47:
4004:
4027:
3214:
708:. It bears two rows of two cusps. The cusps in the front and back pairs are connected by a broad ridge and the two pairs are separated by a deep furrow. Transverse ridges between the cusps similar to those seen in ferugliotheriids are not known in any multituberculate. On the other hand, overall patterns of cusps and ridges are essentially similar among
672:; as with the jaw fragment, they may also represent an indeterminate multituberculate. One of the two preserves two longitudinal rows of cusps, of which one contains four and the other at least two cusps. The other is more poorly preserved, but may represent the same tooth position. These teeth resemble multituberculate upper premolars.
475:. Together with Bonaparte, he also proposed to classify gondwanatheres as a superfamily (Gondwanatherioidea) within Plagiaulacoidea, including the families Ferugliotheriidae and Sudamericidae. In 1996, Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte tentatively identified a lower jaw fragment with a multituberculate-like fourth lower
728:
the lower molariforms, the cusps are connected by transverse ridges and separated by furrows. LACM 149371, the enigmatic possibly ferugliotheriid tooth from Peru, is a triangular tooth bearing six or seven cusps, which are connected by crests and surround two deep fossae (basins) and a third shallower fossa.
727:
tooth is thought to be a first upper molariform (MF1). It is almost rectangular and bears three longitudinal rows of cusps. There are five cusps in the middle row, which is oriented obliquely, four cusps in one of the rows on the side of the tooth, and two or three in the other row on the side. As in
494:
had four molariform teeth on each side of the lower jaws, more than any multituberculate, and consequently they removed gondwanatheres from
Multituberculata and regarded their affinities as uncertain. As a consequence, Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues excluded Gondwanatheria from multituberculates,
750:
teeth suggests that the animal may have eaten some plant material. The high-crowned sudamericids are thought to have been herbivores feeding on abrasive vegetation, although their precise diet is not known. In the evolutionary history of gondwanatheres, hypsodont teeth are thought to have evolved
687:
mf1s are roughly rectangular, with rounded corners, and bear two longitudinal rows of cusps. There are four cusps in the lingual row (on the side of the tongue) and three in the labial row (the side of the lips). The cusps are connected to cusps in the other row by transverse ridges and separated
656:
on the upper margin, and roots at the front and back. According to Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues, it differs from that of MACN Pv-RN 975 in its rounded, as opposed to angular shape. However, Gurovich and Beck attribute this difference to the fact that the latter has undergone much more
316:, connected by transverse crests and separated by transverse furrows. Lower molariforms have two cusp rows, and the single known putative upper molariform has three. Low-crowned and bladelike teeth as seen in ferugliotheriids may have been evolutionary precursors of the high-crowned (
880:
The range of the
Ferugliotheriidae is overall more limited, both in extent and time, than that of Sudamericidae; sudamericids have been recorded from the Late Cretaceous to Miocene of Argentina, the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar and India, the
794:(71–66 mya), but the La Colonia Formation is perhaps a little younger. The Los Alamitos and Allen Formations may have been deposited in a marshy environments, and the depositional environment of the La Colonia Formations may have been an
566:
and suggested that
Ferugliotheriidae are either multituberculates or closely related to them. Some studies have recovered Ferugliotheriidae as unrelated to the rest of Gondwanatheria, but instead nested within the Multituberculates.
483:. On the basis of the morphological features of the jaw fragment, they argued that gondwanatheres are not closely related to any other multituberculate group, and consequently placed them in a suborder of their own, Gondwanatheria.
311:
is similar. Two upper premolars also resemble multituberculate teeth, but whether these premolars are referable to
Ferugliotheriidae is controversial. Molariforms are rectangular and brachydont and consist of longitudinal rows of
648:(socket) of the lower incisor extends all the way through the fossil. The p4 bears eight ridges on both sides of the longitudinal crest and is supported by two roots at the front and back. The p4 assigned to
629:) incisors, the lower incisors are more laterally compressed, are less curved, form a greater angle between the front side and the wear facet at the tip, and are less elliptical in shape than the uppers. The
439:, redefined Gondwanatheria as a multituberculate suborder that included both Ferugliotheriidae and Sudamericidae, thus rejecting a relationship between gondwanatheres and xenarthrans. Krause, Bonaparte, and
640:, although it has also been identified as an unrelated multituberculate. The fossil preserves a bladelike premolar, identified as the fourth premolar, and the piece of the jawbone below it. A
307:
on only part of the tooth. The jaw fragment contains a long tooth socket for the incisor and bears a bladelike fourth lower premolar, resembling those of multituberculates. The premolar of
614:). Furthermore, sudamericid molariforms tend to be larger and are supported by one large root, but the smaller ferugliotheriids have at least two roots under their molariforms.
817:. Only seven mammalian teeth have been found in the Allen Formation. All three also contain remains of numerous other animals, including dinosaurs, amphibians, and fish.
1756:
Bio-evolutionary aspects of
Mesozoic mammals: Description, phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Gondwanatheria, (Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Gondwana)
4107:
1838:
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Bonaparte, J.F. (1996). "Partial dentary of a multituberculate mammal from the Late
Cretaceous of Argentina and its taxonomic implications".
1165:"Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships"
4178:
633:
band is restricted to the side that faces the lips in both the lower and upper incisors (the lower side in the lowers and the upper side in the uppers).
