38:
1433:: "In the case of Aratta, where no inscriptions or texts are currently available to favor any one site, the mechanics of identification depend largely on inductive inquiry. At best such methods provide indications from which a location may be postulated as being reasonable or possible. But one cannot assume too much, for then the hypothesis becomes subjective rather than objective."
250:, Anshan, and "five, six, seven" mountains before approaching Aratta. Aratta in turn wants grain in exchange. However Inana transfers her allegiance to Uruk, and the grain gains the favor of Aratta's people for Uruk, so the lord of Aratta challenges Enmerkar to send a champion to fight his champion. Then the god
245:
pleases her more than does the lord of Aratta, who is not named in this epic. Enmerkar wants Aratta to submit to Uruk, bring stones down from the mountain, craft gold, silver and lapis lazuli, and send them, along with "kugmea" ore to Uruk to build a temple. Inana bids him send a messenger to Aratta,
332:
and then to Uruk, where Inana helps him. She advises
Enmerkar to carry off Aratta's "worked metal and metalsmiths and worked stone and stonemasons" and all the "moulds of Aratta will be his". Then the city is described as having battlements made of green lapis lazuli and bricks made of "tinstone dug
298:'s successor. Enmerkar's army travels through mountainous territory to wage war against rebellious Aratta. Lugalbanda falls ill and is left in a cave, but he prays to the various gods, recovers, and must find his way out of the mountains.
546:
in 1973, it was found to be 600 km south-east of Uruk, far removed from any northerly routes or watercourses from Uruk, and posing the logistical improbability of getting a 27th-century BC Sumerian army through 550 km of
1103:
1131:"it is indeed strange that the name of such an important trade center should as yet remain unknown to us from any economic, administrative or other non-literary texts from the Ur III or Old Babylonian period"
280:
where he bewitches
Enmerkar's livestock, but a wise woman outperforms his magic and casts him into the Euphrates; En-suhgir-ana then admits the loss of Inanna, and submits his kingdom to Uruk.
565:
By 1973, archaeologists were noting that there was no archaeological record of Aratta's existence outside of myth, and in 1978 Hansman cautions against over-speculation.
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1583:
Gordon, Edmund I. (1967). "The
Meaning of the Ideogram KASKAL.KUR = "Underground Water-Course" and its Significance for Bronze Age Historical Geography".
135:
272:), challenges Enmerkar of Uruk to submit to him over the affections of Inanna, but he is rebuffed by Enmerkar. A sorcerer from the recently defeated
493:
thought that a "Mount Hurum" in a
Lugalbanda myth (which he titled "Lugalbanda on Mount Hurrum" at the time) might have referred to the
568:
Writers in other fields have continued to hypothesize potential Aratta locations. A "possible reflex" has been suggested in
Sanskrit
2003:
1977:
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1678:
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121:
59:
52:
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509:, is today read "mountain cave", and Kramer subsequently introduced the title "Lugalbanda, the Wandering Hero" for this story.
285:
228:
303:
1585:
1807:
1538:
Black, J.A.; Cunningham, G.; Ebeling, J.; Flückiger-Hawker, E.; Robson, E.; Taylor, J. & Zólyomi, G. (1998–2006).
102:
1887:
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362:"When the authorities are wise, and the poor are passed by, it is the effect of the blessing of Aratta."
88:
1662:
1344:
356:"When the authorities are wise, and the poor are loyal, it is the effect of the blessing of Aratta."
517:
513:
456:
have speculated on possible locations where Aratta could have been, using criteria from the myths:
70:
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1987:
1967:
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622:
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165:
374:"In Aratta he (Enki?) has placed E-zagin (the lapis lazuli temple) at her (Nisaba's) disposal."
1999:
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1973:
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1674:
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1489:
555:
368:"So that Aratta will be overwhelmed (?), Lugalbanda stands by at your (Hendursanga's) behest."
1843:
1743:
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1594:
1323:
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1380:, p. 59 Cohen also notes that the farthest east that any Assyrian king ever went was
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1107:
539:
465:
329:
328:'s aid. He crosses through the mountains, into the flat land, from the edge to the top of
139:
1442:
559:
453:
2022:
1863:
1800:
1763:
1653:
1614:
543:
449:
149:
1932:
Potts, Daniel T. (2004). "Exit Aratta: Southeastern Iran and the Land of
Marhashi".
