992:
1011:
1877:
255:
80:
193:
547:
833:
571:
34:
3668:
1361:, commander of the Reichswehr, removed all Freikorps members from the army and restricted the movements' access to future funding and equipment from the government. Von Seeckt was successful, and by 1921 only a small yet devoted core remained, effectively drawing an end to the Freikorps until their resurgence as far-right thugs and street brawlers for the
351:, were believed by all warring parties to be inherently good fighters. The nationality of many soldiers can no longer be ascertained as the ethnic origin was often described imprecisely in the regimental lists. Slavs (Croats, Serbs) were often referred to as "Hungarians" or just "Croats", and Muslim recruits (Albanians, Bosnians, Tatars) as "Turks".
1523:
1261:, joined the Freikorps to fight against communism and socialism in Germany or to exact some form of revenge on those they considered responsible. To a lesser extent, German youth who were not old enough to have served in World War I enlisted in the Freikorps in hopes of proving themselves as patriots and as men.
806:
were the most famous soldier-poets from the
Freikorps. Their lyrics were for the most part patriotic, republican, anti-monarchical and anti-French. In Russia, the leader of the guerrilla army, Davydov, invented the genre of hussar poetry, characterised by hedonism and bravado. He used events from his
1518:
Freikorps groups, funnelling them arms and cash. Although many high-ranking
National Socialists were former Freikorps fighters, recent research shows that former Freikorps fighters were no more likely to be involved in National Socialist organisations than the average male population in Germany.
1143:âand shot them on the spot. The following day, a Freikorps patrol led by Captain Alt-Sutterheim interrupted the meeting of a local Catholic club, the St Joseph Society, and chose twenty of the thirty members present to be shot, beaten, and bayoneted to death. A memorial on Pfanzeltplatz in
1131:, who reminded his men that it " a lot better to kill a few innocent people than to let one guilty person escape" and that there was no place in his ranks for those whose conscience bothered them. On 5 May 1919, Lieutenant Georg Pölzing, one of Schulz's officers, travelled to the town of
1430:
speech following the purge, Hitler denounced the
Freikorps as lawless "moral degenerates...aimed at the destruction of all existing institutions" and as "pathological enemies of the state... enemies of all authority," despite his previous public adoration of the movement.
1208:
highlights the
Freikorps's "usual excesses" of violence and murder in Latvia which were all the more unrestrained since they were fighting in a foreign land versus their own country. Hundreds were murdered in the Freikorps' Eastern campaigns, such as the massacre of 500
1393:
or their involvement in
Eastern Europe, the Freikorps now had almost no military value and were instead utilized by the Nazis as thugs to engage in street brawls with communists and to break up anarchist, communist and socialist meetings alongside the
1970:, a similar group (but unrelated to the Freikorps) were the "Corps Franc". Starting in October 1939, the French Army raised a number of Corps Franc units with the mission of carrying out ambush, raid, and harassing operations forward of the
1034:
active during that time, the
Freikorps were, and remain, the most notable. While numbers are difficult to determine, historians agree that some 500,000 men were formal Freikorps members with another 1.5 million men participating informally.
1268:
masculine ideals that are characterized by "physical, emotional, and moral 'hardness'". Described as "children of the trenches, spawned by war" and its process of brutalization, historians argue that
Freikorps men idealized a militarized
382:
formed up to 1759 for the final years of the war, which operated independently and disrupted the enemy with surprise attacks, and the free infantry which consisted of various military branches (such as infantry, hussars, dragoons,
1398:
to gain a political edge. Moreover, the Nazis elevated the
Freikorps as a symbol of pure German nationalism, anti-communism, and militarized masculinity to co-opt the lingering social and political support of the movement.
1312:
in which he argues that men in the
Freikorps radicalized Western and German norms of male self-control into a perpetual war against feminine-coded desires for domesticity, tenderness, and compassion amongst men. Historians
1187:
as "sub-human" hordes of "ravening wolves". To justify their campaign in the East, the
Freikorps launched a campaign of propaganda that falsely positioned themselves as protectors of Germany's territorial hegemony over
376:) units, mainly between 1756 and 1758, which were intended to be attractive to those soldiers who wanted military "adventure", but did not want to have to do military drill. A distinction should be made between the
2362:
or Pocket Dictionary of the German And English Languages, by K Wichmann, p. 109. Published by George Routledge & Sons, Ltd, London, E P Dutton & Co, New York, and The Mission Book Co., Ltd., Toronto. 1935.
773:
were greatly praised and glorified by German nationalists, and a heroic myth built up around their exploits. This myth was invoked, in considerably different circumstances, in the aftermath of Germany's defeat in
1241:, were unable to reintegrate into civilian society having been brutalized by the violence of the war physically and mentally. Combined with the government's poor support of veterans, who were dismissed as
3051:
From World War One to the Vanguard of Nazism? A Statistical Approach to the History of German Paramilitarism. In: Christian Gerlach/Clemens Six (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions
1249:, many German veterans found comfort and a sense of belonging in the Freikorps. Jason Crouthamel notes how the Freikorps' military structure was a familiar continuation of the frontlines, emulating the
280:
to be attached to the 1st Hussar Regiment (von Kleist's Own). He entrusted the creation and command of this new unit to Colonel Friedrich Wilhelm von Kleist. This first squadron (80 men) was raised in
1285:
ended in Germany's surrender, many men in the Freikorps nonetheless viewed themselves as soldiers still engaged in active warfare with enemies of the traditional German Empire such as communists and
3713:
3708:
3693:
1127:
While they were met with little Communist resistance, the Freikorps acted with particular brutality and violence under Noske's blessing and at the behest of Major Schulz, adjutant of the
1377:
led to a resurgence of Freikorps activity, as many members or ex-members were drawn to the party's marrying of military and political life and extreme nationalism by joining the
1151:
notes that as a result of the Freikorps' violence, Munich's undertakers were overwhelmed, resulting in bodies lying in the streets and decaying until mass graves were completed.