510:
In the 2000s, additional members of
Ferugliotheriidae were described. In 2004, Francisco Goin and colleagues described a single enigmatic tooth from the
1720:
2092:
Rougier, G.; Chornogubsky, L.; Casadio, S.; Paéz Arango, N.; Giallombardo, A. (2009). "Mammals from the Allen
Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina".
751:
from brachydont precursors. Gurovich hypothesizes that the anterior molariforms of sudamericids may have evolved from bladelike premolars as seen in
4183:
4094:
518:; their best estimate was that it represented a member of Ferugliotheriidae. On the basis of a single p4, Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues named
2200:
1862:
4173:
2231:
1754:
254:-like tooth), from a different Late Cretaceous Argentinean locality. Another genus known from a single tooth (in this case, a fourth lower
696:
by
Bonaparte in 1990. One of the two preserves the roots; at the front and back, there were two roots, fused at their bases. The mf1 of
889:, tentatively referred to Sudamericidae). Nevertheless, ferugliotheriids may be the only gondwanatheres to have had a presence in the
499:
as indeterminate multituberculates in a 2001 paper and a 2004 book. However, in 2009 Yamila
Gurovich and Robin Beck identified these
575:
Ferugliotheriids are known from a few dozen isolated teeth and a questionably allocated jaw fragment. Most fossils are referred to
2041:
46:
840:(a unique extinct group of South American ungulates). The age of this fauna is unclear, and estimates range from near the
625:, are procumbent and long. Three lower and four upper incisors are known. As is usual in mammals with similarly shaped (
554:
507:
and argued in favor of a close relationship between gondwanatheres (including Ferugliotheriidae) and multituberculates.
4168:
361:
4030:
856:
1956:"Superfamily Gondwanatherioidea: A previously unrecognized radiation of multituberculate mammals in South America"
636:
The specimen MACN Pv-RN 975, first described by Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte in 1996, may be a jaw fragment of
4003:
2042:"A highly derived docodont from the Patagonian Late Cretaceous: evolutionary implications for Gondwanan mammals"
2224:
520:
2193:
The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia
2163:
1809:
Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. (2009). "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria".
4163:
2067:
Pascual, R.; Goin, F.; Krause, D.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Carlini, A. (1999). "The first gnathic remains of
1735:
440:
1693:
Bonaparte, J.F. (1990). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Los Alamitos Formation, northern Patagonia".
1163:
Hoffmann, Simone; Beck, Robin M. D.; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Krause, David W. (2020-12-14).
4047:
821:
759:
373:
4085:
848:
boundary (~35 mya) to the late Oligocene (~25 mya). The Santa Rosa mammals may have lived in a
700:
differs only in some details; among others, the cusps are less distinct from the crests. The sole mf2 of
4133:
3460:
2781:
644:(gap) is present between the premolar and the incisor that would have been located in front of it. The
392:, the two major groups of living mammals) that was particularly widespread in the northern continents (
2981:
2671:
1967:
1176:
1164:
767:
641:
525:
460:
429:
366:
145:
122:
1776:"Additional specimens of sudamericid (Gondwanatheria) mammals from the Early Paleocene of Argentina"
668:, but neither is still regarded as such. Two other teeth have been identified as upper premolars of
264:, was first described as an unrelated multituberculate, but later identified as possibly related to
3871:
3781:
2705:
2593:
2339:
2217:
890:
380:
as the only member of the new family Ferugliotheriidae, which he tentatively assigned to the order
3973:
3125:
3040:
2657:
435:
Also in 1990, Bonaparte merged the family Gondwanatheriidae into Sudamericidae and, together with
3943:
3505:
3453:
3104:
3033:
2806:
2312:
2175:
2028:
1942:
1896:
1826:
1797:
1200:
468:
41:
3710:
3412:
3213:
2649:
2642:
1763:
4138:
3286:
3258:
2945:
2813:
2678:
4120:
3604:
2759:
2366:
2196:
2188:
1995:
1858:
1192:
16:
One of three known families in the order Gondwanatheria, an enigmatic group of extinct mammals
4125:
4112:
3293:
223:, a major extinct mammalian order. The best-known representative of Ferugliotheriidae is the
3959:
3753:
3143:
3068:
2859:
2790:
2628:
2167:
2159:
2136:
2109:
2101:
2080:
2020:
1985:
1975:
1888:
1818:
1787:
1184:
746:, which is thought to have eaten insects, other arthropods, seeds, and/or nuts. The wear on
653:
381:
313:
220:
202:
2125:"New mammalian remains from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina"
1908:
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Vieytes, C.; Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J. (2007).
3909:
3840:
3471:
3166:
2931:
2917:
2868:
2571:
2537:
2517:
2151:
2150:
Rougier, G.W.; Garrido, A.; Gaetano, L.; Puerta, P.F.; Corbitt, C.; Novacek, M.J. (2007).
