4846:
5371:
5351:
5322:
5280:
5244:
5215:
5186:
5150:
5108:
5072:
5043:
5014:
4978:
4956:
4920:
4891:
4862:
5403:
4426:
3589:
1364:
they occur as allophones. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the
Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing
1407:
as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gravity
1383:
of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have but lack . (Relatedly, several languages have the
312:
and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
1325:. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of
1935:
107:. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English , , , and are examples of sibilants.
1971:
1945:
1372:, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.
1955:
1940:
1395:
but lack , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – , , , and .
658:
at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the
1925:
1902:
1892:
677:
do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: . However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)
1887:
5469:
4779:
2836:
2582:
2850:
2843:
2589:
3064:
2822:
2568:
391:
1837:
502:
4568:
2857:
2554:
365:
4607:
4530:
4741:
4671:
2829:
2575:
1500:
399:
4614:
4511:
5412:
4947:
4736:
4435:
3598:
3359:
3266:
1851:
1735:
1710:
1560:
518:
512:
4691:
4628:
4440:
3449:
3341:
3248:
2561:
492:
378:
4635:
4581:
4537:
4963:
4784:
3974:
3929:
3436:
3373:
3280:
2731:
2487:
535:
239:
4764:
4549:
4518:
1345:
unknown in indigenous
Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have in their consonant inventory.
4985:
3940:
3892:
3878:
3820:
3806:
3458:
3366:
3273:
1882:
606:
524:
482:
470:
460:
404:
4713:
4698:
4478:
5462:
5034:
3954:
3476:
3387:
3348:
3294:
3255:
3012:
1685:
1664:
1510:
1348:
Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and
Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as
721:
552:
497:
434:
177:
4464:
5206:
3947:
3603:
3530:
3467:
3380:
3287:
2794:
2738:
2703:
2494:
2459:
717:
541:
352:
245:
211:
197:
114:" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists for non-sibilant fricatives. "
5719:
4574:
4556:
6126:
5493:
5271:
5050:
5005:
3512:
2780:
2536:
1846:
1326:
1322:
620:
487:
409:
332:
45:
27:
5692:
4484:
5222:
5177:
5063:
4430:
4425:
3857:
3785:
3593:
3588:
3394:
3301:
2947:
2906:
2642:
2309:
643:
558:
445:
182:
5687:
4492:
2045:
6131:
5235:
5021:
4882:
4381:
4241:
4209:
3537:
2801:
2717:
2710:
2473:
2466:
2295:
1390:
1385:
357:
251:
225:
203:
5699:
5682:
4470:
134:
The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences
5674:
5455:
5342:
5193:
5079:
4774:
4372:
4361:
4273:
3885:
3813:
3519:
2977:
2787:
2766:
2689:
2543:
2522:
2445:
1930:
1830:
342:
322:
147:
68:
close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the
5714:
5709:
4587:
5251:
4898:
4853:
4388:
3871:
3850:
3799:
3546:
2964:
2920:
2913:
2864:
2656:
2649:
2600:
2345:
2316:
2165:
1998:
1204:
686:
648:
450:
414:
5704:
4498:
1234:
300:) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed,
5979:
5407:
5402:
5313:
4911:
4402:
4324:
3206:
3099:
2986:
2892:
2808:
2724:
2628:
2480:
2327:
2302:
2281:
633:
265:
4816:
5626:
5571:
5362:
5099:
4869:
4769:
4395:
4315:
4304:
3906:
3864:
3834:
3792:
3170:
2878:
2773:
2696:
2614:
2529:
2452:
2359:
2210:
2181:
424:
327:
167:
157:
720:", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see
709:, fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as
590:(, a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as
5737:
5556:
5489:
5329:
5141:
4927:
4453:
4331:
3899:
3827:
3555:
3152:
3126:
3075:
2995:
2927:
2871:
2607:
2387:
2352:
2192:
2172:
2151:
1445:
1360:, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as and , which are familiar to many European speakers. In some
732:
Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as
695:
419:
5940:
5935:
5846:
5378:
5291:
5115:
4345:
3741:
3213:
3046:
3037:
3020:
2899:
2815:
2635:
2373:
2334:
2288:
2224:
1823:
638:
1810:
5957:
5767:
5566:
5541:
5485:
5157:
4338:
4102:
4040:
3732:
3721:
3666:
3632:
3192:
3177:
3057:
2885:
2621:
2366:
2252:
2217:
2108:
2093:
2077:
1465:
1357:
1318:
1300:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1241:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
978:
971:
966:
958:
950:
944:
939:
933:
927:
922:
918:
913:
840:
832:
824:
804:
800:
796:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
706:
616:
602:
429:
396:
388:
375:
362:
289:
172:
61:
41:
37:
23:
5546:
5523:
5501:
4164:
4091:
4071:
4029:
4009:
3748:
3645:
3159:
3133:
3108:
3082:
2394:
2238:
2199:
2158:
2088:
2049:
1897:
1334:
789:
119:
65:
839:, appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when
5984:
5947:
5659:
4620:
4153:
4133:
4111:
4049:
3762:
3701:
3028:
2380:
2231:
2133:
1388:
670:
740:
are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically
6055:
5925:
5902:
5651:
5604:
5576:
5417:
4684:
4295:
4182:
4173:
4082:
4020:
3769:
3755:
3673:
3199:
2259:
2113:
2070:
1361:
741:
663:
309:
297:
259:
1416:), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.
5920:
5753:
5561:
5518:
4707:
4144:
3710:
3659:
3638:
2401:
2245:
2103:
2083:
2041:
1792:
1613:
Guillaume
Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi,
674:
659:
308:, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are
285:
1642:". In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.)
6042:
5999:
5876:
5841:
5664:
5631:
5599:
5533:
5128:
4663:
4065:
3916:
3680:
3611:
3225:
2138:
2118:
2060:
1950:
1731:
1706:
1681:
1660:
1556:
1506:
1464:
There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. ⟨
1440:
1330:
1016:
836:
777:
301:
293:
277:
188:
6067:
6060:
5915:
5871:
5866:
5729:
5641:
5618:
5594:
5551:
5510:
4938:
4457:
4003:
3694:
3652:
2128:
2098:
2065:
2055:
1784:
1430:
1349:
1338:
828:
733:
710:
580:
305:
281:
255:
123:
6032:
5930:
5910:
5851:
5819:
5636:
5262:
4996:
3994:
3687:
3120:
2123:
1993:
1815:
1698:
1530:
1492:
1353:
753:
569:
545:
215:
73:
1655:
Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in
Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.)
1341:
and South
America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas is
701:
In many languages, such as
English or Korean, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied
6004:
5168:
1526:
1435:
1314:
591:
506:
87:
6120:
6090:
6050:
6027:
5994:
5967:
4827:
4355:
4197:
3615:
1796:
1496:
1412:), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as
595:
83:
6100:
6019:
6009:
5989:
4677:
2410:
816:
765:
655:
610:
574:
464:
456:
with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.
6105:
6095:
6085:
5972:
5829:
5425:
4839:
4822:
4600:
4127:
2935:
2008:
1986:
1588:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
586:
528:
69:
5888:
5304:
4832:
2145:
2003:
1788:
6077:
5883:
5834:
5789:
5776:
5090:
3777:
2423:
2031:
1425:
1404:
1380:
737:
702:
273:
58:
5811:
5799:
5396:
4731:
4653:
4647:
4419:
3582:
2420:
1646:. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
1376:
1075:
135:
104:
92:
33:
1759:. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University.
1752:
5784:
4504:
3715:
2275:
1981:
820:
1317:
may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including
1775:
1375:
This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from
1321:), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the
5824:
4807:
1976:
1753:"Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives"
1703:
The Sounds of
Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1555:. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 36.
78:
5451:
5447:
4805:
2029:
1864:
1819:
1639:
1329:, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to
1757:
VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on His 70th Birthday
118:" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also
64:
by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
16:
Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel
1368:
About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have
843:
occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.
