31:
1044:
families were given a barony (with some rights of taxation and jurisprudence), but such fiefs were only granted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thereafter the "barony" was titular, usually in chief of some already-owned property, and sometimes that property was established as a
1236:
819:
Similar titles have been seen in parts of Europe that have historically been dominated by
Germany (in the cultural sense): the Baltic States, Austria–Hungary, Sweden, Finland and to some extent in Denmark–Norway.
789:, and might or might not be used by those bearing them. Female forms of titles have been legally accepted as a variation in the surname after 1919 by a still valid decision of the former German High Court (
709:) ruled that an Austrian woman having been adopted by a German carrying an aristocratic title as part of his name is not allowed to carry this title in her name. The Federal Administrative Court (
799:). The distinguishing main surname is the name, following the Freiherr, Freifrau or Freiin and, where applicable, the nobiliary particle – in the preceding example, the main surname is
458:
in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman
Emperors, and this usage is far from obsolete.
1311:: that family was ennobled much earlier than 1809, so all its (agnatic) members belong to the untitled nobility, with the exception of a single baron; the great-grandfather of
893:, the possibility to create nobility is eliminated; and since the beginning of the twenty-first century, noble dignities have passed from the official sphere to the private.
244:) title to his land, as opposed "unmittelbar" ("unintermediated"), or held without any intermediate feudal tenure; or unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight (
512:
as is the baronial title in
Britain. Hence, the titles applied equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity: All legitimate sons of a
647:
of 3 April 1919 and the corresponding decree of the state government. The public use of such titles was and still is prohibited, and violations could be fined.
889:
However, after the change of constitution in 1809, newly created baronships in principle conferred the dignity only in primogeniture. In the now valid
Swedish
1024:. In the beginning, they were all without honorific titulature, and known just as "lords". In subsequent centuries, while Finland remained an autonomous
1434:
992:("baron") on some persons, not all of them nobles. This prerogative was confirmed in the constitutional arrangements of 1625. All family members of
1295:, implying that only the head of the family possesses the dignity of baron". The formulation is found, for example, with reference to the family
674:
In practice, however, former noble titles are still used socially in
Austria; some people consider it a matter of courtesy to use them. The late
426:
in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as
Bavaria, Württemberg and
968:
of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Today titles are only of ceremonial interest in the circles around the
1341:
1286:
upphöjdes i friherrlig värdighet jämlikt 37 § 1809 års regeringsform, innebärande att endast huvudmannen innehar friherrlig värdighet
1055:. Their property tax exemption continued into the 20th century, being, however, diminished substantially by reforms of the 19th century.
318:
is often styled as and addressed by the more elegant, Latin equivalent "Baron" in social circumstances, although not the official title.
1169:
1292:
890:
1414:
1377:
1222:
1208:
1424:
369:
to emphasize their Baltic-German heritage. This is why members of the same family can have different official last names.
268:
sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the
1419:
880:
were entitled to the same title, which in time became Baron or
Baronessa colloquially: thus a person who formally is a
475:
in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the rank was normally hereditary and would generally be used together with the
575:
and some other countries in northern Europe, the title of
Freiherr was, as long as the monarchy existed, usually used
310:
is rendered in
English as "Baron", although the title was derived separately in the two languages. Even in German, a
1183:
1395:
1000:(baronial) families were entitled to that same title, which in practice, came to mean that they were addressed as
718:
353:
and hence titles became part of the last name some members of the affected families chose to be officially named
1429:
1257:
104:
84:
64:
349:. When in 1919 privileges to members of dynastic and noble families were abolished by the constitution of the
1355:
932:
and most of those are based in Sweden, where that version of the title is still more commonly used; a Danish
965:
912:
was of equal rank to that of Baron, which has gradually replaced it. It was instituted on 25 May 1671 with
1439:
913:
322:
137:
1184:
Karl-Theodor Maria
Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg
969:
742:
886:
now might use the title of "Baron" before his name, and he might also be spoken of as "a baron".
776:
749:. The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name.
