801:
119:
4679:
4664:
5058:
8568:
3818:
3793:
8573:
4482:
144:
3679:
3314:
3423:
7815:
7803:
7789:
7796:
8563:
7809:
516:. Since body shape is not known, various methods of estimation put the living total length of the largest known specimen between 4.1 to 10 m (13 to 33 ft) long and weigh around 1–4 t (1.1–4.4 short tons). However, lengths of 5 metres (16 ft) or more are poorly supported and the most extensive analyses support smaller size estimates.
3897:, implying that the fin morphology of placoderms was much more variable than previously thought, and was heavily influenced by locomotory requirements. This knowledge, coupled with the knowledge that fish morphology is more heavily influenced by feeding niche than phylogeny, allowed a 2017 study to infer the
3920:
The only vertebral remains known for
Dunkleosteus are a small series of 16 vertebrae within the trunk armor of the specimen CMNH 50322. Most of these vertebrae are highly fused, and have very prominent, laterally-projecting articular facets compared to other arthrodires.. Although many arthrodires
3758:
is one of the largest known placoderms, with its maximum size being variably estimated as anywhere from 4.1–10 metres (13–33 ft) by different researchers. However, most cited length estimates are speculative and lack quantitative or statistical backing, and lengths of 5 m (16 ft) or
3957:
is relatively small relative to the overall size of the armor. Several specimens preserve associated pelvic girdles, but their original position was not recorded during preservation. However, because these specimens were excavated from cliff faces, they were probably found in close to the armor,
3882:, and weights of 1,494–1,764 kilograms (3,294–3,889 lb) for the largest (4.1 metres (13.5 ft) in this study) individual. The higher weights by Engelman (2023) are mostly a result of the fact that arthrodires tend to have relatively deeper and wider bodies compared to sharks.
4701:
reveal they were proportionally as robust as those of adults, indicating they already could produce high bite forces and likely were able to shear into resistant prey tissue similar to adults, albeit on a smaller scale. This pattern is in direct contrast to the condition common in
3332:, is the largest, best-known species of the genus. Size estimates for this species range from 4.1–10 m (13–33 ft) in length, though estimates greater than 4.5 m are poorly supported. Skulls of this species can be up to 60–70 cm (24–28 in) in length.
800:
118:
5618:
Stensiö, Erik A. "Anatomical studies on the arthrodiran head. Pt. 1. Preface, geological and geographical distribution, the organisation of the arthrodires, the anatomy of the head in the
Dolichothoraci, Coccosteomorphi and Pachyosteomorphi".
3842:(2017), which produces larger estimates of 6.88–8.79 metres (22.6–28.8 ft) based on upper jaw perimeter of modern sharks. However, arthrodires have proportionally larger mouths than modern sharks, making the lengths estimated by Ferrón
3929:
extends almost to the end of the trunk armor, which would make its spine very stiff. This, along with a ridge on the inside of the trunk armor suggesting an unusually well-developed attachment for the horizontal septum, suggests
5186:"Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)"
3864:(2017) is also incorrectly scaled to the known dimensions of the fossil material; if scaled to the size of CMNH 5768, it produces a length of 3.77 metres (12.4 ft), agreeing with the shorter estimates in later studies.
3763:
do not provide information as to how these estimates were calculated, the measurements used to scale them, or which specimens were examined. Most are implied to be based on either CMNH 5768 (the largest complete armor of
4605:
record indicates it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digest them. Mature individuals probably inhabited deep sea locations, like other placoderms, living in shallow waters during adolescence.
4544:) respectively. The bite force is considered the highest of any living or fossil fish, and among the highest of any animal. The pressures generated in those regions were high enough to puncture or cut through
3700:. This armor is often described as being over 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) thick, but this is only across the thickened nuchal plate at the back of the skull. Thickening of the nuchal plate is a
6327:
Long, John A.; Choo, Brian; Clement, Alice (31 December 2018). "The
Evolution of Fishes through Geological Time". In Johanson, Zerina; Underwood, Charlie; Richter, Martha (eds.).
4508:
to both achieve a high speed of jaw opening, opening their jaws in 20 milliseconds and completing the whole process in 50–60 milliseconds (comparable to modern fishes that use
3958:
suggesting these fins were associated with the end of the ventral shield as in other arthrodires. One specimen may preserve pelvic fin basals near the end of the trunk armor.
4678:
5383:
Lebedev, Oleg A.; Engelman, Russell K.; Skutschas, Pavel P.; Johanson, Zerina; Smith, Moya M.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Trinajstic, Kate; Linkevich, Valeriy V. (May 2023).
666:
are on display in many museums throughout the world (see table below), most of which are casts of the same specimen: CMNH 5768, the largest well-preserved individual of
3561:
is a small species, possibly 1 meter long, known from an uncrushed skull roof found in a carbonate concretion from near the bottom of the Huron Shale, of the
Famennian
8678:
4663:
647:
4504:
opening that incorporated connections between the skull, the thoracic shield, the lower jaw and the jaw muscles joined by movable joints. This mechanism allowed
5254:"A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci"
3742:
specimens have more than a quarter of their skeleton preserved. Because of this, many reconstructions of the hindquarters are often based on fossils of smaller
5737:
3389:. The median dorsal plate is characteristic of the genus, but, a plate that was described as a suborbital is an anterolateral. Lelièvre (1982) considers this
9419:
6408:
Ahlberg, Per; Trinajstic, Kate; Johanson, Zerina; Long, John (2009). "Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires".
5097:"Ecomorphological inferences in early vertebrates: reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi) caudal fin from palaeoecological data"
5293:
5258:
9394:
9298:
9205:
9123:
9069:
9002:
8948:
8894:
8840:
8760:
8652:
3871:
to have weighed 665 kilograms (1,466 lb), assuming a shark-like body plan and a similar length-weight relationship. Engelman (2023), using an
5824:
3860:
having an extremely small head and hyper-elongate trunk relative to the known dimensions of the fossils. The reconstruction presented in Ferrón
9414:
9409:
8567:
3638:(which is known from limited material that appears distinct but is difficult to compare with other dunkleosteids). The taxonomy of early late
9384:
6344:
5356:
4810:"A Devonian Fish Tale: A New Method of Body Length Estimation Suggests Much Smaller Sizes for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)"
3521:
is known primarily from a 28 centimetres (11 in) long infragnathal with a prominent anterior cusp, found in the
Frasnian portion of the
5389:(Arthrodira, Placodermi), with a Description of a New Species from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Tver Region (North-Western Russia)"
5289:"Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci"
9369:
6620:
6276:
Sallan, Lauren; Galimberti, Andrew K. (13 November 2015). "Body-size reduction in vertebrates following the end-Devonian mass extinction".
3711:. Across the rest of the body the armor is generally much thinner, only about 0.33–1 inch (0.84–2.54 cm) in thickness. The plates of
639:
131:
9389:
643:
9379:
3501:. This species has a skull length of 55 cm (22 in) and a total estimated length of approximately 3 m (9.8 ft).
655:
3934:
may have had an anteriorly stiffened spine and specialized connective tissues to transmit force generated by the anterior trunk
9404:
9399:
3456:, the snout is narrower, and a postpineal fenestra may be present. Many researchers and authorities consider it a synonym of
6368:
8738:
3878:
method, estimated weights of 950–1,200 kilograms (2,090–2,650 lb) for typical (3.41 metres (11.2 ft) long) adult
9359:
9349:
8572:
1983:
1482:
5519:
Dennis-Bryan, Kim (1987). "A new species of eastmanosteid arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from Gogo, Western
Australia".
526:, and had a bite force that is considered the highest of any living or fossil fish, and among the highest of any animal.
5591:
Miles, Roger S. (1969). "Features of
Placoderm Diversification and the Evolution of the Arthrodire Feeding Mechanism".
699:
143:
9364:
9354:
4593:
might have been fast enough to catch these fast organisms, and not a slow swimmer like originally thought. Fossils of
4512:
to assist in prey capture) and producing high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at 4,414 N (450 kg
595:. However, with later fossil discoveries, by 1875 it became apparent multiple large fish species were present in the
9374:
6537:
Anderson, Philip S. L. (2008). "Shape
Variation Between Arthrodire Morphotypes Indicates Possible Feeding Niches".
4509:
3701:
3301:
2920:
2648:
1451:
523:
5430:"Ardennosteus ubaghsi n.g., n. sp. Brachythoraci primitif (vertébré, placoderme) du Famennien d'Esneux (Belgique)"
3738:, and consequently, the appearance of the other portions of the fish is mostly unknown. In fact, only about 5% of
5738:
The
Vertebrates fauna of the Cleveland member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. Society of Vertebrates Paleontology
5217:
Carr, Robert K.; William J. Hlavin (2 September 1995). "Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?".
