2231:
no legal reason to use it. It rarely appears in federal statutes, and the Census Bureau has never put a checkbox by the word
Caucasian. (White is an option.) ... The Supreme Court, which can be more colloquial, has used the term in only 64 cases, including a pair from the 1920s that reveal its limitations ... In 1889, the editors of the original Oxford English Dictionary noted that the term Caucasian had been 'practically discarded'. But they spoke too soon. Blumenbach's authority had given the word a pseudoscientific sheen that preserved its appeal. Even now, the word gives discussions of race a weird technocratic gravitas, as when the police insist that you step out of your 'vehicle' instead of your car ... Susan Glisson, who as the executive director of the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation in Oxford, Miss., regularly witnesses Southerners sorting through their racial vocabulary, said she rarely hears 'Caucasian'. 'Most of the folks who work in this field know that it's a completely ridiculous term to assign to whites,' she said. 'I think it's a term of last resort for people who are really uncomfortable talking about race. They use the term that's going to make them be as distant from it as possible.
2626:, p. 88: "The connection between Meiners's ideas about a Caucasian branch of humanity and Blumenbach's later conception of a Caucasian variety (eventually, a Caucasian race) is not completely clear. What is clear is that the two editions of Meiners's Outline were published between the second edition of Blumenbach's On the Natural Variety of Mankind and the third edition, where Blumenbach first used the term Caucasian. Blumenbach cited Meiners once in 1795, but only to include Meiners's 1793 division of humanity into "handsome and white" and "ugly and dark" peoples among several alternative "divisions of the varieties of mankind." Yet Blumenbach must have been aware of Meiners's earlier designation of Caucasian and Mongolian branches of humanity, as the two men knew each other as colleagues at the University of Göttingen. The way that Blumenbach embraced the term Caucasian suggests that he worked to distance his own anthropological thinking from that of Meiners while recovering the term Caucasian for his own more refined racial classification: he made no mention of Meiners's 1785 usage and gave the term a new meaning.
2199:
of the word
Caucasian. Some might protest that it is 'only a label'. But language is one of the most systematic, subtle, and significant vehicles for transmitting racial ideology. Terms that describe imagined groups, such as Caucasian, encapsulate those beliefs. Every time we use them and uncritically expose students to them, we are reinforcing rather than dismantling the old racialized worldview. Using the word Caucasian invokes scientific racism, the false idea that races are naturally occurring, biologically ranked subdivisions of the human species and that Caucasians are the superior race. Beyond this, the label Caucasian can even convey messages about which groups have culture and are entitled to recognition as Americans.
328:. Blumenbach did not credit Meiners with his taxonomy, although his justification clearly points to Meiners' aesthetic viewpoint of Caucasus origins. In contrast to Meiners, however, Blumenbach was a monogenist—he considered all humans to have a shared origin and to be a single species. Blumenbach, like Meiners, did rank his Caucasian grouping higher than other groups in terms of mental faculties or potential for achievement despite pointing out that the transition from one race to another is so gradual that the distinctions between the races presented by him are "very arbitrary".
237:
706:, Blumenbach and Cuvier classified races, through their skull collections based on their cranial features and anthropometric measurements. Caucasoid traits were recognised as: thin nasal aperture ("nose narrow"), a small mouth, facial angle of 100–90°, and orthognathism, exemplified by what Blumenbach saw in most ancient Greek crania and statues. Later anthropologists of the 19th and early 20th century such as
302:
375:, under the Caucasoid label. However, many scientists maintained the racial categorizations of color established by Meiners' and Blumenbach's works, along with many other early steps of anthropology, well into the late 19th and mid-to-late 20th centuries, increasingly used to justify political policies, such as segregation and immigration restrictions, and other opinions based in prejudice. For example,
536:
1348:. In 1946, the U.S. Congress passed a new law establishing a small immigration quota for Indians, which also permitted them to become citizens. Major changes to immigration law, however, only later came in 1965, when many earlier racial restrictions on immigration were lifted. This resulted in confusion about whether American Hispanics are included as "white", as the term
597:
576:
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383:(1920) in turn classified as "brown" most of the populations of the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Central Asia and South Asia. He counted as "white" only European peoples and their descendants, as well as a few populations in areas adjacent to or opposite southern Europe, in parts of Anatolia and parts of the Rif and Atlas mountains.
787:
335:, Blumenbach classified the Caucasian race by cranial measurements and bone morphology in addition to skin pigmentation. Following Meiners, Blumenbach described the Caucasian race as consisting of the native inhabitants of Europe, West Asia, the Indian peninsula, and North Africa. This usage later grew into the widely used
290:) race in its wider racial sense. Meiners' term was given wider circulation in the 1790s by many people. Meiners imagined that the Caucasian race encompassed all of the ancient and most of the modern native populations of Europe, the aboriginal inhabitants of West Asia (including the Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arabs), the
410:. Dividing humans into five main races, and argued that each evolved in parallel but at different rates, so that some races had reached higher levels of evolution than others. He argued that the Caucasoid race had evolved 200,000 years prior to the "Congoid race", and hence represented a higher evolutionary stage.
2230:
AS a racial classification, the term
Caucasian has many flaws, dating as it does from a time when the study of race was based on skull measurements and travel diaries ... Its equivalents from that era are obsolete – nobody refers to Asians as 'Mongolian' or blacks as 'Negroid'. ... There is
2198:
Yet there is one striking exception in our modern racial vocabulary: the term 'Caucasian'. Despite being a remnant of a discredited theory of racial classification, the term has persisted into the twenty-first century, within as well as outside of the educational community. It is high time we got rid
1927:
Here, Blumenbach placed the white
European at the apex of the human family; he even gave the European a new name – i.e., Caucasian. This relationship also inspired the academic labors of Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners and K. A. Heumann, the more important thinkers at Gottingen for our project. (This
131:
Since the second half of the 20th century, physical anthropologists have switched from a typological understanding of human biological diversity towards a genomic and population-based perspective, and have tended to understand race as a social classification of humans based on phenotype and ancestry
2165:
Though discredited as an anthropological term and not recommended in most editorial guidelines, it is still heard and used, for example, as a category on forms asking for ethnic identification. It is also still used for police blotters (the abbreviated Cauc may be heard among police) and appears
394:
of the "Mediterranean type" which he considered to be distinct from
Caucasians, rather than a subtype of it as others had done. While Blumenbach had erroneously thought that light skin color was ancestral to all humans and the dark skin of southern populations was due to sun, Coon thought that
3552:
The MeSH term Racial Stocks and its four children (Australoid Race, Caucasoid Race, Mongoloid Race, and
Negroid Race) have been deleted from MeSH in 2004. A new heading, Continental Population Groups, has been created with new identification that emphasize
1344:, in which it had expressly approved of two lower court cases holding "high caste Hindus" to be "free white persons" within the meaning of the naturalization act. Government lawyers later recognized that the Supreme Court had "withdrawn" this approval in
1819:(Outline of the History of Humanity; 1785) ... Meiners pursued this 'Göttingen program' of inquiry in extensive historical-anthropological writings, which included two editions of his Outline of the History of Humanity and numerous articles in
1888:
For it was at
Gottingen in this period that the outlines of a system of classification were laid down in a manner that still shapes the way in which we attempt to comprehend the different varieties of humankind – including usage of such terms as
1855:... the five human races identified by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach – Negroes, American Indians, Malaysians, Mongolians, and Caucasians. He chose to rely on Blumenbach, leader of the Göttingen school of comparative anatomy
1209:
argued that across Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia, a
Caucasian physical stock existed. He divided this racial element into two main groups: a shorter and darker
2909:
For more than four decades beginning in the late 1930s, the
Harvard anthropologist Carleton Coon wrote a series of big books for an ever shrinking audience in which he pushed a pseudoscientific racial angle of
223:
region. The "Circassian beauty" stereotype had its roots in the Middle Ages, while the reputation for the attractiveness of the
Georgian people was developed by early modern travellers to the region such as
4963:
2995:
evolved five different times, blacks last. Its poor reception by anthropologists, followed by evidence from archaeology and paleontology that mankind evolved once, and in Africa, finally put an end to such
2653:
Alle diese Verschiedenheiten fließen aber durch so mancherley Abstufungen und Uebergänge so unvermerkt zusammen, daß sich keine andre, als sehr willkürliche Grenzen zwischen ihnen festsetzen lassen.