865:
779:
645:
552:, a third Argentinean formation of similar age, in 2009, including a new ferugliotheriid,
549:
490:, which had previously only been known from isolated teeth. This jaw fragment showed that
406:
370:
242:
233:
228:
219:. Gondwanatheres have been classified as a group of uncertain affinities or as members of
206:
187:
172:
139:
28:
548:
or a closely related animal. Guillermo Rougier and colleagues described mammals from the
1971:
1180:
3806:
3570:
3539:
3314:
3111:
3061:
3054:
2990:
2685:
2466:
1511:
1509:
1134:
1132:
1130:
825:
809:
In each of the three formations, the mammalian fauna is dominated by the archaic group
600:
588:
411:
209:
104:
1873:
4157:
4020:
3891:
3849:
3701:
3655:
3528:
3521:
3364:
3159:
2966:
2938:
2924:
2910:
2693:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2189:"The rodents from La Cantera and the early evolution of caviomorphs in South America"
1990:
1955:
1801:
1792:
1775:
1204:
882:
874:
870:
833:
810:
803:
791:
630:
424:. Bonaparte considered the gondwanatheres to be probably most closely related to the
415:
332:
321:
251:
2179:
2056:
1909:
1900:
1830:
343:
and a variety of other animals, including dinosaurs. Ferugliotheriids may have been
335:
ages, 84–66 million years ago, or mya) of Argentina, where they may have lived in a
3966:
3952:
3925:
3918:
3898:
3884:
3829:
3815:
3788:
3676:
3669:
3405:
3375:
3279:
3152:
3024:
3006:
2882:
2743:
2530:
2509:
2487:
2480:
2279:
2084:
2024:
837:
436:
304:
260:
179:
164:
2105:
1188:
1852:
999:
997:
828:
of Peru. The Santa Rosa fauna also contains fossils of various unique species of
740:
may have been an insectivore or omnivore, like similar multituberculates such as
603:, one or two premolars, and two molars on each side of the lower and upper jaws.
404:, from Los Alamitos. He placed it in the family Gondwanatheriidae, together with
4079:
3932:
3856:
3731:
3559:
3514:
3480:
3430:
3384:
3300:
3265:
3244:
3231:
3181:
2848:
2827:
2820:
2799:
2732:
2718:
2523:
1320:
1217:
1106:
595:, premolars, and molariform teeth have been identified. Gurovich suggested that
529:
528:
of Argentina, in 2007 as a multituberculate, possibly referable to the suborder
515:
340:
300:
277:
247:
4070:
3822:
3774:
3724:
3717:
3487:
3439:
3132:
3118:
3096:
3082:
3075:
3013:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2752:
2601:
2454:
2436:
2423:
2378:
2240:
1822:
799:
658:
626:
611:
420:
288:
213:
131:
1196:
3980:
3690:
3683:
3648:
3641:
3620:
3613:
3586:
3579:
3552:
3419:
3398:
3391:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3307:
2959:
2952:
2875:
2841:
2578:
2296:
1980:
1892:
886:
845:
829:
787:
607:
511:
425:
385:
344:
328:
317:
269:
237:
58:
32:
1719:
Goin, F.J.; Vieytes, E.C.; Vucetich, M.G.; Carlini, A.A.; Bond, M. (2004).
688:
from cusps in their own rows by three transverse furrows. Two heavily worn
2141:
2124:
2040:
Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; González, P.; Ardolino, A.; Puerta, P.F. (2000).
1999:
459:
among multituberculates and suggested that it may be part of the suborder
4064:
3795:
3766:
3738:
3627:
3593:
3494:
3089:
3047:
2834:
2766:
2725:
2586:
2324:
2264:
705:
476:
397:
393:
348:
255:
78:
2114:
4099:
3662:
3634:
3446:
3272:
2999:
2664:
2608:
2032:
1946:
849:
795:
742:
592:
296:
1762:(PhD thesis). Universidad de Buenos Aires. p. 546. Archived from
2351:
2270:
2258:
2171:
1587:
1575:
1539:
1515:
1500:
1221:
1150:
1138:
869:. If a ferugliotheriid, this would extend the clade's range into the
860:
841:
500:
389:
281:
216:
88:
68:
4041:
1854:
Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure
2191:. In Madden, R.H.; Carlini, A.A.; Vucetich, M.G.; Kay, R.F (eds.).
359:
The first member of the family Ferugliotheriidae to be discovered,
2187:
Vucetich, M.G.; Vieytes, E.C.; PĂ©rez, M.E.; Carloni, A.A. (2010).
1380:
1336:
1054:
587:
were each described on the basis of a single tooth. Their precise
336:
224:
154:
2011:
Bonaparte, the first known multituberculate from South America".
1014:
1012:
664:
Two fossils have been interpreted as isolated lower premolars of
536:
did not differ materially from that in the jaw they allocated to
486:
In 1999, Rosendo Pascual and colleagues described a lower jaw of
2123:
Rougier, G.W.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Hill, R.V.; Novacek, M. (2009).
1910:"First ?cimolodontan multituberculate mammal from South America"
1432:
1408:
1392:
1348:
1332:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1003:
988:
936:
273:
4045:
3229:
2421:
2251:
2213:
1706:
Campbell, Jr. (2004). "The Santa Rosa local fauna: A summary".