666:
may be added to specify an approximant realization, .
628:
IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants
3620:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1659:, pp. 26–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
441:
The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,
110:
The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6076:
6041:
6018:
5956:
5901:
5810:
5775:
5766:
5746:
5728:
5673:
5650:
5617:
5587:
5532:
5509:
5500:
5261:
5089:
4937:
4757:
2076:
2048:
1964:
1918:
1875:
792:, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives:
724:for a putative (and rather controversial) example.
1337:, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of
1777:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1730:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 162–3.
705:states of the glottis, without any accompanying
623:(a laterally lisped or ) (Modern South Arabian)
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
756:; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few
5463:
4780:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1831:
1644:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
8:
5772:
5584:
5506:
5470:
5456:
5448:
4802:
4754:
2026:
1872:
1861:
1838:
1824:
1816:
654:No language distinguishes fricatives from
103:A particular subset of fricatives are the
1893:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
392:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
82:); or the side of the tongue against the
846:
503:voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative
218:, partially palatalized), as in English
3634:
2075:
1481:
1457:
366:voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative
228:(domed, partially palatalized), as the
2059:
1657:The World Atlas of Language Structures
1601:
400:voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
4294:
3993:
3709:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2069:
2064:
2054:
519:voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
513:voiced postalveolar lateral fricative
7:
3667:
1680:. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
1553:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
1487:
1485:
748:contrasts with a tense, unaspirated
564:The lateral fricative occurs as the
493:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
379:voiced dental non-sibilant fricative
96:). This turbulent airflow is called
36:. For the distinction between ,
4785:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3646:
3610:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1502:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1468:⟩ are not IPA transcription.
716:In addition, is usually called a "
536:voiceless palatal lateral fricative
194:voiced predorsal sibilant (laminal)
3702:
1883:International Phonetic Association
607:voiceless lateral-median fricative
525:Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
483:voiceless dental lateral fricative
461:voiceless velopharyngeal fricative
405:Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
240:voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
212:voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
14:
5377:
5361:
5341:
5328:
5312:
5290:
5270:
5250:
5234:
5221:
5205:
5192:
5176:
5156:
5140:
5127:
5114:
5098:
5078:
5062:
5049:
5033:
5020:
5004:
4984:
4962:
4946:
4926:
4910:
4897:
4881:
4868:
4852:
4712:
4697:
4690:
4670:
4646:
4634:
4627:
4613:
4606:
4580:
4567:
4555:
4548:
4536:
4529:
4517:
4510:
4491:
4477:
4463:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4371:
4360:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4314:
4303:
4272:
4240:
4208:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4152:
4143:
4132:
4110:
4101:
4090:
4081:
4070:
4048:
4039:
4028:
4019:
4008:
3973:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3928:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3720:
3674:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3529:
3518:
3511:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3435:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3347:
3340:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3247:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3176:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3132:
3125:
3107:
3098:
3081:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3011:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2963:
2946:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2333:
2326:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2198:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2134:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1590:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
722:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
696:breathy-voiced glottal transition
553:voiceless velar lateral fricative
498:voiced alveolar lateral fricative
435:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
191:, with tongue tip at lower teeth)
5401:
5369:
5349:
5320:
5278:
5242:
5213:
5184:
5148:
5106:
5070:
5041:
5012:
4976:
4954:
4918:
4889:
4860:
4844:
4424:
3660:
3639:
3587:
1936:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1705:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 129.
718:voiceless labial-velar fricative
662:to the letters, . Likewise, the
542:voiced palatal lateral fricative
353:voiceless linguolabial fricative
5494:International Phonetic Alphabet
3681:
1847:International Phonetic Alphabet
1728:Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics
1327:Australian Aboriginal languages
621:voiced lateral-median fricative
488:voiced dental lateral fricative
471:voiced velopharyngeal fricative
410:Voiced alveolar fricative trill
333:voiceless labiodental fricative
317:Central non-sibilant fricatives
246:voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
226:voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
198:voiceless postalveolar sibilant
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
4765:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3695:
3653:
1956:IPA chart for English dialects
1755:. In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.).
