41:
1056:
350:
1519:(UKHSA) issued a statement saying specialists have been providing public health support following confirmation of the diphtheria case at a primary school in Luton. The agency said it is working closely with local and national partners "to ensure all necessary public health measures are implemented" following the discovery of the new case. The statement added: "We have conducted a risk assessment and close contacts of the case have been identified and where appropriate, vaccination and advice will be given to prevent the spread of the infection."
791:
1216:
882:
338:
381:. Within two to three days, diphtheria may destroy healthy tissues in the respiratory system. The dead tissue forms a thick, gray coating that can build up in the throat or nose. This thick gray coating is called a "pseudomembrane." It can cover tissues in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat, making it very hard to breathe and swallow. Symptoms can also include
738:
of horses that have been challenged with diphtheria toxin). Since antitoxin does not neutralize toxin that is already bound to tissues, delaying its administration increases risk of death. Therefore, the decision to administer diphtheria antitoxin is based on clinical diagnosis, and should not await
781:
In cases that progress beyond a throat infection, diphtheria toxin spreads through the blood, and can lead to potentially life-threatening complications that affect other organs, such as the heart and kidneys. Damage to the heart caused by the toxin affects the heart's ability to pump blood, or the
917:
Diphtheria is fatal in 5–10% of cases. In children under five years and adults over 40 years, the fatality rate may be as much as 20%. In 2013, it resulted in 3,300 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. Better standards of living, mass immunization, improved diagnosis, prompt treatment, and more
426:
Human-to-human transmission of diphtheria typically occurs through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Breathing in particles released from the infected individual leads to infection. Contact with any lesions on the skin can also lead to transmission of diphtheria, but this is
2930:
Loeffler, F. (1884) "Untersuchungen über die
Bedeutung der Mikroorganismen für die Entstehung der Diphtherie, beim Menschen, bei der Taube und beim Kalbe" (Investigations into the significance of microorganisms in the development of diphtheria among humans, pigeons, and calves),
1207:
to detect pre-existing immunity to diphtheria in an exposed person. Only those who had not been exposed to diphtheria were vaccinated. A massive, five-year campaign was coordinated by Dr. Schick. As a part of the campaign, 85 million pieces of literature were distributed by the
1238:
During the 1920s, an annual estimate of 100,000 to 200,000 diphtheria cases and 13,000 to 15,000 deaths occurred in the United States. Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities. One of the most infamous outbreaks of diphtheria occurred in 1925, in
282:, are recommended during childhood. Further doses of the diphtheria–tetanus vaccine are recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood. Diphtheria can be prevented in those exposed, as well as treated with the
3978:
1113:) for human trials in 1891, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment of human patients with horse-derived antitoxin began in 1894, after production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized. In 1901, Von Behring won the first
1335:
in 1991, vaccination rates in its constituent countries fell so low that an explosion of diphtheria cases occurred. In 1991, 2,000 cases of diphtheria occurred in the USSR. Between 1991 and 1998, as many as 200,000 cases were reported in the
4226:
4211:
4196:
208:, but in some outbreaks, the mortality rate approaches 10%. Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually start two to five days after exposure. Symptoms often develop gradually, beginning with a sore throat and
2810:, series 1, 11 : 219–254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ , … )
427:
uncommon. Indirect infections can occur, as well. If an infected individual touches a surface or object, the bacteria can be left behind and remain viable. Also, some evidence indicates diphtheria has the potential to be
321:, but can re-emerge if vaccination rates decrease. In the United States, 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004. Death occurs in 5–10% of those diagnosed. The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by
405:
Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to a characteristic swollen neck and throat, or "bull neck." The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or "barking" cough,
1143:
developed a standardized unit of measure for diphtheria antitoxin. This was the first ever standardization of a biological product, and played an important role in future developmental work on sera and vaccines.
300:
In 2015, 4,500 cases were officially reported worldwide, down from nearly 100,000 in 1980. About a million cases a year are believed to have occurred before the 1980s. Diphtheria currently occurs most often in
2853:
Diphtheritis: A Concise
Historical and Critical Essay on the Late Epidemic Pseudo-membranous Sore Throat of California (1856-7) with a Few Remarks Illustrating the Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment of the
410:, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing; and historically referred to variously as "diphtheritic croup," "true croup," or sometimes simply as "croup." Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where
768:
is given intramuscularly for 14 days (300,000 U/d for patients weighing <10 kg, and 600,000 U/d for those weighing >10 kg); patients with allergies to penicillin G or erythromycin can use
4335:
1721:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3900:
1834:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1883:"Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Venezuela as a Regional Public Health Threat in the Americas – Volume 25, Number 4 – April 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC"
4026:
3733:
2798:
Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc.
742:
Antibiotics have not been demonstrated to affect healing of local infection in diphtheria patients treated with antitoxin. Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate
1000:
710:
in the neck may swell, and breathing and swallowing are more difficult. People in this stage should seek immediate medical attention, as obstruction in the throat may require
4328:
3795:
4004:
1258:(a modified version of the toxin used for vaccination) by treating it with aluminum salts. Vaccination with toxoid was not widely used until the early 1930s. In 1939, Dr.
1277:, where authorities preferred treatment and isolation over vaccination (until about 1939–1941), cases rose over the same period from 6.1 to 9.6 per 100,000 inhabitants.
1188:
In 1905, Franklin Royer, from
Philadelphia's Municipal Hospital, published a paper urging timely treatment for diphtheria and adequate doses of antitoxin. In 1906,
4321:
1212:, with an appeal to parents to "Save your child from diphtheria." A vaccine was developed in the next decade, and deaths began declining significantly in 1924.
2258:
Youwang Y.; Jianming D.; Yong X.; Pong Z. (1992). "Epidemiological features of an outbreak of diphtheria and its control with diphtheria toxoid immunization".
643:
An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the pharynx; in severe cases, it can extend to cover the entire tracheobronchial tree.
3703:
2557:
4786:
40:
4781:
1686:
3892:
595:
313:. In 2015, it resulted in 2,100 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. In areas where it is still common, children are most affected. It is rare in the
212:. In severe cases, a grey or white patch develops in the throat, which can block the airway, and create a barking cough similar to what is observed in
3372:
521:
into DT-A and DT-B. The acidity of the endosome causes DT-B to create pores in the endosome membrane, thereby catalysing the release of DT-A into the
2633:
3186:
Lilienfeld, David E. (Spring 2008). "The first pharmacoepidemiologic investigations: national drug safety policy in the United States, 1901–1902".
4629:
3921:
3777:
3755:
3627:
Harnisch, JP; Tronca E; Nolan CM; Turck M; Holmes KK (1 July 1989). "Diphtheria among alcoholic urban adults. A decade of experience in
Seattle".
2205:
782:
kidneys' ability to clear wastes. It can also cause nerve damage, eventually leading to paralysis. About 40–50% of those left untreated can die.