3817:
3792:
9424:
6613:
5957:
4062:
3.79 metres (12.4 ft) (extrapolated to CMNH 5768 by
Engelman 2023 assuming similar head-trunk proportions)
3105:
2937:
2574:
2543:
2507:
2224:
1647:
1597:
1285:
659:
9183:
7814:
5037:"Collections Catalog of the Department of Paleobiology of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History"
5011:
4642:, as seen in some modern sharks. Some other placoderms have been found with evidence that they may have been
9344:
9339:
7063:
5765:"Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator"
4335:
7.1 metres (23 ft) (extrapolated to CMNH 5768 by Engelman 2023 assuming similar head-trunk proportions)
2896:
2624:
2308:
2207:
2030:
1681:
1543:
1069:
951:
690:
621:, after Terrell. Most of Terrell's original collection does not survive, having been destroyed by a fire in
5958:"Reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira): A new look for an iconic Devonian predator"
8592:
7802:
7795:
6703:
4639:
3768:) or CMNH 5936 (the largest known jaw fragment). Additionally, these longer reconstructions often require
3548:
3448:. It differs in size, the known skulls averaging a length of 35 centimetres (1.15 ft) and in form to
3122:
2397:
2332:
2133:
1949:
1086:
1028:
3352:
3339:
fossil remains are found in Upper Frasnian to Upper Famennian Late Devonian strata of the United States (
9311:
9244:
9136:
9082:
9028:
8961:
8907:
8853:
8799:
8691:
8562:
3146:
3054:
2380:
2258:
2109:
1916:
1258:
1045:
975:
900:
876:
7380:
6020:"Fusion in the vertebral column of the pachyosteomorph arthrodire Dunkleosteus terrelli ('Placodermi')"
5867:
4981:
4942:
3608:
7954:
3600:
9285:
9192:
8747:
8639:
8345:
6580:
6546:
6511:
6468:
6417:
6285:
6227:
5905:
5843:
5665:"Histology of "placoderm" dermal skeletons: Implications for the nature of the ancestral gnathostome"
5460:
5226:
4740:
4694:
3364:
3088:
3027:
2356:
2275:
2183:
2150:
2064:
1822:
1526:
1309:
1234:
1103:
992:
924:
578:
570:
8352:
7511:
7441:
4959:
722:
was later recognized as belonging to its own genus in 1956. It was thought to be closely related to
581:
and the Ohio Geological Survey, who in 1873 described all the material as belonging to a single new
8303:
8037:
7788:
7606:
7396:
7152:
6730:
6606:
6459:
Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K.; Young, G. C.; Senden, T. (2008). "Live birth in the Devonian period".
5638:
4919:
4481:
3834:
Most of the studies with well-defined methods produce lengths of 5 metres (16 ft) or less for
3654:) species are easily referable to this genus. This is not counting additional material assigned to
3163:
2865:
2591:
2047:
1966:
1664:
1614:
1509:
1333:
651:
7878:
7727:
7257:
7077:
3401:
7871:
7599:
7592:
7327:
7311:
7187:
6562:
6492:
6441:
6350:
6309:
6243:
6056:
6037:
5923:
5859:
5154:
Lehman, Jean-Pierre (1956), "Les arthrodires du Dévonien supérieur du Tafilalet (Sud Marocain)",
4860:"Giant, swimming mouths: oral dimensions of extant sharks do not accurately predict body size in
4719:
3340:
3278:
2979:
2756:
1899:
1186:
682:
606:
247:
138:
9316:
9249:
9141:
9087:
9033:
8966:
8912:
8858:
8804:
8191:
8139:
8013:
7741:
7525:
7497:
7476:
8696:
8630:
8338:
7998:
7906:
7808:
7546:
7504:
7490:
7355:
6898:
6394:
3922:
9231:
9015:
8786:
8683:
7389:
7084:
7004:
6884:
6870:
6484:
6433:
6340:
6301:
5794:
5694:
5410:
5352:
5312:
5136:
5118:
4895:
4831:
4598:
3614:
In total, of the ten or so species listed above only four are agreed upon as valid species of
3477:
3360:
3290:
3071:
1350:
423:
9236:
9020:
8791:
1837:
as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below:
8126:
7720:
6944:
6554:
6476:
6425:
6332:
6293:
6235:
6027:
5965:
5913:
5851:
5784:
5776:
5684:
5676:
5600:
5528:
5499:
5468:
5400:
5302:
5267:
5234:
5197:
5126:
5108:
4885:
4875:
4821:
4581:
remains, suggesting that these were probably stomach contents regurgitated from the animal.
4497:
3678:
3313:
3003:
2492:
1210:
727:
3846:(2017) unreliable. Upper jaw perimeter overestimates the size of complete arthrodires like
3537:
and lacks the accessory odontoids typical of this genus, suggesting it might not belong to
8331:
8262:
8212:
8157:
7985:
7920:
7844:
7832:
7752:
7685:
7455:
7229:
7100:
6995:
4946:
3939:
3914:
3910:
3705:
3658:
3441:
3422:
3348:
3294:
2850:
2773:
2528:
2095:
1857:
1845:
1830:
1436:
1171:
937:
861:
842:
831:
782:
764:
754:
610:
781:, and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it. Dinichthyidae, in turn, is left a
6550:
6472:
6421:
6289:
6231:
5909:
5847:
5464:
5230:
4890:
4859:
4601:
of fish bones, semidigested and partially eaten remains of other fish. As a result, the
8469:
8377:
8275:
8205:
8184:
8063:
7706:
7662:
7633:
7617:
7577:
7483:
7341:
7268:
7129:
7011:
6953:
6877:
5789:
5764:
5689:
5664:
5532:
5429:
5131:
5096:
4647:
4564:
2237:
1834:
1575:
1014:
821:
768:
627:
562:
227:
5238:
3894:
3277:
have been described so far. However, many of them are poorly characterized and may be
9333:
8504:
8476:
8462:
8448:
8420:
8411:
8310:
8282:
8224:
8198:
8177:
8021:
8006:
7938:
7853:
7713:
7467:
7412:
7299:
7250:
7215:
7118:
7054:
6933:
6688:
6665:
6496:
6445:
6354:
6313:
6041:
5989:
5472:
5451:
Murray, A.M. (2000). "The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa".
5202:
5185:
3582:
3555:
and paranuchal plates in the back of the head form the shape of a blunted spearhead.
3522:
3497:
3466:
3344:
3306:
3040:
2742:
2015:
1868:
1826:
1495:
1271:
793:
787:
777:
730:
535:
431:
419:
214:
76:
30:
6566:
6247:
5927:
5863:
8539:
8434:
8386:
8366:
8146:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8052:
8029:
7969:
7927:
7913:
7862:
7734:
7678:
7626:
7570:
7539:
7426:
7334:
7320:
7284:
7243:
7194:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7070:
6971:
6905:
6891:
6849:
6835:
6828:
4615:
4586:
3906:
3395:
3356:
3325:
1878:
734:
686:
670:. The original CMNH 5768 is on display in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
622:
427:
256:
6593:
6512:"Functional and ontogenetic implications of bite stress in arthrodire placoderms"
4619:(CMNH 9889), show damage said to be puncture damage from the bony fangs of other
3772:
to lack many features consistent across the body plans of other arthrodires like
9218:
9177:
8773:
8732:
8665:
8624:
8525:
8497:
8483:
8441:
8427:
8400:
8359:
8240:
8093:
7962:
7692:
7671:
7557:
7369:
7348:
7236:
7025:
6842:
5036:
4549:
3780:
3752:, which have preserved hind sections, leading to widely varying size estimates.
3693:
3604:
561:
fossils were first discovered in 1867 by Jay Terrell, a hotel owner and amateur
51:
6558:
6080:
Fishes, Living and Fossil: An Outline of Their Forms and Probable Relationships
8532:
8518:
8511:
8490:
8455:
8317:
8296:
8289:
8100:
7947:
7899:
7892:
7885:
7647:
7291:
7277:
7222:
7201:
7180:
7138:
7032:
7018:
6984:
6960:
6926:
6912:
6863:
6796:
6783:
6742:
6659:
6629:
6336:
5918:
5893:
5713:
5604:
4643:
4635:
3848:
3774:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3708:
3562:
3482:
3297:
826:
759:
714:
601:
596:
591:
415:
201:
96:
61:
9276:
9168:
9114:
9060:
8993:
8939:
8885:
8831:
8723:
8615:
5414:
5316:
5122:
4835:
613:
and represented a distinct species. Newberry named this more common species "
8393:
8324:
8247:
8233:
8107:
8045:
7699:
7640:
7584:
7532:
7433:
7362:
7208:
7145:
6856:
6821:
6814:
6715:
6671:
6297:
6135:
Hyde, Jesse E. (1926). "Collecting fossil fishes from the Cleveland Shale".
4921:
Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Volume II. Geology and Paleontology
3872:
3662:
3651:
3596:
3382:
813:
574:
566:
445:
435:
188:
155:
101:
45:
38:
6488:
6437:
6305:
6018:
Johanson, Zerina; Trinajstic, Kate; Cumbaa, Stephen; Ryan, Michael (2019).
5798:
5780:
5698:
5639:"Specimen Data – UMORF University of Michigan Online Repository of Fossils"
5504:
5487:
5140:
4899:
6588:
6265:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 88–90.
5546:
Dunkle; Lane, N.G. (1971). "Devonian fishes from California. Kirtlandia".
4634:, together with most other placoderms, may have also been among the first
3551:, Ontario. The species name means 'blunt spear' and refers to the way the
9270:
9162:
9108:
9054:
8987:
8933:
8879:
8825:
8717:
8609:
7518:
7448:
7039:
6919:
6653:
6171:
Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of Backboned Animals Through Time
4703:
4557:
4501:
3943:
3925:, in these species the fused region is small whereas the fused region of
3898:
3890:
3867:
Carr (2010) estimated a 4.6 metres (15 ft) long adult individual of
3798:
3728:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3586:
3565:
strata. Besides its small size, it had comparatively large eyes. Because
3508:
175:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
34:
9303:
9128:
9074:
8953:
8899:
8845:
6480:
6429:
4880:
9210:
9007:
8765:
8657:
5680:
5351:. Vol. 2. Stuttgart New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 128.
