1007:, or rather, on the Sassanid archetype of the Avesta. Book 8 is of particular interest to scholars of Zoroastrianism because portions of the canon have been lost and the Denkard at least makes it possible to determine which portions are missing and what those portions might have contained. The Denkard also includes an enumeration of the divisions of the Avesta, and which once served as the basis for a speculation that only one quarter of the texts had survived. In the 20th century it was determined that the Denkard's divisions also took Sassanid-era translations and commentaries into account; these were however not considered to be a part of the Avesta.
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42:
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values. The fourth part may be roughly divided into sections with each addressing a particular human quality or activity. The fifth part includes a summary of twenty-five functions or conditions of human life, organized in five categories: destiny, action, custom, substance and inheritance. The fifth
762:
The majority of the chapters in book 3 are short, of two or three pages apiece. The topics covered in detail, though rare, frequently also identify issues for which the
Zoroastrians of the period were severely criticized, such as marriage to next-of-kin (chapter 80). Although on first sight there
874:
Structurally, the book is divided into sections that are distinguished from one another by their introductory formulae. In the thematic divisions identified by Shaul Shaked, the first part is devoted to religious subjects, with a stress on devotion and piety. The second and third are related to
754:
observes that there must have been several different authors at work, as the style and language of the collection is not uniform. The authors are however united in their polemic against the "bad religions", which they do not fail to identify by name (the prudent avoidance of any mention of
825:
The first half of Book 5, titled the "Book of
Daylamite", is addressed to a Muslim, Yaqub bin Khaled, who apparently requested information on Zoroastrianism. A large part of this section is summary of the history (from the Zoroastrian point of view) of the world up to the advent of
888:
Book 7 deals the "legend of
Zoroaster", but which extends beyond the life of the prophet. The legend of Zoroaster as it appears in the Denkard is differs slightly from similar legends (such as those presented in the contemporaneous "Selections of Zadspram" and the later
3227:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
790:
Book 4, the shortest (and most haphazardly organized) volume in the collection, deals primarily with the arts and sciences. Texts on those topics are interspersed by chapters explaining philosophical and theological concepts such as that of the
814:, and "reveals foreign influence from the 3rd century onward." The last chapter of Book 4 ends with a chapter explaining the necessity for practicing good thoughts, words and deeds, and the influences these have on one's afterlife.
689:, who is also the author of the remaining six books. The manuscript 'B' (ms. 'B 55', B for Bombay) that is the basis for most surviving copies and translations is dated 1659. Only fragments survive of any other copies.
880:
part also includes an enumeration of the names of authors that may have once been the last part of the book. In its extant form the book has a sixth part that, like the first part, addresses religious subjects.
685:
proposes that this survival was the result of transmission through other persons. The first three books were edited and in fact partially reconstructed, circa 1020, by a certain Ādurbād Ēmēdān of
591:
916:
dynasty. This section of book 7 is essentially the same as that summarized in the first part of book 5, but additionally presents
Zoroaster as the manifest representation of
3757:
482:
867:(a literary genre, lit: "advice", "counsel"), anecdotes and aphorisms that embody a general truth or astute observation. Most of the compositions in book 6 are short
3333:
1181:
1234:
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1077:
Une encyclopédie mazdéenne: le Dēnkart. Quatre conférences données à l'Université de Paris sous les auspices de la fondation
Ratanbai Katrak
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515:
beliefs and customs during the time. The
Denkard is to a great extent considered an "Encyclopedia of Mazdaism" and is a valuable source of
475:
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404:
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681:, as identified in the last chapter of book 3. Of these three books, only a larger portion of the third has survived. The historian
1617:
1229:
1174:
1780:
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468:
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1289:
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The life of
Zoroaster from Vistasp's conversion up to Zoroaster's death, including his revelations on science and medicine.
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appears to be no systematic organization of the texts in book 3, the chapter that deals with the principles of
Zoroastrian
3708:
2377:
975:
of
Zoroaster (that ends one thousand years after his birth), including the coming of the first savior and his son Ushetar.
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838:
and Persian in orientation, expressing the hope of a Mazdean restoration in the face of Islam and its Arab supporters."