735:
2058:. Giraud drew the members of the all-volunteer unit from residents of Northern Africa of diverse religious backgrounds (Christian, Jew, and Muslim) and gave them the title of
687:
in the modern sense emerged in Germany during the course of the Napoleonic Wars. They fought not so much for money but for patriotic reasons, seeking to shake off the French
695:
had either conquered the German states or forced them to collaborate, remnants of the defeated armies continued to fight on in this fashion. Famous formations included the
926:
1926:
1225:
via firing squads were most common, but several Freikorps members recorded the brutal and deadly beatings of suspected communists and particularly communist women.
2173:
991:
3768:
3778:
3718:
2293:
1010:
534:(37,000 infantrymen and cavalrymen), however, was low. An exception were the border regiments of Croats and Serbs who served permanently on the Austro-
1876:
1026:, the meaning of the word Freikorps changed compared to its past iterations. After 1918, the term referred to variousâyet, still, loosely affiliatedâ
3748:
298:
were organised. They initially consisted of Prussian volunteers from Berlin, Magdeburg, Mecklenburg and Leipzig, but later recruited deserters. The
491:, which Frederick the Great had despised as "vermin", were disbanded. Their soldiers were given no entitlement to pensions or invalidity payments.
3703:
3698:
1277:
steel" so as to defend what remained of German conservatism in times of social chaos, confusion, and revolution that came to define the immediate
700:
3773:
2007:
288:
deserters. This squadron was placed under the command of Lieutenant Johann Michael von Kovacs. At the end of 1759, the first four squadrons of
3538:
3493:
3415:
3345:
3294:
3058:
3033:
2980:
3743:
1273:
of aggression, physical domination, the absence of emotion (hardness). They were to be as "swift as greyhounds, tough as leather, hard as
2278:
2218:
1301:
described his troops as "full of wild demand for revenge and action and adventure...a band of fighter...full of lust, exultant in anger."
738:, known as the "Black Duke", led their own attacks on Napoleonic occupation forces in Germany. Those led by Schill were decimated in the
3402:(1990). "Conservatives and radical nationalists in Germany: the production of fascist potentials, 1912â28". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.).
3026:
Deutsche Freikorps. Sozialgeschichte und KontinuitÀten (para)militÀrischer Gewalt zwischen Weltkrieg, Revolution und Nationalsozialismus
1390:
1097:
3738:
3389:
2308:
2266:
2161:
1290:
1104:
responded from Berlin by sending various Freikorps brigades to Bavaria in late April totalling some 30,000 men. The brigades included
1047:
731:
3625:
3602:
3580:
3559:
3474:
3366:
3326:
2929:
2845:
2765:
2699:
2607:
2474:
2382:
1321:
note that the Freikorps' displays of violence, terror, and male aggression and solidarity established the beginnings of the fascist
880:
618:
215:
254:
3763:
3758:
3723:
2023:
786:
The anti-Napoleonic guerrilla movements in Germany, Russia and Spain in the early 1810s also produced their own style of poetry,
415:
471:
Because, with some exceptions, they were seen as undisciplined and less battleworthy, they were used for less onerous guard and
158:
strength and sometimes in formations of up to several thousand strong. There were also various mixed formations or legions. The
2222:
2142:
2077:
3506:
Conservative Radicals: The Einwohnerwehr, Bund Bayern Und Reich, and the Limits of Paramilitary Politics in Bavaria, 1918â1928
3428:(2008). "The Central European Counter-Revolution: Paramilitary Violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War".
154:. These sometimes exotically equipped units served as infantry and cavalry (or, more rarely, as artillery); sometimes in just
2283:
2120:
2070:
2047:
1246:
858:
596:
330:
314:
3753:
2691:
3504:
403:
3356:
2206:
1503:
1480:
1204:
and as defenders against Slavic and Bolshevik hordes that "raped women and butchered children" in their wake. Historian
1264:
Regardless of reasons for joining, modern German historians agree that men of the Freikorps consistently embodied post-
2066:
1904:
3430:
2205:
The CFA formally was dissolved on 9 July 1943, with its members and equipment forming the corps of the newly created
843:
581:
427:
2131:
1896:
1851:
1460:
1139:. There, Pölzing chose a dozen alleged communist workersânone of whom were actually communists, but members of the
1100:. Following a series of political revolts and takeovers from German socialists and then Russian-backed Bolsheviks,
1031:
995:
854:
795:
739:
688:
592:
555:
229:
22:
862:
847:
600:
585:
3643:
2303:
1559:
1322:
137:
83:
192:
79:
2880:
2795:
2165:
2157:
1427:
1407:
1093:
749:
133:
105:
1738:
1452:
1096:
was a short-lived and unrecognized socialist-communist state from 12 April â 3 May 1919 in Bavaria during the
485:. In the case of capture, their members were at risk of being executed as irregular fighters. In Prussia the
451:
3733:
2837:
2757:
2135:
2019:
1414:, numerous Freikorps members and leaders were targeted for killing or arrest, including Freikorps commander
1357:
in March 1920 that the Freikorps participated in, the Freikorps' autonomy and strength steadily declined as
1201:
1148:
1140:
696:
155:
242:
also largely despised the Republic and were involved in assassinations of its supporters, later aiding the
3510:
1718:
1613:
1056:, SPD), used the Freikorps to quell socialist and communist uprisings. Minister of Defence and SPD member
304:
were regarded as unreliable by regular armies, so they were used mainly as sentries and for minor duties.