5113:
4707:
4545:
3935:
3724:
3569:
was found in the strata directly below the strata where the remains of
3445:
3415:, but much smaller than normal. It is comparable in skull structure to
3386:
3368:
586:
547:
543:
522:
could quickly open and close its jaw, creating suction like modern-day
408:
279:
106:
81:
9223:
8778:
8670:
6218:
Young, Gavin C. (24 December 2003). "Did placoderm fish have teeth?".
5405:
5384:
5307:
5288:
4924:. Vol. 2. Columbus: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. p. 24.
4826:
4809:
3533:
has an unusually long marginal tooth row compared to other species of
6647:
5272:
5253:
5095:
Ferrón, Humberto G.; Martínez-Pérez, Carlos; Botella, Héctor (2017).
4602:
4569:
3875:
3552:
3411:
is known from a small median dorsal plate, typical in appearance for
3372:
704:
642:, with smaller collections (in descending order of size) held at the
539:
527:
165:
8586:
5855:
3759:
more are poorly supported. Most studies that estimate the length of
3547:
is known from some fragmentary remains from Late Devonian strata of
3399:("doubtful name") and suggests the material may actually pertain to
816:
below from the study of Zhu & Zhu (2013) shows the placement of
3495:, whereas Dennis-Bryan (1987) considered it to belong to the genus
5970:
4480:
3947:
3697:
3677:
3421:
3390:
3312:
799:
746:
582:
411:
9290:
9197:
8752:
6158:(3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 49.
6032:
6019:
8644:
6582:
Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct Armored Fishes with Jaws
5990:"Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)"
5663:
Giles, Sam; Rücklin, Martin; Donoghue, Philip C.J. (June 2013).
5566:
4485:
Partial lower jaw of CMNH 5936, the largest known individual of
3720:
3716:
8590:
7830:
6781:
6640:
6602:
6239:
625:, Ohio, in 1873. Dunkleosteus fossils can also be found in the
6598:
4934:"Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator" page at
3905:, reconstructing this fin with a strong ventral lobe, a high
3440:
fossils from the Lower Famennian Late Devonian strata of the
444:
consists of ten species, some of which are among the largest
6369:"Dunkleosteus Placodermi Devonian Armored Fish from Morocco"
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
4989:
4939:
4528:) at the blade edge, or even up to 6,170 N (629 kg
3696:
forming armor plates across its skull and front half of its
6093:
Hussakof, Louis (1905). "Notes on the Devonian "placoderm"
4918:
Newberry, John S. (1875). "Descriptions of fossil fishes".
4556:
was adapted to prey on free-swimming, armored prey such as
3734:
Mainly the armored frontal sections of specimens have been
693:
at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The genus name
609:, whereas most of the fossils were coming from the younger
4293:
8.79 metres (28.8 ft) (largest individual, CMNH 5936)
6173:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. p. 36.
5718:. United States: Workaholic Productions / History Channel
4353:
4.1 metres (13.5 ft) (largest individual, CMNH 5936)
5385:"Structure, Growth and Histology of Gnathal Elements in
3595:
is known from an infragnathal found in the lower-middle
3491:" by Heintz in 1932. Dunkle and Lane (1971) moved it to
3913:, in contrast to previous reconstructions based on the
3511:. Dunkle and Lane regard them as being very similar to
6184:
Williams, Michael E. (1992). "Jaws: The Early Years".
5287:
Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (1 April 2016).
4351:
3.41 metres (11.2 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4291:
6.88 metres (22.6 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4458:
3.40 metres (11.2 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4440:
3.88 metres (12.7 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4422:
3.47 metres (11.4 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4392:
5.23 metres (17.2 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
4371:
3.41 metres (11.2 ft) (average adult, CMNH 5768)
3607:
in northwest Russia. The specific name refers to the
4982:"Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator"
4317:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4275:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4259:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4243:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4227:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4211:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4195:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4179:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4163:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4147:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4131:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4115:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4099:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
4083:
Methods, measurements, and specimens used not stated
3921:
show the incorporation of anterior vertebrae into a
697:
combines David Dunkle's surname with the Greek word
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
294:
263:
9260:
9152:
9098:
9044:
8977:
8923:
8869:
8815:
8707:
8599:
8410:
8376:
8261:
8223:
8156:
8125:
8062:
7984:
7937:
7861:
7852:
7843:
7751:
7661:
7616:
7556:
7466:
7410:
7379:
7310:
7267:
7128:
7098:
7053:
6994:
6970:
6943:
6794:
6741:
6714:
6687:
6118:
Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History
785:family, though closely related to arthrodires like
6510:Snively, E.; Anderson, P.S.L.; Ryan, M.J. (2009).
6263:The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution
6099:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4585:is thought to be tachypelagic, or a fast-swimming
4401:(source considers this estimate unreliable due to
3581:. The species name commemorates Clarence Raver of
5825:"A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for
5059:"Collections Database of the Yale Peabody Museum"
577:), United States. Terrell donated his fossils to
5621:Kungligar Svenska Vetenskapakadamiens Handlingar
4357:Orbit-opercular length (head length minus snout)
3646:) species is poorly established, whereas latest
3585:, who discovered the concretion containing the
3381:(?) is known from fragments described from the
712:Originally thought to be a member of the genus
5593:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
5156:Notes et Mémoires. Service Géologique du Maroc
3281:of previously named species or not pertain to
648:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
418:("jointed-neck") fish that existed during the
6614:
6584:. Waggoner, Ben (2000). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005
6082:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 130.
5983:
5981:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
4047:Methods, measurements, and specimens unstated
3665:of California, Texas, Tennessee, and Poland.
430:inhabiting open waters, and one of the first
8:
6116:Anonymous (1923). "Cleveland shale fishes".
5488:"Large Upper Devonian arthrodires from Iran"
5434:Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
3480:of New York. It was originally described as
709:'bone'), literally meaning "Dunkle's bone".
130:skull and trunk armor (specimen CMNH 5768),
4960:"The three great fossil placoderms of Ohio"
767:. Carr & Hlavin resurrected the family
8587:
8267:
8162:
8131:
7990:
7858:
7849:
7840:
7827:
7562:
7418:
7110:
7106:
6976:
6806:
6802:
6791:
6778:
6720:
6693:
6684:
6637:
6621:
6607:
6599:
6589:MSNBC: Prehistoric fish packed a mean bite
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5326:
4697:studies on the lower jaws of juveniles of
4520:) at the tip and 5,363 N (547 kg
3968:
3682:Comparison of multiple size estimates for
565:who collected fossils in the cliffs along
117:
20:
6031:
5969:
5917:
5788:
5688:
5521:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5503:
5404:
5306:
5294:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5271:
5259:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5201:
5190:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5130:
5112:
4889:
4879:
4825:
4646:, including what appears to have been an
3974:(modified from Table 7 of Engelman 2023)
3917:caudal fin of coccosteomorph placoderms.
3525:of New York, and originally described as
3487:by Hussakof and Bryant in 1919, then as "
6061:Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey
4706:in which the jaws of juveniles are more
4060:1.67 metres (5.5 ft) (AMNH FF 195)
4010:, measurements and specimen used unclear
726:, and they were grouped together in the
5823:Anderson, P.S.L.; Westneat, M. (2009).
5763:Anderson, P.S.L.; Westneat, M. (2007).
4731:
3885:An exceptionally preserved specimen of
3611:as the holotype was found on its bank.
3476:is a large placoderm from the Frasnian
1817:Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu
292:
6207:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 12.
5347:Denison, Robert (1978). "Placodermi".
4405:having a relatively larger mouth than
3507:is known from fragments from Frasnian
638:fossils in the world is housed at the
512:The largest and best known species is
448:("plate-skinned") to have ever lived:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4577:spp.) were found in association with
4027:Unstated (implied extrapolation from
3367:of California, and possibly the Ives
7:
6594:BBC: Ancient 'Jaws' had monster bite
4913:
4911:
4909:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4444:Length of posteroventrolateral plate
4333:3 metres (9.8 ft) (CMNH 50322)
737:analysis of Carr and Hlavin (2010),
6329:Evolution and Development of Fishes
6057:"Paleozoic fishes of North America"
5736:Carr, R, & G.L. Jackson. 2008.
5571:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
4986:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
4936:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
4858:Engelman, Russell (10 April 2023).
4741:"Dunk Was Chunky, but Still Deadly"
4338:Methods and measurements not stated
3138:
3046:
3019:
2995:
2971:
2912:
2888:
2881:
2857:
2748:
2721:
2671:
2664:
2640:
2616:
2566:
2559:
2535:
2523:
2499:
2372:
2348:
2324:
2300:
2250:
2243:
2199:
2175:
2125:
2101:
2022:
1941:
1891:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1697:
1639:
1589:
1582:
1501:
1474:
1467:
1443:
1325:
1301:
1277:
1250:
1226:
1202:
1178:
1061:
1020:
967:
943:
916:
892:
868:
856:
849:
837:
640:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
605:came from the lowermost layer, the
132:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
9420:Taxa named by John Strong Newberry
6539:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6220:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5533:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01347.x
5016:American Museum of Natural History
4462:Inferred location of pelvic girdle
3273:At least ten different species of
763:belonged to the distantly related
644:American Museum of Natural History
14:
5184:Carr R. K., Hlavin V. J. (2010).