813:; the Los Alamitos Formation has also produced the sudamericid
280:, perhaps a last upper molariform, and a recent specimen from
2209:
1117:
1115:
495:
but identified the jaw fragment and a few upper premolars of
339:
or seashore environment. They coexisted with mammals such as
1728:
Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1708:
Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1635:
1595:
1563:
1543:
1527:
1492:
1070:
786:). All three are approximately the same age, dating to the
327:
Most ferugliotheriids come from the Late Cretaceous epoch (
2007:
Krause, D.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Bonaparte, J. (1992). "
1607:
1444:
1304:
1288:
1094:
1042:
1030:
428:(sloths, armadillos, and anteaters) within a group called
295:
is estimated to have weighed 70 g (2.5 oz). The
2164:
10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3580[1:FJTFSA]2.0.CO;2
652:
also has eight ridges on both sides, which descend from
610:) sudamericids, ferugliotheriid teeth were low-crowned (
1874:"Phylogeny and systematics of multituberculate mammals"
1851:
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Cifelli, R.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004).
916:
914:
885:
of Antarctica, and perhaps the Cretaceous of Tanzania (
384:, a large group of extinct mammals (distinct from both
287:
Ferugliotheriids are known from isolated, low-crowned (
1066:
758:
Fossils of Argentinean ferugliotheriids come from the
618:
is estimated to have weighed 70 g (2.5 oz).
396:), but had never previously been found in the south (
824:
fossil site, where LACM 149371 was found, is in the
599:
had one incisor (possibly two in the upper jaw), no
532:. Gurovich and Beck argued, however, that the p4 of
4054:
3942:
3908:
3870:
3839:
3805:
3752:
3700:
3603:
3569:
3538:
3504:
3470:
3429:
3374:
3325:
3242:
3180:
3142:
3023:
2989:
2980:
2858:
2789:
2780:
2742:
2704:
2626:
2547:
2498:
2465:
2434:
2377:
2350:
2323:
2294:
692:mf1s were originally identified as upper molars of
365:, was named in 1986 by Argentinean paleontologist
2071:: Implications for gondwanathere relationships".
720:, indicating that the three are closely related.
2195:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–205.
855:More recently, a specimen has been found in the
675:Four putative first lower molariforms (mf1s) of
410:, another Los Alamitos mammal, within the order
291:) teeth and possibly a fragment of a lower jaw.
2152:"First Jurassic triconodont from South America"
1960:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1420:
1018:
976:
1433:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1409:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1393:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1349:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1333:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1262:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
1004:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
989:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
937:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992
246:, is known from a single tooth, a first lower
2225:
1721:"Enigmatic mammal from the Paleogene of PerĂş"
451:was based on may have been worn specimens of
400:). In 1990, Bonaparte named another species,
8:
1668:
1559:
1547:
1496:
1360:
1276:
1225:
1121:
1082:
463:. The following year, Krause confirmed that
1872:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Hurum, J.H. (2001).
320:) teeth of the other gondwanathere family,
4042:
3876:
3758:
3544:
3250:
3239:
3226:
2986:
2786:
2710:
2634:
2472:
2446:
2442:
2431:
2418:
2356:
2329:
2302:
2291:
2248:
2232:
2218:
2210:
1857:. Columbia University Press. p. 630.
447:in 1992 and suggested that the teeth that
20:
2140:
2113:
1989:
1979:
1791:
1071:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004
960:
948:
1929:(Gondwanatheria) is a junior synonym of
1647:
1631:
1619:
1591:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1308:
1292:
1249:
1237:
972:
901:
679:are known, and the only known tooth of
1954:Krause, D.W.; Bonaparte, J.F. (1993).
1396:
1376:
1364:
1305:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996
1289:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996
1043:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996
1031:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996
932:
920:
7:
790:(84–71 mya) or more likely the
268:. Finally, a single tooth from the
2073:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2013:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1169:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1067:Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001
863:, bearing several similarities to
836:rodents, a possible bat, and some
544:was based on a specimen of either
414:, which also contained the family
14:
4179:Late Cretaceous first appearances
369:on the basis of a tooth from the
284:, may represent related animals.
4026:
4025:
4002:
3212:
1793:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00805.x
45:
852:habitat that contained rivers.
376:of Argentina. Bonaparte placed
2085:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011148
2025:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011465
1811:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
683:is also thought to be an mf1.
621:The incisors, known only from
606:Unlike the very high-crowned (
1:
2129:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2106:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006
1914:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1321:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007
1218:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007
1189:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706
1107:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007
732:Range, ecology, and evolution
418:, then with the single genus
4184:Taxa named by José Bonaparte
2055:(3): 395–414. Archived from
1695:National Geographic Research
736:With its low-crowned teeth,
555:Trapalcotherium matuastensis
4174:Prehistoric mammal families
1421:Krause & Bonaparte 1993
1019:Krause & Bonaparte 1993
977:Krause & Bonaparte 1993
524:, from the Late Cretaceous
473:Ferugliotherium windhauseni
362:Ferugliotherium windhauseni
4200:
857:Cerro del Pueblo Formation
479:(p4) from Los Alamitos as
4015:
4000:
3879:
3761:
3547:
3253:
3238:
3225:
3210:
2713:
2637:
2475:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2417:
2359:
2332:
2305:
2290:
2247:
2156:American Museum Novitates
1823:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3
1734:: 145–153. Archived from
160:
153:
137:
130:
42:Scientific classification
40:
23:
1669:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1560:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1548:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1497:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1361:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1277:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1226:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1122:Gurovich & Beck 2009
1083:Gurovich & Beck 2009
562:as a likely relative of
521:Argentodites coloniensis
212:, an enigmatic group of
1981:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9379
1935:Journal of Paleontology
1893:10.1111/1475-4983.00185
441:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska
1925:Krause, D.W. (1993). "
1471:, pp. 1084, 1086.