43:
3728:
2095:
where the Resistance seized control of Algiers on the night of 8 November 1942 in coordination with the
1967:
1751:
1627:
1258:
799:
656:
632:
494:
In France, many corps continued to exist until 1776. They were attached to regular dragoon regiments as
461:
457:
3672:
2724:
1406:
came to view the Freikorps as a nuisance and possible threat to his consolidation of power. During the
551:
3378:
Deutsche Politik in Polen 1939â1945. Aus dem Diensttagebuch von Hans Frank, Generalgouverneur in Polen
1696:
1003:
2169:
1930:
1662:
1546:
1265:
1128:
1121:
932:
727:
704:
1257:(camaraderie), thus preserving "the heroic spirit of comradeship in the trenches". Others, angry at
1030:
organizations that were established in Germany following the defeat in World War I. Of the numerous
3466:
2313:
2234:
2188:
1950:
1729:
1648:
1120:
under General Haas and Major Hirl as well as the largest Freikorps in Bavaria commanded by Colonel
1064:
970:
916:
648:
273:
269:
181:
168:
1451:
as a section leader and quartermaster. Reich Farmers' Leader and Minister of Food and Agriculture
3688:
3635:
3447:
2962:
2318:
2298:
2124:
2051:
1936:
1914:
1900:
1802:
1472:
1132:
953:
803:
708:
676:
366:, were a clear model for the organization of such "free" troops. Frederick the Great created 14 "
125:
118:
86:
2116:
2108:
2100:
1997:
1824:
1444:
3404:
Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe
2006:
In May 1940, the experience of the Phoney War-era Corps Franc was an influence in creating the
3647:
3621:
3598:
3576:
3555:
3534:
3489:
3470:
3411:
3385:
3362:
3341:
3322:
3290:
3054:
3029:
2999:
2976:
2935:
2925:
2899:
2851:
2841:
2814:
2771:
2761:
2705:
2695:
2613:
2603:
2558:
2480:
2470:
2378:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2192:
2153:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2027:
1786:
1778:
1701:
1606:
1456:
1298:
1222:
1068:
808:
672:
559:
482:
318:
2657:
2631:
2530:
2507:
2420:
2187:, taking 380 prisoners, killing the Italian battalion commander, and capturing the plans for
2172:, where they famously conducted a heroic bayonet charge, facing two to one odds, against the
1756:
3439:
2966:
2889:
2804:
2791:"Homosexuality and Comradeship: Destabilizing the Hegemonic Masculine Ideal in Nazi Germany"
2250:
2230:
2081:
2015:
2011:
1986:
1794:
1640:
1542:
1537:
1491:
1487:
1415:
1105:
949:
3425:
2954:
2199:
2096:
2039:
1772:
1684:
1584:
1468:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1305:
1278:
1072:
1043:
1039:
652:
502:
498:
326:
233:
3486:
Hitlers HeerfĂŒhrer. Die deutschen Oberbefehlshaber im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941/42
1859:
Formed by Czech German nationalists with Nazi sympathies which operated from 1938 to 1939
1318:
1038:
Amongst the social, political, and economic upheavals that marked the early years of the
668:
228:
militias. They were ostensibly mustered to fight on behalf of the government against the
128:
units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. They effectively fought as
667:
detachments, harassing the French supply lines and inflicting defeats on the retreating
3590:
2262:
2214:
2000:
1990:
1979:
1940:
1790:
1619:
1591:
1580:
1511:
1495:
1476:
1440:
1419:
1395:
1379:
1338:
1314:
1238:
1205:
1117:
1076:
894:
535:
396:
392:
60:
1443:, eventual head of the Nazi party Chancellery and Private Secretary to Hitler, joined
3682:
3614:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3451:
2523:
2500:
2413:
2323:
2104:
1841:
1830:
1782:
1688:
1668:
1634:
1553:
1507:
1484:
1423:
1385:
742:; many were killed in battle or executed at Napoleon's command in the aftermath. The
660:
636:
388:
367:
322:
1349:, left a negative impression with the state. By this time, the Freikorps had served
546:
2543:
Background, formation and numbering according to Bleckwenn (1986) Vol. IV, pp. 82ff
2329:
2146:
2128:
2112:
2055:
1983:
1971:
1889:
1885:
1837:
1676:
1653:
1597:
1499:
1403:
1164:
1101:
1057:
1027:
999:
980:
225:
122:
3570:
3549:
3460:
3316:
2288:
2176:
2149:
2099:
happening that same night. In taking over Algiers, they managed to capture both
1908:
1862:
Part of Hitler's successful effort to absorb Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich
1672:
1565:
1448:
1354:
1282:
1270:
1234:
1023:
1015:
832:
775:
570:
340:
211:
3251:
2953:
KĂŒhne, Thomas (2011). "The Pleasure of Terror: Belonging through Genocide". In
2134:. The Corps also included many Spanish and International old combatants of the
1439:
Numerous future members and leaders of the Nazi Party served in the Freikorps.
150:) were formed in the 18th century from native volunteers, enemy renegades, and
3399:
2894:
2875:
2809:
2790:
2258:
1975:
1680:
1411:
1374:
1362:
1342:
1326:
1286:
1214:
1184:
1160:
1109:
285:
243:
55:
2971:
2939:
2903:
2855:
2818:
2617:
2484:
764:
often operated behind French lines as a kind of commando or guerrilla force.
339:
formations were formed in 1778. Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Lithuanians, and
276:. On 15 July 1759, Frederick ordered the creation of a squadron of volunteer
3407:
3286:
2775:
2709:
2010:
who played a storied role in the delaying operations and last stands of the
1994:
1922:
1189:
958:
151:
129:
21:
For Freikorps units that started the German war against Czechoslovakia, see
3651:
3443:
3667:
3640:
Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Post-War Germany, 1918â1923
2876:"Protean Masculinity, Hegemonic Masculinity: Soldiers in the Third Reich"
2335:
2063:
1944:
1353:
purpose of suppressing revolts and communist uprisings. After the failed
1294:
1242:
1210:
692:
664:
640:
512:
472:
348:
3551:
Justice Imperiled: The Anti-Nazi Lawyer Max Hirschberg in Weimar Germany
2123:, an early member of the Corps Francs d'Afrique. They functioned as the
3381:
2226:
2184:
2180:
2073:
1918:
1522:
1515:
1464:
1197:
1172:
1061:
289:
281:
176:
172:
159:
395:, light troops had been seen necessary for outpost, reinforcement and
3000:"Freikorps | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2559:"Freikorps | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2210:
1341:, where they demonstrated full autonomy and rejected orders from the
1193:
1176:
1168:
1144:
1136:
1113:
963:
945:
526:
522:
359:
355:
344:
277:
203:
3028:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht. pp. 217â276.
2003:
was one of the more famous participants in these commando actions.
1502:
Volunteer Freikorps in 1919 and eventually became commander of the
1179:. The Freikorps demonstrated fervent anti-Slavic racism and viewed
651:. These irregular units operated in conjunction with Field Marshal
317:
and especially the Seven Years' War, when France, Prussia, and the
1875:
1521:
1274:
1180:
1009:
990:
816:
545:
363:
253:
186:
114:
110:
78:
387:) and were used in combination. They were often used to ward off
1218:
224:, consisting partially of World War I veterans, were raised as
3318:
Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918â1939
2399:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
325:
while conserving their regular regiments. Even during the last
2924:(Rev. & updated ed.). London: Robinson. p. 268.