1577:Exploring the Spanish Language
644:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
559:voiced velar lateral fricative
446:voiceless epiglottal fricative
187:voiceless predorsal sibilant (
1:
3688:
736:("plain") fricatives. Other
358:voiced linguolabial fricative
90:(appearing twice in the name
4775:Voiceless bidental fricative
1898:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1640:Absence of Common Consonants
1626:Laver (1994: 255–256)
1256:
1232:
1202:
1154:
1072:
1014:
908:
687:voiceless glottal transition
343:voiced labiodental fricative
323:voiceless bilabial fricative
252:voiceless retroflex sibilant
204:voiced postalveolar sibilant
1999:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
649:voiced pharyngeal fricative
613:or ) (Modern South Arabian)
451:voiced epiglottal fricative
415:voiceless palatal fricative
6148:
1370:unpaired voiced fricatives
634:voiceless uvular fricative
148:voiceless coronal sibilant
5862:
5483:
5303:
5167:
4995:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4801:
4770:Nasal palatal approximant
4454:Co-articulated consonants
4354:
4299:
4262:
4230:
4195:
4126:
4064:
4002:
3963:
3915:
3843:
3776:
3714:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3491:
3413:
3320:
3224:
3119:
3019:
2934:
2761:
2665:
2517:
2419:
2274:
2144:
2038:
2025:
1871:
1860:
1789:10.1017/S0025100300004448
1527:"Definition of Frication"
1247:
1238:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1158:
1151:
1079:
1069:
917:
912:
776:), and in the (central?)
764:, in the Siouan language
425:voiceless velar fricative
328:voiced bilabial fricative
266:voiced retroflex sibilant
178:voiceless apical sibilant
168:voiceless dental sibilant
126:fricatives in the class.
1751:Kiss, Zoltán G. (2013).
1446:List of phonetics topics
420:voiced palatal fricative
76:(the final consonant of
3630:Non-pulmonic consonants
2762:Non-sibilant fricative
2518:Non-sibilant affricate
1888:History of the alphabet
1726:Johnson, Keith (2012).
1638:Maddieson, Ian. 2008. "
1628:Principles of Phonetics
639:voiced uvular fricative
437:(articulation disputed)
158:voiced coronal sibilant
24:phonetic transcriptions
6127:Manner of articulation
5486:Articulatory phonetics
1946:Sinological extensions
1358:Austronesian languages
1313:Until its extinction,
762:Oto-Manguean languages
758:Sino-Tibetan languages
744:fricatives are rare.
430:voiced velar fricative
248:(laminal, palatalized)
242:(laminal, palatalized)
183:voiced apical sibilant
173:voiced dental sibilant
21:This article contains
5660:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1811:Fricatives in English
1505:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1403:Fricatives appear in
910:central non-sibilant
819:fricatives are rare.
788:). The record may be
598:), and in Mongolian.
463:(often occurs with a
268:(apical or subapical)
6132:Fricative consonants
5985:Labio-palatalization
3414:Lateral approximant
1258:nasalized fricative
811:Nasalized fricatives
728:Aspirated fricatives
671:bilabial approximant
5675:Double articulation
2042:Pulmonic consonants
1699:Zsiga, Elizabeth C.
1551:Lodge, Ken (2009).
1362:Dravidian languages
849:
848:Types of fricative
3964:Lateral fricative
3614:, to the left are
3321:Lateral fricative
2109:Postalveolar
2094:Linguolabial
1941:Naming conventions
1904:Journal of the IPA
1678:Patterns of Sounds
847:
675:dental approximant
477:Lateral fricatives
6114:
6113:
6000:Pharyngealization
5897:
5896:
5762:
5761:
5720:Uvular–epiglottal
5613:
5612:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5388:
5387:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4750:
4749:
4575:Uvular–epiglottal
4449:
4448:
4411:
4410:
3626:
3625:
3574:
3573:
3492:Lateral tap/flap
2089:Labiodental
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
1951:World Orthography
1737:978-1-4051-9466-2
1712:978-1-4051-9103-6
1592:, 2nd ed., p 695.