374:Los Alamitos Formation
303:and contain a band of
201:is one of three known
4134:Paleobiology Database
2142:10.4202/app.2006.0026
1933:(Multituberculata)".
1774:Gurovich, Y. (2008).
1753:Gurovich, Y. (2005).
1671:, pp. 26, 31–32.
1594:, pp. 209, 212;
963:, pp. 82, 84–86.
558:. They also regarded
1636:Vucetich et al. 2010
1634:, pp. 159–160;
1546:, pp. 196–197;
1495:, pp. 196–197;
1379:, pp. 321–323;
1295:, pp. 327, 329.
526:La Colonia Formation
3872:Djadochtatherioidea
2094:Cretaceous Research
1972:1993PNAS...90.9379K
1638:, pp. 201–202.
1622:, pp. 156–159.
1598:, pp. 399–400.
1596:Pascual et al. 2000
1588:Rougier et al. 2009
1576:Rougier et al. 2009
1564:Rougier et al. 2007
1544:Rougier et al. 2009
1540:Rougier et al. 2009
1528:Rougier et al. 2009
1516:Rougier et al. 2009
1501:Rougier et al. 2009
1493:Rougier et al. 2009
1483:, pp. 249–250.
1411:, pp. 354–355.
1381:Pascual et al. 1999
1337:Pascual et al. 1999
1311:, pp. 329–330.
1264:, pp. 352–355.
1222:Rougier et al. 2009
1181:2020JVPal..40S.213H
1151:Rougier et al. 2009
1139:Rougier et al. 2009
1073:, pp. 335–336.
1055:Pascual et al. 1999
891:northern hemisphere
694:Vucetichia gracilis
465:Vucetichia gracilis
402:Vucetichia gracilis
4169:Cretaceous mammals
3944:Djadochtatheriidae
3506:Microcosmodontidae
240:. A second genus,
4149:
4148:
4121:Open Tree of Life
4086:Ferugliotheriidae
4056:Ferugliotheriidae
4048:Taxon identifiers
4039:
4038:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3866:
3865:
3748:
3747:
3605:Neoplagiaulacidae
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3176:
3175:
2976:
2975:
2782:Paulchoffatioidea
2776:
2775:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2500:Ferugliotheriidae
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2202:978-0-521-87241-6
1966:(20): 9379–9383.
1864:978-0-231-11918-4
1279:, pp. 30–31.
1175:(sup1): 213–234.
367:José F. Bonaparte
199:Ferugliotheriidae
196:
195:
126:
118:Ferugliotheriidae
24:Ferugliotheriidae
4191:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4043:
4029:
4028:
4006:
3960:Djadochtatherium
3877:
3759:
3754:Taeniolabidoidea
3545:
3251:
3240:
3227:
3216:
3144:Albionbaataridae
2987:
2860:Paulchoffatiidae
2791:Pinheirodontidae
2787:
2711:
2635:
2629:Multituberculata
2473:
2447:
2443:
2432:
2419:
2357:
2330:
2303:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2249:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2183:
2146:
2144:
2119:
2117:
2088:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2036:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1950:
1921:
1904:
1878:
1868:
1847:
1834:
1805:
1795:
1786:(5): 1069–1089.
1770:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1715:
1702:
1687:Literature cited
1681:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1608:Goin et al. 2004
1605:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1445:Goin et al. 2004
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1095:Goin et al. 2004
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
992:
986:
980:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
930:
924:
918:
909:
906:
780:Allen Formations
591:is unknown, but
382:Multituberculata
221:Multituberculata
121:
116:
103:
50:
49:
27:Temporal range:
21:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4007:
3986:
3938:
3910:Sloanbaataridae
3904:
3862:
3841:Taeniolabididae
3835:
3801:
3744:
3696:
3599:
3565:
3534:
3500:
3472:Eucosmodontidae
3466:
3425:
3370:
3321:
3247:
3234:
3217:
3196:
3172:
3167:Proalbionbaatar
3138:
3019:
2982:Plagiaulacoidea
2972:
2932:Plesiochoffatia
2918:Meketichoffatia
2869:Bathmochoffatia
2854:
2772:
2738:
2700:
2631:
2614:
2572:Gondwanatherium
2543:
2538:Trapalcotherium
2518:Ferugliotherium
2494:
2461:
2439:
2426:
2393:
2373:
2346:
2319:
2299:
2286:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2203:
2186:
2149:
2122:
2091:
2066:
2059:
2044:
2039:
2009:Ferugliotherium
2006:
1953:
1931:Ferugliotherium
1924:
1907:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1850:
1837:
1808:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1590:, p. 233;
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1542:, p. 223;
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:, p. 1086.
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:, p. 9380.
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:, p. 362;
1391:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:, p. 360;
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:, p. 232;
1220:, p. 258;
1216:
1212:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:, p. 411;
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:, p. 9382.
1017:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:, p. 9379.