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2080:
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and the impact of his revelations. The history is then followed by a summary of the tenets of the faith. According to
434:
414:
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Zoroaster's revelation as received during his seven conversations with Ohrmuzd; the subsequent miracles against the
673:
The individual chapters vary in age, style and authorship. Authorship of the first three books is attributed by the
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2352:
2158:
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2382:
1309:
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678:
520:
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570:
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968:
The history of Persia until the Islamic conquest, with an emphasis on several historical or legendary figures.
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3255:
3147:
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2746:
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2142:
2067:
389:
25:
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2599:
2150:
1873:
587:
516:
152:
3880:
3614:
2992:
2820:
2797:
2736:
2652:
1579:
1350:
1269:
674:
617:
439:
342:
2399:
1803:
932:
Zoroaster's infancy and the vain attempts to kill him, through to Zoroaster's first communication with
831:
3609:
3032:
2897:
2877:
2815:
2574:
2244:
1909:
1894:
1824:
1785:
1730:
1612:
1543:
1426:
1294:
1219:
1214:
1203:
394:
337:
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3423:
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2696:
2614:
2466:
2451:
2367:
2274:
2231:
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1738:
846:
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The second half of Book 5 is a series of 33 responses to questions posed by a certain Bōxt-Mārā, a
771:
364:
197:
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3441:
3101:
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2917:
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1790:
1691:
1446:
1385:
1340:
1299:
1284:
1190:
277:
207:
2307:
645:, literally "insight" or "revelation", but more commonly translated as "religion." Accordingly,
912:, in Zoroastrian tradition identified as the first king and the first man, and ending with the
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3106:
3012:
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2014:
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1329:
913:
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369:
192:
187:
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1118:
From Zoroastrian Iran to Islam: Studies in Religious History and Intercultural Contacts
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1953:
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1722:
1527:
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891:
767:(Ch. 123) is the central theme around which the other chapters are topically arranged.
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512:
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292:
287:
237:
177:
33:
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2279:
2051:
1966:
1943:
1938:
1868:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1743:
1658:
1564:
1535:
1498:
1472:
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1319:
937:
792:
731:
The natural divisions of the books are as follows: Books 3-5 are devoted to rational
596:
560:
409:
202:
107:
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3403:
3398:
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3126:
3002:
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2810:
2776:
2701:
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2538:
2395:
2332:
2249:
2104:
2056:
2035:
1998:
1982:
1958:
1933:
1808:
1775:
1602:
1551:
1441:
1324:
1279:
1043:
1031:
989:
842:
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297:
282:
242:
172:
167:
132:
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3599:
3413:
3292:
3237:
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2850:
2830:
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2446:
2342:
2299:
2030:
1304:
933:
868:
835:
732:
528:
327:
182:
57:
3931:
1029:
54. Together, these make up Zoroastrianism's four most sacred invocations: the
453:
3840:
3537:
3502:
3393:
3307:
3233:
2937:
2845:
2792:
2327:
1762:
1671:
1622:
1607:
1574:
1522:
1506:
1493:
1436:
1314:
1147:
Facsimile Of The Complete Text Of The Pahlavi Dinkard: Volume I: Books III - V
1037:
972:
853:
and the efficacy of good thoughts, words and deeds as a means to battle evil.
697:
272:
162:
72:
978:
The miracles of the thousand years of Ushetar until the coming of Ushetarmah.
3594:
3589:
3317:
3297:
1889:
1415:
1224:
1136:
982:
952:
922:
850:
827:
795:, while other chapters deal with history and the religious contributions of
764:
322:
317:
82:
62:
41:
716:, and the first two and part of the third have not survived. However, the
750:
Book 3, with 420 chapters, represents almost half of the surviving texts.
616:
The name traditionally given to the compendium reflects a phrase from the
3808:
3798:
3793:
3735:
3532:
3456:
3451:
1974:
1681:
1454:
1411:
981:
The miracles of the thousand years of Ushetarmah until the coming of the
909:
845:. Thirteen responses address objections raised by Boxt-Mara on issues of
739:
736:
721:
227:
222:
127:
531:
by a majority of Zoroastrians, but is still considered worthy of study.