3039:
Carleton Coon fully embraced typology as a way to determine the basis of racial and ethnic difference Unfortunately for him, American anthropology increasingly equated typology with pseudoscience.
2280:, p.204, "Le sang de Géorgie est le plus beau d'Orient, et je puis dire du monde, je n'ai pas remarqué un laid visage en ce païs la, parmi l'un et l'autre sexe: mais j'y en ay vû d'Angeliques."
2952:
Most disturbingly for liberal anthropologists, the new generation of racist "pseudoscience" threatened to return to mainstream respectability in 1962 with the publication of Carleton Coon's
4915:
4097:
1304:
Besides its use in anthropology and related fields, the term "Caucasian" has often been used in the United States in a different, social context to describe a group commonly called "
4931:
1834:
3498:
Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited".
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1815:, pp. 84–85: "Finally, Christoph Meiners (1747–1810), the University of Göttingen 'popular philosopher' and historian, first gave the term Caucasian racial meaning in his
3855:
3747:
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race. Wells asserted that Semitic and Hamitic populations were mainly of Mediterranean type, and Aryan populations were originally of Nordic type. He regarded the
1402:
1338:
like European descendants since most laypeople did not consider them to be "white" people. This represented a change from the Supreme Court's earlier opinion in
5755:
4875:
1308:". "White" also appears as a self-reporting entry in the U.S. Census. Naturalization as a United States citizen was restricted to "free white persons" by the
4090:
3364:
3345:
1500:
Cited by contributing editor to a group of nine works by Mario, Isaac, Schiebinger, Rupp-Eisenreich, Dougherty, Hochman, Mikkelsen, Painter, and Binden.
359:
There was never consensus among the proponents of the "Caucasoid race" concept regarding how it would be delineated from other groups such as the proposed
1038:. The taxon was taken to consist of a number of subtypes. The Caucasoid peoples were usually divided into three groups on ethnolinguistic grounds, termed
425:, lower and narrower pelves, and had some Neanderthal skull traits. Coon further asserted that the Caucasoid race was of dual origin, consisting of early
4867:
1366:
4891:
2523:
1437:(meaning "form", "shape", "resemblance") implying a resemblance to the native inhabitants of the Caucasus. It etymologically contrasts with the terms
73:
which, depending on which of the historical race classifications was being used, usually included ancient and modern populations from all or parts of
3080:
Bertoletti, Stefano Fabbri. 1994. The anthropological theory of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. In Romanticism in science, science in Europe, 1790–1840.
418:
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refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
5068:
4483:
4310:
1369:
often used the term "Caucasian" as a race in the past. However, it later discontinued such usage in favor of the more narrow geographical term
2419:
F. Dougherty, "Christoph Meiners und Johann Friedrich Blumenbach im Streit um den Begriff der Menschenrasse," in G. Mann and F. Dumont, eds.,
4066:
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1978:
1951:
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128:. Ancient and modern "Caucasoid" populations were thus not exclusively "white", but ranged in complexion from white-skinned to dark brown.
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elsewhere as a euphemism. Its synonym, Caucasoid, also once used in anthropology but now dated and considered pejorative, is disappearing.
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or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (Caucasian) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the
1115:
There was no universal consensus of the validity of the "Caucasoid" grouping within those who attempted to categorize human variation.
5301:
3071:"Miriam Claude Meijer, Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper", 1722–1789, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999, pp. 169–74.
2406:
B. Rupp-Eisenreich, "Des Choses Occultes en Histoire des Sciences Humaines: le Destin de la 'Science Nouvelle' de Christoph Meiners",
1630:
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).
1334:(1923) decided that Asian Indians were ineligible for citizenship because, though deemed "Caucasian" anthropologically, they were not
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1013:
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It was Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a colleague of Meiners', who later came to be considered one of the founders of the discipline of
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2009:
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124:
similar groups from these different regions, with a focus on skeletal anatomy, and especially cranial morphology, without regard to
395:
Caucasians had lost their original pigmentation as they moved North. Coon used the term "Caucasoid" and "White race" synonymously.
5908:
5827:
4907:
5441:
3226:, American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C.), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3–4, p. 741.
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264:
101:
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5424:
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5314:
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3905:
Augstein, HF (1999). "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond". In Harris, Bernard; Ernst, Waltraud (eds.).
31:
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4488:
3200:
Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy
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and a sharp nasal sill. Many anthropologists in the 20th century used the term "Caucasoid" in their literature, such as
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5865:
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3328:
1717:
This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern
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1105:
272:
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5243:
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4955:
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2638:
2030:"From types to populations: A century of race, physical anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association"
1840:
1355:
1313:
1309:
336:
181:
3089:
See individual literature for such Caucasoid identifications, while the following article gives a brief overview:
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4633:
4583:
4355:
4018:
3950:
3279:
2088:"White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health"
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414:
309:
female by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, used as an archetype for the Caucasian racial characteristics in his 1795
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2029:
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4286:
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58:
3102:"People and races", Alice Mossie Brues, Waveland Press, 1990, notes how the term Caucasoid replaced Caucasian.
2774:
Jackson, J. P. Jr. (2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".
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3019:. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 93–94.
2520:
2278:
Journal du voyage du chevalier Chardin en Perse et aux Indes Orientales par la Mer Noire et par la Colchide
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concludes in 2016: "he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no."
236:
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5471:
5332:
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5232:
5173:
4808:
4563:
4423:
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3293:
2835:
Sachs Collopy, Peter (2015). "Race Relationships: Collegiality and Demarcation in Physical Anthropology".
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759:
294:
of Northern Africa (Berbers, Egyptians, Abyssinians and neighboring groups), the Indians, and the ancient
173:
1089:
race, but by and in the 20th century, anthropologists predominantly declared Dravidians to be Caucasoid.
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as descendants of early Mediterranean peoples, who inhabited western Europe before the arrival of Aryan
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3650:"Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian"
3441:"Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian"
1785:
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originally applied to Spanish heritage but has since expanded to include all people with origins in
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2924:"Beyond the Cephalic Index: Negotiating Politics to Produce UNESCO's Scientific Statements on Race"
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3806:"Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure"
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Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, & Feldman MW (December 2005).