4034:
4415:
506:
357:
The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. They include fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above; chills;
62:
3870:
3725:
5008:
4095:
3550:
2896:
2735:
1500:. The capacity of the processing centre was 1,000 people, although about 3,000 were living at the site, with some accommodated in tents. The
1114:
690:, which vaccinate against diphtheria and four other childhood diseases simultaneously, are frequently used in disease prevention programs in
2574:
653:
Probable: a clinically compatible case that is not laboratory-confirmed, and is not epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case.
2293:
Hogg R. A.; Wessels J.; Hart A.; Efstratiou A.; De Zoysa G.; Mann T.; Pritchard G. C. (2009). "Possible zoonotic transmission of toxigenic
1497:
1485:
992:
2241:
1815:
1437:
1370:
2609:
1934:
722:. Diphtheria can also cause paralysis in the eye, neck, throat, or respiratory muscles. Patients with severe cases are put in a hospital
2051:
1785:
1228:
1209:
1055:
656:
Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is either laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case.
4531:
1337:
1314:
3848:
4624:
4344:
3566:
3521:
3322:
1809:
1779:
1663:
1097:
immunized guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin. They also immunized goats and horses in the same way, and showed that an "
482:
has two different but functionally equivalent bacterial attachment sites (attB) for integration of β prophage into the chromosome.
462:); i.e., the ability of the bacterium to make DT changes as a consequence of infection by a particular phage. DT is encoded by the
3791:
4599:
3418:
3229:
Royer, Franklin (1905). "The
Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria, with a Plea for Rational Dosage in Treatment and in Immunizing".
2828:
2484:
4056:
1669:
4951:
2991:
1433:
1178:
349:
3825:
4668:
4658:
4565:
2767:
1171:
3030:
2391:"Further Observations on the Change to Virulence of Bacteriophage-Infected Avirulent Strains of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae"
2903:(Proceedings of the Congress on Internal Medicine. Second congress held at Wiesbaden, 18–23 April 1883), 2 : 139–154.
1105:
of immunized animals could cure the disease in non-immunized animals. Behring used this antitoxin (now known to consist of
1273:
Widespread vaccination pushed cases in the United States down from 4.4 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1932 to 2.0 in 1937. In
794:
514:
4931:
4776:
4409:
1248:
3104:
1014:. The club shape of this bacterium helped Edwin to differentiate it from other bacteria. Over time, it has been called
5003:
4917:
4823:
4762:
4688:
4173:
3287:
1011:
200:
111:
1590:
578:), since this is one of the reaction's end products, and high amounts drive the reaction in the opposite direction.
4477:
3711:
2547:
999:'s second daughter) and her family became infected with diphtheria; Princess Alice and her four-year-old daughter,
4174:
Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, 2000–2016: a spatial and temporal modelling study
3291:
3288:"United States mortality rate from measles, scarlet fever, typhoid, whooping cough, and diphtheria from 1900–1965"
1302:, 68 of 606 children died after diphtheria immunization due to improper manufacture of aluminum phosphate toxoid.
543:
that is essential to the translation step of protein synthesis. This ADP-ribosylation involves the transfer of an
418:" nowadays most often refers to an unrelated viral illness that produces similar but milder respiratory symptoms.
4808:
4592:
4526:
2913:
1694:
1516:
1306:
1270:, and promoted mother and child health education, resulting in virtual eradication of the infection in the city.
1263:
886:
274:
is effective for prevention, and is available in a number of formulations. Three or four doses, given along with
263:
produced by the bacteria. Diagnosis can often be made based on the appearance of the throat with confirmation by
1227:, 10 children were killed and 60 others made seriously ill by toxic antitoxin which had passed the tests of the
746:
and prevent its transmission to others. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends either:
4945:
4609:
4423:
4241:
3934:
3414:
2640:. As a work of an agency of the U.S. government without any other copyright notice it should be available as a
587:
505:. DT-B is a recognition subunit that gains entry of DT into the host cell by binding to the EGF-like domain of
501:
chains, amino-terminal fragment A (DT-A) and carboxyl-terminal fragment B (DT-B), which are held together by a
259:
are the main cause in the variability of lethality, as the lethality and symptoms themselves are caused by the
674:
Vaccination against diphtheria is commonly done in infants, and delivered as a combination vaccine, such as a
1151:
children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. The horse from which the antitoxin was derived died of
1067:
introduced the O'Dwyer tube for laryngeal intubation in patients with an obstructed larynx. It soon replaced
4847:
4833:
4614:
4443:
4385:
2803:
2130:
2079:
1385:. It was the first case of diphtheria in the country since 1986, as reported by the Spanish daily newspaper
1090:
394:
264:
130:
79:
3592:
Keja, Ko; Chan, Carole; Hayden, Gregory; Henderson, Ralph H. (1988). "Expanded
Programme on Immunization".
3364:
2893:
Verhandlungen des
Congresses für innere Medicin. Zweiter Congress gehalten zu Wiesbaden, 18.-23. April 1883
2625:
The first version of this article was adapted from the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention document
790:
4840:
4794:
4742:
4707:
4619:
4570:
4539:
4514:
3461:"Autarky, Market Disintegration, and Health: The Mortality and Nutritional Crisis in Nazi Germany 1933–37"
2641:
1292:
1285:
1244:
1232:
1215:
411:
3704:"CNN's Anderson Cooper talks with Sean Penn and Dr. Sanjay Gupta about the threat of diphtheria in Haiti"
2626:
4976:
4879:
4819:
4753:
4732:
4714:
4697:
4086:
Holmes, R .K. (2005). "Diphtheria and other corynebacterial infections". In Kasper; et al. (eds.).
1382:
1356:
1281:
1167:
1121:
765:
718:. Abnormal cardiac rhythms can occur early in the course of the illness or weeks later, and can lead to
229:
88:
3769:
3747:
2988:
3960:
2217:
660:
Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of diphtheria is high.
4640:
4604:
4582:
4434:
4401:
4374:
3339:"Iditarod: Celebrating the "Great Race of Mercy" to Stop Diphtheria Outbreak in Alaska | About | CDC"
2758:
1129:
1045:
985:
691:
4313:
3862:
1504:, the government department responsible for asylum seekers, refused to confirm the number of cases.
1381:. The six-year-old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental
1266:(Maternity and Child Welfare) of Glasgow between 1934– 1964, introduced immunisation clinics across
4998:
4875:
4770:
4673:
4653:
4560:
4482:
4394:
4230:
3338:
1474:
1426:
723:
687:
390:
374:
337:
310:
2945:
Gifford, Robert R. (March 1970). "The O'Dwyer tube; development and use in laryngeal diphtheria".