3896:
3775:
3563:
3476:
3322:
2487:
1703:
1627:
1569:
822:
Book 5 deals specifically with queries from adherents of other faiths.
686:
629:
347:
247:
87:
1696:
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3665:
3542:
3388:
3383:
3352:
2134:
1914:
1711:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1406:
1401:
1159:
1016:
1004:
807:
779:
775:
725:
511:: 𐭣𐭩𐭭𐭪𐭠𐭫𐭲 "Acts of Religion") is a 10th-century compendium of
399:
357:
352:
212:
157:
112:
895:) in that it presents the story of the prophet as an analogy of the
720:
itself contains summaries of nasks from other compilations, such as
3813:
3788:
3584:
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3461:
3446:
3362:
3357:
2166:
1899:
1597:
1021:
948:
897:
811:
756:
641:
232:
217:
122:
117:
3247:
988:
The miracles of the fifty-seven years of the Saoshyant until the
3568:
3312:
3302:
3229:
1948:
1845:
959:) and the king's subsequent conversion; the vision of Zoroaster.
77:
67:
3739:
3251:
2196:
1367:
1251:
1201:
1163:
649:
means "religious acts" or "acts of religion." The ambiguity of
770:
The last chapter of book 3 mentions two legends: one in which
538:
871:
sentences that deal with morality and personal ethics.
904:
The thematic and structural divisions are as follows:
875:
ethical principles, with the third possibly revealing
635:
meaning "acts" (also in the sense of "chapters"), and
3889:
3822:
3774:
3696:
3633:
3577:
3551:
3490:
3376:
3340:
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3181:
3135:
3041:
2867:
2785:
2676:
2567:
2547:
2531:
2475:
2429:
2413:
2220:
2207:
2127:
2092:
2023:
1991:
1926:
1882:
1755:
1636:
1486:
1394:
1378:
1003:Book 8 is a commentary on the various texts of the
926:, " glory") that has accumulated during that time.
712:originally contained nine books or volumes, called
696:is roughly contemporary with the main texts of the
806:Book 4 also contains an enumeration of works from
586:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
971:Prophecies and predictions up to the end of the
849:. The bulk of the remaining material deals with
1230:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
1067:
1065:
782:translate the Avesta into their own language.
3751:
3263:
1175:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
476:
8:
965:The miracles that followed Zoroaster's death
735:, book 4 to moral wisdom, and books 7–9 to
3758:
3744:
3736:
3331:
3270:
3256:
3248:
2217:
2204:
2193:
1375:
1364:
1248:
1235:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1198:
1182:
1168:
1160:
1079:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
483:
469:
40:
20:
3236:and one of the two official languages of
908:The span of human history beginning with
657:in the title reflects the orthography of
1061:
936:and the meeting with Good Thought, the
929:Zoroaster's parents and his conception.
32:
1105:. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.
7:
1101:Philippe Gignoux (1996). "Dēnkard".
994:, the final renovation of the world.
405:Zoroastrianism in the United States
16:10th-century Zoroastrian compendium
576:for transliterated languages, and
556:of its non-English content, using
14:
1270:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
3930:
3720:
3719:
543:
452:
3199:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
2630:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
2270:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1290:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
1015:Book 9 is a commentary on the
951:; the revival of the horse of
592:multilingual support templates
1:
2378:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
1618:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
728:, which are otherwise lost.
2081:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
861:Book 6 is a compilation of
778:, and another in which the
435:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
415:Persecution of Zoroastrians
3979:
2159:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
679:Adurfarnbag-i Farrokhzadan
665:may sometimes denote /d/.
3925:
3717:
3329:
3225:
2383:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
2203:
2192:
1919:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
1374:
1363:
1310:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
1260:
1247:
1210:
1197:
3419:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2798:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
1841:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
1664:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1560:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1220:Old Persian inscriptions
188:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3605:Three Persian religions
3148:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2752:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2747:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
2732:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
2643:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2143:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2117:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1145:Kassock, Zeke, (2012),
834:, the section "clearly
774:destroys a copy of the
2600:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2151:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
1772:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
1515:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
1123:. Brookfield: Ashgate.