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177:
104:, the term denoted one of three purported major races of humankind (those three being Caucasoid,
2436:
The Ugliness of Moses Mendelssohn: Aesthetics, Religion & Morality in the Eighteenth Century
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An introduction to anthropology, published in 1953, gives a more complex classification scheme:
30:
This article is about the outdated race concept. For the peoples of the Caucasus Mountains, see
3050:
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),
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2005:
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from North Africa are clearly Caucasoid and, more specifically, almost entirely Mediterranean.
1722:
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Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.).
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2875:"The Return of Scientific Racism? DNA Ancestry Testing, Race, and the New Eugenics Movement"
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Coon argued that Caucasoid traits emerged prior to the Cro-Magnons, and were present in the
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364:
325:
2397:, Vol. 23, No. 4, Special Issue: The Politics of Difference, Summer, 1990, pp. 387–405
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2072:
1289:"Secondary or Derived Caucasoid Races": Dinaric race, East Baltic race, and Polynesian race
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2567:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race"
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1995:
1798:
1757:, and thence eastward to India A branch of it extends far southward on both sides of the
1734:
1618:... the answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no.
1491:
Cited by contributing editor to a group of four works by Baum, Woodward, Rupke, and Simon.
1286:"Primary Caucasoid Races": Alpine race, Armenoid race, Mediterranean race, and Nordic race
1273:
942:
767:
286:(1785), the German philosopher Christoph Meiners first used the concept of a "Caucasian" (
35:
3093:, Leonard Lieberman, Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 1, February 2001, pp. 69–95.
1459:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
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3772:
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T. H. Huxley, "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind",
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3805:
3525:"Not All Caucasians Are White: The Supreme Court Rejects Citizenship for Asian Indians"
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132:
as well as cultural factors, as the concept is also understood in the social sciences.
94:
3724:
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In 1939, Coon argued that the Caucasian race had originated through admixture between
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The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro
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3991:– a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
3796:
3759:, Weber JL, et al. (December 2002). "Genetic structure of human populations".
2150:
The color of words: an encyclopaedic dictionary of ethnic bias in the United States
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The postulated subraces vary depending on the author, including but not limited to
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The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 4
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1902:
1871:
1571:
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After discussing various criteria used in biology to define subspecies or races,
421:
specimen were held to be Neanderthaloid derivatives because they possessed short
255:) in its wider racial sense. (Click on image for English translation of the text)
5847:
5709:
5618:
5271:
5266:
5118:
5030:
5020:
4623:
4433:
4380:
4254:
4194:
4189:
3091:
How "Caucasoids" Got Such Big Crania and Why They Shrank: From Morton to Rushton
3008:
2752:
2592:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1269:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1156:
1148:
1124:
1030:(1885–1890), Caucasoid was one of the three great races of humankind, alongside
973:
869:
797:
625:
606:
452:
372:
321:
152:
3926:
The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity
481:
Coon's theories on race were much disputed in his lifetime, and are considered
172:
In the eighteenth century, the prevalent view among European scholars was that
5810:
5694:
5575:
5503:
5435:
5025:
5015:
4733:
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4458:
4428:
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4239:
4204:
4146:
3881:
3864:
2904:
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1206:
1176:
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1039:
991:
964:
817:
715:
467:
403:
189:
86:
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1538:
5767:
5684:
5498:
5158:
4276:
3780:
3629:
3024:
1246:
1109:
909:
750:
came to recognize other Caucasoid morphological features, such as prominent
522:
471:
360:
320:, who gave the term a wider audience, by grounding it in the new methods of
306:
216:
208:
125:
121:
105:
3841:
3788:
3733:
3059:
2886:
2856:
2610:
2103:
1665:
1613:
438:
3698:"Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease"
3472:
Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez, eds. (March 2011).
2712:
2340:
2121:
1556:
1474:
5466:
5408:
4995:
4375:
3389:
3170:
Mhaiske, Vinod M.; Patil, Vinayak K.; Narkhede, S. S. (January 1, 2016).
2374:
2351:
2057:
1350:
860:
295:
220:
3524:
17:
5704:
4298:
4293:
4259:
4234:
4151:
3129:
Southern India, Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources
2848:
1758:
1754:
1647:
1397:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1223:
1184:
1101:
938:
878:
841:
835:
786:
581:
566:
109:
3890:
778:
replacing the earlier term "Caucasian" as it had fallen out of usage.
596:
575:
535:
406:
view, that human races had evolved separately from local varieties of
5699:
5250:
4365:
4179:
2391:
The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science
1000:
621:
193:
148:
74:
3390:
School Bakai - Ethnogenesis the North Caucasus indigenous population
3132:. Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company. p. 69.
655:
636:
615:
516:
2939:
1608:. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361.
556:
263:
as a racial category was introduced in the 1780s by members of the
180:. This view was based upon the Caucasus being the location for the
5516:
1746:
1742:
1281:
1227:
1004:
851:
642:
602:
300:
235:
70:
62:
4965:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
3997:
The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman
3500:
Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives
3295:
The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind
2519:
Another online document reviews the early history of race theory.
379:(1870) classified all populations of Asian nations as Mongoloid.
5050:
5046:
4079:
34:. For the US racial classification "White" or "Caucasian", see
4059:
The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley
3054:(pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
2463:
Kant and the Concept of Race: Late Eighteenth-Century Writings
1373:, which traditionally only applied to a subset of Caucasoids.
3052:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
1606:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
168:
The Caucasus as the origin of humanity and the peak of beauty
2001:
The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
275:
in 1795—it had originally referred in a narrow sense to the
4851:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
1312:, and later extended to other resident populations by the
3421:
Customs and Cultures: Anthropology for Christian Missions
2667:, 3rd ed. (1795) in Bendyshe: 264–65; "racial face," 229.
1119:
in 1870 wrote that the "absurd denomination of 'Caucasian
4061:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
3331:
by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, pp 127–133, December 8, 2005,
1632:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
65:
based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. The
3474:"Definition of Race Categories Used in the 2010 Census"
4933:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
3696:
Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, & Tang H (July 2002).
2184:
Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real About Race in School
1745:
The Mediterranean racial zone stretches unbroken from
4027:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3865:"Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective"
3632:. Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council
3540:
Tybaert, Sara; Rosov, Jane (November–December 2003).
2808:
The Origin of Races. Random House Inc., 1962, p. 570.
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
1873:
Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences
1715:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 400–401.
2973:
Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism
1487:
1485:
1483:
1461:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
1233:
The "Northcaucasian race" is a sub-race proposed by
5745:
5667:
5584:
5491:
5450:
5381:
5203:
5187:
5109:
5098:
4983:
4842:
4411:
4309:
4165:
4122:
3197:Simpson, George Eaton; Yinger, John Milton (1985).
2317:. Im Verlage der Meyerschen Buchhandlung. pp.
2004:. Anthropological Society. pp. 265, 303, 367.
