:
149:
140:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
56:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7916:
7866:Triconodonta
7842:Polyphyletic
7837:Paraphyletic
7823:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7783:
7773:
7763:
7753:
7743:
7733:
7725:Cistecynodon
7723:
7710:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7527:Maiopatagium
7525:
7517:
7512:Cryoharamiya
7510:
7503:
7495:
7488:
7480:
7469:Euharamiyida
7456:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7403:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7335:Microdocodon
7333:
7326:
7321:Khorotherium
7319:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7242:Castorocauda
7240:
7233:
7228:Agilodocodon
7226:
7203:
7198:Pseudotribos
7196:
7188:
7180:
7173:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7106:
7096:
7086:
7076:
7065:
7055:
7045:
7035:
7025:
7017:Morganucodon
7015:
7005:
6995:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6955:
6945:
6935:
6925:
6915:
6907:Dinnetherium
6905:
6897:Dianoconodon
6895:
6885:
6875:
6865:
6857:Bridetherium
6855:
6845:
6835:
6780:
6728:
6723:Yuanotherium
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6639:Dinnebitodon
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6611:Bienotherium
6609:
6586:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6519:
6511:
6506:Pachygenelus
6504:
6499:Irajatherium
6497:
6492:Elliotherium
6490:
6483:
6476:
6453:
6448:Prozostrodon
6446:
6423:
6413:
6403:
6393:
6383:
6373:
6365:Microconodon
6363:
6353:
6345:Dromatherium
6343:
6333:
6323:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:Ecteniniidae
6253:
6246:
6223:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6178:
6170:Protheriodon
6168:
6158:
6148:
6138:
6130:Agudotherium
6128:
6000:Kataigidodon
5998:
5984:Eucynodontia
5971:
5964:
5957:Galesauridae
5941:
5931:
5921:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5848:
5841:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5783:Uralocynodon
5781:
5771:
5761:
5751:
5731:
5718:
5681:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5587:
5536:Theriodontia
5526:Pelycosauria
5490:Niaftasuchus
5488:
5478:
5468:
5455:
5422:
5318:Dinocephalia
5307:Dinocephalia
5292:Biarmosuchia
5281:Biarmosuchia
5265:
5210:
5157:
5149:
5143:Steppesaurus
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5079:Ctenorhachis
5077:
5070:
5047:
5020:
5013:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4950:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4884:Ianthasaurus
4882:
4875:
4870:Glaucosaurus
4868:
4863:Edaphosaurus
4861:
4854:
4831:
4821:
4786:Varanosaurus
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4758:Echinerpeton
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4620:
4610:
4597:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4510:
4490:
4485:Mesenosaurus
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4401:Ascendonanus
4399:
4392:
4385:
4340:Trichasaurus
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4284:Ennatosaurus
4282:
4277:Datheosaurus
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4235:Arisierpeton
4233:
4228:Angelosaurus
4226:
4221:Alierasaurus
4219:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4170:Eothyrididae
4143:
3995:
3989:Superclass:
3892:
3888:
3853:
3849:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3782:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3707:
3695:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3564:, retrieved
3542:
3494:
3490:
3434:
3428:
3418:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3327:
3320:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3089:(1): 25604.
3086:
3082:
3072:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2969:(1): 25604.
2966:
2962:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2817:
2814:Distribution
2646:Morganucodon
2644:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2594:
2554:Beinotherium
2552:
2550:
2534:
2532:
2509:
2507:
2484:
2482:
2438:
2436:
2420:
2418:
2358:Pachygenelus
2356:
2354:
2338:
2336:
2306:Elliotherium
2304:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2254:
2252:
2217:
2215:
2192:
2190:
2167:
2165:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2113:
2083:
2081:
2058:
2056:
1912:
1911:
1894:
1893:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1818:
1771:
1770:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1727:
1655:
1654:
1637:
1636:
1612:
1611:
1587:
1586:
1562:
1561:
1530:
1529:
1505:
1504:
1480:
1479:
1446:
1445:
1431:Andescynodon
1428:
1427:
1364:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1321:
1320:
1287:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1225:
1224:
1212:Gomphodontia
1195:
1194:
1171:Eucynodontia
1155:
1153:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1101:
1062:
1060:
1044:
1042:
1012:
1010:
973:
971:
955:
953:
923:
921:
908:
896:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
826:
822:
818:
807:Theriodontia
798:
795:Robert Broom
787:Richard Owen
785:
772:
753:
751:from China.