745:were found to belong to separate
8571:
8566:
8561:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7794:
7787:
5473:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00015.x
5203:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x
4677:
4662:
3816:
3791:
656:Natural History Museum in London
142:
9395:Late Devonian first appearances
5567:"My, What A Big Mouth You Have"
4739:Tamisiea, Jack (4 March 2023).
4536:) and 7,495 N (764 kg
3838:, with the exception of Ferrón
3827:, as presented by Engelman 2023
753:belonged to a group called the
689:(1911–1984), former curator of
4002:4.5–5.5 metres (15–18 ft)
3622:(which may or may not include
3529:. Lebedev et al. (2023) noted
1:
9415:Fossil taxa described in 1956
9410:Fossil taxa described in 1873
5956:Engelman, Russell K. (2024).
5715:Prehistoric Monsters Revealed
5239:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1
4808:Engelman, Russell K. (2023).
4640:internalize egg fertilization
1984:Protitanichthys rockportensis
1483:Protitanichthys rockportensis
331:(Hussakof & Bryant, 1919)
9385:Paleontology in Pennsylvania
5349:Handbook of Paleoichthyology
5252:You-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013).
4256:4.5–8 metres (15–26 ft)
4240:4.5–6 metres (15–20 ft)
4096:4.5–6 metres (15–20 ft)
3938:to the tail fin, similar to
3852:and the estimates of Ferrón
705:
9370:Placoderms of North America
6375:. The Virtual Fossil Museum
4672:juvenile specimen CMNH 7424
3727:fishes and more similar to
9441:
9046:Dunkleosteus missouriensis
8739:Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus
8709:Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus
6559:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.961
6169:Colbert, Edwin H. (1969).
6055:Newberry, John S. (1889).
6024:Palaeontologia Electronica
5962:Palaeontologia Electronica
4597:are frequently found with
4314:6–8 metres (20–26 ft)
4176:6–7 metres (20–23 ft)
3351:of Ohio, the Conneaut and
3317:Labelled skull diagram of
3289:as currently defined is a
2921:Kendrickichthys cavernosus
2730:Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus
2649:Westralichthys uwagedensis
1706:Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus
1452:Westralichthys uwagedensis
830:within the separate clade
698:
634:The largest collection of
9390:Paleontology in Tennessee
8559:
8270:
8165:
8134:
7993:
7839:
7826:
7785:
7565:
7421:
7113:
7109:
6979:
6809:
6805:
6790:
6777:
6723:
6696:
6683:
6636:
6337:10.1017/9781316832172.002
6154:Romer, Alfred S. (1966).
5919:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.057
5829:(Arthrodira, Placodermi)"
5605:10.1017/S0080456800014629
5039:. Smithsonian Institution
4940:https://www.cmnh.org/dunk
4864:(Placodermi: Arthrodira)"
3805:, as presented by Ferrón
3541:or even Dunkleosteoidea.
3160:
3143:
3136:
3119:
3102:
3085:
3068:
3051:
3044:
3024:
3017:
3000:
2993:
2976:
2969:
2934:
2917:
2910:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2862:
2855:
2770:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2719:
2693:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2645:
2638:
2621:
2614:
2588:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2540:
2533:
2521:
2504:
2497:
2394:
2377:
2370:
2353:
2346:
2329:
2322:
2305:
2298:
2272:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2221:
2204:
2197:
2180:
2173:
2147:
2130:
2123:
2106:
2099:
2061:
2044:
2027:
2020:
1980:
1963:
1946:
1939:
1913:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1850:
1799:
1736:
1719:
1702:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1637:
1611:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1540:
1523:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1448:
1441:
1347:
1330:
1323:
1306:
1299:
1282:
1275:
1255:
1248:
1231:
1224:
1207:
1200:
1183:
1176:
1100:
1083:
1066:
1059:
1042:
1025:
1018:
989:
972:
965:
948:
941:
921:
914:
897:
890:
873:
866:
854:
847:
631:formation in Tennessee.
285:
278:
262:
255:
139:Scientific classification
137:
125:
116:
23:
9380:Paleontology in Missouri
5988:Carr, Robert K. (2010).
5892:Williams, Nigel (2007).
5428:Lelièvre, Hervé (1982).
4958:Claypole, E. W. (1893).
4687:adult specimen CMNH 5768
4563:In addition, teeth of a
3626:material from Morocco),
3106:Stenosteus angustopectus
2938:Bruntonichthys multidens
2575:Eastmanosteus pustulosus
2544:Eastmanosteus calliaspis
2508:Rhachiosteus pterygiatus
2225:Trematosteus fontanellus
1833:, leaving the status of
1648:Eastmanosteus pustulosus
1598:Eastmanosteus calliaspis
1286:Stenosteus angustopectus
660:Cincinnati Museum Center
126:Partially reconstructed
8925:Dunkleosteus magnificus
6298:10.1126/science.aac7373
6156:Vertebrate Paleontology
6078:Dean, Bashford (1895).
4552:armor, suggesting that
4396:Infragnathal length in
4080:7.6 metres (25 ft)
4024:4.5 metres (15 ft)
3823:Life reconstruction of
3577:may have given rise to
2897:Bullerichthys fascidens
2625:Golshanichthys asiatica
2309:Rolfosteus canningensis
2208:Compagopiscis croucheri
2031:Plourdosteus canadensis
1682:Golshanichthys asiatica
1544:Plourdosteus canadensis
1070:Rolfosteus canningensis
952:Compagopiscis croucheri
691:vertebrate paleontology
371:Carr & Hlavin, 2010
301:Carr & Hlavin, 2010
16:Genus of extinct fishes
9100:Dunkleosteus newberryi
6261:Long, John A. (2010).
6095:Dinichthys intermedius
5781:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569
5505:10.5962/bhl.title.5270
4560:and other placoderms.
4490:
4426:Entering angle of body
4224:10 metres (33 ft)
4066:Entering angle of body
4044:3 metres (9.8 ft)
3962:Length estimations of
3686:
3549:Kettle Point Formation
3460:. H. Schultze regards
3430:
3321:
3302:evolutionarily derived
3123:Brachyosteus dietrichi
2398:Latocamurus coulthardi
2333:Tubonasus lennardensis
2134:Torosteus tuberculatus
1950:Dickosteus threiplandi
1087:Tubonasus lennardensis
1029:Latocamurus coulthardi
809:
422:period, about 382–358
9405:Famennian extinctions
9400:Late Devonian animals
9312:Paleobiology Database
9262:Dunkleosteus terrelli
9245:Paleobiology Database
9137:Paleobiology Database
9083:Paleobiology Database
9029:Paleobiology Database
8979:Dunkleosteus marsaisi
8962:Paleobiology Database
8908:Paleobiology Database
8871:Dunkleosteus denisoni
8854:Paleobiology Database
8817:Dunkleosteus belgicus
8800:Paleobiology Database
8692:Paleobiology Database
5827:Dunkleosteus terrelli
5669:Journal of Morphology
5061:. Yale Peabody Museum
4862:Dunkleosteus terrelli
4567:thought to belong to
4494:Dunkleosteus terrelli
4484:
4272:8 metres (26 ft)
4266:Sallan and Galimberti
4218:Anderson and Westneat
4208:6 metres (20 ft)
4202:Anderson and Westneat
4192:6 metres (20 ft)
4160:5 metres (16 ft)
4144:6 metres (20 ft)
4128:9 metres (30 ft)
4112:9 metres (30 ft)
4008:Coccosteus cuspidatus
3972:Dunkleosteus terrelli
3953:The pelvic girdle of
3869:Dunkleosteus terrelli
3836:Dunkleosteus terrelli
3761:Dunkleosteus terrelli
3756:Dunkleosteus terrelli
3681:
3425:
3316:
3147:Melanosteus occitanus
3055:Heintzichthys gouldii
2697:Dunkleosteus terrelli
2381:Camuropiscis laidlawi
2259:Incisoscutum ritchiei
2110:Harrytoombsia elegans
1917:Coccosteus cuspidatus
1821:study using a larger
1723:Dunkleosteus terrelli
1259:Heintzichthys gouldii
1046:Camuropiscis laidlawi
976:Incisoscutum ritchiei
901:Harrytoombsia elegans
877:Coccosteus cuspidatus
803:
391:Lebedev et. al., 2023
9360:Placoderms of Europe
9350:Placoderms of Africa
6203:Janvier, P. (2003).
4487:Dunkleosteus terrell
3970:Length estimates of
3719:and a marrow-filled
3618:by all researchers:
3527:Dinichthys newberryi
3489:Dinichthys mirabilis
3365:Lost Burro Formation
3353:Chadakoin Formations
3089:Gymnotrachelus hydei
3028:Gorgonichthys clarki
2357:Fallacosteus turneri
2276:Incisoscutum sarahae
2184:Mcnamaraspis kaprios
2151:Torosteus pulchellus
2065:Janiosteus timanicus
1527:Janiosteus timanicus
1310:Gymnotrachelus hydei
1235:Gorgonichthys clarki
1104:Fallacosteus turneri
993:Incisoscutum sarahae
925:Mcnamaraspis kaprios
579:John Strong Newberry
571:Sheffield Lake, Ohio
9184:Dunkleosteus raveri
9154:Dunkleosteus raveri
6551:2008JVPal..28..961A
6481:10.1038/nature06966
6473:2008Natur.453..650L
6430:10.1038/nature08176
6422:2009Natur.460..888A
6290:2015Sci...350..812S
6232:2003JVPal..23..987Y
5910:2007CBio...17...R3W
5848:2009Pbio...35..251A
5712:Dash, Sean (2008).