2602:(Rev. & updated ed.). London: Robinson. p. 151.
2469:(Rev. & updated ed.). London: Robinson. p. 270.
826:
564:
27:
1978:. They were tasked with attacking German troops guarding the
3459:
Hoess, Rudolf; Fitzgibbon, Constantine; Levi, Primo (2000).
3084:
3082:
3525:
Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914
2198:
For its actions, the Corps Franc d'Afrique was awarded the
1014:
Provisional Freikorps armored vehicle in Berlin during the
819:) in the Russian Imperial Army, he also wrote such poetry.
752:(1813â15), during which von LĂŒtzow, a survivor of Schill's
3462:
Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess
2754:
Mirrors of destruction: war, genocide, and modern identity
1410:
in 1934, an internal purge of Hitler's enemies within the
720:
attracted many nationally disposed citizens and students.
399:. During the war, eight such volunteer corps were set up:
3126:
3124:
1337:
The extent of the Freikorps' involvement and actions in
2038:
On 25 November 1942, in the immediate aftermath of the
1943:
collaborationist Waffen-SS unit made up of British and
643:, formed volunteer partisan detachments functioning as
3099:
3097:
2138:, which had sought refuge in Northern Africa in 1939.
1732:, which performed hundreds of political assassinations
1709:
Occupied Munich following the revolution of April 1919
1568:
by the Latvian Army. Rescued by the Rossbach Freikorps
1558:
Defeated by the Estonian Army and Latvian Army in the
258:
Serbian, Wurmser, Odonel and Mahony Free Corps in 1798
1892:
that went under the name "Freikorps". These include:
1221:
which saw the Freikorps slaughter some 3,000 people.
962:, notably the "Thousand of Marsala", which landed in
550:
Painting of three famous Free Corps members in 1815:
3714:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939
3376:
Geiss, Immanuel; Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, eds. (1980).
2834:
The image of man: the creation of modern masculinity
1490:
enlisted in the Freikorps and carried a flag in the
758:, formed his LĂŒtzow Free Corps. The anti-Napoleonic
1833:
after an extremely long march across Eastern Europe
1112:Freikorps under Lieutenant Colonel Faupel, and two
1083:
Freikorps involvement in Germany and Eastern Europe
940:In 1864 in Mexico, the French formed the so-called
767:Throughout the 19th century, these anti-Napoleonic
41:It has been suggested that this article should be
3613:
3522:
2915:
2913:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2522:
2499:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2412:
1233:Freikorps ranks were composed primarily of former
3709:Military units and formations established in 1918
3694:Military units and formations established in 1759
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2062:, a name inspired by the elite light infantry of
1600:, 7 July 1919, after Pabst threatened to kill him
1159:The Freikorps also fought against communists and
736:Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
3488:(in German) (2nd ed.). Oldenbourg, Munich.
807:own life to illustrate such poetry. Later, when
703:and mainly were recruited from Hanoverians, the
3166:
1259:Germany's sudden, seemingly inexplicable defeat
1888:, there existed certain armed groups loyal to
2725:"When Germany Called its Soldiers Hysterical"
2529:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
2506:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
2419:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
2401:, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2011, p. 55
2141:The Corps Francs d'Afrique, under command of
1526:A recruitment poster for the Freikorps HĂŒlsen
1060:also relied on the Freikorps to suppress the
903:were set up with varying degrees of success.
8:
3616:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
2040:Allied Invasion of Vichy French North Africa
1927:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1849:
1814:
1763:
1051:
979:were developed in France that were known as
974:
920:
907:
898:
768:
759:
753:
743:
721:
715:
682:
529:
516:
506:
486:
476:
443:
434:
419:
407:
377:
371:
334:
308:
299:
293:
263:
237:
219:
197:
162:
141:
94:
861:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
748:were very popular during the period of the
599:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
475:duties. In the so-called "petty wars", the
16:1760sâ1940s German volunteer military units
3338:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
2957:; Ross, Corey; d'Almeida, Fabrice (eds.).
2294:List of defunct Paramilitary Organizations
2217:, today seen as a forebear to the postwar
2008:Groupes Francs Motorisé de Cavalerie (GFC)
1483:'s Freikorps as a teenager. Leader of the
136:, regardless of their own nationality. In
2970:
2922:A brief history of the birth of the Nazis
2893:
2808:
2600:A brief history of the birth of the Nazis
2467:A brief history of the birth of the Nazis
881:Learn how and when to remove this message
619:Learn how and when to remove this message
3465:. Translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon,
3178:
3142:
3130:
1921:volunteer collaborationist group in the
1728:Disbanded members eventually formed the
794:, written by soldier-poets. In Germany,
191:
3053:. Palgrave Mcmillan. pp. 347â361.
2352:
2332:, medieval units with some similarities
1745:Participated in the Kapp Putsch of 1920
1725:Participated in the Kapp Putsch of 1920
1596:Disbanded on order of Defence Minister
1053:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
3154:
2177:34th Battalion of the 10th Bersaglieri
2022:. Between April â September 1944, the
1042:, the tenuous German government under
525:. The combat effectiveness of the six
292:(also called horse grenadiers) of the
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3115:
3103:
3088:
2994:
2992:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2747:
2745:
2681:
2679:
2115:forces came over to the Allied side.
1147:commemorates the incident. Historian
1108:second Marine Brigade Freikorps, the
937:and others distinguished themselves.
906:During the March 1848 riots, student
104:
7:
2789:Crouthamel, Jason (September 2018).
2553:
2551:
2549:
2046:(African Corps Franc) was raised in
1576:(Garde-Kavallerie-SchĂŒtzendivision)
859:adding citations to reliable sources
597:adding citations to reliable sources
481:interdicted enemy supply lines with
2658:"Freikorps "Free Corps" in Germany"
2632:"Freikorps "Free Corps" in Germany"
2525:Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Rise to Power
2502:Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Rise to Power
2415:Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Rise to Power
2091:which had been responsible for the
2076:. Much of the Corps was drawn from
1071:of revolutionary communist leaders
3779:Defunct paramilitary organizations
3340:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2959:Pleasure and Power in Nazi Germany
2309:List of paramilitary organizations
1880:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps members
1574:Volunteer Division of Horse Guards
1455:was part of the Berlin Freikorps.