476:
442:(although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial
423:
395:
725:; the European Court of Justice did not object to the Austrian decision not to accept the words
1165:
677:
334:
113:
109:
1095:
1021:
1017:
829:
1399:
1196:
1064:
616:
592:
508:
The inheritance of titles of nobility in most German-speaking areas was not restricted by
472:
350:
269:
1291:; literal translation: "was raised to the dignity of baron in accordance with §37 in the
406:), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply
722:
384:
241:
1408:
853:
793:
745:
of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the
509:
257:
129:
209:(which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that
1049:
46:
639:
The Republic of Austria abolished hereditary noble titles for its citizens by the
30:
1106:
A number of English-language historians specializing in Germany do not translate
698:
in his German passport (he was a Member of the European Parliament for Germany).
619:, the monarchies were abolished in most German-speaking areas of Europe, and the
599:, however, it would be inserted between the given name and the family name (e.g.
1025:
846:
447:
1314:
746:
580:
133:
1147:
422:
did not belong to the noble hierarchy of any realm, but by a decision of the
1372:
832:
was entitled to vote in any provincial council when held, as in the Realm's
199:
orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of
981:
836:
620:
431:
17:
1392:
897:
628:
624:
596:
572:
443:
125:
121:
117:
42:
775:) they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is a possible
940:
generally is addressed as "Baron". The wife of a Danish or Norwegian
901:
253:
151:
144:
108:, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as
1261:
924:
privileges. Today only a few Danish noble families use the title of
623:
lost recognition as a legal class in the newly created republics of
240:
derives from the historical situation in which an owner held free (
27:
Title of nobility in the Holy Roman Empire and its successor states
1139:
1069:
427:
338:
260:, who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord. A
201:
196:
175:
158:
29:
721:
whether this Austrian regulation would violate the right of the
388:
168:
1319:
was created a baron in 1864, but, because this was after 1809,
682:, in his childhood Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was styled
446:
even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of
783:
483:
414:. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806,
398:
are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" (
568:). Both titles are translated in English as "Baroness".
520:
shared his title and rank, and could be referred to as
655:, as an Austrian citizen, therefore lost his title of
372:
The original distinction from other barons was that a
341:
additionally awarding the equivalent Russian title of
1036:
s, or as untitled nobles. Theoretically, all created
321:
Separately, in the 19th century some families of the
450:). Some of the older baronial families began to use
256:to a higher lord or sovereign, and unlike medieval
178:). The title superseded the earlier medieval form,
856:began to grant some noblemen the titles of count (
1223:"Decree of 18 April 1919 in the original version"
471:As with most titles and designations within the
1028:, many families were raised in rank as counts,
544:(literally "free lady"), and the daughter of a
205:, deriving from the Latin-Germanic combination
116:and in its various successor states, including
1325:is just an untitled nobleman while his cousin
1164:C.A.Starke Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn, 1999,
1156:
1154:
956:, and the daughters are formally addressed as
741:The German republic, under Article 109 of the
164:(nobility without a specific title) and below
1326:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1284:
1090:"Freiherr – Britannica Online Encyclopedia",
1038:
1030:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
984:conferred the hereditary titles of count and
881:
874:
866:
858:
844:
834:
8:
1181:
1120:
1108:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
906:
828:From the Middle Ages onward, each head of a
801:
791:
781:
768:
759:
751:
727:
711:
703:
692:
684:
675:
665:
657:
649:
641:
601:
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562:
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546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
499:
491:
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452:
436:
416:
408:
400:
374:
363:
355:
343:
327:
312:
304:
282:
274:
262:
246:
234:
222:
191:It corresponds approximately to the English
181:
166:
156:
142:
136:, etc. Traditionally, it denotes the titled
96:
94:, literally "free lord" or "free lady") and
89:
76:
69:
53:
36:
1252:
1250:
1197:Nobiliary particles used by German nobility
1130:carries a different association in English.
1047:
325:who had historically carried the title of
394:Barons who received their title from the
1356:"Vor tids grever og baroner (in Danish)"
757:, as a German citizen, therefore became
690:in his post-1919 Austrian passport, and
1307:Sveriges ridderskaps och adels kalender
1086:
1084:
1080:
807:and so alphabetically is listed under
765:. As dependent parts of the surnames (
1209:"Law in the original version of 1919"
1118:(1967) states that she is preserving
733:as part of an Austrian woman's name.