5486:Schultz, H (1973).
5465:2000AqFF....1..111M
5231:1995Geobi..28...85C
4945:19 May 2021 at the
4881:10.7717/peerj.15131
4297:Upper jaw perimeter
3975:
3799:Life reconstruction
3723:layer, unlike most
3164:Rhinosteus parvulus
2866:Tapinosteus heintzi
2680:Dunkleosteus raveri
2592:Kiangyousteus yohii
2048:Panxiosteus ocullus
1967:Watsonosteus fletti
1740:Dunkleosteus raveri
1665:Kiangyousteus yohii
1615:Xiangshuiosteus wui
1510:Panxiosteus ocullus
1334:Rhinosteus parvulus
652:Yale Peabody Museum
534:have been found in
268:Dinichthys terrelli
9365:Fossils of Belgium
9355:Fossils of Morocco
7312:Groenlandaspididae
6026:. 22.2.20A: 1–13.
5873:on 7 November 2017
5681:10.1002/jmor.20119
5453:Fish and Fisheries
5114:10.7717/peerj.4081
4964:American Geologist
4720:List of placoderms
4491:
4006:Extrapolated from
3969:
3687:
3431:
3363:of Tennessee, the
3322:
2980:Dinichthys herzeri
2757:Heterosteus ingens
1900:Millerosteus minor
1825:dataset recovered
1187:Dinichthys herzeri
810:
733:. However, in the
685:in 1956 to honour
683:Jean-Pierre Lehman
602:Dinichthys herzeri
592:Dinichthys herzeri
9375:Fossils of Canada
9327:
9326:
9232:Open Tree of Life
9016:Open Tree of Life
8787:Open Tree of Life
8593:Taxon identifiers
8584:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8257:
8256:
8121:
8120:
8117:
8116:
7980:
7979:
7822:
7821:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7657:
7656:
7406:
7405:
7381:Williamsaspididae
7094:
7093:
7049:
7048:
7005:Austrophyllolepis
6871:Heightingtonaspis
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6467:(7195): 650–652.
6416:(7257): 888–889.
6346:978-1-316-83217-2
6331:. pp. 3–29.
6284:(6262): 812–815.
6205:Early Vertebrates
5492:Fieldiana Geology
5406:10.3390/d15050648
5358:978-0-89574-027-4
5308:10.1111/zoj.12356
4827:10.3390/d15030318
4613:(CMNH 5302), and
4489:i. Scale = 10 cm.
4469:
4468:
3942:vertebrates like
3856:(2017) result in
3609:Maliy Tuder River
3478:Rhinestreet Shale
3361:Chattanooga Shale
3291:wastebasket taxon
3265:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3072:Pachyosteus bulla
2958:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2708:
2707:
2603:
2602:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2287:
2286:
2162:
2161:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1928:
1927:
1814:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1626:
1625:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1351:Pachyosteus bulla
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1004:
1003:
569:near his home of
424:million years ago
400:
399:
392:
382:
381:(Newberry, 1873 )
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
321:(Kulczycki, 1957)
312:
302:
251:
9432:
9320:
9319:
9307:
9306:
9294:
9293:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9253:
9252:
9240:
9239:
9227:
9226:
9214:
9213:
9201:
9200:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9145:
9144:
9132:
9131:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9091:
9090:
9078:
9077:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9037:
9036:
9024:
9023:
9011:
9010:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8970:
8969:
8957:
8956:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8916:
8915:
8903:
8902:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8862:
8861:
8849:
8848:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8808:
8807:
8795:
8794:
8782:
8781:
8769:
8768:
8756:
8755:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8700:
8699:
8687:
8686:
8674:
8673:
8661:
8660:
8648:
8647:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8588:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8268:
8163:
8132:
8127:Pachyosteomorphi
7991:
7955:Kimberleyichthys
7859:
7850:
7841:
7828:
7817:
7811:
7806:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7721:Parabuchanosteus
7563:
7419:
7111:
7107:
6977:
6945:Wuttagoonaspidae
6807:
6803:
6792:
6779:
6721:
6694:
6685:
6678:
6677:
6638:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6600:
6570:
6524:
6523:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6015:
6002:
6001:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5953:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5866:. Archived from
5833:
5820:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5760:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5380:
5363:
5362:
5344:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:10.1111/zoj12089
5249:
5243:
5242:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5181:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5116:
5092:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4988:. Archived from
4978:
4972:
4971:
4955:
4949:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4855:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4805:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4736:
4710:than in adults.
4681:
4666:
4498:four-bar linkage
4375:Skull length in
3976:
3820:
3795:
3715:had both a hard
3706:eubrachythoracid
3674:Size and anatomy
3636:D. amblyodoratus
3601:Bilovo Formation
3545:D. amblyodoratus
3505:D. missouriensis
3349:Cleveland Shales
3338:
3139:
3047:
3020:
3004:Hadrosteus rapax
2996:
2972:
2913:
2889:
2882:
2858:
2749:
2722:
2672:
2665:
2641:
2617:
2567:
2560:
2536:
2524:
2500:
2493:Pachyosteomorphi
2373:
2349:
2325:
2301:
2251:
2244:
2200:
2176:
2126:
2102:
2023:
1942:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:well outside of
1803:Pachyosteomorphi
1698:
1640:
1590:
1583:
1502:
1475:
1468:
1444:
1326:
1302:
1278:
1251:
1227:
1211:Hadrosteus rapax
1203:
1179:
1062:
1021:
968:
944:
917:
893:
869:
857:
850:
838:
749:of arthrodires:
708:
702:
496:D. amblyodoratus
484:D. missouriensis
390:
386:
380:
376:
370:
366:
360:
356:
350:
348:D. missouriensis
346:
340:
336:
330:
326:
320:
316:
311:(Newberry, 1873)
310:
306:
300:
298:D. amblyodoratus
296:
265:
246:
239:
226:
213:
200:
187:
147:
146:
121:
111:
48:
29:Temporal range:
21:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9425:Symbols of Ohio
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9315:
9310:
9302:
9297:
9289:
9284:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9256:
9248:
9243:
9235:
9230:
9222:
9217:
9209:
9204:
9196:
9191:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9148:
9140:
9135:
9127:
9122:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9094:
9086:
9081:
9073:
9068:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9040:
9032:
9027:
9019:
9014:
9006:
9001:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8973:
8965:
8960:
8952:
8947:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8919:
8911:
8906:
8898:
8893:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8865:
8857:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8811:
8803:
8798:
8790:
8785:
8777:
8772:
8764:
8759:
8751:
8746:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8703:
8695:
8690:
8682:
8677:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8595:
8585:
8576:
8545:
8406:
8372:
8346:Squamatognathus
8332:Kendrickichthys
8263:Aspinothoracidi
8253:
8219:
8213:Xiangshuiosteus
8158:Dunkleosteoidea
8152:
8113:
8058:
7986:Incisoscutoidea
7976:
7933:
7921:Protitanichthys
7845:Coccosteomorphi
7835:
7833:Eubrachythoraci
7818:
7800:
7793:
7767:
7753:Eubrachythoraci
7747:
7686:Burrinjucosteus
7653:
7612:
7552:
7462:
7456:Xiangshuiosteus
7415:
7402:
7375:
7306:
7263:
7230:Neophlyctaenius
7124:
7103:
7101:Phlyctaenioidei
7090:
7045:
6996:Phyllolepididae
6990:
6966:
6939:
6799:
6786:
6757:
6737:
6710:
6679:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6577:
6536:
6533:
6531:Further reading
6528:
6527:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6373:Fossil Archives
6367:
6366:
6362:
6347:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6137:Natural History
6134:
6133:
6129:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6017:
6016:
6005:
5987:
5986:
5979:
5955:
5954:
5935:
5898:Current Biology
5894:"Force feeding"
5891:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5856:10.1666/08011.1
5831:
5822:
5821:
5806:
5769:Biology Letters
5762:
5761:
5744:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5565:Mangels, John.
5564:
5563:
5559:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5382:
5381:
5366:
5359:
5346:
5345:
5324:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5183:
5182:
5167:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5094:
5093:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4947:Wayback Machine
4933:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4857:
4856:
4843:
4807:
4806:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4716:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4656:
4629:
4543:
4540:; 1,685 lb
4539:
4535:
4532:; 1,387 lb
4531:
4527:
4524:; 1,206 lb
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:suction feeding
4479:
4474:
4352:
4334:
4292:
4061:
3979:Study (author)
3967:
3911:caudal peduncle
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3796:
3692:was covered in
3676:
3671:
3634:, and possibly
3464:as a member of
3442:Atlas Mountains
3336:
3271:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
2959:
2950:
2851:Aspinothoracidi
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2774:Yinostius major
2709:
2604:
2529:Dunkleosteoidea
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2288:
2163:
2096:Incisoscutoidea
2086:
2077:
2005:
1996:
1929:
1858:Coccosteomorphi
1846:Eubrachythoraci
1831:Dunkleosteoidea
1815:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1627:
1565:
1556:
1437:Dunkleosteoidea
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1172:Aspinothoracidi
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1005:
938:Incisoscutoidea
862:Coccosteomorphi
843:Eubrachythoraci
832:Aspinothoracidi
765:Aspinothoracidi
755:Dunkleosteoidea
676:
662:. Specimens of
611:Cleveland Shale
556:
524:suction feeders
396:
393:
383:
373:
363:
353:
351:(Branson, 1914)
343:
333:
323:
313:
308:D. belgicus (?)