1116:Shaked, Shaul (1995).
677:to 9th-century priest
661:, in which the letter
620:, which speaks of the
519:especially during its
517:Zoroastrian literature
153:Zoroastrian literature
3881:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
3709:Fire temples in India
3377:Scripture and worship
3136:Children's literature
2993:Rasoul Mollagholipour
2883:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
2826:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2821:Alireza Koushk Jalali
2767:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2653:Shahriyar Mandanipour
1895:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
1739:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
1580:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1351:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1334:Anthology of Zadspram
759:being an exception).
704:Structure and content
440:Zoroastrian cosmology
390:Zoroastrians in India
146:Scripture and worship
3704:Fire temples in Iran
3491:Accounts and legends
3033:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
2898:Pouran Derakhshandeh
2878:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2816:Amir Reza Koohestani
2575:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2245:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2174:Mahmud Saba Kashani
1910:Fazlallah Astarabadi
1786:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1781:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1731:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1613:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1427:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1215:Behistun Inscription
1103:Encyclopedia Iranica
590:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
554:specify the language
552:This article should
527:is not considered a
395:Zoroastrians in Iran
261:Accounts and legends
3937:Religion portal
3578:History and culture
3424:Udvada Atash Behram
2958:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
2697:Abolhassan Etessami
2615:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2467:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2452:Khalilullah Khalili
2392:Manouchehr Sheybani
2368:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2275:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2232:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
1874:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1719:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1305:Shabuhragan of Mani
669:Date and authorship
459:Religion portal
311:History and culture
3876:Dana-i Menog Khrat
3871:Frahang-i Oim-evak
3866:Frahang-i Pahlavig
3836:Book of Arda Viraf
3508:Book of Arda Viraf
3442:Cypress of Kashmar
3102:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
3087:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
3057:Najaf Daryabandari
2918:Behrouz Gharibpour
2762:Shahrnush Parsipur
2737:Aboutorab Khosravi
2639:Aboutorab Khosravi
2503:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2421:Edward Haghverdian
2085:Rasa Salim Tehrani
1804:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
1791:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1447:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1386:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1341:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1300:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1285:Book of Arda Viraf
1191:Persian literature
1047:(Y 27.15) and the
278:Book of Arda Viraf
208:Cypress of Kashmar
3963:Zoroastrian texts
3950:
3949:
3733:
3732:
3245:
3244:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3168:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3107:Hamid Samandarian
3048:Amrollah Abjadian
3013:Fereydoun Rahnema
2978:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
2963:Samuel Khachikian
2948:Ebrahim Hatamikia
2859:Mohammad Yaghoubi
2855:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
2722:Houshang Golshiri
2635:Houshang Golshiri
2595:Mahshid Amirshahi
2580:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
2563:
2562:
2498:Abolqasem Lahouti
2493:Iskandar Khatloni
2406:Fereydoon Moshiri
2353:Mohammad Mokhtari
2313:Forugh Farrokhzad
2265:Manouchehr Atashi
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2171:
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2155:
2147:
2139:
2120:
2109:
2072:
2068:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
2061:
2048:
2040:
2011:
2007:Muhtasham Kashani
2003:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1859:Nozhat al-Majales
1855:
1813:
1800:
1796:Mahmud Shabistari
1763:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
1748:
1735:
1727:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1668:
1649:Suzani Samarqandi
1593:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
1584:
1556:
1548:
1544:Masud Sa'd Salman
1540:
1532:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1459:
1451:
1422:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1359:
1358:
1295:Cube of Zoroaster
1265:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1243:
1242:
940:Bahman (Avestan:
663:⟨t⟩
614:
613:
594:may also be used.