1213:civilians suspected of harbouring
1048:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
3719:1939 disestablishments in Germany
3004:encyclopedia.1914â1918-online.net
2563:encyclopedia.1914â1918-online.net
1903:paramilitary that fought against
1762:(Maercker's Volunteer Rifles, or
691:. After the French under Emperor
3666:
3554:. University of Michigan Press.
3361:. University of Missouri Press.
3321:. University Press of Kentucky.
3076:. Elite 76. Osprey, 2001. p. 20.
2874:KĂŒhne, Thomas (September 2018).
2723:Blakemore, Erin (24 June 2019).
2024:Corps Franc de la Montagne Noire
1163:in Eastern Europe, most notably
831:
699:, who had fought for Britain in
569:
32:
3749:Political repression in Germany
2377:. Picador. pp. 30â31, 33.
2143:Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert
1974:during the period known as the
1369:Affiliation with the Nazi Party
732:Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von LĂŒtzow
467:Volontaires Auxiliaires (F VI).
3769:German Revolution of 1918â1919
3704:1918 establishments in Germany
3699:1759 establishments in Prussia
3620:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2686:Theweleit, Klaus (1987â1989).
2225:. The GCA went on to fight at
2121:Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle
1541:("Eiserne Division", formerly
1531:Freikorps groups and divisions
1247:post-traumatic stress disorder
331:War of the Bavarian Succession
315:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3774:Right-wing politics in Europe
3049:Pomplun, Jan-Philipp (2020).
3024:Pomplun, Jan-Phliipp (2022).
2692:University of Minnesota Press
2360:Wichmann's German Dictionary,
2026:unit operated as part of the
2014:, notably in the defenses of
1765:Freiwilliges LandesjÀgerkorps
1297:. Prominent Freikorps member
1229:Freikorps identity and ideals
1217:sympathies or the capture of
893:Even in the aftermath of the
321:embarked on an escalation of
3597:. London: Cassell & Co.
3358:The unmaking of Adolf Hitler
3074:The German Freikorps 1918â23
2326:related Freikorps activities
2219:Parachutist Shock Battalions
2207:African Commando Group (GCA)
2160:. They fought alongside the
2078:Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie
2044:Corps Francs d'Afrique (CFA)
1976:Phoney War (DrĂŽle de Guerre)
1931:invasion of the Soviet Union
1639:Fought under the command of
1618:Fought under the command of
1504:Auschwitz extermination camp
1481:Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker
1391:German Revolution of 1918â19
1304:In 1977, German sociologist
1098:German Revolution of 1918â19
505:, Austria recruited various
412:(Voluntaires de Prusse) (FI)
232:attempting to overthrow the
216:German Revolution of 1918â19
3744:Military history of Germany
3595:Hess: The Fuhrer's Disciple
3548:Morris, Douglas G. (2005).
3167:Geiss & Jacobmeyer 1980
2373:Haffner, Sebastian (2000).
2069:, who were named after the
1722:(The Second Naval Brigade)
3795:
3644:W. W. Norton & Company
2119:was later assassinated by
1929:, and participated in the
1897:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
1852:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
1742:(The Third Naval Brigade)
1461:Reich Security Main Office
1032:Weimar paramilitary groups
1006:in Berlin in January 1919.
996:Minister of the Reichswehr
740:Battle of Stralsund (1809)
689:Confederation of the Rhine
391:'s Pandurs. In the era of
134:private military companies
121:German and other European
89:commonly used by Freikorps
23:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
20:
3739:Anti-communism in Germany
3575:. Naval Institute Press.
3569:Mueller, Michael (2007).
3484:HĂŒrter, Johannes (2007).
3355:Davidson, Eugene (2004).
3336:Childers, Thomas (2017).
3283:Who's Who In Nazi Germany
3281:Wistrich, Robert (2001).
2895:10.1017/S0008938918000596
2832:Mosse, George L. (1996).
2810:10.1017/S0008938918000602
2304:List of Freikorps members
1712:Commanded by Major Schulz
1510:, eventual leader of the
138:German-speaking countries
3315:Blanke, Richard (1993).
2972:10.1057/9780230306905_11
2881:Central European History
2796:Central European History
1925:that was founded by the
1739:Marinebrigade Loewenfeld
1408:Night of the Long Knives
1094:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1088:Bavarian Soviet Republic
750:German War of Liberation
430:'s Free Dragoons (F III)
284:and consisted mainly of
246:in their rise to power.
3764:Counter-revolutionaries
3759:Conservatism in Germany
3724:Antisemitism in Germany
3469:. Sterling Publishing.
3252:"Axis History Factbook"
2838:Oxford University Press
2758:Oxford University Press
2521:Heiden, Konrad (1944).
2498:Heiden, Konrad (1944).
2411:Heiden, Konrad (1944).
2191:. They participated in
2136:Spanish Republican Army
2089:French Resistance Group
1475:) and initiator of the
1253:(battle community) and
1202:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1141:Social Democratic Party
912:were set up in Munich.
633:1812 invasion of Russia
3612:Read, Anthony (2004).
3511:University of Nebraska
3503:Koepp, Roy G. (2010).
2965:UK. pp. 234â255.
2034:Corps Francs d'Afrique
1957:Use in other countries
1907:for annexation of the
1881:
1850:
1815:
1764:
1719:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
1614:Bremen Soviet Republic
1527:
1459:, future chief of the
1052:
1019:
1007:
975:
944:under former Prussian
921:
908:
899:
769:
760:
754:
744:
722:
716:
683:
562:
530:
517:
511:of Slavic origin. The
507:
487:
477:
454:'s Free Hussars (F VI)
444:
435:
420:
408:
378:
372:
358:, who were made up of
335:
309:
300:
294:
264:
259:
238:
220:
207:
198:
163:
142:
140:, the first so-called
95:
90:
2920:Jones, Nigel (2004).
2752:Bartov, Omer (2000).
2598:Jones, Nigel (2004).
2465:Jones, Nigel (2004).
2195:Bizerte in May 1943.