303:
291:
290:
274:
271:
245:
237:
224:
211:
198:
185:
141:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9438:
9436:
9428:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9345:Apex predators
9342:
9340:Dunkleosteidae
9332:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9321:
9308:
9295:
9282:
9266:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9254:
9241:
9228:
9215:
9202:
9189:
9174:
9158:
9156:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9133:
9120:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9079:
9066:
9050:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9025:
9012:
8999:
8983:
8981:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8958:
8945:
8929:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8904:
8891:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8850:
8837:
8821:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8796:
8783:
8770:
8757:
8744:
8729:
8713:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8688:
8675:
8662:
8649:
8636:
8621:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8508:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8470:Gymnotrachelus
8466:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8416:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8380:
8378:Brachydeiridae
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8353:Tafilalichthys
8349:
8342:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8276:Bruntonichthys
8271:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8229:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8209:
8206:Westralichthys
8202:
8195:
8188:
8185:Golshanichthys
8181:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8143:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8066:
8064:Camuropiscidae
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8034:
8026:
8018:
8010:
8003:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7867:
7865:
7856:
7847:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7757:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7707:Goodradigbeeon
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7665:
7663:Buchanosteidae
7659:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7634:Atlantidosteus
7630:
7622:
7620:
7618:Migmatocephala
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7578:Cathlesichthys
7574:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7512:Gyroplacosteus
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7484:Belemnacanthus
7480:
7472:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7452:
7445:
7442:Gemuendenaspis
7438:
7430:
7422:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7342:Groenlandaspis
7338:
7331:
7324:
7316:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7296:
7288:
7281:
7273:
7271:
7269:Arctolepididae
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7134:
7132:
7130:Phlyctaeniidae
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7114:
7104:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7012:Cobandrahlepis
7008:
7000:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6954:Wuttagoonaspis
6949:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6878:Kujdanowiaspis
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6810:
6800:
6795:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6697:
6691:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6576:
6575:External links
6573:
6572:
6571:
6545:(4): 961–969.
6532:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6502:
6451:
6400:
6386:
6360:
6345:
6319:
6268:
6253:
6226:(4): 987–990.
6210:
6195:
6176:
6161:
6146:
6127:
6108:
6085:
6070:
6047:
6003:
5977:
5933:
5884:
5842:(2): 251–269.
5804:
5742:
5729:
5704:
5675:(6): 627–644.
5655:
5630:
5610:
5599:(6): 123–170.
5583:
5557:
5538:
5511:
5478:
5459:(2): 111–145.
5443:
5420:
5364:
5357:
5322:
5301:(4): 806–834.
5279:
5266:(4): 798–819.
5244:
5209:
5196:(1): 195–222.
5165:
5146:
5072:
5050:
5028:
5012:"Dunkleosteus"
5003:
4992:on 19 May 2021
4973:
4950:
4927:
4905:
4841:
4757:
4745:New York Times
4730:
4729:
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4724:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4683:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:umbilical cord
4628:
4625:
4609:A specimen of
4565:chondrichthyan
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4500:mechanism for
4478:
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3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3966:
3960:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3702:common feature
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3436:refers to the
3371:of Texas) and
3300:that are more
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
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2999:
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2393:
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2318:
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2304:
2299:
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2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2238:Camuropiscidae
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2021:
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2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1962:
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1958:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
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1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:Dunkleosteidae
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
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1620:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:Dunkleosteidae
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1536:
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1532:
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1522:
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1515:
1514:
1505:
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1473:
1471:
1466:
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1457:
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1432:
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1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1291:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1249:
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1244:
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1239:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
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1144:
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1139:
1136:
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1127:
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1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:Camuropiscidae
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
971:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
947:
942:
940:
934:
933:
930:
929:
920:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
896:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
872:
867:
865:
855:
853:
848:
846:
836:
822:Dunkleosteidae
804:Front view of
769:Dunkleosteidae
675:
672:
628:Birdsong Shale
563:paleontologist
555:
552:
432:apex predators
398:
397:
395:
394:
361:(Clarke, 1885)
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
273:Newberry, 1873
272:
260:
259:
253:
252:
235:
231:
230:
228:Dunkleosteidae
222:
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9437:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9287:
9283:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9251:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9233:
9229:
9225:
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9216:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9179:
9175:
9170:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9121:
9116:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
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9097:
9089:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9071:
9067:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9035:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8995:
8989:
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8976:
8968:
8963:
8959:
8955:
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8914:
8909:
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8806:
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8771:
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8706:
8698:
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8663:
8659:
8654:
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8641:
8637:
8632:
8626:
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8617:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8505:Paramylostoma
8502:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8477:Heintzichthys
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8463:Gorgonichthys
8460:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8449:Draconichthys
8446:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8421:Alienacanthus
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8412:Selenosteidae
8409:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8311:Erromenosteus
8308:
8306:
8305:
8304:Dinomylostoma
8301:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8283:Bullerichthys
8280:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8225:Heterosteidae
8222:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8199:Kiangyousteus
8196:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8178:Eastmanosteus
8175:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:Parabelosteus
8035:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8022:Harrytoombsia
8019:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8007:Compagopiscis
8004:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7939:Panxiosteidae
7936:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Coccosteoidea
7851:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7816:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7714:Narrominaspis
7711:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7607:Luetkeichthys
7604:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7468:Holonematidae
7465:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7413:Brachythoraci
7409:
7399:
7398:
7397:Williamsaspis
7394:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7301:
7300:Kueichowlepis
7297:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7251:Prosphymaspis
7248:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7216:Kueichowlepis
7213:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7153:Barwickosteus
7150:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7119:Dicksonosteus
7116:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7097:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7055:Actinolepidae
7052:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6934:Yujiangolepis
6931:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6704:Gnathostomata
6701:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:Gnathostomata
6686:
6682:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:Gnathostomata
6664:Infraphylum:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6610:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6401:
6396:
6395:"UWL Website"
6390:
6387:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5971:10.26879/1343
5967:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5717:
5716:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5656:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5158:(in French),
5157:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4695:Morphological
4686:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4516:; 992 lb
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:ceratotrichia
3893:outline with
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3819:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3632:D. tuderensis
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:D. tuderensis
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:Wakeman, Ohio
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:Genesee Group
3520:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3498:Eastmanosteus
3494:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3474:D. magnificus
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:Eastmanosteus
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:Eastmanosteus
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:dunkleosteoid
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3041:Selenosteidae
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
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2834:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:Heterostiidae
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
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2626:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
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2593:
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2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:Panxiosteidae
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:Coccosteoidea
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Panxiosteidae
1824:
1823:morphological
1820:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
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1747:
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1734:
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1730:
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1726:
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1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
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1642:
1641:
1635:
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1631:
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1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
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1601:
1600:
1599:
1592:
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1585:
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1578:
1577:
1573:
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1569:
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1560:
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1547:
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1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:Panxiosteidae
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:Selenosteidae
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
969:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
953:
946:
945:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
902:
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
878:
871:
870:
864:
863:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
840:
839:
835:
833:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
807:
802:
798:
796:
795:
794:Heintzichthys
790:
789:
788:Gorgonichthys
784:
780:
779:
778:Eastmanosteus
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:Dinichthyidae
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
710:
707:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:was named by
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:(due west of
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:North America
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
509:
508:D. tuderensis
504:
503:
498:
497:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Late Devonian
417:
413:
410:
406:
405:
389:
388:D. tuderensis
379:
369:
359:
349:
341:Lehmann, 1956
339:
329:
328:D. magnificus
319:
309:
299:
293:
284:
281:
277:
270:
269:
261:
258:
254:
249:
244:
243:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:Brachythoraci
210:
207:
206:
203:
197:
194:
193:
190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:382–358
40:
36:
32:
31:Late Devonian
26:
22:
19:
9261:
9153:
9099:
9045:
8978:
8924:
8870:
8816:
8708:
8631:Dunkleosteus
8601:Dunkleosteus
8600:
8540:Walterosteus
8538:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8435:Brachyosteus
8433:
8426:
8419:
8399:
8392:
8387:Brachydeirus
8385:
8367:Titanichthys
8365:
8358:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8309:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8171:Dunkleosteus
8170:
8169:
8147:Rhachiosteus
8145:
8138:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8087:Incisoscutum
8085:
8080:Fallacosteus
8078:
8073:Camuropiscis
8071:
8053:Trematosteus
8051:
8044:
8036:
8030:Mcnamaraspis
8028:
8020:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7970:Plourdosteus
7968:
7961:
7953:
7946:
7928:Watsonosteus
7926:
7919:
7914:Millerosteus
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7879:Clarkeosteus
7877:
7870:
7863:Coccosteidae
7792:
7740:
7735:Taemasosteus
7733:
7728:Toombsosteus
7726:
7719:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7679:Buchanosteus
7677:
7670:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7627:Antineosteus
7625:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7576:
7571:Angarichthys
7569:
7545:
7540:Tropidosteus
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7432:
7427:Antineosteus
7425:
7395:
7388:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7335:Cosmacanthus
7333:
7326:
7321:Africanaspis
7319:
7298:
7290:
7285:Heintzosteus
7283:
7276:
7258:Stipatosteus
7256:
7249:
7244:Phlyctaenius
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7195:Heterogaspis
7193:
7186:
7179:
7174:Elegantaspis
7172:
7167:Diadsomaspis
7165:
7160:Cartieraspis
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7117:
7083:
7078:Bollandaspis
7076:
7071:Ailuracantha
7069:
7062:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6983:
6972:Phyllolepida
6959:
6952:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6906:Proaethaspis
6904:
6897:
6892:Lehmanosteus
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6850:Bryantolepis
6848:
6841:
6836:Antarctaspis
6834:
6829:Anarthraspis
6827:
6820:
6813:
6581:
6542:
6538:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6389:
6377:. Retrieved
6372:
6363:
6328:
6322:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6262:
6256:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6155:
6149:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6033:10.26879/872
6023:
5997:
5993:
5961:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5875:. Retrieved
5868:the original
5839:
5836:Paleobiology
5835:
5826:
5775:(1): 76–79.