493:
492:
3970:
3935:
3934:
3907:Dasatir-i-Asmani
3856:Letter of Tansar
3846:Dadestan-i Denig
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3688:in United States
3429:Adur Burzen-Mihr
3335:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3189:Aydin Aghdashloo
3018:Rasul Sadr Ameli
3008:Kambuzia Partovi
2968:Abbas Kiarostami
2953:Abdolreza Kahani
2933:Ebrahim Golestan
2913:Farrokh Ghaffari
2908:Bahman Farmanara
2841:Abbas Nalbandian
2717:Ebrahim Golestan
2684:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
2620:Soudabeh Fazaeli
2518:Mirzo Tursunzoda
2513:Payrav Sulaymoni
2348:Shams Langeroodi
2304:Parviz Eslampour
2260:Aminollah Rezaei
2227:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
2218:
2205:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2118:
2107:
2076:Naw'i Khabushani
2070:
2059:
2046:
2038:
2009:
2001:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1905:Abu Ali Qalandar
1853:
1811:
1798:
1746:
1733:
1725:
1714:
1706:
1694:
1687:Najm al-Din Razi
1666:
1582:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1457:
1449:
1376:
1365:
1330:Dadestan-i Denig
1249:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1081:
1080:
1069:
832:Philippe Gignoux
664:
609:
606:
600:
585:
579:
575:
569:
565:
559:
547:
546:
539:
485:
478:
471:
457:
456:
193:Adur Burzen-Mihr
44:
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3929:
3921:
3885:
3818:
3770:
3764:
3734:
3729:
3713:
3692:
3629:
3573:
3547:
3518:Story of Sanjan
3486:
3372:
3341:Divine entities
3336:
3327:
3281:
3276:
3246:
3241:
3213:
3204:Ehsan Yarshater
3177:
3163:Poopak NikTalab
3131:
3122:Ahmad Tafazzoli
3037:
3028:Parviz Shahbazi
2983:Dariush Mehrjui
2943:Abolfazl Jalili
2863:
2781:
2742:Mostafa Mastoor
2707:Simin Daneshvar
2672:
2668:Iraj Pezeshkzad
2663:Mansour Koushan
2610:Simin Daneshvar
2559:
2543:
2527:
2471:
2425:
2409:
2400:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2363:Yadollah Royaee
2338:Siavash Kasraie
2318:Hossein Monzavi
2308:Parvin E'tesami
2295:Hushang Ebtehaj
2285:Simin Behbahani
2240:Qeysar Aminpour
2216:
2199:
2180:
2123:
2113:Neshat Esfahani
2088:
2044:Asir-e Esfahani
2019:
1987:
1922:
1878:
1831:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
1768:Awhadi Maraghai
1751:
1677:Falaki Shirvani
1654:Hassan Ghaznavi
1632:
1628:Mahsati Ganjavi
1588:Uthman Mukhtari
1482:
1390:
1370:
1355:
1346:Drakht-i Asurig
1256:
1239:
1206:
1193:
1188:
1133:
1131:Further reading
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1073:Jean de Menasce
1071:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1041:(Y 27.14), the
1035:(Y 27.13), the
1013:
1001:
886:
859:
820:
788:
752:Jean de Menasce
748:
706:
683:Jean de Menasce
671:
662:
659:Pahlavi writing
639:, from Avestan
610:
604:
601:
595:
583:
577:
573:
571:transliteration
567:
563:
557:
548:
544:
537:
523:iteration. The
489:
451:
446:
445:
444:
429:
421:
420:
419:
384:
376:
375:
374:
333:
332:
312:
304:
303:
302:
288:Story of Sanjan
262:
254:
253:
252:
147:
139:
138:
137:
102:
101:Divine entities
94:
93:
92:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3917:Qissa-i Sanjan
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:Middle Persian
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Khordeh Avesta
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Chinvat Bridge
3520:
3515:
3513:Book of Jamasp
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3467:Khordeh Avesta
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Airyaman ishya
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Amesha Spentas
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3286:Primary topics
3283:
3282:
3279:Zoroastrianism
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3173:Ramak NikTalab
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Hengameh Mofid
3155:
3153:Babak NikTalab
3150:
3145:
3143:Samad Behrangi
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Saleh Hosseini
3079:
3077:Ramak NikTalab
3074:
3072:Sadegh Hedayat
3069:
3064:
3062:Mohammad Ghazi
3059:
3054:
3052:Jaleh Amouzgar
3049:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Mohammad Sadri
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Reza Mirkarimi
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Bahman Ghobadi