2179:near the mountain of
2162:British 139th Brigade
2033:
1879:
1661:Under the command of
1628:Freikorps Lichtschlag
1525:
1492:1923 Beer Hall Putsch
1453:Richard Walther Darré
1067:, culminating in the
1013:
994:
800:Max von Schenkendorff
701:French-occupied Spain
657:Russian Imperial Army
549:
462:Electorate of Hanover
397:reconnaissance duties
257:
195:
106:[ËfÊaÉȘËkoËÉÌŻ]
82:
47:into articles titled
3754:Terrorism in Germany
3675:at Wikimedia Commons
3509:(PhD). Lincoln, NE:
3444:10.1093/pastj/gtm046
3217:, pp. 203, 216.
3091:, pp. 131, 132.
2694:. pp. 184â191.
2093:Algiers Insurrection
1663:Franz Ritter von Epp
1547:Baltische Landeswehr
1514:, supported various
1389:(SS). Unlike in the
1245:when suffering from
1122:Franz Ritter von Epp
1079:on 15 January 1919.
948:officer, Milson. In
855:improve this section
728:Ferdinand von Schill
697:King's German Legion
593:improve this section
343:, as well as Turks,
313:appeared during the
210:In the aftermath of
164:von Kleist Freikorps
3636:Waite, Robert G. L.
3467:Joachim Neugroschel
3384:: Leske + Budrich.
3205:, pp. 140â142.
3157:, pp. 624â625.
2397:William L. Shirer,
2314:Organisation Consul
2267:Invasion of Germany
2221:and the modern day
2209:on 13 July 1943 in
2189:Operation Ausladung
2145:, went on to fight
2107:, which led to the
1951:Freikorps Sauerland
1730:Organisation Consul
1633:Fought against the
1612:Fought against the
1365:beginning in 1923.
1355:Kapp-LĂŒtwitz Putsch
1237:soldiers who, upon
1200:as a result of the
1065:Spartacist uprising
971:Franco-Prussian War
917:First Schleswig War
726:commanders such as
649:retreat from Moscow
270:Frederick the Great
182:Volontaires de Saxe
167:included infantry,
146:("free regiments",
3431:Past & Present
3410:. pp. 50â70.
2963:Palgrave Macmillan
2319:Battle of Annaberg
2299:List of Free Corps
2127:equivalent to the
2052:Free French Forces
1937:British Free Corps
1915:Free Corps Denmark
1901:German nationalist
1882:
1803:Freikorps Oberland
1752:Freikorps Maercker
1528:
1223:Summary executions
1106:Hermann Ehrhardt's
1069:summary executions
1020:
1008:
956:formed his famous
954:Giuseppe Garibaldi
804:Ernst Moritz Arndt
709:Black Brunswickers
671:in the battles of
647:during the French
631:During Napoleon's
563:
458:LĂ©gion Britannique
268:were recruited by
260:
208:
202:paramilitaries in
91:
3671:Media related to
3540:978-1-565-84192-5
3495:978-3-486-58341-0
3417:978-0-049-40087-0
3347:978-1-45165-113-3
3296:978-0-415-11888-0
3241:, pp. 33â37.
3060:978-3-030-54962-6
3035:978-3-525-31146-2
2982:978-0-230-30690-5
2028:French Resistance
1947:prisoners of war.
1836:Members include:
1816:Freikorps RoĂbach
1787:Ernst von Salomon
1779:Reinhard Heydrich
1777:Members include:
1667:Members include:
1607:Freikorps Caspari
1587:, 15 January 1919
1545:, related to the
1457:Reinhard Heydrich
1445:Gerhard RoĂbach's
1347:German government
1299:Ernst von Salomon
1251:Kampfgemeinschaft
891:
890:
883:
809:Mikhail Lermontov
705:LĂŒtzow Free Corps
629:
628:
621:
560:Friedrich Friesen
552:Heinrich Hartmann
483:guerrilla warfare
354:For Prussia, the
319:Habsburg monarchy
230:German communists
77:
76:
3786:
3670:
3655:
3631:
3619:
3608:
3586:
3565:
3544:
3528:
3514:
3499:
3480:
3455:
3438:(200): 175â209.
3426:Gerwarth, Robert
3421:
3395:
3372:
3351:
3332:
3301:
3300:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3242:
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3230:
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3218:
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3200:
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3188:
3182:
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3077:
3071:
3065:
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3046:
3040:
3039:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2955:Swett, Pamela E.
2950:
2944:
2943:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2871:
2860:
2859:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2749:
2740:
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2735:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2648:
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2595:
2574:
2573:
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2555:
2544:
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2534:
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2511:
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2495:
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2488:
2462:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2284:Freikorps Awards
2012:Battle of France
1987:collaborationist
1855:
1818:
1795:Walter Warlimont
1767:
1760:
1705:
1697:Freikorps LĂŒtzow
1657:
1641:Oskar von Watter
1488:Heinrich Himmler
1416:Hermann Ehrhardt
1373:The rise of the
1129:LĂŒtzow Freikorps
1055:
1046:, leader of the
1004:Freikorps HĂŒlsen
987:PostâWorld War I
978:
969:Even before the
942:Contreguerrillas
924:
911:
902:
886:
879:
875:
872:
866:
835:
827:
792:Freikorps poetry
782:Freikorps poetry
772:
763:
757:
747:
725:
719:
686:
624:
617:
613:
610:
604:
573:
565:
533:
520:
510:
490:
480:
447:
438:
423:
411:
381:
375:
338:
312:
303:
297:
274:Seven Years' War
267:
241:
236:. However, many
223:
201:
166:
148:Freie Regimenter
145:
113:" or "Volunteer
108:
103:
98:
72:
69:
36:
35:
28:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3679:
3678:
3663:
3658:
3634:
3628:
3611:
3605:
3591:Padfield, Peter
3589:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3517:
3502:
3496:
3483:
3477:
3458:
3424:
3418:
3398:
3392:
3375:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3335:
3329:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
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3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
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3110:
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3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
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3048:
3047:
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3018:
3008:
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2983:
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2788:
2787:
2783:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2702:
2690:. Minneapolis:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2428:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2275:
2200:Croix de Guerre
2183:on the road to
2097:Allied landings
2036:
1964:
1959:
1874:
1868:
1825:Gerhard RoĂbach
1773:Ludwig Maercker
1754:
1699:
1685:Gregor Strasser
1651:
1590:Led by Captain
1585:Karl Liebknecht
1560:Battle of CÄsis
1543:Eiserne Brigade
1533:
1463:(including the
1437:
1371:
1359:Hans von Seeckt
1335:
1325:upon which the
1310:Male Fantasies,
1306:Klaus Theweleit
1231:
1157:
1116:divisions from
1090:
1085:
1073:Karl Liebknecht
1044:Friedrich Ebert
1040:Weimar Republic
989:
887:
876:
870:
867:
852:
836:
825:
784:
653:Mikhail Kutuzov
625:
614:
608:
605:
590:
574:
544:
503:Napoleonic Wars
373:Frei-Infanterie
252:
234:Weimar Republic
214:and during the
101:
73:
67:
64:
37:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Anti-anarchism
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3662:
3661:External links
3659:
3657:
3656:
3632:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3519:Kolko, Gabriel
3515:
3500:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3456:
3422:
3416:
3396:
3391:978-3810002969
3390:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3333:
3327:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3289:. p. 35.