1562:978-0-8264-8873-2
1441:Laminal consonant
1306:
1305:
1139:
1125:
1060:
1052:
1017:lateral fricative
983:
976:
963:
955:
837:Coatzospan Mixtec
827:and Kwangali and
778:Chumash languages
681:Pseudo-fricatives
86:, in the case of
6139:
6068:Voice onset time
5773:
5693:Labial–retroflex
5585:
5507:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5429:
5405:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5295:
5294:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4847:
4817:
4803:
4755:
4716:
4701:
4694:
4674:
4650:
4638:
4631:
4617:
4610:
4584:
4571:
4559:
4552:
4543:Labial–retroflex
4540:
4533:
4521:
4514:
4495:
4485:Labial–retroflex
4481:
4467:
4428:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4375:
4364:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4307:
4278:
4246:
4214:
4185:
4178:
4169:
4158:
4149:
4138:
4116:
4107:
4096:
4087:
4076:
4054:
4045:
4034:
4025:
4014:
4000:bottom: uvular)
3977:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3932:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3724:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3621:
3591:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3439:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3351:
3344:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3258:
3251:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3180:
3173:
3162:
3155:
3136:
3129:
3111:
3102:
3085:
3078:
3067:
3060:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3015:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2967:
2950:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2337:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2202:
2195:
2184:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2046:
2027:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1799:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1695:
1689:
1676:Maddieson, Ian.
1674:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1575:Pountain (2014)
1573:
1567:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1493:Ladefoged, Peter
1489:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1431:Apical consonant
1394:
1386:voiced affricate
1350:Mandarin Chinese
1320:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1263:
1243:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1156:apical sibilant
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
981:
980:
974:
973:
968:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:
946:
941:
936:
935:
929:
924:
920:
915:
850:
842:
834:
826:
806:
802:
798:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
751:
747:
689:, as in English
618:
611:laterally lisped
604:
398:
390:
381:, as in English
377:
368:, as in English
364:
345:, as in English
335:, as in English
160:, as in English
150:, as in English
43:
39:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6072:
6037:
6014:
5959:
5952:
5893:
5858:
5806:
5758:
5742:
5724:
5688:Labial–alveolar
5669:
5646:
5627:Alveolo-palatal
5609:
5583:
5572:Palato-alveolar
5528:
5496:
5490:Co-articulation
5479:
5476:
5446:
5437:
5427:
5426:unrounded
5422:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5311:
5297:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5003:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4810:
4789:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:Labial–alveolar
4717:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4524:Labial–alveolar
4522:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4471:Labial–alveolar
4468:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4275:
4243:
4231:Voiced lateral
4211:
4186:
4175:
4166:
4155:
4146:
4135:
4113:
4104:
4093:
4084:
4073:
4051:
4042:
4031:
4022:
4011:
3999:
3997:
3619:
3608:
2114:Retroflex
2034:
2013:
1972:ASCII encodings
1960:
1914:
1867:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1807:
1802:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1675:
1671:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:121.9:1518-1538
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1531:Merriam-Webster
1525:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1422:
1401:
1379:of plosives or
1311:
1205:fricative trill
1194:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1146:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1087:
1054:
1046:
1035:
1008:
989:
977:
957:
949:
932:
921:
901:
890:
885:
877:
869:
864:
859:
845:
829:Souletin Basque
813:
730:
683:
630:
544:(allophonic in
534:or or extIPA
479:
319:
144:
132:
72:in the case of
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6145:
6143:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6005:Glottalization
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5980:Palatalization
5977:
5976:
5975:
5964:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5738:Velopharyngeal
5734:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:Labial–palatal
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5683:Labial–coronal
5679:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5564:
5559:
5557:Denti-alveolar
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5326:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5219:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5047:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5018:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4895:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4652:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4625:
4621:Labial–palatal
4619:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4263:Nasal lateral
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Bilabial
2081:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1919:Special topics
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:External links
1803:
1801:
1800:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1711:
1690:
1669:
1648:
1631:
1619:
1606:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1561:
1543:
1518:
1511:
1497:Maddieson, Ian
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Hush consonant
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1400:
1397:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:fricative flap
1231:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1108:
1097:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1003:
998:
993:
984:
969:
964:
947:
942:
937:
930:
925:
916:
911:
907:
906:
903:
898:
895:
892:
887:
882:
879:
874:
871:
866:
861:
856:
853:
812:
809:
729:
726:
699:
698:
693:
682:
679:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
626:
625:
624:
614:
562:
561:
555:
549:
538:
532:
521:
515:
510:
500:
495:
490:
485:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
454:
453:
448:
439:
438:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
394:
386:
373:
360:
355:
350:
340:
330:
325:
318:
315:
270:
269:
263:
249:
243:
237:
223:
209:
208:
207:
201:
195:
192:
185:
180:
175:
170:
155:
143:
140:
131:
128:
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6144:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Uvularization
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5968:Labialization
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Coronal–velar
5713:
5711:
5710:Labial–uvular
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5432:
5431:
5430: rounded
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5380:
5364:
5357:
5344:
5337:
5331:
5315:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5179:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5101:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5065:
5058:
5052:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4949:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4855:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4715:
4709:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4649:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4588:Labial–uvular
4583:
4576:
4570:
4558:
4551:
4539:
4532:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3631:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Case variants
1929:
1927:
1926:Cursive forms
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:0-521-26536-3
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:0-19-925591-1
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1512:0-631-19815-6
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1414:spectral mean
1411:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1190:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1142:
1109:
1098:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1004:
999:
994:
985:
970:
965:
948:
943:
938:
931:
926:
909:
904:
899:
896:
893:
888:
883:
880:
875:
872:
867:
862:
857:
854:
852:
851:
844:
838:
830:
822:
818:
815:Phonemically
810:
808:
791:
779:
767:
763:
759:
755:
743:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
697:
694:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
622:
615:
612:
608:
601:
600:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
567:
560:
556:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
514:
511:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
395:
393:
387:
384:
380:
374:
371:
367:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:, but may be
279:
275:
267:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:in English vi
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
210:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
141:
139:
137:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
101:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
6020:Tongue shape
6010:Nasalization
5990:Velarization
5960:articulation
5794:
5730:Pathological
5705:Labial–velar
5588:Active place
5567:Postalveolar
5542:Linguolabial
5478:Articulation
5423:
4704:Labial–velar
4654:
4641:Labial–velar
4596:
4562:Labial–velar
4499:Labial–velar
4452:
3998:(top: velar;
3844:
3629:
3609:
2667:
2040:
1907:
1903:
1783:(2): 91–93,
1780:
1776:
1756:
1746:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1693:
1677:
1672:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1602:Laufer (1991
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1521:
1501:
1460:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1347:
1342:
1335:approximants
1312:
934:θ̟ð̟(θ̪͆ð̪͆)
814:
790:Cone Tibetan
731:
715:
700:
690:
668:
656:approximants
653:
585:
579:
573:
565:
563:
465:cleft palate
455:
440:
382:
369:
346:
336:
290:postalveolar
271:
233:
229:
219:
161:
151:
133:
115:
111:
109:
102:
97:
91:
77:
66:articulators
54:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
5830:Approximant
5547:Interdental
5524:Labiodental
4666:approximant
4601:approximant
2936:Approximant
2009:IPA Braille
1987:Kirshenbaum
1365:contrasts.