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Asghar Farhadi
2900:
2895:
2893:Hajir Darioush
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Hengameh Mofid
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:Mohsen Yalfani
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Bahram Sadeghi
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Sadegh Hedayat
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Nader Ebrahimi
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Reza Amirkhani
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2555:Muhammad Iqbal
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2523:Satim Ulugzade
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Sadriddin Ayni
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:Massoud Nawabi
2459:
2457:Youssof Kohzad
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Wasef Bakhtari
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Sohrab Sepehri
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Nosrat Rahmani
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Ahmad NikTalab
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:Hormoz Alipour
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2100:Hatef Esfahani
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2047:(c. 1620–1648)
2041:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1954:Kamal Khujandi
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Khwaju Kermani
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:Nizami Ganjavi
1720:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1528:Qatran Tabrizi
1525:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Book of Jamasp
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:978-1469927565
1143:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1082:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1050:airyaman ishya
1012:
1009:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
986:
979:
976:
969:
966:
963:
960:
945:
930:
927:
923:kavaēm kharēno
885:
882:
858:
855:
819:
816:
793:Amesha Spentas
787:
784:
747:
744:
705:
702:
670:
667:
612:
611:
551:
549:
542:
536:
533:
521:Middle Persian
509:Middle Persian
491:
490:
488:
487:
480:
473:
465:
462:
461:
448:
447:
443:
442:
437:
431:
430:
428:Related topics
427:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
367:
362:
361:
360:
355:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
325:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
295:
293:Chinvat Bridge
290:
285:
283:Book of Jamasp
280:
275:
270:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
240:
238:Khordeh Avesta
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
178:Airyaman ishya
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
108:Amesha Spentas
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
53:
51:Primary topics
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
34:Zoroastrianism
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Menog-i Khrad
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:in Azerbaijan
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Adur Gushnasp
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3209:Ahmad Kasravi
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Ali Latifiyan
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Jafar Shahidi
3115:
3113:
3112:Jalal Sattari
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Mohammad Moin
3095:
3093:
3092:Ahmad Shamlou
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Lili Golestan
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Fereydun Gole
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
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2677:Short stories
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2664:
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2658:Abbas Maroufi
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2649:
2648:Ahmad Mahmoud
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2625:Reza Ghassemi
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2052:Kalim Kashani
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2016:
2015:'Orfi Shirazi
2013:
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1939:Salman Savaji
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1869:Badr Shirvani