1237:(1930). It comprises the native populations of the
203:
were reputed by Europeans to be the stereotypical "
3418:
3298:. The Macmillan Company. pp. 119–123, 236–238
4039:– a major reference of modern population genetics
2837:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
367:(1939) included the populations native to all of
2724:
2722:
2530:The treatises of Blumenbach can be found online
1688:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
1680:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
3149:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 109.
2881:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 157.
2824:. The Macmillan Company. pp. 26–28, 50–55.
3143:Sharma, Ram Nath; Sharma, Rajendra K. (1997).
2521:18th and 19th Century Views of Human Variation
2366:The invention of racism in classical antiquity
1403:Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
5062:
4877:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4091:
3999:. Chicago: Research Associates School Times.
3425:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283.
3237:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London
8:
3854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2753:The Races of Europe, Chapter XIII, Section 2
2345:Praeceptores Germaniae: Göttingen 1770–1820
2297:Allgemeine Erdbeschreibung: Asien - Volume 3
159:ancestry, a usage that has been criticized.
3592:Heredity, Race, and the Birth of the Modern
2368:, Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 105
674:Illustrations of "Caucasoid subraces" from
5106:
5069:
5055:
5047:
4869:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
4098:
4084:
4076:
4057:Wolf, Eric R. & Cole, John N. (1999).
3361:"Racial variety of Mankind, section 5.5.3"
2769:
2767:
2023:
2021:
1367:United States National Library of Medicine
100:Introduced in the 1780s by members of the
69:was historically regarded as a biological
4893:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3880:
3831:
3821:
3723:
3713:
3116:, 4th edition, 1885–90, T11, p. 476.
2702:
2600:
2582:
2560:
2558:
2111:
2056:
1655:
1636:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1546:
196:'s myth had crafted humankind from clay.
4024:The History and Geography of Human Genes
3571:"Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots"
3479:. United States Census Bureau. p. 3
3365:Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
3359:Dmitry Bogatenkov; Stanislav Drobyshev.
3346:Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
3340:Dmitry Bogatenkov; Stanislav Drobyshev.
2489:"Why White People are Called Caucasian?"
2178:Mukhopadhyay, Carol C. (June 30, 2008).
1836:Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography
1449:. For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or
785:
188:– and the location for the suffering of
27:Obsolete racial classification of humans
3928:. New York: New York University Press.
3909:. New York: Routledge. pp. 58–79.
3401:Beals, Ralph L.; Hoijer, Harry (1953).
2314:Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit
1928:list is not intended to be exhaustive.)
1817:Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit
1513:
1414:
1322:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
1075:classifications of the peoples of India
4484:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3946:– the book that introduced the concept
3847:
3739:
3684:
3673:
3610:Leroi, Armand Marie (March 14, 2005).
1230:from the direction of central Europe.
120:has been used as an umbrella term for
3907:Race, Science and Medicine, 1700–1960
3863:Templeton, Alan R. (September 1998).
2264:
2180:"Getting Rid of the Word 'Caucasian'"
1576:. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 79.
1421:The traditional anthropological term
459:), as well as Neanderthal-influenced
182:purported landing point of Noah's Ark
7:
5876:
4052:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
3942:Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1775)
3589:Figal, Sara Eigen (April 15, 2010).
3255:. Grolier Incorporated. p. 85.
3176:. Scientific Publishers. p. 5.
2975:. New York: New Press. p. 462.
2637:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
2623:
2460:Mikkelsen, Jon M. (August 1, 2013).
2252:
2134:
1994:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1865).
1833:William R. Woodward (June 9, 2015).
1812:
5554:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
5036:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
3944:On the Natural Varieties of Mankind
2213:"Has 'Caucasian' Lost Its Meaning?"
1684:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
1331:United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
1195:) in Central Asia, named after the
247:was the first work to use the term
3569:Camberg, Kim (December 13, 2005).
3405:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
2433:Hochman, Leah (October 10, 2014).
2211:Dewanjuly, Shaila (July 6, 2013).
2086:Bhopal, R.; Donaldson, L. (1998).
1821:Göttingisches Historisches Magazin
1123:" was in fact a conflation of his
489:Criticism based on modern genetics
277:native inhabitants of the Caucasus
184:– from whom the Bible states that
25:
4941:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
4861:The Outline of History of Mankind
3655:. Yale University. Archived from
3446:. Yale University. Archived from
3342:"Anthropology and Ethnic History"
3173:Forest Tribology And Anthropology
2776:Journal of the History of Biology
2665:On the Natural Variety of Mankind
2092:American Journal of Public Health
417:. However, these fossils and the
371:and Northern Asia, including the
284:The Outline of History of Mankind
245:The Outline of History of Mankind
143:is still in use as a synonym for
5875:
5828:White genocide conspiracy theory
5134:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4909:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
3325:Race and Racism: An Introduction
3252:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 6
2147:Herbst, Philip (June 15, 1997).
1970:The Use of Forensic Anthropology
1943:The Use of Forensic Anthropology
1077:were initially uncertain if the
654:
635:
614:
595:
574:
555:
534:
515:
174:the human species had its origin
3715:10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007
3403:An Introduction to Anthropology
2818:Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939).
1453:, see footnote #4 pp. 58–59 in
1425:is a conflation of the demonym
1358:. In other countries, the term
1187:. Some authors also proposed a
5904:Historical definitions of race
5668:Negative stereotypes of Whites
4901:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
4107:Historical definitions of race
3630:"Confusions About Human Races"
3249:Grolier Incorporated (2001) .
2551:. Appleton. 1870. p. 588.
1318:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
1218:race and a taller and lighter
441:) and Neolithic Mediterranean
59:obsolete racial classification
1:
5818:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
4925:The Passing of the Great Race
4021:& Menozzi, Paolo (1996).
3612:"A Family Tree in Every Gene"
3542:"MEDLINE Data Changes - 2004"
2879:Race in Mind: Critical Essays
2466:. SUNY Press. pp. 196–.
1085:were Caucasoid or a separate
339:, contrasting with the terms
331:Alongside the anthropologist
32:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
5604:Missing white woman syndrome
4824:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
3955:Genes, Peoples and Languages
3823:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070
3417:Nida, Eugene Albert (1954).
3113:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
2640:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
2635:German: "sehr willkürlich":
2343:; translated into German as
2300:. Meyer. 1777. p. 1435.
2293:published by Meyer in 1777:
2289:For example, such as in the
1901:Charles Simon-Aaron (2008).
1027:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
793:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
5756:US definitions of whiteness
4539:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
4504:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
4454:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
3013:"The Life of Grover Krantz"
2689:(6418). Routledge: 696–98.
2593:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80
2439:. Routledge. pp. 74–.
2311:Meiners, Christoph (1785).
2186:. New Press. pp. 14–.
1533:(6418). Routledge: 696–98.
1383:Race (human categorization)
1268:"Archaic Caucasoid Races":
1112:and Europid "great races".
311:De Generis Humani Varietate
273:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
265:Göttingen school of history
232:Göttingen school of history
102:Göttingen school of history
5930:
5871:European native population
4049:Racial Realities in Europe
4044:Stoddard, Theodore Lothrop
4019:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
3951:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
3708:(7): comment2007.2001–12.
2565:Bhopal R (December 2007).
2395:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2291:Allgemeine Erdbeschreibung
1973:. CRC Press. p. 109.
1967:Pickering, Robert (2009).