2890:
2182:
881:
220:. Diphtheria can also involve the skin, eyes, or genitals, and can cause complications, including
4967:
4883:
4720:
4663:
4550:
3491:
3269:
3211:
2970:
2779:
2322:
1455:
1419:
1318:
1156:
1037:
669:
382:
302:
271:
225:
217:
140:
69:
2654:
2238:
2178:
Our Home
Physician: A New and Popular Guide to the Art of Preserving Health and Treating Disease
3393:
2598:
1799:
4575:
4499:
4281:
4252:
4143:
4091:
3685:
3644:
3609:
3546:
3517:
3483:
3318:
3261:
3203:
3086:
3057:"Remembering Emil von Behring: from Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes"
2962:
2858:
2731:
2708:
2529:
2466:
2420:
2371:
2314:
2275:
2157:
2106:
2029:
1930:
1912:
1863:
1805:
1775:
1750:
1659:
1582:
1493:
1400:
1219:
A poster from the United Kingdom advertising diphtheria immunization (published prior to 1962)
1064:
966:
533:
358:
279:
205:
124:
57:
4205:
3134:
1769:
1406:
In June 2016, a three-year-old, five-year-old, and seven-year-old girl died of diphtheria in
4897:
4365:
4133:
4125:
3675:
3636:
3601:
3475:
3406:
3253:
3195:
3168:
3076:
3068:
2954:
2771:
2698:
2519:
2511:
2456:
2410:
2402:
2361:
2353:
2306:
2267:
2147:
2139:
2096:
2088:
2043:
1902:
1894:
1853:
1845:
1740:
1732:
1463:
1387:
1363:
1174:
1094:
1079:
981:
529:
443:
290:
248:
241:
116:
20:
2876:
2342:"Studies on the Virulence of Bacteriophage-Infected Strains of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae"
4908:
4678:
4458:
4057:"UKHSA issues statement as case of rare infectious disease confirmed at UK primary school"
3840:
3570:
3034:
2995:
2900:
2806:(Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup),
2637:
2245:
1470:
1352:
1189:
940:
927:
459:
378:
314:
275:
255:. Asymptomatic transmission and chronic infection are also possible. Different strains of
4005:"Two children diagnosed with first cases of diphtheria of the throat in NSW this century"
3893:"Diphtheria Reemerges as Venezuela Remains on the Brink of Economic Collapse | HealthMap"
3028:"Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei Thieren"
2752:
2176:
758:
is given (orally or by injection) for 14 days (40 mg/kg per day with a maximum of 2
4555:
4356:
4348:
4138:
4129:
4113:
3081:
3056:
2152:
2125:
2101:
2074:
2034:
1907:
1882:
1858:
1833:
1745:
1720:
1512:
1458:. Additionally, in November 2019, an unvaccinated 8-year-old boy died of diphtheria in
1348:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1163:
1034:
996:
627:
In vitro test: Elek's gel precipitation test, detection of tox gene by PCR, ELISA, ICA.
502:
490:
3479:
2820:
2524:
2499:
2415:
2390:
2366:
2341:
2047:
1849:
1736:
1653:
1395:
In March 2016, a three-year-old girl died of diphtheria in the University Hospital of
1136:
described the method for producing serum from horses for use in diphtheria treatment.
4992:
4545:
4467:
4380:
3172:
2783:
1976:
1133:
1102:
750:
735:
719:
591:
528:
Fragment A inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in the affected cell by catalyzing
494:
451:
4292:
4235:
3495:
3215:
2974:
2703:
2686:
4866:
4800:
4504:
4491:
3817:
3273:
2326:
1344:
had 39,703 diphtheria cases. By contrast, in 1990, only 1,211 cases were reported.
1332:
1274:
1240:
1140:
1125:
755:
571:
286:
154:
1964:
1159:, played an important part in initiating federal regulation of biologic products.
4246:
3440:
Mackie, Elizabeth M; Scott Wilson, T. (12 November 1994). "Obituary N.I.Wattie".
3118:
3027:
2515:
2406:
2357:
567:
during protein translation, ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 prevents protein synthesis.
4889:
4276:
3543:
Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality
3538:
3509:
3460:
3037:(On the realization of diphtheria immunity and tetanus immunity among animals),
2002:
1959:
1501:
1481:
1310:
1259:
1204:
1068:
1007:
951:
774:
715:
707:
675:
552:
386:
326:
322:
318:
294:
283:
237:
221:
150:
92:
84:
3640:
3257:
2958:
4937:
4587:
4519:
4495:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4257:
3863:"Infant mortality and malaria soar in Venezuela, according to government data"
3748:"Parents of diphtheria-stricken boy feel "tricked" by anti-vaccination groups"
1801:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
1280:
Between June 1942 and February 1943, 714 cases of diphtheria were recorded at
1075:
731:
711:
624:
In vivo tests (guinea pig inoculation): Subcutaneous and intracutaneous tests.
544:
509:
on the cell surface. This signals the cell to internalize the toxin within an
306:
3514:
The Real Tenko: Extraordinary True Stories of Women Prisoners of the Japanese
1128:
started production and testing of diphtheria antitoxin in the United States.
4287:
4220:
3537:
Stratton, Kathleen R.; Howe, Cynthia J.; Johnston, Richard B., eds. (1994).
2862:
2143:
1444:
1374:
1148:
1098:
727:
679:
556:
522:
497:. Certain proteases, such as trypsin, selectively cleave DT to generate two
366:
233:
192:
161:
4147:
3689:
3487:
3265:
3207:
3090:
2712:
2608:(10 ed.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation. pp. 59–70.
2606:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)
2470:
2424:
2375:
2318:
2271:
2161:
2110:
1916:
1898:
1867:
1754:
1586:
1567:
1254:
In 1926, Alexander Thomas Glenny increased the effectiveness of diphtheria
4162:
3841:"Malacca Health Dept works to contain diptheria after seven-year-old dies"
3648:
3613:
3072:
2966:
2804:"Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique"
2310:
2279:
2092:
1359:. The 15-year-old male patient died while workers searched for antitoxin.
957:
Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In
559:) residue within the EF-2 protein. Since EF-2 is needed for the moving of
2775:
2533:
2445:"Biology and molecular epidemiology of diphtheria toxin and the tox gene"
1832:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).
1106:
961:, it was known as "Boulogne sore throat," as the illness had spread from
770:
564:
518:
510:
428:
362:
260:
196:
2851:
2802:
A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826)
435:
has been found in some animals, which would suggest zoonotic potential.
4649:
3605:
3317:. Continuum International Publishing Group, Limited, 2002. p. 20.
3199:
2935:(Communications from the Imperial Office of Health), 2 : 421–499.
1719:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1451:
1411:
1396:
1325:
1267:
1152:
977:'leather'), describing the appearance of pseudomembrane in the throat.
958:
683:
540:
498:
486:
407:
377:; rapid breathing; foul-smelling and bloodstained nasal discharge; and
4188:
1655:
Diphtheria Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1052:
and diphtheria. He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin.
4215:
4200:
3979:"Οκτάχρονος πέθανε από διφθερίτιδα στην Αθήνα - Δεν είχε εμβολιαστεί"
2552:
1954:
1952:
1459:
1443:
In November and December 2017, an outbreak of diphtheria occurred in
1341:
1255:
1224:
962:
944:
695:
478:
gene becomes integrated into the bacterial genome. The chromosome of
252:
49:
3394:
Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria
3680:
3663:
2891:"III. Sitzung: Ueber Diphtherie" (Third session: On diphtheria),
2461:
2444:
1480:
In October 2022, there was an outbreak of diphtheria at the former
1200:
in children receiving large quantities of horse-derived antitoxin.