975:, p. 151;
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:, p. 321;
931:
927:
919:
912:
907:
903:
899:
866:Ferugliotherium
815:Gondwanatherium
784:Trapalcotherium
772:Ferugliotherium
764:Ferugliotherium
753:Ferugliotherium
748:Ferugliotherium
738:Ferugliotherium
734:
725:Ferugliotherium
714:Gondwanatherium
710:Ferugliotherium
702:Ferugliotherium
698:Trapalcotherium
690:Ferugliotherium
685:Ferugliotherium
681:Trapalcotherium
677:Ferugliotherium
670:Ferugliotherium
666:Ferugliotherium
638:Ferugliotherium
623:Ferugliotherium
616:Ferugliotherium
597:Ferugliotherium
581:Trapalcotherium
577:Ferugliotherium
573:
564:Ferugliotherium
550:Allen Formation
546:Ferugliotherium
538:Ferugliotherium
505:Ferugliotherium
497:Ferugliotherium
481:Ferugliotherium
461:Plagiaulacoidea
457:Ferugliotherium
453:Ferugliotherium
445:Ferugliotherium
407:Gondwanatherium
378:Ferugliotherium
371:Late Cretaceous
357:
293:Ferugliotherium
266:Ferugliotherium
243:Trapalcotherium
234:Late Cretaceous
229:Ferugliotherium
188:Trapalcotherium
173:Ferugliotherium
149:
143:
140:Ferugliotherium
120:
114:
101:
44:
36:
29:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Gondwanatheres
4156:
4155:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4130:
4117:
4104:
4091:
4076:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3807:Lambdopsalidae
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3571:Cimolodontidae
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3540:Ptilodontoidea
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:Gondwanatheria
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3112:Parendotherium
3108:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3062:Heishanobaatar
3058:
3055:Hakusanobaatar
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2991:Plagiaulacidae
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2686:Gondwanatheria
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2467:Gondwanatheria
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2184:
2158:(3580): 1–17.
2147:
2135:(2): 195–212.
2120:
2100:(1): 223–238.
2089:
2079:(2): 373–382.
2064:
2062:on 2012-04-14.
2037:
2019:(3): 351–376.
2004:
1951:
1941:(2): 321–324.
1922:
1905:
1887:(3): 389–429.
1869:
1863:
1848:
1835:
1806:
1771:
1769:on 2011-07-17.
1750:
1716:
1703:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1661:
1652:
1650:, p. 161.
1640:
1624:
1612:
1610:, p. 145.
1600:
1580:
1578:, p. 223.
1568:
1552:
1532:
1530:, p. 197.
1520:
1518:, p. 225.
1505:
1503:, p. 232.
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:, p. 146.
1437:
1435:, p. 357.
1425:
1413:
1401:
1399:, p. 324.
1385:
1369:
1367:, p. 321.
1353:
1351:, p. 355.
1341:
1339:, p. 376.
1325:
1323:, p. 260.
1313:
1297:
1281:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1240:, p. 326.
1230:
1210:
1155:
1153:, p. 233.
1143:
1141:, p. 232.
1126:
1111:
1109:, p. 257.
1099:
1097:, p. 152.
1087:
1075:
1059:
1057:, p. 373.
1047:
1035:
1023:
1008:
1006:, p. 372.
993:
991:, p. 362.
981:
965:
961:Bonaparte 1990
953:
949:Bonaparte 1990
941:
939:, p. 351.
925:
923:, p. 321.
910:
900:
898:
895:
826:Ucayali Region
733:
730:
589:dental formula
572:
569:
455:. They placed
412:Gondwanatheria
356:
353:
210:Gondwanatheria
194:
193:
192:
191:
184:
176:
169:
158:
157:
151:
150:
144:
135:
134:
128:
127:
112:
108:
107:
105:Gondwanatheria
99:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
38:
37:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4196:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4032:
4024:
4022:
4021:Plagiaulacida
4018:
4017:
4014:
4005:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:Chulsanbaatar
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:Kimbetopsalis
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:Erythrobaatar
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3702:Ptilodontidae
3699:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:Neoplagiaulax
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:Pentacosmodon
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:Microcosmodon
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3365:Paracimexomys
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:Paracimexomys
3324:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:Kielanobaatar
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:Xenachoffatia
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:Pseudobolodon
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:Paulchoffatia
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:Meketibolodon
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Allodontoidea
2703:
2696:
2695:
2694:Hahnodontidae
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:Galulatherium
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:Bharattherium
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:Sudamericidae
2546:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:Geodiversitas
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:(2): 257–262.
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Palaeontology
1875:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Palaeontology
1777:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1741:on 2015-12-20
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:Campbell 2004
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Campbell 2004
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:Campbell 2004
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Gurovich 2005
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 10.
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:Gurovich 2005
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:Gurovich 2008
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:Gurovich 2008
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:Gurovich 2005
1307:, p. 5;
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:Gurovich 2005
1291:, p. 5;
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:Gurovich 2008
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:Gurovich 2005
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:, p. 32.
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:, p. 25.
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
973:Gurovich 2005
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:, p. 77.