444:; however that is no longer seen to be the case. Although Aratta is known only from
95:
1915:
1883:
1485:
1234:
472:
189:
554:
Nevertheless, there have been speculations referring to eastern Iran as well. Dr.
1575:
1278:
1242:
1201:; Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (1990) vol. 7,
578:
521:
276:
then arrives in Aratta, and offers to make Uruk submit. The sorcerer travels to
37:
1477:
1315:
1238:
1221:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (1990) vol. 7,
531:
Anshan, which had not yet been located then, was assumed to be in the central
498:
471:
It is a source of, or has access to valuable gems and minerals, in particular
309:
291:
157:
17:
437:
1262:
317:
295:
238:
210:
153:
389:"the shrine of my heart which I (Nanna) have founded in joy like Aratta"
1755:
1715:
1606:
1410:
1381:
1298:
582:
and other texts. Alternatively, the name is compared with the toponym
494:
1855:
1784:
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta: A Sumerian Epic Tale of Iraq and Iran
1645:
1462:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
1418:
587:
532:
273:
251:
234:
185:
1747:
1707:
1598:
320:'s army is faced with a setback, Lugalbanda volunteers to return to
192:
and other precious materials, as well as the artisans to craft them.
1847:
1637:
485:
It is close enough to march a 27th-century BC Sumerian army there.
441:
325:
199:
133:
1539:
548:
525:
479:
461:
445:
321:
247:
242:
214:
203:
181:
161:
512:
Other speculations referred to the early gem trade route, the "
1992:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
1694:
Hansman, John F. (1972). "Elamites, Achaemenians and Anshan".
1343:
is well documented beyond literary texts (c.f. Hansman (1985)
31:
1966:
Vanstiphout, Herman L. J. (2003). Cooper, Jerrold S. (ed.).
246:
who ascends and descends the "Zubi" mountains, and crosses
1972:. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 110–111, etc.
316:
bird, and asks it to help him find his army again. When
344:"I filled it with treasures like those of holy Aratta."
176:
Aratta is described as follows in
Sumerian literature:
1734:(1968). "Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phase of its Trade".
611:"Aratta became a epithet for "abundance" and "glory"."
378:
The building of
Ninngirsu's temple (Gudea cylinder):
1622:Hansman, John F. (1978). "The Question of Aratta".
1540:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1076:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1051:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1026:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1001:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
976:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
951:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
926:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
901:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
876:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
851:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
826:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
801:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
776:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
751:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
726:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
701:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
676:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
648:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
623:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1799:
1663:"Anshan in the Elamite and Archaemenian Periods"
1945:Reiner, Erica (1973). "The Location of Anšan".
333:out in the mountains where the cypress grows".
1356:Reiner, Erica (1973) "The Location of Anšan",
202:, who transfers her allegiance from Aratta to
1969:Epics of Sumerian Kings: The Matter of Aratta
1122:
1120:
8:
1928:cited in Mallowan (1985) p. 401, note 1
432:Early 20th century scholars initially took
160:, two early and possibly mythical kings of
1956:
1876:Jiroft: the Earliest Oriental Civilization
1773:
1721:
1414:
1406:
1361:
1282:
1173:
497:, and hence speculated Aratta to be near
180:It is a fabulously wealthy place full of
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1448:Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India
1327:
1319:
1277:, p. 54. South or southeast of the
1274:
1161:
395:"the inaccessible mountain range Aratta"
264:- The lord of Aratta, who is here named
1960:
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599:
1311:
1258:
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670:
668:
440:related to its local name for the god
436:to be an epithet of the Sumerian city
58:Please improve this article by adding
1769:
1377:
1294:
1150:
1126:
606:
482:by watercourse, yet remote from Uruk.
366:Hymn to Hendursanga (Hendursanga A):
337:Other mentions in Sumerian literature
7:
195:It is remote and difficult to reach.
2029:Locations in Mesopotamian mythology
1482:Legend: The Genesis of Civilisation
551:territory to wage war with Aratta.
350:"Aratta, full-laden with treasures"
27:Land that appears in Sumerian myths
1920:Proceedings of the British Academy
1550:from the original on 11 April 2008
401:"they know the way even to Aratta"
399:Gilgamesh and Huwawa (Version B):
342:Praise Poem of Shulgi (Shulgi Y):
25:
460:Land travelers must pass through
36:
1835:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1625:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1564:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
1393:Hansman, John F. (1972, 1978).
1195:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
507:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
414:The Kesh Temple Hymn: Aratta is
286:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
229:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
222:Mentions in Sumerian literature
1832:(1976). "The Land of Aratta".