746:
715:
700:Eucynodontia
693:
685:
672:Tropidostoma
671:
660:
649:
641:
614:
612:
608:haramiyidans
605:
598:
592:
586:
563:
546:
540:a member of
536:Morganucodon
534:
521:
517:Castorocauda
515:
499:Morganucodon
497:
479:warm-blooded
476:
469:
428:
421:
420:Skeleton of
395:
371:Late Permian
364:eutheriodont
343:
342:
329:Madysauridae
288:
282:
269:
256:
243:
184:
174:
166:
160:
152:
148:Dvinia prima
146:
144:
55:Late Permian
44:
40:Cynodontidae
7941:Wikispecies
7825:Saurodesmus
7613:Cifelliodon
7577:Woodeatonia
7570:Vilevolodon
7549:Sharypovoia
7519:Kermackodon
7482:Allostaffia
7451:Theroteinus
7421:Haramiyavia
7378:Tegotherium
7364:Simpsonodon
7342:Paritatodon
7291:Gondtherium
7277:Dsungarodon
7235:Borealestes
7205:Shuotherium
7190:Paritatodon
7175:Feredocodon
7138:Kotatherium
7098:Wareolestes
7067:Sinoconodon
7047:Purbeckodon
6987:Indotherium
6977:Helvetiodon
6957:Hadrocodium
6947:Gondwanadon
6927:Eozostrodon
6917:Dyskritodon
6837:Bocaconodon
6695:Shartegodon
6681:Oligokyphus
6674:Nuurtherium
6667:Montirictus
6646:Fossiomanus
6632:Dianzhongia
6625:Bocatherium
6578:Sinoconodon
6521:Tritheledon
6395:Rewaconodon
6355:Inditherium
6248:Bonacynodon
6210:Chiniquodon
6180:Tessellatia
6025:Cynognathia
6014:Cynognathia
5933:Thrinaxodon
5913:Nythosaurus
5763:Nanocynodon
5376:Gorgonopsia
5365:Gorgonopsia
5350:dicynodonts
5344:Anomodontia
5333:Anomodontia
5136:Sphenacodon
5115:Macromerion
4905:Ramodendron
4891:Lupeosaurus
4751:Clepsydrops
4744:Baldwinonus
4709:Metopophora
4652:Mastersonia
4642:Knoxosaurus
4570:Metopophora
4478:Heleosaurus
4373:Varanopidae
4201:Vaughnictis
4179:Asaphestera
4160:Caseasauria
3811:30 November
3796:West Sussex
2628:Sinoconodon
2486:Oligokyphus
2135:Chiniquodon
1897:Exaeretodon
1533:Traversodon
1324:Trirachodon
1290:Sinognathus
1272:Beishanodon
1198:Cynognathus
1183:Cynognathia
1123:Thrinaxodon
897:Below is a
891:Oligokyphus
855:Exaeretodon
791:Anomodontia
748:Fossiomanus
704:Cynognathia
643:Thrinaxodon
471:Thrinaxodon
435:crown-group
412:Description
60:260–0
7991:Categories
7947:Cynodontia
7917:Cynodontia
7785:Meurthodon
7505:Butlerodon
7497:Baidabatyr
7435:Kollikodon
7405:Avashishta
7392:Haramiyida
7328:Krusatodon
7299:Haldanodon
7270:Docofossor
7256:Dobunnodon
7131:Fluctuodon
7078:Storchodon
7057:Rosierodon
6867:Cherwellia
6750:see below↓
6730:Yunnanodon
6709:Tritylodon
6688:Polistodon
6568:Brasilodon
6513:Riograndia
6478:Chaliminia
6335:Deccanodon
6285:Ecteninion
6278:Diegocanis
6225:Riojanodon
6217:Cromptodon
6150:Charruodon
6046:see below↓
5966:Galesaurus
5893:Cynosaurus
5883:Bolotridon
5820:Nshimbodon
5773:Madysaurus
5732:Cynodontia
5719:Cynodontia
5691:see below↓
5682:Cynodontia
5630:Therapsida
5588:Cynodontia
5524:See also:
5480:Kamagorgon
5470:Dinosaurus
5434:Cynodontia
5423:Cynodontia
5250:Therapsida
5237:Therapsida
5180:see below↓
5171:Therapsida
5101:Dimetrodon
5049:Shashajaia
4833:Milosaurus
4765:Ophiacodon
4612:Dimacrodon
4579:see below↓
4527:Ruthiromia
4512:Aerosaurus
4422:Nitosaurus
4415:Dendromaia
4387:Apsisaurus
4312:Martensius
4298:Euromycter
4079:see below↓
3792:Chichester
2946:: 165–180.