5772:
5768:
5732:
5720:. Retrieved
5714:
5707:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5642:
5633:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5396:
5392:
5387:Dunkleosteus
5386:
5348:
5298:
5292:
5282:
5263:
5257:
5247:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5193:
5189:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5104:
5100:
5063:. Retrieved
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5015:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:the original
4985:
4976:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4817:
4813:
4748:. Retrieved
4744:
4734:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4669:
4632:Dunkleosteus
4631:
4630:
4627:Reproduction
4621:Dunkleosteus
4620:
4616:Titanichthys
4614:
4611:Dunkleosteus
4610:
4608:
4595:Dunkleosteus
4594:
4591:Dunkleosteus
4590:
4587:pelagic fish
4582:
4579:Dunkleosteus
4578:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4505:
4496:possessed a
4493:
4492:
4486:
4472:Paleobiology
4461:
4443:
4425:
4406:
4403:Dunkleosteus
4402:
4397:
4395:
4376:
4374:
4356:
4325:
4306:
4296:
4283:
4065:
4028:
4007:
4005:
3971:
3963:
3955:Dunkleosteus
3954:
3952:
3932:Dunkleosteus
3931:
3927:Dunkleosteus
3926:
3919:
3915:anguilliform
3907:aspect ratio
3902:
3891:pectoral fin
3889:preserves a
3886:
3884:
3880:Dunkleosteus
3879:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3858:Dunkleosteus
3857:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3806:
3802:
3779:
3773:
3770:Dunkleosteus
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:Dunkleosteus
3739:
3733:
3713:Dunkleosteus
3712:
3690:Dunkleosteus
3689:
3688:
3683:
3656:Dunkleosteus
3655:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:Dunkleosteus
3623:
3619:
3616:Dunkleosteus
3615:
3613:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3539:Dunkleosteus
3538:
3535:Dunkleosteus
3534:
3531:D. newberryi
3530:
3526:
3519:D. newberryi
3518:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3493:Dunkleosteus
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3438:Dunkleosteus
3437:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3413:Dunkleosteus
3412:
3408:
3407:
3402:Ardennosteus
3400:
3396:nomen dubium
3394:
3378:
3377:
3357:Pennsylvania
3333:
3329:
3326:type species
3323:
3318:
3305:
3287:Dunkleosteus
3286:
3283:Dunkleosteus
3282:
3275:Dunkleosteus
3274:
3272:
3162:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3121:
3120:
3104:
3103:
3087:
3086:
3070:
3069:
3053:
3052:
3026:
3025:
3002:
3001:
2978:
2977:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2918:
2895:
2894:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2772:
2771:
2755:
2754:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2647:
2646:
2623:
2622:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2378:
2355:
2354:
2331:
2330:
2307:
2306:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2205:
2182:
2181:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2131:
2108:
2107:
2063:
2062:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2014:
1982:
1981:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1947:
1915:
1914:
1898:
1897:
1879:Coccosteidae
1856:
1844:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1613:
1612:
1596:
1595:
1574:
1542:
1541:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1507:
1481:
1480:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1349:
1348:
1332:
1331:
1308:
1307:
1284:
1283:
1257:
1256:
1233:
1232:
1209:
1208:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1067:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1026:
991:
990:
974:
973:
950:
949:
923:
922:
899:
898:
875:
874:
860:
841:
825:
818:Dunkleosteus
817:
811:
805:
792:
786:
783:monospecific
776:
773:Dunkleosteus
772:
758:
751:Dunkleosteus
750:
742:
739:Dunkleosteus
738:
735:phylogenetic
723:
720:Dunkleosteus
719:
713:
711:
695:Dunkleosteus
694:
687:David Dunkle
679:Dunkleosteus
678:
677:
667:
664:Dunkleosteus
663:
636:Dunkleosteus
635:
633:
626:
618:
614:
600:
590:
559:Dunkleosteus
558:
557:
532:Dunkleosteus
531:
520:Dunkleosteus
519:
518:
513:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
494:
490:D. newberryi
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:
442:Dunkleosteus
441:
440:
428:pelagic fish
404:Dunkleosteus
403:
402:
401:
387:
377:
367:
358:D. newberryi
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
267:
266:
257:Type species
242:Dunkleosteus
241:
240:
127:
25:Dunkleosteus
24:
18:
9219:iNaturalist
9178:Wikispecies
8774:iNaturalist
8733:Wikispecies
8666:iNaturalist
8625:Wikispecies
8526:Selenosteus
8498:Pachyosteus
8484:Melanosteus
8442:Braunosteus
8428:Amazichthys
8401:Synauchenia
8360:Tapinosteus
8241:Heterosteus
8094:Latocamurus
7963:Panxiosteus
7872:Belgiosteus
7693:Errolosteus
7672:Arenipiscis
7600:Euleptaspis
7593:Euleptaspis
7558:Homostiidae
7370:Turrisaspis
7349:Mithakaspis
7328:Boomeraspis
7237:Pageauaspis
7188:Grifftaylor
7064:Actinolepis
7026:Phyllolepis
6843:Baringaspis
6658:Subphylum:
5722:18 December
5527:(1): 1–64.
4699:D. terrelli
4685:D. terrelli
4670:D. terrelli
4636:vertebrates
4554:D. terrelli
4506:D. terrelli
3964:D. terrelli
3903:D. terrelli
3887:D. terrelli
3825:D. terrelli
3803:D. terrelli
3781:Amazichthys
3766:D. terrelli
3744:arthrodires
3709:arthrodires
3694:dermal bone
3684:D. terrelli
3669:Description
3620:D. terrelli
3605:Tver Region
3579:D. terrelli
3573:are found,
3571:D. terrelli
3513:D. terrelli
3462:D. marsaisi
3458:D. terrelli
3454:D. marsaisi
3450:D. terrelli
3434:D. marsaisi
3427:D. marsaisi
3417:D. marsaisi
3409:D. denisoni
3379:D. belgicus
3334:D. terrelli
3330:D. terrelli
3319:D. terrelli
3298:arthrodires
806:D. terrelli
771:and placed
668:D. terrelli
607:Huron Shale
514:D. terrelli
469:D. marsaisi
463:D. denisoni
457:D. belgicus
451:D. terrelli
426:. It was a
378:D. terrelli
338:D. marsaisi
318:D. denisoni
128:D. terrelli
9334:Categories
8533:Stenosteus
8519:Rhinosteus
8512:Phymosteus
8491:Microsteus
8456:Enseosteus
8318:Hadrosteus
8297:Dinichthys
8290:Bungartius
8192:Hussakofia
8140:Leptosteus
8101:Rolfosteus
8014:Cyrtosteus
7948:Janiosteus
7900:Jiuchengia
7893:Dickosteus
7886:Coccosteus
7762:see below↓
7742:Uralosteus
7648:Tityosteus
7526:Megaloplax
7498:Deirosteus
7477:Artesonema
7292:Huginaspis
7278:Arctolepis
7223:Lyhoalepis
7202:Huginaspis
7181:Gaspeaspis
7139:Aggeraspis
7033:Placolepis
7019:Cowralepis
6985:Gavinaspis
6961:Yiminaspis
6927:Simblaspis
6913:Qataraspis
6864:Eskimaspis
6797:Arthrodira
6784:Arthrodira
6752:see below↓
6743:Arthrodira
6731:Placodermi
6716:Placodermi
6672:Placodermi
6660:Vertebrata
6630:Arthrodira
6516:Kirtlandia
6240:10.1671/31
6143:: 497–504.
5994:Kirtlandia
5877:29 October
5648:5 February
5576:5 February
5548:Kirtlandia
5399:(5): 648.
4874:: e15131.
4820:(3): 318.