950:
945:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
883:Middle Eocene
878:
876:
875:North America
872:
871:Maastrichtian
868:
867:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:notoungulates
835:
834:hystricognath
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
811:Dryolestoidea
807:
805:
804:coastal plain
801:
797:
793:
792:Maastrichtian
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
749:
745:
744:
739:
731:
729:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
568:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
416:Sudamericidae
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
363:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Maastrichtian
330:
325:
323:
322:Sudamericidae
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
299:are long and
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
231:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
177:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
159:
156:
152:
147:
142:
141:
136:
133:
129:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
106:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
22:
19:
4151:
4055:
3979:
3974:Mangasbaatar
3972:
3967:Kryptobaatar
3965:
3958:
3953:Catopsbaatar
3951:
3931:
3926:Nessovbaatar
3924:
3919:Kamptobaatar
3917:
3899:Nemegtbaatar
3897:
3890:
3885:Bulganbaatar
3883:
3855:
3848:
3830:Sphenopsalis
3828:
3821:
3816:Lambdopsalis
3814:
3794:
3789:Valenopsalis
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3689:
3682:
3677:Paressonodon
3675:
3670:Parectypodus
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3406:Meniscoessus
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:Cimolomyidae
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3280:Corriebaatar
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3165:
3158:
3153:Albionbaatar
3151:
3131:
3126:Tedoribaatar
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3041:Dolichoprion
3039:
3032:
3025:Eobaataridae
3012:
3007:Morrisonodon
3005:
2998:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:Guimarotodon
2881:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:Allodontidae
2731:
2724:
2717:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:Hahnotherium
2656:
2648:
2641:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2536:
2531:Magallanodon
2529:
2516:
2510:Argentodites
2508:
2499:
2488:Groeberiidae
2486:
2481:Adalatherium
2479:
2453:
2280:Theriiformes
2275:
2192:
2155:
2132:
2128:
2115:11336/103413
2097:
2093:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2057:the original
2052:
2048:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1963:
1959:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1884:
1880:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1817:(1): 25–49.
1814:
1810:
1783:
1779:
1764:the original
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1731:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1676:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1583:
1571:
1555:
1535:
1523:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1344:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1284:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1213:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1146:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1062:
1050:
1045:, p. 8.
1038:
1033:, p. 1.
1026:
984:
968:
956:
944:
928:
904:
879:
864:
854:
819:
814:
808:
783:
776:Argentodites
775:
771:
763:
760:Los Alamitos
757:
752:
747:
741:
737:
735:
724:
722:
717:
713:
709:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
674:
669:
665:
663:
650:Argentodites
649:
637:
635:
622:
620:
615:
605:
596:
585:Argentodites
584:
580:
576:
574:
563:
560:Argentodites
559:
553:
545:
542:Argentodites
541:
537:
534:Argentodites
533:
519:
509:
504:
496:
491:
487:
485:
480:
472:
464:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:redescribed
437:David Krause
434:
419:
405:
401:
377:
360:
358:
341:dryolestoids
326:
309:Argentodites
308:
292:
286:
265:
261:Argentodites
259:
241:
227:
198:
197:
186:
180:Magallanodon
178:
171:
165:Argentodites
163:
138:
117:
95:
18:
4080:Wikispecies
3933:Sloanbaatar
3857:Taeniolabis
3732:Prochetodon
3560:Neoliotomus
3515:Acheronodon
3481:Clemensodon
3431:Kogaionidae
3385:Buginbaatar
3301:Uzbekbaatar
3266:Ameribaatar
3245:Cimolodonta
3232:Cimolodonta
3182:Cimolodonta
3105:Nokerbaatar
3034:Cheruscodon
2849:Pinheirodon
2828:Gerhardodon
2821:Ecprepaulax
2807:Bructerodon
2800:Bernardodon
2733:Zofiabaatar
2719:Arginbaatar
2524:LACM 149371
1701:(1): 63–93.
1562:, table 3;
1499:, table 3;
1397:Krause 1993
1377:Krause 1993
1365:Krause 1993
1363:, table 1;
933:Krause 1993
921:Krause 1993
571:Description
540:, and that
530:Cimolodonta
516:LACM 149371
426:xenarthrans
278:LACM 149371
4158:Categories
4019:See also:
3823:Prionessus
3775:Catopsalis
3725:Kimbetohia
3718:Baiotomeus
3711:Aenigmamys
3488:Eucosmodon
3440:Barbatodon
3413:Paressodon
3191:see below↓
3133:Teutonodon
3119:Sinobaatar
3097:Monobaatar
3083:Liaobaatar
3076:Indobaatar
3014:Plagiaulax
2904:Kuehneodon
2897:Kielanodon
2890:Henkelodon
2753:Ctenacodon
2650:Baidabatyr
2643:Argillomys
2602:Sudamerica
2455:Haramiyida
2437:Allotheria
2424:Allotheria
2388:see below↓
2379:Allotheria
2340:Cynodontia
2325:Cynodontia
2241:Allotheria
2069:Sudamerica
1927:Vucetichia
1745:2011-06-09
1714:: 155–163.
1550:, table 3.
1252:, table 2.
1228:, table 1.
897:References
830:marsupials
822:Santa Rosa
800:tidal flat
768:La Colonia
718:Sudamerica
612:brachydont
492:Sudamerica
488:Sudamerica
449:Vucetichia
430:Paratheria
421:Sudamerica
386:monotremes
345:herbivores
301:procumbent
289:brachydont
248:molariform
132:Type genus
3981:Tombaatar
3691:Xyronomys
3684:Xanclomys
3649:Mimetodon
3642:Mesodmops
3621:Ectypodus
3614:Cernaysia
3587:Cimolodon
3580:Anconodon
3553:Filikomys
3454:Kogaionon
3420:Parikimys
3399:Essonodon
3392:Cimolomys
3358:Dakotamys
3351:Cimexomys
3344:Cedaromys
3337:Bryceomys
3308:Viridomys
3287:Fractinus
3259:Allocodon
2960:Sunnyodon
2953:Rugosodon
2946:Renatodon
2876:Galveodon
2842:Lavocatia
2814:Cantalera
2679:Tashtykia
2594:Patagonia
2579:Greniodon
2313:Synapsida
2297:Synapsida
2257:Kingdom:
2172:2246/5873
1802:129571614
1383:, fig. 2.