1940:Pickering, Robert (2009).
1841:Cambridge University Press
1761:into southern Arabia, the
1356:Spanish speaking countries
1314:Naturalization Act of 1870
1310:Naturalization Act of 1790
1297:
1294:Usage in the United States
492:
337:color terminology for race
305:Drawing of the skull of a
29:
5861:
5649:White demographic decline
5084:
4634:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
4113:
3882:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632
3280:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3278: — article from the
2679:"For debate... Caucasian"
2526:October 21, 2013, at the
2182:. In Mica Pollock (ed.).
1946:. CRC Press. p. 82.
1523:"For debate... Caucasian"
1300:Race in the United States
478:, Hvellinge, Fjelkinge).
415:Skhul and Qafzeh hominids
201:the most beautiful humans
5006:History of anthropometry
4774:Charles Gabriel Seligman
4599:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
4287:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
3203:. Springer. p. 32.
2695:10.1136/bmj.288.6418.696
2677:Freedman, B. J. (1984).
2333:I Maestri della Germania
2049:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.65
2028:Caspari, Rachel (2003).
1573:Anthropological glossary
1539:10.1136/bmj.288.6418.696
1521:Freedman, B. J. (1984).
1100:was sometimes given as "
1058:(Hamitic languages i.e.
732:Charles Gabriel Seligman
485:in modern anthropology.
402:, wherein he proposed a
398:In 1962, Coon published
5909:Biological anthropology
5680:Appalachian stereotypes
4464:Daniel Garrison Brinton
3869:American Anthropologist
3781:10.1126/science.1078311
3224:American anthropologist
3126:Wright, Arnold (1915).
3025:10.1057/9780230118294_5
3017:Searching for Sasquatch
2922:Selcer, Perrin (2012).
2788:10.1023/a:1010366015968
2683:British Medical Journal
2421:Die Natur des Menschen
2153:. Intercultural Press.
2037:American Anthropologist
1790:The Living Races of Man
1570:Pearson, Roger (1985).
1527:British Medical Journal
1131:(Mediterranean) types.
114:biological anthropology
5587:phenomena and theories
5570:The White Man's Burden
5564:White Australia policy
5360:Southern United States
4809:Thomas Griffith Taylor
4564:Reginald Ruggles Gates
3995:Guthrie, Paul (1999).
3957:. London: Allen Lane.
3683:Cite journal requires
3547:NLM Technical Bulletin
3276:Памиро-ферганская раса
3060:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
2887:10.2307/j.ctvpj76k0.11
2104:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1303
1782:Coon, Carleton Stevens
1709:Coon, Carleton Stevens
1614:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
1341:Ozawa v. United States
1096:classification of the
1021:
760:Reginald Ruggles Gates
313:
256:
163:History of the concept
5788:Identitarian movement
5373:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4949:Annihilation of Caste
4853:in Different Climates
4804:William Graham Sumner
4784:Samuel Stanhope Smith
4729:James Cowles Prichard
4361:Racial discrimination
3977:The Mismeasure of Man
3415:Listed according to:
3292:Wells, H. G. (1921).
2987:Carleton Coon, whose
2740:The Macmillan Company
1455:Beckwith, Christopher
1298:Further information:
789:
740:William Zebina Ripley
708:James Cowles Prichard
676:Man, Past and Present
388:Homo neanderthalensis
304:
239:
186:humanity is descended
176:in the region of the
5675:In the United States
5639:Whitewashing in film
5001:Great chain of being
4719:Ludwig Hermann Plate
4684:Samuel George Morton
4499:Samuel A. Cartwright
4349:in the United States
3979:. New York: Norton.
3924:Baum, Bruce (2006).
2928:Current Anthropology
1876:. Wallstein-Verlag.
1751:Straits of Gibraltar
1024:In the 19th century
756:William Clouser Boyd
724:Samuel George Morton
680:Augustus Henry Keane
5793:Non-Hispanic whites
5634:Whitewashing in art
5559:Settler colonialism
5492:Historical concepts
5302:Trinidad and Tobago
5100:European emigration
4957:The Races of Europe
4885:The Races of Europe
4664:Dominick McCausland
4614:Thomas Henry Huxley
4559:Stanley Marion Garn
4439:Robert Bennett Bean
4167:Historical concepts
3773:2002Sci...298.2381R
3662:on October 20, 2013
3646:Painter, Nell Irvin
3453:on October 20, 2013
3437:Painter, Nell Irvin
3319:The Races of Europe
2989:The Origin of Races
2954:The Origin of Races
2821:The Races of Europe
2735:The Races of Europe
2501:on October 20, 2013
1763:Ethiopian highlands
1713:The Races of Europe
1117:Thomas Henry Huxley
752:supraorbital ridges
736:Robert Bennett Bean
507:Racial anthropology
400:The Origin of Races
377:Thomas Henry Huxley
205:Circassian beauties
5778:European New Right
5773:Christian Identity
5549:Play the white man
5262:Dominican Republic
4829:Alexander Winchell
4759:Henric Sanielevici
4619:Calvin Ira Kephart
4589:Hans F. K. Günther
4574:Arthur de Gobineau
4474:Alice Mossie Brues
4371:Racial stereotypes
3973:Gould, Stephen Jay
3617:The New York Times
3316:Carleton S. Coon,
2849:10.1002/jhbs.21728
2410:v.2 (1983), p. 151
2218:The New York Times
1913:Edwin Mellen Press
1909:Lewiston, New York
1682:(March 27, 2019).
1648:10.1002/ajpa.23120
1193:Pamir-Fergana race
1092:Historically, the
1022:
918: North Mongol
772:Alice Mossie Brues
744:Alfred Cort Haddon
423:cervical vertebrae
314:
257:
178:Caucasus Mountains
5891:
5890:
5843:White nationalism
5783:Great Replacement
5748:identity politics
5629:Whiteness studies
5539:First white child
5487:
5486:
5044:
5043:
4973:The Race Question
4819:John H. Van Evrie
4744:William Z. Ripley
4714:Charles Pickering
4659:Felix von Luschan
4629:Robert E. Kuttner
4529:Charles Davenport
4398:Whiteness studies
4124:Color terminology
4116:Scientific racism
4068:978-0-520-21681-5
4034:978-0-691-02905-4
4006:978-0-948390-49-4
3986:978-0-393-01489-1
3964:978-0-7139-9486-5
3935:978-0-8147-9892-8
3916:978-0-415-18152-5
3767:(5602): 2381–85.
3626:Lewontin, Richard
3602:978-1-135-89161-9
3262:978-0-7172-0134-1
3210:978-0-306-41777-1
3183:978-93-86102-08-9
3156:978-81-7156-673-0
3034:978-0-230-11829-4
2896:978-0-268-04148-9
2758:May 11, 2006, at
2577:(7633): 1308–09.
2473:978-1-4384-4363-8
2446:978-1-317-66997-5
2423:, pp. 103–04
2387:Londa Schiebinger
2267:, pp. 81–84.