1101:Early Babylonia and its Cities
1:
1892:The Cambridge History of Iran
1667:The Cambridge History of Iran
524:, which ran through northern
304:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
60:secondary or tertiary sources
1918:(1969). "Elamite Problems".
1586:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1129:, p. 61. Cohen states:
1808:University of Chicago Press
475:, that are crafted on site.
380:"pure like Kesh and Aratta"
372:Hymn to Nisaba (Nisaba A):
348:Shulgi and Ninlil's barge:
254:makes Aratta's crops grow.
172:Role in Sumerian literature
2045:
1788:University of Pennsylvania
1671:Cambridge University Press
1568:University of Pennsylvania
1261:, p. 72, note 9. The
1237:for the ancient world was
1112:Cambridge Ancient History.
501:. However, "Mount Hurum",
260:Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana
198:It is home to the goddess
148:is a land that appears in
1661:Hansman, John F. (1985).
420:Lament for Ur: Aratta is
1521:Cornell University Press
1360:67, pp. 57-62 (cited in
505:, in what is now called
360:Unprovenanced Proverbs:
1544:Oxford University Press
1516:Reading Sumerian Poetry
1339:In contrast to Aratta,
1330:, p. 401, note 1).
237:resides in Aratta, but
1513:Black, Jeremy (1998).
1452:People.fas.harvard.edu
164:also mentioned on the
142:
47:relies excessively on
1998:. 1990. p. 121.
1934:Name-ye Iran-e Bastan
1786:. University Museum,
1314:, p. 72 note 9.
1209:; Vanstiphout (2003)
1184:Kramer (1963) p. 275.
1114:Accessed 19 Dec 2010.
1099:Langdom, Stephen H. "
1080:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1055:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1030:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
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680:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
652:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
627:Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
503:"hur-ru-um kur-ra-ka"
137:
1947:Revue d'Assyriologie
1702:: 118, footnote 97.
1358:Revue d'Assyriologie
1326:territory (cited in
609:, p. 55 notes:
478:It is accessible to
464:and the mountainous
1796:Kramer, Samuel Noah
1780:Kramer, Samuel Noah
1562:Cohen, Sol (1973).
1233:The only source of
518:Himalayan Mountains
514:Great Khorasan Road
468:region to reach it.
428:Location hypotheses
422:"weighty (counsel)"
387:to Suen (Nanna I):
324:to ask the goddess
209:It is conquered by
1872:Majidzadeh, Yousef
1830:Majidzadeh, Yousef
1732:Herrmann, Georgina
1673:. pp. 25–35.
1570:. pp. 55–61.
1486:Century Publishing
1297:, p. 60. The
1245:(see Clark (1986)
1106:2011-10-05 at the
542:was identified as
491:Samuel Noah Kramer
294:, who will become
166:Sumerian king list
143:
1996:Walter de Gruyter
1957:Majidzadeh (1976)
1888:"Cyrus the Great"
1774:Majidzadeh (1976)
1722:Majidzadeh (1976)
1415:Majidzadeh (2004)
1407:Majidzadeh (1976)
1362:Majidzadeh (1976)
1283:Majidzadeh (1976)
1174:Majidzadeh (1976)
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556:Yousef Majidzadeh
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1821:0-226-45238-7
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1802:The Sumerians
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1742:(1): 36, 54.
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1259:Gordon (1967)
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112:December 2018
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
55:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2009:. Retrieved
1991:
1988:"Lugalbanda"
1968:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1905:. Retrieved
1891:
1875:
1839:
1833:
1801:
1783:
1770:Cohen (1973)
1739:
1735:
1699:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1666:
1629:
1623:
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1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1515:
1507:Bibliography
1481:
1472:
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1438:
1426:
1402:
1389:
1378:Cohen (1973)
1373:
1357:
1352:
1335:
1306:
1295:Cohen (1973)
1290:
1270:
1254:
1235:lapis lazuli
1229:
1217:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1157:
1151:Cohen (1973)
1138:
1130:
1127:Cohen (1973)
1111:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
983:. Retrieved
979:
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958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
933:. Retrieved
929:
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908:. Retrieved
904:
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883:. Retrieved
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808:. Retrieved
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733:. Retrieved
729:
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708:. Retrieved
704:
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683:. Retrieved
679:
655:. Retrieved
651:
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630:. Retrieved
626:
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610:
607:Cohen (1973)
602:
577:
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553:
537:
530:
511:
506:
502:
488:
473:lapis lazuli
433:
431:
421:
415:
409:
408:: Aratta is
406:Temple Hymns
400:
394:
388:
384:
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373:
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190:lapis lazuli
175:
152:surrounding
145:
144:
138:"ARATTA" in
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
46:
29:
1478:Rohl, David
1279:Caspian Sea
1243:Afghanistan
1085:30 December
1060:30 December
1035:30 December
1010:30 December
985:30 December
960:30 December
935:30 December
910:30 December
885:30 December
860:30 December
835:30 December
810:30 December
785:30 December
760:30 December
735:30 December
710:30 December
685:30 December
657:30 December
632:30 December
579:Mahabharata
522:Mesopotamia
516:" from the
416:"important"
410:"respected"
2011:2008-03-15
1907:2005-03-15
1810:. p.