1205:230968231
1197:0272-4634
887:TNM 02067
846:Oligocene
788:Campanian
627:gliriform
608:hypsodont
514:of Peru,
512:Paleogene
349:omnivores
329:Campanian
318:hypsodont
270:Paleogene
238:Argentina
236:epoch in
232:from the
146:Bonaparte
123:Bonaparte
65:Kingdom:
59:Eukaryota
33:Paleogene
4071:Q5445600
4065:Wikidata
4031:Category
3796:Yubaatar
3767:Bubodens
3739:Ptilodus
3628:Krauseia
3594:Liotomus
3495:Stygimys
3090:Loxaulax
3048:Eobaatar
2835:Iberodon
2767:Psalodon
2760:Passumys
2726:Glirodon
2587:Lavanify
2367:Mammalia
2352:Mammalia
2271:Mammalia
2265:Chordata
2263:Phylum:
2259:Animalia
2180:85676529
1901:83592270
1831:42799370
1680:SVP 2015
1659:SVP 2015
908:SVP 2015
706:holotype
646:alveolus
642:diastema
593:incisors
477:premolar
398:Gondwana
394:Laurasia
390:therians
355:Taxonomy
297:incisors
256:premolar
203:families
111:Family:
89:Mammalia
79:Chordata
75:Phylum:
69:Animalia
55:Domain:
4126:4945627
4100:4831317
3663:Nidimys
3635:Mesodma
3461:Litovoi
3447:Hainina
3294:Halodon
3273:Boffius
3069:Iberica
3000:Bolodon
2672:Tagaria
2665:Janumys
2609:Vintana
2269:Class:
2033:4523458
2000:8415710
1968:Bibcode
1947:1306005
1177:Bibcode
850:savanna
796:estuary
778:), and
743:Mesodma
704:is the
601:canines
501:fossils
469:synonym
217:mammals
214:extinct
205:in the
85:Class:
4113:102576
2199:
2178:
2031:
1998:
1988:
1945:
1899:
1861:
1846:: 1–9.
1829:
1800:
1203:
1195:
861:Mexico
842:Eocene
716:, and
631:enamel
337:marshy
305:enamel
282:Mexico
155:Genera
148:, 1986
125:, 1986
4139:67619
4108:IRMNG
3329:group
2276:Clade
2176:S2CID
2060:(PDF)
2045:(PDF)
2029:JSTOR
1991:47571
1943:JSTOR
1897:S2CID
1877:(PDF)
1840:Extra
1827:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1767:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1201:S2CID
802:, or
654:cusps
467:is a
314:cusps
252:molar
225:genus
207:order
96:Clade
4095:GBIF
2365:see
2338:see
2311:see
2197:ISBN
1996:PMID
1859:ISBN
1193:ISSN
832:and
820:The
774:and
723:One
659:wear
583:and
388:and
274:Peru
2168:hdl
2160:doi
2137:doi
2110:hdl
2102:doi
2081:doi
2021:doi
1986:PMC
1976:doi
1889:doi
1844:145
1819:doi
1788:doi
1185:doi
873:of
859:of
766:),
503:as
471:of
347:or
272:of
258:),
4160::
4136::
4123::
4110::
4097::
4082::
4067::
2278::
2174:.
2166:.
2154:.
2133:54
2131:.
2127:.
2108:.
2098:30
2096:.
2077:19
2075:.
2053:22
2051:.
2047:.
2027:.
2017:12
2015:.
1994:.
1984:.
1974:.
1964:90
1962:.
1958:.
1939:67
1937:.
1918:52
1916:.
1912:.
1895:.
1885:44
1883:.
1879:.
1842:.
1825:.
1815:16
1813:.
1796:.
1784:51
1782:.
1778:.
1732:40
1730:.
1726:.
1712:40
1710:.
1697:.
1508:^
1269:^
1199:.
1191:.
1183:.
1173:40
1171:.
1167:.
1129:^
1114:^
1011:^
996:^
913:^
893:.
877:.
806:.
798:,
755:.
712:,
661:.
579:;
432:.
351:.
324:.
276:,
98::
31:;
3770:?
3318:?
3100:?
2697:?
2689:?
2653:?
2597:?
2582:?
2526:?
2513:?
2502:?
2491:?
2469:?
2458:?
2233:e
2226:t
2219:v
2205:.
2182:.
2170::
2162::
2145:.
2139::
2118:.
2112::
2104::
2087:.
2083::
2035:.
2023::
2002:.
1978::
1970::
1949:.
1903:.
1891::
1867:.
1833:.
1821::
1804:.
1790::
1748:.
1699:6
1207:.
1187::
1179::
844:–
782:(
770:(
762:(
331:–
250:(
183:?
168:?
115:â€
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35:?
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