4726:References
4644:viviparous
4407:Coccosteus
4398:Coccosteus
4377:Coccosteus
4029:Coccosteus
3991:Reference
3940:thunniform
3899:caudal fin
3876:volumetric
3849:Coccosteus
3775:Coccosteus
3749:Coccosteus
3746:, such as
3736:fossilized
3721:cancellous
3563:Ohio Shale
3485:magnificus
3483:Dinichthys
3293:for large
827:Dinichthys
760:Dinichthys
743:Dinichthys
724:Dinichthys
715:Dinichthys
658:, and the
615:Dinichthys
597:Ohio Shale
478:magnificus
446:placoderms
416:arthrodire
208:Suborder:
202:Arthrodira
189:Placodermi
8394:Oxyosteus
8339:Mylostoma
8325:Holdenius
8248:Yinostius
8234:Herasmius
8108:Tubonasus
8046:Torosteus
7999:Belosteus
7907:Livosteus
7700:Exutaspis
7641:Homosteus
7585:Dhanguura
7547:Tropinema
7533:Rhenonema
7505:Deveonema
7491:Bimbianga
7434:Dhanguura
7363:Tiaraspis
7356:Mulgaspis
7209:Kolpaspis
7146:Arctaspis
6899:Mediaspis
6857:Erikaspis
6822:Aleosteus
6815:Aethaspis
6646:Kingdom:
6497:205213348
6446:205217467
6355:134217082
6314:206640186
6042:162173408
5904:(1): R3.
5498:: 53–78.
5415:1424-2818
5393:Diversity
5317:0024-4082
5225:: 85–87.
5123:2167-8359
5107:: e4081.
5065:12 August
5043:12 August
4836:1424-2818
4814:Diversity
4704:tetrapods
4558:ammonites
4324:Johanson
4074:Anonymous
3923:synarcual
3909:, narrow
3901:shape of
3873:ellipsoid
3663:Famennian
3661:from the
3652:Famennian
3628:D. raveri
3597:Famennian
3575:D. raveri
3567:D. raveri
3559:D. raveri
3383:Famennian
814:cladogram
575:Cleveland
567:Lake Erie
554:Discovery
502:D. raveri
436:ecosystem
414:of large
368:D. raveri
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
39:Famennian
9304:11198804
9291:56959346
9271:Wikidata
9198:42419618
9163:Wikidata
9129:11212170
9109:Wikidata
9075:11146781
9055:Wikidata
8988:Wikidata
8954:11218834
8934:Wikidata
8900:11166689
8880:Wikidata
8846:11192205
8826:Wikidata
8753:42419619
8718:Wikidata
8610:Wikidata
7519:Holonema
7449:Maideria
7390:Elvaspis
7085:Szelepis
7040:Yurammia
6920:Sigaspis
6885:Lataspis
6670:Class: "
6654:Chordata
6652:Phylum:
6648:Animalia
6567:86583150
6489:18509443
6438:19597477
6379:26 April
6306:26564854
6248:85572061
6186:Explorer
6105:: 27–36.
5928:36585467
5864:86203770
5799:17443970
5699:23378262
5627:: 1–419.
5141:29230354
4970:: 89–99.
4943:Archived
4900:37065696
4891:10100833
4714:See also
4589:. Thus,
4452:Engelman
4434:Engelman
4416:Engelman
4386:Engelman
4365:Engelman
4345:Engelman
4154:Williams
4054:Hussakof
4018:Newberry
3996:Newberry
3729:tetrapod
3717:cortical
3648:Devonian
3644:Frasnian
3640:Devonian
3587:holotype
3509:Missouri
3279:synonyms
674:Taxonomy
619:terrelli
221:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
35:Frasnian
9277:Q911593
9237:6138565
9211:8588343
9169:Q911618
9115:Q911616
9061:Q911612
9021:7667380
9008:9025223
8994:Q911611
8940:Q911606
8886:Q911605
8832:Q911599
8792:6138564
8766:8483410
8724:Q911597
8684:1041512
8658:4842483
8645:4655862
8616:Q131039
6547:Bibcode
6469:Bibcode
6418:Bibcode
6286:Bibcode
6278:Science
6228:Bibcode
6097:Newb".
5906:Bibcode
5844:Bibcode
5790:2373817
5740:. 1–17.
5690:5176033
5461:Bibcode
5227:Bibcode
5219:Geobios
5162:: 1–170
5132:5723140
5021:21 July
4996:21 July
4750:29 July
4708:gracile
4599:boluses
4546:cuticle
4282:Ferrón
4170:Janvier
4138:Denison
4122:Colbert
3988:Method
3985:Length
3944:lamnids
3936:muscles
3731:bones.
3725:teleost
3603:of the
3446:Morocco
3387:Belgium
3369:breccia
3345:Chagrin
3269:Species
820:within
587:species
548:Morocco
544:Belgium
528:Fossils
434:of any
409:extinct
280:Species
234:Genus:
195:Order:
182:Class:
9317:421176
9250:259735
9224:714995
9142:421188
9088:421187
9034:421185
8967:421186
8913:421184
8859:421183
8805:259736
8779:714996
8671:714993
6565:
6495:
6487:
6461:Nature
6444:
6436:
6410:Nature
6353:
6343:
6312:
6304:
6246:
6192:: 4–8.
6040:
5926:
5862:
5797:
5787:
5697:
5687:
5554:: 1–5.
5413:
5355:
5315:
5139:
5129:
5121:
4898:
4888:
4834:
4654:Growth
4603:fossil
4583:Orodus
4575:Orodus
4570:Orodus
4550:dermal
4326:et al.
4307:et al.
4284:et al.
3862:et al.
3854:et al.
3844:et al.
3840:et al.
3807:et al.
3599:-aged
3553:nuchal
3373:Europe
3359:, the
3347:, and
3337:'s
1819:et al.
757:while
747:clades
728:family
706:ostéon
700:ὀστέον
654:, the
623:Elyria
546:, and
540:Poland
505:, and
407:is an
250:, 1956
248:Lehman
8697:34328
8679:IRMNG
6563:S2CID
6493:S2CID
6442:S2CID
6351:S2CID
6310:S2CID
6244:S2CID
6124:: 36.
6067:: 24.
6038:S2CID
5924:S2CID
5871:(PDF)
5860:S2CID
5832:(PDF)
5643:UMORF
5101:PeerJ
4868:PeerJ
4305:Long
4186:Young
4106:Romer
3982:Year
3948:tunas
3698:trunk
3452:. In
3429:skull
3391:taxon
3341:Huron
3304:than
808:skull
583:genus
412:genus
9299:GBIF
9206:GBIF
9124:GBIF
9070:GBIF
9003:GBIF
8949:GBIF
8895:GBIF
8841:GBIF
8761:GBIF
8653:GBIF
6729:see
6702:see
6485:PMID
6434:PMID
6381:2009
6341:ISBN
6302:PMID
5879:2017
5795:PMID
5724:2015
5695:PMID
5650:2024
5578:2024
5440:(1).
5411:ISSN
5353:ISBN
5313:ISSN
5137:PMID
5119:ISSN
5067:2022
5045:2022
5023:2022
4998:2022
4896:PMID
4832:ISSN
4752:2023
4477:Diet
4455:2023
4437:2023
4419:2023
4389:2023
4368:2023
4348:2023
4330:2019
4311:2019
4288:2017
4269:2015
4253:2010
4250:Long
4237:2010
4234:Carr
4221:2009
4205:2007
4189:2003
4173:2003
4157:1992
4141:1978
4125:1969
4109:1966
4093:1926
4090:Hyde
4077:1923
4057:1905
4041:1895
4038:Dean
4021:1889
3999:1875
3946:and
3809:2017
3778:and
3324:The
824:and
812:The
791:and
741:and
585:and
289:List
52:PreꞒ
9286:EoL
9193:EoL
8748:EoL
8640:EoL
6555:doi
6477:doi
6465:453
6426:doi
6414:460
6333:doi
6294:doi
6282:350
6236:doi
6028:doi
5966:doi
5914:doi
5852:doi
5785:PMC
5777:doi
5685:PMC
5677:doi
5673:274
5601:doi
5529:doi
5500:doi
5469:doi
5438:105
5401:doi
5303:doi
5299:176
5268:doi
5264:169
5235:doi
5198:doi
5194:159
5160:129
5127:PMC
5109:doi
4886:PMC
4876:doi
4822:doi
4638:to
4548:or
4502:jaw
3801:of
3704:of
3659:sp.
3444:in
3385:of
3355:of
530:of
41:),
37:to
9336::
9314::
9301::
9288::
9273::
9247::
9234::
9221::
9208::
9195::
9180::
9165::
9139::
9126::
9111::
9085::
9072::
9057::
9031::
9018::
9005::
8990::
8964::
8951::
8936::
8910::
8897::
8882::
8856::
8843::
8828::
8802::
8789::
8776::
8763::
8750::
8735::
8720::
8694::
8681::
8668::
8655::
8642::
8627::
8612::
6561:.
6553:.
6543:28
6541:.
6520:57
6518:.
6514:.
6491:.
6483:.
6475:.
6463:.
6440:.
6432:.
6424:.
6412:.
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6300:.
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6280:.
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6224:23
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6190:34
6188:.
6141:26
6139:.
6120:.
6103:21
6101:.
6065:16
6063:.
6059:.
6036:.
6022:.
6006:^
5998:57
5996:.
5992:.
5980:^
5964:.
5960:.
5936:^
5922:.
5912:.
5902:17
5900:.
5896:.
5858:.
5850:.
5840:35
5838:.
5834:.
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5793:.
5783:.
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5767:.
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5693:.
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5667:.
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775:,
718:,
650:,
646:,
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599:.
589::
550:.
542:,
538:,
499:,
493:,
487:,
481:,
475:D.
472:,
466:,
460:,
454:,
438:.
102:Pg
46:Ma
8216:?
8041:?
8033:?
8025:?
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7973:?
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385:†
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305:†
295:†
264:†
238:†
225:†
212:†
199:†
186:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
33:(
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