3273:
3264:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3120:
3118:, p. 145.
3108:
3093:
3078:
3066:
3059:
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3016:
2988:
2981:
2945:
2930:
2909:
2861:
2846:
2824:
2781:
2766:
2760:. p. 20.
2741:
2715:
2700:
2688:Male fantasies
2675:
2662:WW2 Gravestone
2649:
2636:WW2 Gravestone
2623:
2608:
2575:
2545:
2536:
2513:
2490:
2475:
2426:
2403:
2390:
2383:
2375:Defying Hitler
2365:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2193:the capture of
2156:with the U.S.
2101:Admiral Darlan
2067:Imperial Guard
2056:General Giraud
2048:French Morocco
2035:
2032:
2001:Joseph Darnand
1991:Anti-Bolshevik
1980:Siegfried Line
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1934:
1912:
1905:Czechoslovakia
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1827:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1791:Alfred Toepfer
1775:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1665:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:Walter Caspari
1616:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:Waldemar Pabst
1588:
1581:Rosa Luxemburg
1571:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1552:Fought in the
1532:
1529:
1477:Final Solution
1441:Martin Bormann
1436:
1433:
1426:. In Hitler's
1380:Sturmabteilung
1370:
1367:
1339:Eastern Europe
1334:
1333:Demobilization
1331:
1239:demobilization
1230:
1227:
1156:
1155:Eastern Europe
1153:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:Rosa Luxemburg
988:
985:
895:Napoleonic era
889:
888:
839:
837:
830:
824:
821:
796:Theodor Körner
783:
780:
627:
626:
577:
575:
568:
556:Theodor Körner
543:
542:Napoleonic era
540:
469:
468:
465:
455:
449:
440:
431:
425:
413:
393:linear tactics
327:Kabinettskrieg
251:
248:
75:
74:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3791:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
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3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
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3745:
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3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3627:0-393-04800-4
3623:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3604:0-304-35843-6
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3582:9781591141013
3578:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3561:0-472-11476-X
3557:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3531:The New Press
3527:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3476:1-84212-024-7
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3380:(in German).
3379:
3374:
3370:
3368:9780826215291
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3328:0-8131-1803-4
3324:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3271:Mueller, p 61
3268:
3265:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:, p. 38.
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3193:, p. 89.
3192:
3187:
3184:
3181:, p. 71.
3180:
3179:Childers 2017
3175:
3172:
3169:, p. 11.
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3145:, p. 13.
3144:
3143:Padfield 2001
3139:
3136:
3133:, p. 59.
3132:
3131:Davidson 2004
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3106:, p. 62.
3105:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2931:1-84119-925-7
2927:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2847:1-60256-338-1
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:0-19-507723-7
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:0-8166-1448-2
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2609:1-84119-925-7
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:1-84119-925-7
2472:
2468:
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2459:
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2455:
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2435:
2433:
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2422:
2417:
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2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2384:0-312-42113-3
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:Viking League
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
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2277:
2276:
2272:
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2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:José Aboulker
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:into Germany.
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:Rudolph Hoess
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:Iron Division
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Eggert Reeder
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Otto Strasser
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1649:Freikorps Epp
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:Red Ruhr Army
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:Iron Division
1535:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:East Prussian
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:Freikorps in
1446:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:Schutzstaffel
1382:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:Enlightenment
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:Kameradschaft
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:of March 1920
1017:
1012:
1005:
1002:, visits the
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
981:franc-tireurs
977:
972:
967:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:
930:
929:
923:
918:
913:
910:
904:
901:
896:
885:
882:
874:
864:
860:
856:
850:
849:
845:
840:This section
838:
834:
829:
828:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:hussar poetry
781:
779:
777:
771:
765:
762:
756:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Matvei Platov
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Denis Davydov
635:, the hussar
634:
623:
620:
612:
602:
598:
594:
588:
587:
583:
578:This section
576:
572:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
548:
541:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
501:. During the
500:
497:
492:
489:
484:
479:
474:
466:
463:
460:(FV â of the
459:
456:
453:
450:
446:
441:
437:
432:
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
405:
402:
401:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:Maria Theresa
386:
380:
374:
369:
368:free infantry
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
332:
328:
324:
323:petty warfare
320:
316:
311:
305:
302:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
256:
249:
247:
245:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
217:
213:
205:
200:
194:
190:
189:and dragoons.