103:
83:
63:
7:
770:nichtselbständige Namensbestandteile
213:is a corresponding salutation for a
112:in the German-speaking areas of the
701:In 2003, the Constitutional Court (
1281:The formula used is that a person
824:Swedish and Danish–Norwegian title
25:
1020:shares most of its origins with
45:with seven pearls, as used on a
1435:Barons of the Holy Roman Empire
1293:Instrument of Government (1809)
891:Instrument of Government (1974)
1378:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1092:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
717:) in a similar case asked the
467:Prior to abolition of nobility
1:
1344:. Gyldendal. 20 January 2011.
663:and would simply be named as
302:The German-language title of
1260:. ARTbase.dk. Archived from
1160:Johannes Baron von Mirbach:
872:). The family members of a
1303:in the 2013 edition of the
611:Since abolition of nobility
88:; his wife, abbreviated as
1456:
980:In 1561, the Swedish king
671:in his Austrian passport.
761:Hans Freiherr von Schwarz
753:Freiherr Hans von Schwarz
719:European Court of Justice
651:Hans Freiherr von Schwarz
603:Hans Freiherr von Schwarz
587:Freiherr Hans von Schwarz
272:, who might be the duke (
686:Otto Habsburg-Lothringen
505:) before a family name.
337:as noble in the form of
138:rank within the nobility
1162:Adelsnamen, Adelstitel.
966:Constitution of Denmark
430:could create their own
361:while others preferred
333:were recognized by the
68:; male, abbreviated as
1327:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1285:
1237:"CURIA – Suchformular"
1182:
1121:
1109:
1048:
1039:
1031:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
964:. With the first free
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
907:
882:
875:
867:
859:
845:
835:
802:
792:
782:
769:
760:
752:
728:
713:Verwaltungsgerichtshof
712:
705:Verfassungsgerichtshof
704:
693:
685:
676:
666:
658:
650:
642:
602:
586:
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
515:
500:
492:
482:
453:
437:
417:
409:
401:
383:s landed property was
375:
364:
356:
344:
328:
323:Baltic German nobility
313:
305:
283:
275:
263:
247:
235:
223:
182:
167:
157:
143:
97:
90:
77:
70:
54:
49:
37:
1415:Austrian noble titles
643:Adelsaufhebungsgesetz
33:
1425:Swedish noble titles
228:in the feudal system
85:[ˈfʁaɪˌfʁaʊ]
65:[ˈfʁaɪˌhɛɐ̯]
1420:German noble titles
970:monarchy of Denmark
830:Swedish noble house
743:Weimar Constitution
258:German ministerials
1398:2008-10-22 at the
777:nobiliary particle
477:nobiliary particle
424:Congress of Vienna
396:Holy Roman Emperor
110:titles of nobility
105:[ˈfʁaɪ.ɪn]
50:
1116:Germany 1798–1919
1114:. Agatha Ramm in
1094:, 2008, webpage:
694:Otto von Habsburg
678:Otto von Habsburg
497:(sometimes both:
335:Tsardom of Russia
114:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
1447:
1382:
1360:
1359:
1358:. 15 April 2010.
1352:
1346:
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1213:
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1188:
1187:
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1158:
1149:
1142:; Definition of
1137:
1131:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1088:
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1042:
1034:
1022:Swedish nobility
1018:Finnish nobility
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998:
990:
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954:
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930:
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870:
862:
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755:
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696:
688:
681:
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653:
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605:
589:
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558:
550:
542:
534:
528:. The wife of a
526:
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495:
487:
456:
440:
420:
418:Reichsfreiherren
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404:
402:Reichsfreiherren
382:
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226:
185:
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107:
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93:
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73:
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57:
40:
21:
1455:
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1430:Austrian barons
1405:
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1400:Wayback Machine
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1065:Imperial Knight
1061:
978:
904:, the title of
826:
817:
815:Parallel titles
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637:
617:First World War
613:
593:Austria-Hungary
469:
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351:Weimar Republic
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1387:External links
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454:Reichsfreiherr
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1440:German barons
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1264:on 2020-04-15
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1180:For example:
1177:
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1170:3-7980-0540-0
1167:
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1146:(in German).