2193:978-1-59558-567-7
2160:978-1-877864-97-1
1980:978-1-4200-6877-1
1953:978-1-4200-6877-1
1922:978-0-7734-5197-1
1883:978-3-89244-611-8
1868:Nicolaas A. Rupke
1850:978-1-316-29785-8
1735:Persian highlands
1467:978-0-691-13589-2
1388:Race and genetics
1278:Dravidian peoples
1052:Semitic languages
1020:
1019:
712:Charles Pickering
501:Alan R. Templeton
495:Race and genetics
269:Christoph Meiners
241:Christoph Meiners
16:(Redirected from
5921:
5879:
5878:
5722:Angry white male
5598:Passing as white
5107:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5048:
4852:
4799:Lothrop Stoddard
4794:Morris Steggerda
4769:Ilse Schwidetzky
4764:Heinrich Schmidt
4749:Alfred Rosenberg
4709:Isaac La Peyrère
4514:Carleton S. Coon
4489:Charles Caldwell
4444:François Bernier
4327:in Latin America
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4072:
4053:
4038:
4010:
3990:
3968:
3939:
3920:
3894:
3884:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3800:
3751:
3745:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3621:
3606:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3556:
3555:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3371:on July 19, 2011
3367:. Archived from
3356:
3350:
3349:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3289:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2969:Loewen, James W.
2965:
2959:
2958:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2771:
2762:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2586:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2494:. Archived from
2493:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2362:
2356:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2098:(9): 1303–1307.
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1830:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1419:
1362:is rarely used.
1235:Carleton S. Coon
1122:
1011:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
949:
936:
923:
917:
896:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
833:
824:
815:
803:
802:
764:Carleton S. Coon
658:
639:
618:
599:
578:
559:
538:
519:
483:pseudoscientific
381:Lothrop Stoddard
365:Carleton S. Coon
326:Linnean taxonomy
243:' 1785 treatise
139:, the root term
21:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5857:
5853:White supremacy
5741:
5690:Mountain whites
5663:
5659:White supremacy
5624:White privilege
5586:
5580:
5544:Honorary whites
5483:
5446:
5377:
5199:
5183:
5102:
5094:
5080:
5075:
5045:
5040:
4979:
4917:Castes in India
4838:
4834:Ludwig Woltmann
4789:Herbert Spencer
4679:Lewis H. Morgan
4649:Cesare Lombroso
4524:Jan Czekanowski
4509:Sonia Mary Cole
4449:Renato Biasutti
4407:
4386:Nazism and race
4305:
4282:Proto-Mongoloid
4161:
4118:
4109:
4104:
4069:
4056:
4042:
4035:
4015:Piazza, Alberto
4013:
4007:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3936:
3923:
3917:
3904:
3901:
3862:
3846:
3803:
3754:
3738:
3695:
3682:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3609:
3603:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3529:History Matters
3523:
3519:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3339:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2897:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2751:
2747:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2584:10.1.1.969.2221
2564:
2563:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2528:Wayback Machine
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2363:
2359:
2330:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2276:Chardin, 1686,
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:, p. 3,18.
2133:
2129:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1996:Thomas Bendyshe
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1843:. p. 260.
1832:
1831:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1786:Hunt, Edward E.
1780:
1779:
1775:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1379:
1302:
1296:
1274:Australoid race
1137:
1120:
1016:
1009:
1007:
996:
994:
987:
985:
978:
976:
969:
967:
960:
958:
947:
945:
934:
932:
921:
919:
915:
905:
894:
891:
890:
883:
881:
874:
872:
865:
863:
856:
854:
847:
839:
838:
831:
829:
822:
820:
813:
801:
784:
768:Sonia Mary Cole
696:
694:Skull and teeth
691:
689:Physical traits
686:
685:
684:
683:
671:
670:
669:
659:
651:
650:
640:
631:
630:
629:
619:
611:
610:
600:
591:
590:
589:
579:
571:
570:
560:
551:
550:
549:
539:
531:
530:
520:
509:
497:
491:
427:dolichocephalic
357:
234:
209:Georgian people
170:
165:
39:
36:White Americans
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:White identity
5835:
5833:White Hispanic
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5752:
5750:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5654:Reverse racism
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Skin whitening
5606:
5601:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5513:
5510:Blanqueamiento
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5238:Cayman Islands
5235:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4887:(Ripley, 1899)
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Giuseppe Sergi
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Gustaf Retzius
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Josiah C. Nott
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Ashley Montagu
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Bertil Lundman
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Earnest Hooton
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:George Gliddon
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Francis Galton
4551:
4546:
4544:Anténor Firmin
4541:
4536:
4534:Joseph Deniker
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:Georges Cuvier
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:Racial hygiene
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4054:
4040:
4033:
4011:
4005:
3992:
3985:
3969:
3963:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3860:
3801:
3755:Rosenberg NA,
3752:
3693:
3685:|journal=
3642:
3622:
3620:. p. A23.
3607:
3601:
3586:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3532:
3517:
3490:
3464:
3428:
3408:
3393:
3382:
3363:(in Russian).
3351:
3344:(in Russian).
3309:
3284:
3282:(3rd edition).
3268:
3261:
3241:
3228:
3216:
3209:
3189:
3182:
3162:
3155:
3135:
3118:
3104:
3095:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3043:
3033:
3000:
2996:pseudoscience.
2981:
2960:
2940:10.1086/662290
2914:
2905:j.ctvpj76k0.11
2895:
2871:Spickard, Paul
2862:
2843:(3): 237–260.
2827:
2810:
2801:
2763:
2745:
2732:(April 1939).
2730:Coon, Carleton
2718:
2669:
2657:
2628:
2616:
2554:
2538:
2512:
2479:
2472:
2452:
2445:
2425:
2412:
2408:L'Ethnographie
2399:
2379:
2357:
2331:Luigi Marino,
2324:
2303:
2282:
2269:
2257:
2238:
2203:
2192:
2170:
2159:
2139:
2127:
2078:
2064:
2017:
2010:
1986:
1979:
1959:
1952:
1932:
1921:
1893:
1882:
1859:
1849:
1825:
1805:
1796:. p. 93.
1773:
1767:Horn of Africa
1700:
1671:
1642:(2): 318–327.
1622:
1596:
1582:
1562:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1479:
1451:Mongoloid race
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1239:North Caucasus
1201:Fergana valley
1136:
1133:
1098:Turkic peoples
1018:
1017:
1008:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
946:
933:
920:
914:
906:
893:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
830:
821:
812:
790:
783:
782:Classification
780:
695:
692:
690:
687:
673:
672:
660:
653:
652:
641:
634:
633:
632:
620:
613:
612:
601:
594:
593:
592:
580:
573:
572:
561:
554:
553:
552:
540:
533:
532:
521:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
508:
505:
490:
487:
466:dating to the
461:brachycephalic
356:
353:
333:Georges Cuvier
233:
230:
169:
166:
164:
161:
153:Middle Eastern
122:phenotypically
95:Horn of Africa
67:Caucasian race
43:Caucasian race
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5926:
5915:
5914:Pseudoscience
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5884:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5761:One-drop rule
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5467:New Caledonia
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5383:South America
5380:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5326:San Francisco
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:United States
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:North America
5202:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Miscegenation
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Paul Topinard
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Benjamin Rush
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Alfred Ploetz
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Oscar Peschel
4702:
4700:
4699:Roger Pearson
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:John Mitchell
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Carl Linnaeus
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Julian Huxley
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:Ernst Haeckel
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Madison Grant
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Eugen Fischer
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Petrus Camper
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Louis Agassiz
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Mediterranean
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3875:(3): 632–50.