587:Machynlleth
557:or extIPA
551:or extIPA
540:or extIPA
523:or extIPA
517:or extIPA
120:labiodental
70:soft palate
6121:Categories
5958:Secondary
5948:Percussive
5916:Ingressive
5889:Continuant
5413:full chart
4939:Near-close
4737:full chart
4659:(variable)
4436:full chart
3919:affricate
3599:full chart
3228:affricate
2032:Consonants
2004:IPA number
1866:IPA topics
1476:References
1356:, and the
1339:New Guinea
1309:Occurrence
760:, in some
738:phonations
6078:Phonation
6056:Aspirated
6051:Voiceless
5926:Implosive
5911:Egressive
5903:Airstream
5884:Occlusive
5835:Semivowel
5795:Fricative
5790:Affricate
5777:Obstruent
5652:Laryngeal
5605:Subapical
5577:Retroflex
5263:Near-open
4997:Close-mid
4685:Implosive
4678:Velarized
4597:Fricative
4356:Voiceless
4296:Implosive
3845:Fricative
3778:Affricate
3616:voiceless
2668:fricative
2666:Sibilant
2424:affricate
2071:Laryngeal
1965:Encodings
1797:145231104
1426:Affricate
1405:waveforms
1399:Acoustics
1381:fortition
1051:(laminal)
975:(laminal)
954:(laminal)
891:retroflex
817:nasalized
742:aspirated
703:phonation
619:or and
605:or and
310:subapical
298:retroflex
274:sibilants
260:subapical
206:(laminal)
200:(laminal)
142:Sibilants
105:sibilants
98:frication
59:consonant
55:fricative
5973:Rounding
5941:Ejective
5936:Pulmonic
5921:Ejective
5847:Tap/flap
5812:Sonorant
5800:Sibilant
5754:Bidental
5562:Alveolar
5519:Bilabial
5424:Legend:
5418:template
5397:IPA help
5169:Open-mid
4742:template
4732:IPA help
4708:Ejective
4680:alveolar
4441:template
4420:IPA help
3711:Ejective
3604:template
3583:IPA help
3021:Tap/flap
2421:Sibilant
2104:Alveolar
1701:(2013).
1499:(1996).
1420:See also
1377:lenition
1343:entirely
1331:plosives
1138:(closed)
1076:sibilant
1074:laminal
1059:(apical)
982:(apical)
962:(apical)
905:glottal
889:palatal/
886:alveolar
881:alveolar
878:alveolar
855:bilabial
841:/fvszʃʒ/
664:downtack
581:Llewelyn
572:, as in
286:alveolar
136:friction
116:Strident
93:Llanelli
62:produced
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
6091:Breathy
5877:Lateral
5842:Vibrant
5785:Plosive
5665:Glottal
5632:Palatal
5600:Laminal
5534:Coronal
5428:•
4828:Central
4664:Lateral
4505:Plosive
4300:Voiced
4198:lateral
4196:Tenuis
4187:
3917:Lateral
3226:Lateral
2276:Plosive
2139:Glottal
2119:Palatal
2061:Coronal
1982:X-SAMPA
1768:Sources
1579:, p. 18
1124:(domed)
967:ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔
900:pharyn-
863:linguo-
821:Umbundu
711:Finnish
302:laminal
294:palatal
278:coronal
189:laminal
112:Spirant
26:in the