548:
1508:
1415:
1407:
1378:
1299:
1214:
1054:
880:
789:
455:
415:
370:
348:
336:
213:
209:
2030:"Something concerning the diagnosis and treatment of false croup"
918:
effective health care have led to a decrease in cases worldwide.
216:. The neck may also swell, in part due to the enlargement of the
1489:
1291:
In 1943, diphtheria outbreaks accompanied war and disruption in
560:
536:
341:
Diphtheria can cause a swollen neck, sometimes referred to as a
4317:
4027:"Diphtheria outbreak confirmed at asylum seeker centre in Kent"
947:
simultaneously, reducing the population to about 5,000 people.
247:
Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact,
2730:. Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 72.
2485:"Entrez Gene: EEF2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2"
3135:"Difference Between Serums & Vaccines | What is - YTread"
2297:
from companion animals in a human case of fatal diphtheria".
706:
The disease may remain manageable, but in more severe cases,
611:
from a Gram stain or throat culture from a clinical specimen.
570:
ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is reversed by giving high doses of
3664:"Contraindications to Vaccination in the Russian Federation"
2877:"Diaries and Letters – Princess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine"
1804:(8 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. p. 2372.
2597:
Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2007).
1658:(12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 215–230.
1469:
In July 2022, two cases of diphtheria occurred in northern
1295:. The 1 million cases in Europe resulted in 50,000 deaths.
1450:
In November 2019, two cases of diphtheria occurred in the
1369:
In early June 2015, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed at
1010:
identified the bacterium causing diphtheria, and named it
614:
Histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria by Albert's stain.
267:. Previous infection may not protect against reinfection.
3961:"Two cases of deadly diphtheria detected in Lothian area"
1347:
In early May 2010, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed in
1247:
to deliver diphtheria antitoxin is now celebrated by the
640:
Low-grade fever (above 39 °C (102 °F) is rare).
2248:. U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016).
2075:"Meaning of the Terms Diphtheria, Croup, and Faux Croup"
3516:. Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military. p. 41.
2687:"El garotillo (Difteria) en España (Siglos XVI y XVII)"
373:; headache; difficulty swallowing; painful swallowing;
19:"Diphthera" redirects here. For the genus of moth, see
3922:
Diphtheria: What Exactly Is It ... And Why Is It Back?
1507:
In December 2023 there was an outbreak at a school in
1425:
In January 2017, more than 300 cases were recorded in
930:
experienced an epidemic of diphtheria, referred to as
2035:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
517:. Inside the endosome, DT is split by a trypsin-like
48:
An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the
4178:
1447:, with more than 600 cases found and 38 fatalities.
1155:. This incident, coupled with a tetanus outbreak in
797:
for diphtheria per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
4966:
4907:
4865:
4818:
4752:
4731:
4696:
4687:
4638:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4433:
4364:
4355:
4267:
4182:
3770:"Primer caso de difteria en España en casi 30 años"
1288:did not release supplies of anti-diphtheria serum.
598:is based on both laboratory and clinical criteria.
178:
170:
160:
146:
136:
123:
106:
98:
78:
68:
56:
33:
2751:
204:. Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild
3818:"Meisje (3) overlijdt aan difterie in ziekenhuis"
3107:. Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1901. nobelprize.org
3105:Serum Therapy in Therapeutics and Medical Science
2933:Mitteilungen aus der Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte
1203:Between 1910 and 1911, Béla Schick developed the
1059:A diphtheria immunisation scheme in London (1941)
637:Upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat.
2500:"Diphtheria toxin: mode of action and structure"
1324:In 1975, an outbreak of cutaneous diphtheria in
3662:Tatochenko, Vladimir; Mitjushin, I. L. (2000).
1436:, and amongst children unvaccinated due to the
1071:as the emergency diphtheric intubation method.
458:is determined by phage conversion (also called
4114:"The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases"
1774:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 54.
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1362:In 2013, three children died of diphtheria in
4329:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1340:, and resulted in 5,000 deaths. In 1994, the
1166:died of diphtheria at the age of 12 years in
950:In 1735, a diphtheria epidemic swept through
931:
8:
3244:Jackson R (October 2000). "Serum sickness".
3569:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2998:(Contribution to the study of diphtheria),
2592:
2590:
2588:
2206:"Recognizing croup and stridor in children"
1714:
1712:
4693:
4472:
4463:
4361:
4336:
4322:
4314:
4179:
4088:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2659:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1086:caused symptoms of diphtheria in animals.
943:experienced an epidemic of diphtheria and
596:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
325:. The bacterium was identified in 1882 by
39:
30:
4137:
3679:
3080:
2989:"Contribution à l'étude de la diphthérte"
2987:Roux, E. and Yersin, A. (December 1888)
2702:
2655:"Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications"
2523:
2460:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2414:
2365:
2151:
2100:
1906:
1857:
1827:
1825:
1744:
1681:
1679:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1231:. The manufacturer of the antitoxin, the
1170:. Ruth was the eldest daughter of former
4090:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3567:"Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals"
2753:"On the Treatment of Diphtheria in 1735"
466:gene. Strains of corynephage are either
297:is sometimes needed to open the airway.
4630:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
3935:"IDI: 38 Anak Meninggal karena Difteri"
3055:Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. (8 March 2017).
3016:. E. & S. Livingstone. p. 120.
2615:from the original on 27 September 2007.
1672:from the original on 15 September 2016.
1528:
984:described an epidemic of diphtheria in
4416:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
3736:from the original on 20 December 2016.
2548:"Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine"
2204:Vanderpool, Patricia (December 2012).
1818:from the original on 21 December 2016.
1788:from the original on 21 December 2016.
1392:or from 1998, as reported by the WHO.
1284:, resulting in 112 deaths because the
1109:that neutralize the toxin produced by
507:heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
4108:, 3rd Ser., Vol 6, No 2. p. 338.
3421:from the original on 3 September 2023
2728:Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam
2680:
2678:
2676:
2575:"Horses and the Diphtheria Antitoxin"
2569:
2567:
2260:International Journal of Epidemiology
1040:became the first person to cultivate
563:from the A-site to the P-site of the
414:is customary. As a result, the term "
7:
4169:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3290:. HealthSentinel.com. Archived from
3159:"The Tetanus Cases in Camden, N.J".
3026:Behring, E. and Kitasato, S. (1890)
2831:from the original on 13 January 2013
2389:Freeman VJ, Morse IU; Morse (1953).
2124:Bennett, James Risdon (8 May 1875).
2007:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1881:Al, A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi et (2019).
1082:showed that a substance produced by
485:The diphtheria toxin precursor is a
431:, but this has yet to be confirmed.
3828:from the original on 19 March 2016.