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854:King Eric XIV
851:
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806:
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794:Reichsgericht
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748:
747:legal surname
744:
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730:
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543:
541:
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519:
517:
511:
510:primogeniture
506:
504:
502:
496:
494:
488:
486:
485:
478:
474:
466:
461:
459:
457:
455:
449:
445:
441:
439:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
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411:
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403:
397:
392:
390:
387:instead of a
386:
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195:in rank. The
194:
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177:
176:count or earl
173:
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163:
161:
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149:
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130:Liechtenstein
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41:
39:
32:
19:
1393:Nobility FAQ
1376:
1350:
1336:
1304:
1296:
1282:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1240:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1192:
1176:
1161:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
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1050:fideicommiss
1046:
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1001:
993:
985:
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957:
952:Friherreinde
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
905:
895:
888:
873:
865:
864:) or baron (
857:
852:. In 1561,
843:
833:
827:
818:
808:
800:
790:
780:
766:
758:
750:
740:
726:
710:
702:
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673:
667:Hans Schwarz
664:
659:Freiherr von
656:
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614:
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570:
561:
553:
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529:
521:
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498:
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451:
435:
434:, including
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399:
393:
373:
371:
362:
354:
342:
326:
320:
311:
303:
301:
296:
292:
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280:) or count (
273:
261:
245:
233:
231:
221:
214:
210:
206:
200:
192:
190:
180:
179:
165:
155:
141:
95:
75:
52:
51:
47:coat of arms
35:
1331:is a baron.
1096:EB-Freiherr
1026:grand duchy
914:Christian V
847:Riddarhuset
729:Fürstin von
579:a person's
560:(short for
448:ennoblement
1409:Categories
1373:"Freiherr"
1366:References
1342:"Friherre"
1328:Lars Bildt
1322:Carl Bildt
1315:Carl Bildt
1268:2010-01-03
1258:"Friherre"
1144:Baron, der
1040:vapaaherra
1032:vapaaherra
996:vapaaherra
988:vapaaherra
948:is titled
779:, such as
737:In Germany
635:In Austria
615:After the
581:given name
564:Freiherrin
552:is called
536:is titled
501:von und zu
438:Freiherren
270:liege lord
232:The title
207:liber baro
134:Luxembourg
1012:Paronitar
960:Baronesse
577:preceding
254:vassalage
1396:Archived
1126:because
1122:Freiherr
1110:Freiherr
1059:See also
982:Eric XIV
944:Friherre
936:Friherre
928:Friherre
920:Friherre
908:Friherre
883:friherre
876:friherre
868:friherre
842:, later
837:Herredag
621:nobility
548:Freiherr
540:Freifrau
532:Freiherr
524:Freiherr
516:Freiherr
473:nobility
462:Function
432:nobility
410:Freiherr
385:allodial
376:Freiherr
357:Freiherr
329:Freiherr
314:Freiherr
306:Freiherr
293:Freiherr
264:Freiherr
242:allodial
236:Freiherr
224:Freiherr
215:Freiherr
183:Edelherr
78:Freifrau
55:Freiherr
38:Freiherr
34:Typical
18:Freifrau
1381:. 2008.
898:Denmark
803:Schwarz
629:Austria
625:Germany
597:Bavaria
573:Prussia
444:Prussia
126:Bavaria
122:Prussia
118:Austria
61:German:
43:coronet
1168:
1016:. The
1004:Paroni
902:Norway
591:). In
583:(e.g.
556:Freiin
339:ukases
276:Herzog
248:Ritter
154:) and
152:knight
145:Ritter
140:above
98:Freiin
1299:Bildt
1140:Duden
1128:Baron
1076:Notes
1070:Boyar
860:greve
428:Lippe
381:'
365:Baron
345:Baron
297:Baron
295:vs.
252:) in
211:Baron
202:Baron
197:Duden
193:baron
159:Edler
91:Frfr.
71:Frhr.
1166:ISBN
900:and
627:and
595:and
389:fief
284:Graf
169:Graf
1008:or
916:'s
896:In
809:"S"
784:von
607:).
571:In
489:or
484:von
479:of
288:).
74:),
1411::
1375:.
1249:^
1239:.
1153:^
1083:^
972:.
811:.
631:.
493:zu
391:.
217:.
188:.
132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
1289:"
1283:"
1271:.
1243:.
1225:.
1211:.
773:"
767:"
174:(
150:(
102:(
82:(
59:(
20:)
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