6101:Creaky
6061:Tenuis
6028:Sulcal
5872:Rhotic
5867:Liquid
5768:Manner
5642:Uvular
5619:Dorsal
5595:Apical
5552:Dental
5511:Labial
5406:
4808:Vowels
4657:-sound
4429:
4066:Voiced
4004:Tenuis
3612:voiced
3592:
2583:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2129:Uvular
2099:Dental
2078:Manner
2066:Dorsal
2056:Labial
1795:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1663:
1615:Lingua
1559:
1536:27 May
1509:
1466:s̄ ṣ ŝ
1354:Korean
1179:s̺̠z̺̠
1162:s̺̪z̺̪
1115:s̻̠z̻̠
1106:s͇ʰz͇ʱ
1083:s̻̪z̻̪
897:uvular
876:denti-
873:dental
870:dental
868:inter-
865:labial
860:dental
858:labio-
803:, and
754:Korean
746:/s~sʰ/
734:tenuis
707:manner
660:uptack
584:, and
546:Jebero
306:apical
282:dental
256:apical
124:uvular
84:molars
74:German
42:
6106:Stiff
6096:Slack
6086:Modal
6043:Voice
6033:Domed
5931:Click
5852:Trill
5825:Vowel
5820:Nasal
5747:Other
5637:Velar
5502:Place
5408:audio
4840:Close
4823:Front
4758:Other
4692:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4458:Nasal
4431:audio
4128:Nasal
3995:Click
3594:audio
3121:Trill
2590:d̠ɹ̠˔
2146:Nasal
2124:Velar
2050:Place
1977:SAMPA
1852:chart
1793:S2CID
1452:Notes
1393:]
1389:[
1315:Ubykh
1242:ɾ̞̊ɾ̞
1221:ʀ̝̊ʀ̝
1212:r̝̊r̝
1188:ʃʰ ʒʱ
979:ɻ̝̊ɻ̝
959:ɹ̝̊ɹ̝
894:velar
884:post-
835:. In
831:have
669:(The
592:Xhosa
575:Lloyd
570:Welsh
507:Mehri
304:, or
292:, or
216:domed
130:Types
88:Welsh
57:is a
30:(IPA)
5305:Open
4833:Back
4714:t͡pʼ
3955:q𝼄ʼ
3948:k𝼄ʼ
3941:c𝼆ʼ
3807:t̠ʃʼ
3793:t̪θʼ
3786:p̪fʼ
3716:Stop
3171:ɽ̊r̥
2837:ɹ̠̊˔
2569:tɹ̝̊
1994:TIPA
1908:JIPA
1732:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1604::91)
1557:ISBN
1538:2021
1507:ISBN
1288:ʃ̃ʒ̃
1283:s̃z̃
1276:θ̃ð̃
1262:ɸ̃β̃
1196:ʂʰʐʱ
1185:ʃ̺ʒ̺
1169:s̺z̺
1148:ɕʰʑʱ
1121:ʃ̻ʒ̻
1111:s̠z̠
1101:s͇z͇
1093:s̟z̟
1089:s̄z̄
1064:𝼄ʟ̝
1048:𝼆ʎ̝
1042:ɬ̠ɮ̠
1037:ɬʰɮʱ
1026:ɬ̪ɮ̪
1001:ħ̝ʕ̝
996:χ̝ʁ̝
991:xʰɣʱ
951:θ͇ð͇
945:θ̠ð̠
928:θ̼ð̼
923:fʰvʱ
902:geal
833:/h̃/
823:has
805:/xʰ/
801:/ʂʰ/
797:/ɕʰ/
794:/sʰ/
786:/ʃʰ/
784:and
782:/sʰ/
774:/fʰ/
772:and
770:/sʰ/
750:/s͈/
673:and
596:Zulu
594:and
527:(in
276:are
272:All
122:and
79:Bach
5091:Mid
4699:ɠ͡ɓ
4582:q͡p
4569:q͡ʡ
4557:ɡ͡b
4550:k͡p
4538:ɖ͡b
4531:ʈ͡p
4519:d͡b
4512:t͡p
4493:ŋ͡m
4479:ɳ͡m
4465:n͡m
4167:ɴ𝼊
4165:ŋ𝼊
4105:ɢ𝼊
4103:ɡ𝼊
4043:q𝼊
4041:k𝼊
3930:tɬʼ
3835:qχʼ
3828:kxʼ
3821:tɕʼ
3814:tʂʼ
3800:tsʼ
3531:𝼈̥
3302:ɡʟ̝
3295:k𝼄
3288:ɟʎ̝
3281:c𝼆
3274:d𝼅
2851:ɻ̊˔
2844:ɹ̠˔
2576:dɹ̝
2562:d̪ð
2555:t̪θ
2544:b̪v
2537:p̪f
2467:d̠ʒ
2460:t̠ʃ
1876:IPA
1785:doi
1410:CoG
1333:or
1323:IPA
1319:/h/
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