2865:References
2536:Tritylodon
2440:Brasilodon
2288:Chaliminia
2256:Riograndia
2085:Ecteninion
1872:Protuberum
1483:Scalenodon
1367:Langbergia
1228:Diademodon
1046:Galesaurus
1014:Cynosaurus
909:Cynodontia
879:Tritylodon
867:Diademodon
631:See also:
583:placentals
579:monotremes
575:marsupials
508:coprolites
367:therapsids
344:Cynodontia
289:Cynodontia
263:Therapsida
50:Cynodontia
7997:Cynodonts
7620:Denisodon
7534:Megaconus
7219:Docodonta
7108:Woutersia
7088:Stylidens
7027:Paceyodon
6425:Tricuspes
6375:Polonodon
5943:Vetusodon
5806:Abdalodon
5670:Synapsida
5655:Synapsida
5621:Synapsida
5604:Kingdom:
5438:includes
5348:includes
5267:Raranimus
5122:Neosaurus
4823:Ianthodon
4548:Varanodon
4408:Eoscansor
4319:Oromycter
4263:Caseopsis
4256:Caseoides
4194:Oedaleops
4124:Synapsida
4111:Synapsida
4070:Synapsida
3991:Tetrapoda
3977:Kingdom:
3961:Synapsida
3687:233183060
3671:0028-0836
3663:1476-4687
3616:195327500
3451:0962-8452
3410:228883951
3402:0272-4634
3312:237517965
3304:0272-4634
3257:205259206
3206:205570021
3111:2045-2322
3064:254702274
3056:1064-7554
3048:1573-7055
2991:2045-2322
899:cladogram
833:Phylogeny
764:articular
756:evolution
739:Barremian
676:, in the
663:Lopingian
571:altricial
533:Skull of
523:Megaconus
506:synapsid
468:Skull of
357:dog-teeth
323:Dviniidae
250:Synapsida
223:Kingdom:
217:Eukaryota
173:3rd row:
159:2nd row:
145:1st row:
57:-Recent,
7926:Wikidata
7892:Category
7795:Mitredon
7765:Kunminia
7755:"Hahnia"
7735:Eoraetia
7700:See also
7658:Mammalia
7647:Mammalia
7627:Hahnodon
7584:Xianshou
7556:Shenshou
7458:Thomasia
7313:Itatodon
7284:Ergetiis
7182:Itatodon
7145:Kuehneon
6887:Delsatia
6660:Lufengia
6588:Tikiodon
5612:Chordata
5610:Phylum:
5606:Animalia
5546:Category
5108:Eosyodon
5093:Cutleria
4962:Haptodus
4952:Cutleria
4877:Gordodon
4632:Gorgodon
4622:Driveria
4555:Watongia
4541:Varanops
4464:Cabarzia
4457:Anningia
4212:Caseidae
4187:Eothyris
3985:Chordata
3983:Phylum:
3979:Animalia
3679:33828300
3608:31229335
3521:23986112
3469:23986112
3355:92370138
3249:28792929
3198:30158701
3129:27157809
3009:27157809
2854:Tetrapod
2822:See also
2611:Mammalia
1349:Cricodon
782:Taxonomy
566:epipubic
554:whiskers
549:foramina
514:such as
439:therians
237:Chordata
233:Phylum:
227:Animalia
213:Domain:
181:platypus
32:Conodont
18:Cynodont
7961:4528578
7932:Q131801
7775:Lepagia
7263:Docodon
6203:Aleodon
6160:Lumkuia
5850:Sludica
5440:mammals
4291:Eocasea
4000:Amniota
3895:: 5–35.
3858:Bibcode
3755:Bibcode
3643:Bibcode
3512:3768321
3460:3768321
3382:Bibcode
3284:Bibcode
3229:Bibcode
3178:Bibcode
3137:4318400
3120:4860582
3091:Bibcode
3000:4860582
2971:Bibcode
2913:Lethaia
2599:
2472:
2468: †
2408:
2404: †
2242:
2238: †
2117:Aleodon
2060:Lumkuia
1822:Menadon
1808:
1804: †
1756:Dadadon
1717:
1713: †
1508:Luangwa
1410:
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1000:
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768:angular
665:(early
581:. Only
504:Permian
459:dentary
431:mammals
383:Mammals
351:
302:Clades
36:Cynodon
7844:groups
7745:Gaumia
7645:Crown-
7542:Qishou
5753:Dvinia
4430:Pyozia
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957:Dvinia
827:et al.
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799:et al.
743:Aptian
712:Norian
296:, 1861
7974:95363
5635:Clade
5626:Clade
5617:Clade
4249:Casea
3996:Clade
3846:(PDF)
3683:S2CID
3659:eISSN
3612:S2CID
3406:S2CID
3351:S2CID
3308:S2CID
3253:S2CID
3202:S2CID
3133:S2CID
3060:S2CID
3044:eISSN
283:Clade
270:Clade
257:Clade
244:Clade
38:, or
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3675:PMID
3667:ISSN
3604:PMID
3568:2021
3555:ISBN
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3398:ISSN
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2987:ISSN
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591:and
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7956:EoL
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3866:doi
3763:doi
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3225:548
3186:doi
3174:561
3115:PMC
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