1686:2005-03-15
1554:2008-03-15
1450:1999, p. 8
1316:Kermanshah
1281:(cited in
1239:Badakhshan
594:References
499:Lake Urmia
354:Proverbs:
310:Lugalbanda
292:Lugalbanda
158:Lugalbanda
82:newspapers
49:references
1955:cited in
1864:162240805
1768:cited in
1764:130955760
1720:cited in
1654:162250050
1615:163463497
1593:: 70–88.
1576:302716331
1566:(Ph.D.).
1345:pp. 25-35
1324:Bakhtiari
1193:see e.g.
489:In 1963,
438:Shuruppak
2023:Category
1953:: 57–62.
1886:(1985).
1874:(2004).
1798:(1963).
1782:(1952).
1572:ProQuest
1548:Archived
1480:(1998).
1263:Sanandaj
1104:Archived
495:Hurrians
318:Enmerkar
296:Enmerkar
239:Enmerkar
211:Enmerkar
154:Enmerkar
71:"Aratta"
1940:: 1–11.
1756:4199836
1716:4300468
1607:1359360
1411:Shahdad
1382:Hamadan
1299:Hamadan
549:Elamite
448:, some
96:scholar
2002:
1976:
1898:
1862:
1856:545195
1854:
1818:
1762:
1754:
1714:
1677:
1652:
1646:544047
1644:
1613:
1605:
1574:
1527:
1492:
1419:Jiroft
1341:Anshan
1223:p. 121
1207:p. 136
1203:p. 121
588:Urartu
584:Ararat
574:Arāṭṭa
570:Āraṭṭa
540:Anshan
533:Zagros
466:Anshan
434:Aratta
330:Anshan
274:Hamazi
252:Ishkur
235:Inanna
186:silver
146:Aratta
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1860:S2CID
1852:JSTOR
1760:S2CID
1752:JSTOR
1712:JSTOR
1650:S2CID
1642:JSTOR
1611:S2CID
1603:JSTOR
1310:e.g.
1301:area.
1265:area.
1247:p. 67
442:Enlil
326:Inana
314:Anzud
278:Eresh
200:Inana
103:JSTOR
89:books
2000:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1736:Iraq
1724:and
1696:Iran
1675:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1465:EJVS
1087:2018
1062:2018
1037:2018
1012:2018
987:2018
962:2018
937:2018
912:2018
887:2018
862:2018
837:2018
812:2018
787:2018
762:2018
737:2018
712:2018
687:2018
659:2018
634:2018
526:Iran
480:Uruk
462:Susa
452:and
446:myth
385:Tigi
322:Uruk
268:(or
248:Susa
243:Uruk
215:Uruk
204:Uruk
182:gold
162:Uruk
156:and
75:news
1938:4/1
1844:doi
1812:275
1744:doi
1704:doi
1634:doi
1595:doi
1110:."
586:or
572:or
520:to
241:of
213:of
51:to
2025::
1990:.
1959:,
1951:67
1949:.
1936:.
1924:LV
1922:.
1890:.
1858:.
1850:.
1840:35
1838:.
1814:.
1806:.
1772:,
1758:.
1750:.
1740:30
1738:.
1710:.
1700:10
1698:.
1665:.
1648:.
1640:.
1630:37
1628:.
1609:.
1601:.
1591:21
1589:.
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1488:.
1484:.
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1145:;
1119:^
1078:.
1053:.
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978:.
953:.
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903:.
878:.
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728:.
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667:^
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308:-
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2014:.
1982:.
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1445:(
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119:(
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110:(
100:·
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20:)
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