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3677:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:. Routledge.
3594:
3593:
3587:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:claimed that
2990:
2984:
2982:9781565848870
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:(2): 247–85.
2781:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:archive.today
2757:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2742:. p. 51.
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2255:, p. 82.
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2058:2027.42/65890
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:9780878211241
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:Late Capsians
1795:
1794:Jonathan Cape
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:; and across
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:Mediterranean
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1583:9780898745108
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Anthropometry
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:Supreme Court
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Mediterranean
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Mediterranean
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:(Nordic) and
1126:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:19th century
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Indo-European
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1015:
1006:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
953:
944:
940:
931:
927:
912:
911:
907:
904:
900:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
852:African Negro
844:
843:
837:
828:
819:
810:
809:
805:
804:
799:
795:
794:
788:
781:
779:
777:
776:Grover Krantz
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Oscar Peschel
725:
721:
720:Paul Topinard
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:'s theory of
701:
700:Petrus Camper
698:Drawing from
693:
688:
681:
677:
667:
663:
657:
648:
647:'mixed' Aryan
644:
638:
627:
623:
617:
608:
604:
598:
587:
583:
577:
568:
564:
558:
547:
546:Mediterranean
543:
537:
528:
524:
518:
506:
504:
502:
496:
488:
486:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
435:Combe-Capelle
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:Carleton Coon
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
231:
229:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:In addition,
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
162:
160:
158:
157:North African
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:United States
133:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5880:
5823:White ethnic
5737:White monkey
5644:White savior
5614:White flight
5594:Acting white
5585:Sociological
5568:
5529:
5524:Peninsulares
5522:
5515:
5508:
5476:
5459:
5434:
5407:
5390:
5358:
5344:
5337:
5313:
5306:
5249:
5242:
5225:
5164:South Africa
5088:
5078:White people
4991:Ethnogenesis
4972:
4964:
4959:(Coon, 1939)
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4850:
4843:Publications
4694:Karl Pearson
4584:John Grattan
4479:Halfdan Bryn
4344:in Singapore
4311:Sociological
4184:
4058:
4048:
4023:
3996:
3976:
3954:
3943:
3925:
3906:
3872:
3868:
3850:cite journal
3813:
3809:
3764:
3760:
3757:Pritchard JK
3742:cite journal
3705:
3701:
3676:cite journal
3664:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3636:December 28,
3634:. Retrieved
3615:
3591:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3563:Bibliography
3551:
3545:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3448:the original
3431:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3354:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3294:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3199:
3192:
3172:
3165:
3146:Anthropology
3145:
3138:
3128:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3016:
3009:Regal, Brian
3003:
2993:Homo sapiens
2992:
2988:
2986:
2972:
2963:
2956:(Coon 1962).
2953:
2951:
2934:(S5): S180.
2931:
2927:
2917:
2908:
2878:
2865:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2779:
2775:
2748:
2733:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:. Retrieved
2643:. p. 61
2639:
2631:
2619:
2574:
2570:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2487:Painter, N.
2482:
2462:
2455:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2390:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2272:
2260:
2229:
2222:. Retrieved
2216:
2206:
2197:
2183:
2173:
2164:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2067:
2043:(1): 65–76.
2040:
2036:
2000:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1903:
1896:
1889:'Caucasian'.
1887:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1797:
1789:
1776:
1721:shores into
1716:
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1496:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1306:white people
1303:
1263:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1192:
1189:Pamirid race
1188:
1138:
1114:
1091:
1086:
1072:
1025:
1023:
908:
840:
807:
806:
798:ethnographic
796:(1885–1890)
791:
748:Roland Dixon
704:facial angle
697:
675:
498:
480:
464:Homo sapiens
463:
444:Homo sapiens
442:
412:
408:Homo erectus
407:
399:
397:
392:Homo sapiens
391:
387:
385:
358:
348:
344:
340:
330:
318:anthropology
315:
310:
292:autochthones
287:
283:
281:
271:in 1785 and
260:
258:
252:
248:
244:
226:Jean Chardin
198:
171:
140:
134:
130:
117:
99:
91:North Africa
83:Central Asia
79:Western Asia
66:
54:
50:
46:
42:
40:
5848:White pride
5710:White trash
5695:Poor Whites
5619:White guilt
5478:New Zealand
5366:Puerto Rico
5321:Los Angeles
5267:El Salvador
5103:by location
5031:Pre-Adamite
5021:Multiracial
4624:Robert Knox
4434:John Beddoe
4381:Master race
4337:in Colombia
4225:East Baltic
3702:Genome Biol
3550:(335): e6.
1749:across the
1739:Afghanistan
1731:Mesopotamia
1727:East Africa
1270:Ainu people
1197:Pamir range
1153:East Baltic
1129:Melanochroi
1125:Xanthochroi
1106:racial type
1104:". Turanid
992:Micronesian
930:Indochinese
453:Long Barrow
431:Galley Hill
373:Ainu people
322:craniometry
219:are in the
5898:Categories
5811:Quebeckers
5797:Old Stock
5576:White gods
5315:California
5244:Costa Rica
5026:Polygenism
5016:Monogenism
4734:Otto Reche
4639:Fritz Lenz
4469:Paul Broca
4459:Franz Boas
4429:Erwin Baur
4424:John Baker
4318:By region
4175:Australoid
3899:Literature
3816:(6): e70.
3810:PLOS Genet
3666:October 9,
3553:geography.
3457:October 9,
3337:0759107955
3329:(see also)
2505:October 9,
2364:B. Isaac,
2265:Figal 2010
1792:. London:
1765:, and the
1733:, and the
1508:References
1447:Australoid
1272:in Japan,
1207:H.G. Wells
1079:Dravidians
974:Polynesian
892:Uncertain:
888:Australoid
870:Melanesian
493:See also:
468:Mesolithic
404:polygenist
349:Australoid
288:Kaukasisch
267:– notably
253:Kaukasisch
207:" and the
190:Prometheus
93:, and the
87:South Asia
5806:Canadians
5801:Americans
5768:Alt-right
5685:Hillbilly
5499:Apartheid
5461:Australia
5442:Venezuela
5392:Argentina
5352:Baltimore
5339:Louisiana
5272:Guatemala
5233:Caribbean
4403:Négritude
4332:in Brazil
4277:Mongoloid
4185:Caucasoid
3483:April 25,
3375:April 21,
3302:August 8,
2948:146652143
2910:analysis.
2624:Baum 2006
2579:CiteSeerX
2341:797567391
2253:Baum 2006
2224:March 16,
2135:Baum 2006
1813:Baum 2006
1475:800915872
1443:Mongoloid
1427:Caucasian
1423:Caucasoid
1247:Karachays
1110:Mongoloid
1083:Sinhalese
1032:Mongoloid
910:Mongoloid
903:Sinhalese
808:Caucasoid
472:Neolithic
361:Mongoloid
345:Mongoloid
261:Caucasian
259:The term
249:Caucasian
217:Circassia
192:, who in
141:Caucasian
126:skin tone
118:Caucasoid
106:Mongoloid
47:Caucasoid
5705:Rednecks
5531:Criollos
5430:Suriname
5420:Paraguay
5415:Colombia
5346:Maryland
5282:Honduras
5257:Dominica
5216:Barbados
5195:Pakistan
5179:Zimbabwe
5129:Botswana
4996:Eugenics
4376:Colorism
4322:in India
4230:Ethiopid
4210:Atlantid
4200:Armenoid
4046:(1924).