188:
184:
183:
179:. The French
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
99:
97:
88:
85:
81:
71:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
45:
39:
30:
29:
24:
19:
3729:Anti-Masonry
3642:. New York:
3639:
3615:
3594:
3571:
3550:
3529:. New York:
3524:
3505:
3485:
3461:
3435:
3429:
3406:. New York:
3403:
3377:
3357:
3337:
3317:
3308:Bibliography
3307:
3306:
3285:. New York:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3111:
3073:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3025:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2958:
2948:
2921:
2885:
2879:
2836:. New York:
2833:
2827:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2753:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:
2718:
2687:
2666:. Retrieved
2664:. 1 May 2018
2661:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2638:. 1 May 2018
2635:
2626:
2599:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2539:
2524:
2516:
2501:
2493:
2466:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2330:Free company
2204:
2197:
2140:
2113:Vichy French
2105:General Juin
2059:
2043:
2037:
2005:
1972:Maginot Line
1965:
1886:World War II
1883:
1872:World War II
1867:
1848:
1838:Kurt Daluege
1829:Rescued the
1813:
1801:
1750:
1737:
1717:
1695:
1677:Eduard Dietl
1647:
1626:
1605:
1598:Gustav Noske
1573:
1536:
1438:
1404:Adolf Hitler
1402:Eventually,
1401:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1336:
1319:Thomas KĂŒhne
1309:
1303:
1279:interwar era
1263:
1254:
1250:
1232:
1165:East Prussia
1158:
1126:
1091:
1058:Gustav Noske
1037:
1028:paramilitary
1021:
1000:Gustav Noske
973:of 1870/71,
968:
957:
941:
939:
933:
928:von der Tann
927:
919:of 1848 the
914:
905:
892:
877:
868:
853:Please help
841:
812:
791:
787:
785:
766:
713:
681:
669:Grande Armée
644:
641:warrior-poet
630:
615:
606:
591:Please help
579:
495:
493:
470:
384:
353:
307:These early
306:
261:
226:paramilitary
209:
180:
147:
123:paramilitary
93:
92:
68:October 2022
65:
54:
49:
48:
42:
18:
3400:Eley, Geoff
3155:HĂŒrter 2007
3009:11 December
2729:JSTOR Daily
2289:Landsknecht
2279:Asgaard PMC
2150:Afrikakorps
2125:Free French
2109:Darlan Deal
2050:within the
1909:Sudetenland
1823:Founded by
1820:(Rossbach)
1808:Kurt Benson
1771:Founded by
1755: [
1700: [
1673:Rudolf Hess
1652: [
1566:Thorensberg
1564:Trapped in
1498:joined the
1496:Rudolf Höss
1449:Mecklenburg
1435:Nazi legacy
1315:Nigel Jones
1283:World War I
1281:. Although
1271:masculinity
1235:World War I
1206:Nigel Jones
1149:Nigel Jones
1135:outside of
1118:WĂŒrttemberg
1024:World War I
1016:Kapp Putsch
776:World War I
659:and Ataman
655:'s regular
341:South Slavs
272:during the
212:World War I
130:mercenaries
3683:Categories
3239:Waite 1969
3227:Waite 1969
3215:Waite 1969
3203:Waite 1969
3191:Waite 1969
3116:Waite 1969
3104:Waite 1969
3089:Waite 1969
2961:. London:
2888:(3): 395.
2803:(3): 424.
2756:. Oxford:
2734:8 December
2668:8 December
2642:8 December
2568:6 December
2342:References
2265:, and the
2259:Guebwiller
2064:Napoleon's
1681:Hans Frank
1669:Ernst Röhm
1508:Ernst Röhm
1424:Ernst Röhm
1412:Nazi Party
1375:Nazi Party
1343:Reichswehr
1308:published
1291:socialists
1287:Bolsheviks
1243:hysterical
1185:Bolsheviks
1161:Bolsheviks
959:Freischars
871:April 2024
609:April 2024
521:fought in
442:Gschray's
262:The first
56:Free corps
3689:Freikorps
3673:Freikorps
3638:(1969) .
3452:161539557
3408:Routledge
3287:Routledge
3257:3 January
2940:224053608
2904:0008-9389
2856:174114386
2819:0008-9389
2618:224053608
2485:224053608
2247:Giromagny
2181:Kef Zilia
2170:Sidi Nasr
2166:Kassarine
2132:Commandos
2020:the Loire
2016:the Seine
1982:. Future
1923:Waffen-SS
1479:, was in
1428:Reichstag
1383:(SA) and
1295:pacifists
1215:Bolshevik
1190:Lithuania
976:Freikorps
966:in 1860.
922:Freikorps
909:Freikorps
900:Freikorps
842:does not
770:Freikorps
761:Freikorps
755:Freikorps
745:Freikorps
723:Freikorps
717:Freikorps
684:Freikorps
645:Freikorps
580:does not
531:Freikorps
518:Freikorps
508:Freikorps
499:squadrons
488:Freikorps
478:Freikorps
445:Freikorps
436:Freikorps
433:Schony's
428:Glasenapp
421:Freikorps
409:Freikorps
379:Freikorps
310:Freikorps
301:Freikorps
295:Freikorps
286:Hungarian
265:Freikorps
239:Freikorps
221:Freikorps
199:Freikorps
185:combined
152:deserters
143:Freikorps
126:volunteer
119:irregular
96:Freikorps
50:Freikorps
3593:(2001).
3521:(1994).
2776:42022246
2710:14818459
2336:Heimwehr
2273:See also
2239:Provence
2223:13th RDP
2158:5th Army
2147:Rommel's
2111:wherein
2086:GĂ©o Gras
1945:Dominion
1516:Bavarian
1289:, Jews,
707:and the
693:Napoleon
677:Berezina
675:and the
538:border.
527:Viennese
515:Wurmser
513:Slavonic
473:garrison
404:TrĂŒmbach
349:Cossacks
336:Freikorp
290:dragoons
173:dragoons
160:Prussian
117:") were
109:, "Free
84:Imperial
3652:3633548
3572:Canaris
3382:Opladen
2243:Belfort
2235:Salerno
2227:Pianosa
2215:Algeria
2211:Dupleix
2185:Bizerte
2174:Italian
2154:Tunisia
2129:British
2074:Velites
1941:British
1890:Germany
1884:During
1579:Killed
1554:Baltics
1465:Gestapo
1422:leader
1351:Ebert's
1329:built.
1323:New Man
1211:Latvian
1198:Estonia
1173:Silesia
1133:Perlach
1114:Swabian
1110:Gorlitz
1062:Marxist
934:Zastrow
863:removed
848:sources
823:1815â71
673:Krasnoi
665:Cossack
601:removed
586:sources
536:Ottoman
356:Pandurs
282:Dresden
278:hussars
250:Origins
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177:hussars
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2060:VĂ©lite
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1471:, and
1293:, and
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1194:Latvia
1177:Poland
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813:junker
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3648:OCLC
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