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1851:Homam Tabrizi
1849:
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1565:Ahmad Ghazali
1563:
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1536:Nizam al-Mulk
1534:
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1499:Nasir Khusraw
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1473:Kisai Marvazi
1471:
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1432:Shahid Balkhi
1430:
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1320:Menog-i Khrad
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964:
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946:
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939:
938:Amesha Spenta
935:
931:
928:
925:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
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905:
902:
900:
899:
894:
893:
892:Zardosht-nama
883:
881:
878:
872:
870:
866:
865:
856:
854:
852:
848:
847:ritual purity
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
823:
817:
815:
813:
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804:
802:
798:
794:
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203:Adur Gushnasp
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61:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3912:The Rivayats
3902:Jamasp Namag
3860:
3724:
3528:Frashokereti
3497:
3482:Atash Behram
3472:The Revayats
3433:Adur Farnbag
3414:Fire Temples
3404:Yenghe hatam
3399:Ahuna Vairya
3368:Angra Mainyu
3127:Abbas Zaryab
3003:Jafar Panahi
2973:Majid Majidi
2811:Bahman Forsi
2777:Goli Taraqqi
2702:Javad Mojabi
2692:Sadeq Chubak
2688:Shamim Bahar
2585:Bozorg Alavi
2539:Asad Gulzoda
2396:Nima Yooshij
2333:Bijan Jalali
2250:Aref Qazvini
2198:Contemporary
2135:Mirza Ghalib
2105:Azar Bigdeli
2064:Saba Kashani
2057:Hazin Lāhiji
2036:Saib Tabrizi
1999:Vahshi Bafqi
1983:Baba Faghani
1959:Ahli Shirazi
1934:Ubayd Zakani
1809:Amir Khusrau
1799:(1288–1320s)
1776:Sultan Walad
1603:Banu Goshasp
1552:Omar Khayyam
1442:Rabia Balkhi
1325:Jamasp Namag
1274:
1146:
1138:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1076:
1057:Bibliography
1048:
1044:yenghe hatam
1042:
1036:
1032:ahuna vairya
1030:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1002:
990:
956:
941:
921:
917:
903:
896:
890:
887:
877:Aristotelian
873:
862:
860:
840:
824:
821:
805:
789:
769:
761:
749:
730:
717:
713:
709:
707:
693:
691:
672:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
632:
625:
621:
615:
605:October 2021
602:
588:ISO 639 code
584:}}
578:{{
574:}}
568:{{
564:}}
558:{{
553:
524:
503:
502:
497:
496:
494:
298:Frashokereti
267:
243:The Rivayats
198:Adur Farnbag
183:Fire Temples
173:Yenghe hatam
168:Ahuna Vairya
133:Angra Mainyu
18:
3767:Zoroastrian
3683:in Pakistan
3641:Persecution
3600:Khurramites
3313:Persia/Iran
3298:Zarathustra
3293:Ahura Mazda
3238:Afghanistan
3042:Translators
2998:Amir Naderi
2868:Screenplays
2851:Pari Saberi
2831:Bijan Mofid
2757:Bijan Najdi
2447:Raziq Faani
2430:Afghanistan
2343:Esmail Khoi
2300:Bijan Elahi
2176:(1813–1893)
2170:(1808–1854)
2162:(1801–1880)
2154:(1800–1871)
2146:(1779–1837)
2138:(1797–1869)
2119:(1798–1857)
2108:(1722–1781)
2071:(1642–1720)
2060:(1692–1766)
2039:(1607–1670)
2031:Taleb Amoli
2010:(1500–1588)
2002:(1523–1583)
1978:(1487–1524)
1970:(1483–1556)
1962:(1454–1535)
1854:(1238–1314)
1812:(1253–1325)
1734:(1149–1209)
1726:(1141–1209)
1715:(1126–1189)
1707:(1120–1190)
1667:(1155–1191)
1583:(1098–1131)
1555:(1048–1131)
1547:(1046–1121)
1539:(1018–1092)
1531:(1009–1072)
1518:(1006–1088)
1510:(1058–1111)
1502:(1004–1088)
1337:Warshtmansr
1019:prayers of
836:nationalist
733:apologetics
529:sacred text
513:Zoroastrian
328:Khurramites
78:Persia/Iran
63:Zarathustra
58:Ahura Mazda
3841:Bundahishn
3769:literature
3646:in Armenia
3538:Hamistagan
3394:Ashem Vohu
3308:Vohu Manah
3234:Tajikistan
2938:Ali Hatami
2846:Akbar Radi
2793:Reza Abdoh
2532:Uzbekistan
2476:Tajikistan
2328:Iraj Mirza
1672:Adib Sabir
1608:Borzu-Nama
1575:Manuchehri
1523:Asadi Tusi
1507:Al-Ghazali
1494:Bābā Tāher
1458:(980–1037)
1450:(967–1049)
1315:Bundahishn
1141:in English
1053:(Y 54.1).
1038:Ashem Vohu
973:millennium
955:(Avestan:
942:Vohu Manah
920:(Avestan:
901:ceremony.
803:monarchs.