3371:. 1926 — Glenny Develops Adjuvant.
2028:Loving, Starling (5 October 1895).
1771:Hospital airborne infection control
1434:Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh
1210:Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
353:A diphtheria skin lesion on the leg
4532:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
4130:10.1203/01.PDR.0000101756.93542.09
3851:from the original on 24 June 2016.
3668:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3167:(23): 1539–1540. 7 December 1901.
3039:Deutsche medizinsche Wochenschrift
2726:Rogers, Robert F. (30 June 2011).
2560:from the original on 29 July 2014.
2449:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2239:Diphtheria Causes and Transmission
2181:. New York: E. B. Treat. pp.
1693:. 3 September 2014. Archived from
1338:Commonwealth of Independent States
1315:Expanded Programme on Immunization
906: Between 50–99 reported cases
224:(which in itself can result in an
52:is classically seen in diphtheria.
14:
4625:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
4345:Gram-positive bacterial infection
4025:Taylor, Diane (20 October 2022).
3903:from the original on 12 July 2017
3798:from the original on 12 June 2015
3792:"WHO – Diphtheria reported cases"
3780:from the original on 2 June 2015.
3758:from the original on 7 June 2015.
3594:World Health Statistics Quarterly
2073:Cormack, John Rose (8 May 1875).
2048:10.1001/jama.1895.02430400011001d
1937:from the original on 28 June 2015
1931:"Diphtheria—Symptoms—NHS Choices"
1596:from the original on 6 June 2015.
1496:, which had been converted to an
1432:In 2017, outbreaks occurred in a
1371:Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
885:Diphtheria cases reported to the
74:Sore throat, fever, barking cough
4600:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
4104:"Antitoxin dars 1735 and 1740."
3873:from the original on 24 May 2017
3539:"Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids"
3375:from the original on 1 July 2014
3173:10.1001/jama.1901.02470490037010
2054:from the original on 4 July 2014
1331:After the breakup of the former
1229:New York State Health Department
450:infected with a certain type of
4952:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
3839:Murali, R.S.N. (21 June 2016).
2850:Fourgeaud, Victor John (1858).
2704:10.4067/S0716-10182006000100012
2691:Revista Chilena de Infectología
1498:asylum seeker processing centre
1233:Mulford Company of Philadelphia
240:, and bleeding problems due to
4669:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
4659:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
4566:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
4106:The William and Mary Quarterly
3726:"Three kids die of diphtheria"
3117:H. K. Mulford Company (1903).
3000:Annales de l'Institute Pasteur
2808:Archives générales de médecine
2768:American Academy of Pediatrics
1652:Atkinson, William (May 2012).
1235:, paid damages in every case.
936:(The Year of Strangulations).
115:(spread by direct contact and
1:
3710:. 10 May 2010. Archived from
3480:10.1016/S1570-677X(02)00002-3
3459:Baten, Joerg; Wagner (2003).
2914:"Corynebacterium diphtheriae"
2685:Laval, Enrique (March 2006).
2175:Beard, George Miller (1875).
1850:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1737:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1581:(3): 24–32. 20 January 2006.
1147:In 1901, 10 of 11 inoculated
1048:to prove association between
912: Over 100 reported cases
795:Disability-adjusted life year
515:receptor-mediated endocytosis
5009:Vaccine-preventable diseases
4932:Corynebacterium minutissimum
4777:Mycobacterium intracellulare
4410:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
3985:(in Greek). 28 November 2019
3545:. National Academies Press.
2516:10.1128/MMBR.39.1.54-85.1975
2407:10.1128/JB.63.3.407-414.1952
2358:10.1128/JB.61.6.675-688.1951
1887:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1768:Kowalski, Wladyslaw (2012).
1249:Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
1117:for his work on diphtheria.
4918:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
4061:The Manchester Evening News
3629:Annals of Internal Medicine
3468:Economics and Human Biology
3315:The Hazards of Immunization
2825:Online Etymology Dictionary
2629:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2455:(Supplement 1): S156–S167.
1028:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
474:(e.g., corynephage γ). The
201:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
112:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
5025:
3641:10.7326/0003-4819-111-1-71
3258:10.1177/120347540000400411
2959:10.1177/000992287000900313
2796:Bretonneau, Pierre (1826)
2340:Freeman, Victor J (1951).
1026:. Current nomenclature is
1016:Microsporon diphtheriticum
969:gave the disease the name
667:
590:of diphtheria used by the
361:; bluish skin coloration (
251:, or through contact with
18:
4593:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
4527:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
3014:A history of immunization
1517:UK Health Security Agency
1383:opposition to vaccination
1307:World Health Organization
1264:Principal Medical Officer
1024:Mycobacterium diphtheriae
933:El Año de los Garrotillos
900: 1–49 reported cases
887:World Health Organization
739:laboratory confirmation.
694:by organizations such as
470:(e.g., corynephage β) or
446:(DT) is produced only by
47:
38:
4946:Corynebacterium jeikeium
4610:Tuberculous pericarditis
4424:Actinomyces gerencseriae
3415:University of St Andrews
3033:20 December 2016 at the
2636:20 December 2016 at the
2295:Corynebacterium ulcerans
1960:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1355:, after the devastating
1012:Klebs–Loeffler bacterium
588:clinical case definition
433:Corynebacterium ulcerans
395:peripheral nerve palsies
4615:Urogenital tuberculosis
4444:Propionibacterium acnes
4386:Cutaneous actinomycosis
4112:Shulman, S. T. (2004).
3959:BBC (9 November 2019).
3933:Nugraha, Indra Komara.
3442:British Medical Journal
3313:Wilson, Graham (2002).
3231:The Therapeutic Gazette
2800:Paris, France: Crevot.
2631:) 1995 Case Definition"
2504:Bacteriological Reviews
2395:Journal of Bacteriology
2346:Journal of Bacteriology
2144:10.1136/bmj.1.749.606-a
2131:British Medical Journal
2080:British Medical Journal
1115:Nobel Prize in medicine
889:between 1997 and 2006:
726:, and given diphtheria
265:microbiological culture
242:low levels of platelets
129:Examination of throat,
4620:Tuberculous dactylitis
4571:Tuberculous cellulitis
3012:Parish, Henry (1965).
2642:public domain resource
2443:Holmes, R. K. (2000).
2126:"True and False Croup"
1899:10.3201/eid2504.181305
1286:Imperial Japanese Army
1220:
1060:
932:
914:
878:
412:diphtheria vaccination
354:
346:
230:inflammation of nerves
102:2–5 days post-exposure
4977:Gardnerella vaginalis
4880:Nocardia brasiliensis
3073:10.1128/mBio.00117-17
2994:15 March 2016 at the
2918:NCBI Taxonomy browser
2311:10.1136/vr.165.23.691
2299:The Veterinary Record
2244:13 April 2014 at the
2093:10.1136/bmj.1.749.606
1977:"Diphtheria Symptoms"
1357:2010 Haiti earthquake
1282:Sham Shui Po Barracks
1245:"Great Race of Mercy"
1218:
1168:Princeton, New Jersey
1122:H. K. Mulford Company
1058:
973:(from Greek διφθέρα,
884:
793:
766:Procaine penicillin G
352:
340:
232:(which can result in
174:4,500 (reported 2015)
89:Peripheral neuropathy
4583:Lichen scrofulosorum
4435:Propionibacteriaceae
4375:Actinomyces israelii
3714:on 20 December 2016.