3975:(1981).
3953:(2000).
3842:16355252
3789:12493913
3734:12184798
3648:(2003).
3628:(2005).
3580:March 3,
3575:BBC News
3506:: 1–42.
3439:(2003).
3322:(1930)
3011:(2011).
2971:(2005).
2873:(2016).
2857:25950769
2796:86739986
2756:Archived
2611:18156242
2524:Archived
2375:51942570
2352:34194206
1870:(2002).
1788:(1966).
1711:(1939).
1693:June 19,
1666:27874171
1589:July 21,
1457:(2009).
1429:and the
1377:See also
1371:European
1360:Hispanic
1351:Hispanic
1255:Chechens
1199:and the
1169:Armenoid
1145:Atlantid
1135:Subraces
1081:and the
1068:Egyptian
1064:Cushitic
1014:American
943:Japanese
861:Khoikhoi
563:Bisharin
527:Armenoid
523:Armenian
419:Predmost
307:Georgian
296:Guanches
279:region.
221:Caucasus
149:European
57:) is an
55:Europoid
18:Europids
5882:Commons
5700:Redlegs
5452:Oceania
5436:Uruguay
5398:Bolivia
5287:Jamaica
5221:Bermuda
5211:Bahamas
5169:Tunisia
5159:Reunion
5154:Namibia
5149:Morocco
5119:Algeria
4984:Related
4412:Writers
4356:Passing
4299:Negrito
4294:Negroid
4265:Turanid
4260:Semites
4235:Hamites
4220:Dinaric
4215:Caspian
3833:1310579
3797:8127224
3769:Bibcode
3761:Science
3512:2610266
3239:(1870).
2713:6421437
2704:1444385
2647:May 24,
2602:2151154
2335:(1975)
2122:9736867
2113:1509085
1998:(ed.).
1759:Red Sea
1755:Morocco
1657:5299519
1557:6421437
1548:1444385
1439:Negroid
1433:suffix
1398:Leucism
1259:Ingushs
1251:Vainakh
1243:Balkars
1224:Basques
1216:Iberian
1185:Hamitic
1165:Turanid
1161:Dinaric
1102:Turanid
1087:Dravida
1056:Hamitic
1054:), and
1048:Semitic
1036:Negroid
956:Burmese
952:Tibetan
926:Chinese
899:Dravida
879:Negrito
842:Negroid
836:Hamitic
827:Semitic
666:Iberian
664:man of
662:Catalan
645:man of
624:man of
605:man of
584:man of
567:Hamitic
565:man of
544:man of
525:man of
369:Central
341:Negroid
282:In his
213:Georgia
211:; both
135:In the
110:Negroid
51:Europid
5746:White
5517:Castas
5472:Hawaii
5403:Brazil
5333:Hawaii
5297:Panama
5292:Mexico
5227:Canada
5174:Zambia
5144:Malawi
5124:Angola
5111:Africa
4975:(1950)
4967:(1943)
4951:(1936)
4943:(1930)
4935:(1920)
4927:(1916)
4919:(1916)
4911:(1911)
4903:(1907)
4895:(1899)
4879:(1855)
4871:(1849)
4863:(1785)
4855:(1744)
4366:Racism
4255:Nordic
4245:Iranid
4195:Arabid
4190:Alpine
4180:Capoid
4137:Bronze
4065:
4031:
4003:
3983:
3961:
3932:
3913:
3891:682042
3889:
3840:
3830:
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3725:139378
3722:
3599:
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3207:
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2855:
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2711:
2701:
2609:
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2470:
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2350:
2339:
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2157:
2120:
2110:
2073:"Race"
2008:
1977:
1950:
1919:
1880:
1847:
1723:Arabia
1664:
1654:
1580:
1555:
1545:
1473:
1465:
1324:. The
1280:, and
1241:, the
1220:Nordic
1183:, and
1181:Arabid
1173:Iranid
1157:Alpine
1149:Nordic
1094:racial
1060:Berber
1012:
1010:
1003:&
1001:Eskimo
999:
997:
990:
988:
981:
979:
972:
970:
963:
961:
954:&
950:
948:
941:&
939:Korean
937:
935:
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922:
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886:
884:
877:
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868:
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850:
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834:
832:
825:
823:
818:Aryans
816:
814:
682:(1899)
626:Alpine
607:Nordic
603:Danish
586:Iranid
582:Afghan
476:Afalou
474:(e.g.
457:Corded
447:(e.g.
439:Téviec
429:(e.g.
363:race.
347:, and
194:Hesiod
147:or of
112:). In
108:, and
75:Europe
63:humans
45:(also
5732:Basic
5727:Becky
5717:Karen
5504:Aryan
5409:Chile
5277:Haiti
5139:Kenya
4272:Malay
4240:Indid
4205:Aryan
4157:White
4147:Olive
4142:Brown
4132:Black
3887:JSTOR
3793:S2CID
3660:(PDF)
3653:(PDF)
3477:(PDF)
3451:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
2944:S2CID
2901:JSTOR
2792:S2CID
2499:(PDF)
2492:(PDF)
2233:'
2033:(PDF)
1747:Spain
1743:India
1741:into
1435:eidos
1431:Greek
1409:Notes
1346:Thind
1336:white
1282:Vedda
1228:Celts
1177:Indid
1040:Aryan
1005:Inuit
983:Maori
965:Malay
716:Broca
643:Hindu
622:Tajik
542:Irish
155:, or
145:white
71:taxon
53:, or
5866:Race
5425:Peru
5251:Cuba
5188:Asia
5089:Bold
4063:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3959:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3856:link
3838:PMID
3785:PMID
3748:link
3730:PMID
3689:help
3668:2006
3638:2006
3597:ISBN
3582:2007
3508:SSRN
3485:2014
3459:2006
3377:2020
3333:ISBN
3304:2017
3257:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3029:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2853:PMID
2709:PMID
2649:2020
2607:PMID
2532:here
2507:2006
2468:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2371:OCLC
2348:OCLC
2337:OCLC
2226:2018
2188:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2118:PMID
2006:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1695:2020
1662:PMID
1591:2015
1578:ISBN
1553:PMID
1471:OCLC
1463:ISBN
1445:and
1365:The
1320:and
1257:and
1249:and
1191:(or
1034:and
774:and
746:and
668:type
649:type
628:type
609:type
588:type
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548:type
529:type
470:and
449:Muge
390:and
324:and
215:and
41:The
4152:Red
3877:doi
3873:100
3828:PMC
3818:doi
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3765:298
3720:PMC
3710:doi
3056:doi
3021:doi
2936:doi
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2784:doi
2699:PMC
2691:doi
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2597:PMC
2589:doi
2575:335
2571:BMJ
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2100:doi
2053:hdl
2045:doi
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