797:Achaemenid
737:exegetical
698:Bundahishn
348:Initiation
163:Ashem Vohu
73:Vohu Manah
3634:Adherents
3615:Festivals
3595:Mazdakism
3590:Zurvanism
3503:Bundahišn
3318:Faravahar
3182:Essayists
1890:Ibn Yamin
1416:Shahnameh
1369:Classical
1225:Ganjnameh
991:frashgird
983:Saoshyant
851:free will
843:Christian
828:Zoroaster
772:Alexander
765:cosmogony
724:from the
675:colophons
618:colophons
383:Adherents
343:Festivals
323:Mazdakism
318:Zurvanism
273:Bundahišn
83:Faravahar
3957:Category
3942:Category
3809:Chihrdad
3799:Vendidad
3794:Visperad
3726:Category
3656:in India
3620:Marriage
3610:Calendar
3533:Xrafstar
3457:Visperad
3452:Vendidad
2548:Pakistan
2290:Dehkhoda
1975:Ismail I
1825:Golestān
1747:(d.1248)
1644:Iranshah
1455:Avicenna
1412:Ferdowsi
1075:(1958).
957:Vistaspa
953:Vishtasp
918:khwarrah
910:Kayomars
869:didactic
801:Sassanid
740:theology
722:Chihrdad
647:dēn-kart
365:Marriage
338:Calendar
228:Visperad
223:Vendidad
128:Fravashi
26:a series
24:Part of
3897:Sad-dar
3861:Denkard
3828:Pahlavi
3776:Avestan
3678:in Iraq
3673:in Iran
3564:Kashmar
3498:Dēnkard
3477:Ab-Zohr
3353:Yazatas
3323:Avestan
2488:Farzona
2414:Armenia
1704:Khaqani
1623:Mu'izzi
1570:Hujwiri
1437:Bal'ami
1275:Dēnkard
1139:Dēnkard
1025:27 and
934:Ohrmuzd
914:Kayanid
718:Denkard
710:Denkard
694:Denkard
687:Baghdad
630:Avestan
628:, from
597:See why
525:Denkard
504:Dēnkart
498:Dēnkard
268:Dēnkard
248:Ab-Zohr
113:Yazatas
88:Avestan
3804:Gathas
3666:Parsis
3625:Burial
3585:Parsis
3552:Cities
3543:Duzakh
3462:Yashts
3389:Gathas
3384:Avesta
3363:Daevas
3358:Ahuras
2568:Novels
2208:Poetry
1967:Fuzuli
1944:Hatefi
1915:Nasimi
1821:Bustan
1712:Anvari
1697:c.1220
1695:(1142–
1478:Ayyuqi
1468:Asjadi
1463:Unsuri
1407:Daqiqi
1402:Rudaki
1254:Middle
1153:
1017:Gathic
1011:Book 9
1005:Avesta
999:Book 8
949:daevas
884:Book 7
864:andarz
857:Book 6
818:Book 5
808:Greece
786:Book 4
780:Greeks
776:Avesta
746:Book 3
726:Avesta
410:Iranis
400:Parsis
370:Burial
358:Sedreh
353:Kushti
233:Yashts
213:Gathas
158:Avesta
123:Daevas
118:Ahuras
3890:Other
3814:Yasht
3789:Yasna
3697:Lists
3661:Irani
3559:Balkh
3447:Yasna
2786:Plays
2167:Qaani
2128:1800s
2093:1700s
2024:1600s
1992:1500s
1927:1400s
1900:Hafez
1883:1300s
1817:Saadi
1756:1200s
1692:Attar
1682:Am'aq
1637:1100s
1598:Sanai
1487:1000s
1027:Yasna
1022:Yasna
898:Yasna
812:India
757:Islam
714:nasks
655:-kard
651:-kart
642:daena
633:karda
218:Yasna
3569:Yazd
3303:Asha
3230:Iran
2221:Iran
1949:Jami
1846:Rumi
1395:900s
1379:800s
1151:ISBN
1137:The
810:and
799:and
708:The
692:The
626:kard
622:kart
561:lang
535:Name
495:The
68:Asha
1204:Old
653:or
637:dēn
581:IPA
501:or
3959::
3232:,
1823:/
1149:,
1085:^
1064:^
944:).
742:.
700:.
566:,
28:on
3826:/
3759:e
3752:t
3745:v
3271:e
3264:t
3257:v
3240:.
2402:)
2398:(
1827:)
1819:(
1699:)
1418:)
1414:(
1183:e
1176:t
1169:v
1120:1
985:.
624:/
607:)
603:(
599:.
507:(
484:e
477:t
470:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