3407:"Nora Isabel Wattie"
3120:Diphtheria Antitoxin
3002:, 2 : 629–661.
2947:Clin Pediatr (Phila)
2776:10.1542/peds.55.1.43
2272:10.1093/ije/21.4.807
2216:(12). Archived from
2210:American Nurse Today
1731:(10053): 1459–1544.
1568:"Diphtheria vaccine"
1319:developing countries
1091:Shibasaburō Kitasato
1020:Bacillus diphtheriae
744:C. diphtheriae,
692:developing countries
688:Pentavalent vaccines
574:(a form of vitamin B
460:lysogenic conversion
375:difficulty breathing
253:contaminated objects
4876:Nocardia asteroides
4771:Mycobacterium avium
4674:Lepromatous leprosy
4654:Tuberculoid leprosy
4395:Tropheryma whipplei
3369:History of Vaccines
2899:22 May 2016 at the
2498:Collier JR (1975).
1486:Ministry of Defence
1326:Seattle, Washington
1162:On 7 January 1904,
1111:C. diphtheriae
1084:C. diphtheriae
1050:C. diphtheriae
1042:C. diphtheriae
724:intensive care unit
648:Case classification
619:Toxin demonstration
609:C. diphtheriae
602:Laboratory criteria
480:C. diphtheriae
448:C. diphtheriae
383:cardiac arrhythmias
293:.In severe cases a
257:C. diphtheriae
226:abnormal heart rate
166:5–10% risk of death
5004:Bacterial diseases
4968:Bifidobacteriaceae
4909:Corynebacteriaceae
4884:Nocardia farcinica
4721:Aquarium granuloma
4664:Borderline leprosy
4551:Erythema induratum
4268:External resources
4118:Pediatric Research
4063:. 13 December 2023
4037:on 20 October 2022
3732:. 28 August 2013.
3573:on 8 December 2013
3200:10.1353/pbm.0.0010
3045: : 1113–1114.
2661:. 9 September 2022
1575:Wkly Epidemiol Rec
1342:Russian Federation
1221:
1157:Camden, New Jersey
1061:
1038:Friedrich Loeffler
915:
879:
734:isolated from the
670:Diphtheria vaccine
401:Diphtheritic croup
355:
347:
333:Signs and symptoms
317:due to widespread
303:sub-Saharan Africa
272:diphtheria vaccine
218:facial lymph nodes
141:Diphtheria vaccine
63:Infectious disease
4986:
4985:
4962:
4961:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4576:Tuberculous gumma
4459:Corynebacterineae
4453:
4452:
4402:Whipple's disease
4311:
4310:
4097:978-0-07-139140-5
3897:www.healthmap.org
3824:. 17 March 2016.
3552:978-0-309-04895-8
3188:Perspect Biol Med
3103:Emil von Behring
2889:Klebs, E. (1883)
2737:978-0-8248-3334-3
2579:Academic Medicine
1065:Joseph P. O'Dwyer
1046:Koch's postulates
967:Pierre Bretonneau
632:Clinical criteria
534:elongation factor
280:pertussis vaccine
186:
185:
125:Diagnostic method
28:Medical condition
16:Bacterial disease
5016:
4898:Rhodococcus equi
4694:
4561:Prosector's wart
4473:
4468:Mycobacteriaceae
4464:
4366:Actinomycetaceae
4362:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4180:
4170:
4151:
4141:
4101:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:. Archived from
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3465:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3246:J Cutan Med Surg
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3067:(1): e00117–17.
3052:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2904:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:on 16 April 2014
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2138:(749): 606–607.
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1844:(9963): 117–71.
1829:
1820:
1819:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1649:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1572:
1564:
1482:Manston airfield
1438:Yemeni Civil War
1364:Hyderabad, India
1328:, was reported.
1175:Grover Cleveland
1095:Emil von Behring
1080:Alexandre Yersin
1033:In 1884, German
982:Victor Fourgeaud
935:
911:
905:
899:
893:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
530:ADP-ribosylation
491:molecular weight
444:Diphtheria toxin
365:); sore throat;
291:benzylpenicillin
43:
31:
21:Diphthera (moth)
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4958:
4903:
4853:
4814:
4748:
4727:
4683:
4679:Histoid leprosy
4634:
4481:
4478:M. tuberculosis
4449:
4429:
4351:
4342:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4263:
4262:
4191:
4161:
4158:
4111:
4098:
4085:
4082:
4080:Further reading
4077:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:. 2 June 2015.
3768:
3767:
3763:
3754:. 5 June 2015.
3746:
3745:
3741:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3139:youtuberead.com
3133:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3035:Wayback Machine
3025:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:Wayback Machine
2986:
2982:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2901:Wayback Machine
2888:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2684:
2683:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:Wayback Machine
2624:
2620:
2612:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2246:Wayback Machine
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2042:(14): 567–573.
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2009:. 4 August 2020
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1983:. 10 April 2017
1975:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:on 2 April 2015
1685:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1601:
1593:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1530:
1525:
1471:New South Wales
1298:During 1948 in
1190:Clemens Pirquet
1177:and the former
941:Mariana Islands
924:
913:
909:
907:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
877:
876:
872:
870:
866:
864:
860:
858:
854:
852:
848:
846:
842:
840:
836:
834:
830:
828:
824:
822:
818:
816:
812:
810:
806:
804:
800:
788:
730:(consisting of
704:
672:
666:
650:
634:
621:
604:
584:
577:
441:
424:
403:
379:lymphadenopathy
335:
315:developed world
276:tetanus vaccine
249:through the air
238:kidney problems
206:clinical course
117:through the air
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4827:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4809:M. haemophilum
4805:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4711:
4703:
4701:
4691:
4689:Nontuberculous
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Lupus vulgaris
4553:
4548:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4500:Ghon's complex
4488:
4486:
4470:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4357:Actinomycineae
4353:
4352:
4349:Actinomycetota
4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4238:
4223:
4208:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:Classification
4177:
4176:
4171:
4157:
4156:External links
4154:
4153:
4152:
4124:(1): 163–176.
4109:
4102:
4096:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4048:
4017:
3996:
3970:
3951:
3925:
3914:
3884:
3869:. 9 May 2017.
3854:
3845:thestar.com.my
3831:
3809:
3783:
3761:
3739:
3717:
3695:
3681:10.1086/315567
3654:
3619:
3584:
3558:
3551:
3529:
3522:
3501:
3451:
3432:
3417:. March 2021.
3398:
3386:
3356:
3345:. 11 July 2018
3330:
3323:
3305:
3294:on 14 May 2008
3279:
3236:
3221:
3194:(2): 188–198.
3178:
3151:
3126:
3123:. The Company.
3109:
3096:
3047:
3019:
3004:
2980:
2953:(3): 179–185.
2937:
2923:
2905:
2882:
2868:
2857:. J. Anthony.
2842:
2812:
2789:
2743:
2736:
2718:
2672:
2646:
2618:
2584:
2563:
2539:
2490:
2476:
2462:10.1086/315554
2430:
2401:(3): 407–414.
2381:
2352:(6): 675–688.
2332:
2285:
2250:
2231:
2196:
2167:
2116:
2065:
2020:
1994:
1968:
1948:
1922:
1893:(4): 625–632.
1873:
1821:
1810:
1791:
1780:
1760:
1708:
1675:
1664:
1599:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1513:United Kingdom
1488:(MoD) site in
1349:Port-au-Prince
1262:, who was the
1198:serum sickness
1183:Frances Folsom
1164:Ruth Cleveland
1035:bacteriologist
1001:Princess Marie
997:Queen Victoria
993:Princess Alice
923:
920:
908:
902:
896:
890:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
798:
787:
784:
779:
778:
763:
753:
703:
700:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
638:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
603:
600:
583:
580:
575:
503:disulfide bond
456:Toxinogenicity
440:
437:
423:
420:
402:
399:
334:
331:
195:caused by the
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
127:
121:
120:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
82:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:MAI infection
4785:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Scrofuloderma
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Actinomycosis
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3523:9781848845503
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3324:9780485263190
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:"Diphtheria (
2622:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:. April 2000.
2580:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:(23): 691–2.
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:(4): 807–11.
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1811:9780323263733
1807:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1781:9781439821961
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1665:9780983263135
1661:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:In 1974, the
1303:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Dallas, Texas
1217:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:, both died.
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
939:In 1705, the
937:
934:
929:
921:
919:
894: no data
888:
883:
803: no data
796:
792:
785:
783:
776:
772:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
752:
751:Metronidazole
749:
748:
747:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:heart failure
717:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:(diphtheria,
677:
671:
663:
661:
655:
652:
651:
647:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
626:
623:
622:
618:
613:
610:
607:Isolation of
606:
605:
601:
599:
597:
593:
592:United States
589:
581:
579:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:bacteriophage
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
430:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
344:
339:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
198:
194:
190:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
83:
81:
80:Complications
77:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4975:
4944:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4896:
4874:
4867:Nocardiaceae
4848:M. abscessus
4846:
4839:
4834:M. fortuitum
4832:
4807:
4801:Buruli ulcer
4793:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4741:
4713:
4706:
4639:
4538:
4509:
4505:Pott disease
4492:Tuberculosis
4476:
4442:
4422:
4408:
4393:
4373:
4286:
4275:
4251:
4240:
4225:
4210:
4195:
4166:
4163:"Diphtheria"
4121:
4117:
4105:
4087:
4065:. Retrieved
4060:
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4031:The Guardian
4030:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3982:
3973:
3964:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:
3928:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3866:
3857:
3844:
3834:
3822:De Standaard
3821:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3786:
3773:
3764:
3751:
3742:
3729:
3720:
3712:the original
3707:
3698:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3635:(1): 71–82.
3632:
3628:
3622:
3600:(2): 59–63.
3597:
3593:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3571:the original
3561:
3542:
3532:
3513:
3510:Felton, Mark
3504:
3471:
3467:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3410:
3401:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3368:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3282:
3252:(4): 223–5.
3249:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3119:
3112:
3099:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3022:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2983:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2852:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2824:
2821:"Diphtheria"
2815:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2770:: 43. 1975.
2763:
2757:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2697:(1): 78–80.
2694:
2690:
2663:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2599:"Diphtheria"
2578:
2551:
2542:
2510:(1): 54–85.
2507:
2503:
2493:
2479:
2452:
2448:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2213:
2209:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2177:
2170:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2087:(749): 606.
2084:
2078:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2039:
2033:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
2003:"Diphtheria"
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1958:
1939:. Retrieved
1925:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1800:
1794:
1770:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1690:
1687:"Diphtheria"
1654:
1578:
1574:
1506:
1479:
1468:
1449:
1442:
1431:
1424:
1405:
1394:
1386:
1368:
1361:
1346:
1333:Soviet Union
1330:
1323:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1279:
1275:Nazi Germany
1272:
1253:
1241:Nome, Alaska
1237:
1223:In 1919, in
1222:
1202:
1187:
1161:
1146:
1141:Paul Ehrlich
1138:
1126:Philadelphia
1119:
1110:
1101:" made from
1088:
1083:
1073:
1069:tracheostomy
1062:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1005:
990:
979:
974:
970:
956:
949:
938:
925:
916:
786:Epidemiology
780:
759:
756:Erythromycin
743:
741:
705:
673:
659:
608:
586:The current
585:
572:nicotinamide
569:
555:(a modified
527:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
447:
442:
432:
425:
422:Transmission
404:
356:
342:
299:
287:erythromycin
269:
256:
246:
199:
188:
187:
182:2,100 (2015)
155:tracheostomy
110:
25:
4890:Nocardiosis
4841:M. chelonae
4795:M. ulcerans
4743:M. gordonae
4708:M. kansasii
4277:MedlinePlus
4167:MedlinePlus
4067:14 December
3989:28 November
3944:18 December
3674:: S228–31.
3606:10665/49253
3474:(1): 1–28.
3425:2 September
3343:www.cdc.gov
2835:29 November
1981:www.cdc.gov
1502:Home Office
1484:, a former
1311:DPT vaccine
1260:Nora Wattie
1205:Schick test
1194:Béla Schick
1008:Edwin Klebs
971:diphthérite
965:. In 1826,
952:New England
869: 15–50
863: 10–15
775:clindamycin
716:tracheotomy
708:lymph nodes
676:DPT vaccine
553:diphthamide
387:myocarditis
327:Edwin Klebs
323:Hippocrates
319:vaccination
295:tracheotomy
284:antibiotics
222:myocarditis
151:Antibiotics
99:Usual onset
93:Proteinuria
85:Myocarditis
4999:Diphtheria
4993:Categories
4938:Erythrasma
4924:Diphtheria
4715:M. marinum
4588:Tuberculid
4520:Rich focus
4515:Meningitis
4496:Ghon focus
4253:DiseasesDB
4041:21 October
3379:28 October
3365:"Timeline"
2759:Pediatrics
1987:26 October
1965:Diphtheria
1523:References
1196:described
1179:First Lady
1107:antibodies
1076:Emile Roux
1044:. He used
986:California
875: ≥ 50
857: 9–10
732:antibodies
712:intubation
664:Prevention
545:ADP-ribose
367:hoarseness
307:South Asia
189:Diphtheria
137:Prevention
34:Diphtheria
4641:M. leprae
4540:cutaneous
4293:emerg/138
4288:eMedicine
3983:ΑμεΑ Care
3939:detiknews
3730:The Hindu
2784:245183270
1511:, in the
1475:Australia
1445:Indonesia
1427:Venezuela
1375:Barcelona
1313:in their
1309:included
1172:President
1149:St. Louis
1139:In 1897,
1120:In 1895,
1099:antitoxin
1089:In 1890,
1074:In 1888,
1063:In 1885,
1006:In 1883,
991:In 1878,
980:In 1856,
975:diphthera
926:In 1613,
851: 7–9
845: 6–7
839: 5–6
833: 4–5
827: 3–4
821: 2–3
815: 1–2
809: ≤ 1
728:antitoxin
702:Treatment
680:pertussis
582:Diagnosis
557:histidine
523:cytoplasm
439:Mechanism
343:bull neck
311:Indonesia
234:paralysis
197:bacterium
193:infection
171:Frequency
162:Prognosis
147:Treatment
58:Specialty
4764:M. avium
4483:M. bovis
4148:14605240
3965:BBC News
3901:Archived
3871:Archived
3849:Archived
3826:Archived
3796:Archived
3778:Archived
3774:El Mundo
3756:Archived
3734:Archived
3690:10657219
3512:(2009).
3496:36431705
3488:15463961
3419:Archived
3411:MacTutor
3373:Archived
3266:11231202
3216:30767303
3208:18453724
3091:28246359
3031:Archived
2992:Archived
2975:37108037
2897:Archived
2863:11760038
2829:Archived
2713:16462970
2634:Archived
2610:Archived
2558:Archived
2471:10657208
2425:14927573
2376:14850426
2319:19966333
2242:Archived
2224:15 April
2189:15 April
2162:20747854
2111:20747853
2058:16 April
2052:Archived
1935:Archived
1917:30698523
1868:25530442
1816:Archived
1786:Archived
1755:27733281
1701:27 March
1670:Archived
1591:Archived
1587:16671240
1456:Scotland
1454:area of
1420:Malaysia
1388:El Mundo
771:rifampin
762:g/d), or
565:ribosome
519:protease
511:endosome
493:60
429:zoonotic
363:cyanosis
261:exotoxin
70:Symptoms
4766:complex
4650:Leprosy
4605:Miliary
4302:ped/596
4299:oph/674
4296:med/459
4247:D004165
4139:7086672
4010:21 July
3867:Reuters
3802:11 June
3752:El Pais
3649:2472081
3614:3176515
3448:: 1297.
3349:5 March
3298:30 June
3274:7001068
3144:2 April
3082:5347343
2967:4905866
2854:Disease
2665:7 March
2327:8726176
2280:1521987
2153:2297754
2102:2297755
2013:12 July
1941:28 June
1908:6433037
1859:4340604
1746:5388903
1691:who.int
1494:England
1452:Lothian
1412:Malacca
1401:Belgium
1397:Antwerp
1268:Glasgow
1153:tetanus
959:England
922:History
684:tetanus
541:protein
499:peptide
487:protein
408:stridor
391:cranial
359:fatigue
131:culture
50:tonsils
4282:001608
4146:
4136:
4094:
3907:3 June
3877:3 June
3688:
3647:
3612:
3577:10 May
3549:
3520:
3494:
3486:
3321:
3272:
3264:
3214:
3206:
3165:XXXVII
3089:
3079:
2973:
2965:
2861:
2782:
2734:
2711:
2553:UNICEF
2534:164179
2532:
2525:413884
2522:
2469:
2423:
2416:169283
2413:
2374:
2367:386063
2364:
2325:
2317:
2278:
2160:
2150:
2109:
2099:
1915:
1905:
1866:
1856:
1838:Lancet
1808:
1778:
1753:
1743:
1725:Lancet
1662:
1585:
1464:Greece
1460:Athens
1414:, and
1293:Europe
1256:toxoid
1243:; the
1022:, and
963:France
945:typhus
910:
904:
898:
892:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
760:
696:UNICEF
389:, and
309:, and
191:is an
179:Deaths
107:Causes
4510:brain
3492:S2CID
3464:(PDF)
3396:, CDC
3270:S2CID
3212:S2CID
2971:S2CID
2780:S2CID
2766:(1).
2613:(PDF)
2602:(PDF)
2323:S2CID
1594:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1509:Luton
1416:Sabah
1408:Kedah
1379:Spain
1353:Haiti
1300:Kyoto
1134:Biggs
1103:serum
928:Spain
736:serum
714:or a
551:to a
547:from
416:croup
371:cough
214:croup
210:fever
4258:3122
4242:MeSH
4231:9-CM
4206:1C17
4144:PMID
4092:ISBN
4069:2023
4043:2022
4012:2022
3991:2019
3946:2017
3909:2017
3879:2017
3804:2015
3686:PMID
3645:PMID
3610:PMID
3579:2020
3547:ISBN
3518:ISBN
3484:PMID
3427:2023
3381:2013
3351:2019
3319:ISBN
3300:2008
3262:PMID
3204:PMID
3161:JAMA
3146:2023
3087:PMID
3061:mBio
2963:PMID
2859:OCLC
2837:2012
2732:ISBN
2709:PMID
2667:2023
2530:PMID
2467:PMID
2421:PMID
2372:PMID
2315:PMID
2276:PMID
2226:2014
2191:2014
2185:–564
2158:PMID
2107:PMID
2060:2014
2015:2021
1989:2017
1943:2015
1913:PMID
1864:PMID
1806:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1751:PMID
1703:2015
1660:ISBN
1583:PMID
1490:Kent
1317:for
1192:and
1132:and
1130:Park
1093:and
1078:and
561:tRNA
549:NAD+
537:EF-2
513:via
393:and
278:and
4782:MAP
4236:032
4227:ICD
4221:A36
4212:ICD
4197:ICD
4134:PMC
4126:doi
3708:CNN
3676:doi
3672:181
3637:doi
3633:111
3602:hdl
3476:doi
3472:1–1
3446:309
3254:doi
3196:doi
3169:doi
3077:PMC
3069:doi
2955:doi
2772:doi
2699:doi
2520:PMC
2512:doi
2457:doi
2453:181
2411:PMC
2403:doi
2362:PMC
2354:doi
2307:doi
2303:165
2268:doi
2183:560
2148:PMC
2140:doi
2097:PMC
2089:doi
2044:doi
2040:XXV
1903:PMC
1895:doi
1854:PMC
1846:doi
1842:385
1741:PMC
1733:doi
1729:388
1373:in
1124:of
773:or
686:).
539:—a
532:of
495:kDa
489:of
476:tox
472:tox
468:tox
464:tox
454:.
289:or
236:),
228:),
4995::
4824:RG
4820:R4
4754:R3
4733:R2
4698:R1
4652::
4494::
4398:"
4347::
4291::
4280::
4256::
4245::
4234::
4219::
4216:10
4204::
4201:11
4165:.
4142:.
4132:.
4122:55
4120:.
4116:.
4059:.
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