2135:
2140:
562:
155:
3745:
5759:
5782:
3950:
113:
2851:
2845:
2839:
3740:
488:
132:
4969:
1468:
Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012-06-01). "Persistence of a
Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia".
1303:
Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Hu, Yaoming; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Rossie, James B.; Schultz, Julia A.; Evans, Alistair R.; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J. (29 April 2020). "Skeleton of a Cretaceous
1146:
Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Dumont, Elizabeth R.; Holloway, Waymon L.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J.; Kemp, Addison
991:
Francisco J. Goin; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Laura
Chornogubsky; Guillermo M. López; Javier N. Gelfo; Mariano Bond; Michael O. Woodburne; Yamila Gurovich; Marcelo Reguero (2012). "Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia".
686:, and an unusually high number of trunk vertebrae. The new taxon has at least 19 rib-bearing (thoracic) and 11 non-rib-bearing (lumbar) vertebrae. Aside from these derived features, the Malagasy mammal has a mosaic pectoral girdle morphology: the procoracoid is lost, the
698:
appears mobile. A ventrally-facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large
1248:
Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Grossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, James I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost
Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana".
1413:
Goin, Francisco J.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Pascual, Rosendo; Koenigswald, Wighart von; Woodburne, Michael O.; Case, Judd A.; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Vieytes, Carolina; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2006-01-01).
542:
within
Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by
674:
offers insight to the postcranial skeleton of these animals. Among the bizarre and unique features are a mediolaterally compressed and antero-posteriorly bowed tibia, a double
1198:
5875:
558:
from the Late
Cretaceous of South America. Ferugliotheriidae are considered the most basal gondawanatherians, and are sometimes recovered outside the group.
1090:"Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships"
1541:
467:
is a member of this group). Until recently, they were known only from fragmentary remains. They are generally considered to be closely related to the
5931:
5862:
5921:
2134:
629:
Gondwanatheres known from cranial remains almost universally have deep, robust snouts, as befitting their specialised herbivorous lifestyle.
3986:
1640:
527:, rendering them as non-mammalian cynodonts. A more recently described specimen has since recovered them as allotheres closely related to
2139:
1206:
1147:
D.; Andriamialison, Haingoson (5 November 2014). "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism".
5916:
1221:
1613:
720:, is a comparatively large sized mammal, compared in size to a large cat. It has more erect limbs than other allotheres.
154:
3744:
784:
850:
773:
5785:
621:, were considered by one paper to be gondwanatheres. However, their conclusions have generally not been accepted.
5758:
795:
3979:
1633:
883:
5926:
2850:
938:
Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (22 April 2014). "The bizarre 'metatherians'
561:
3816:
1088:
Hoffmann, Simone; Beck, Robin M. D.; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Krause, David W. (2020-12-14).
5802:
2838:
1048:"Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana"
695:
2844:
5888:
5215:
4536:
3739:
647:, though they had a palinal (front-to-back) chewing method as in most allotheres and unlike almost any
2446:
5849:
4736:
4426:
3474:
2908:
2086:
1478:
1426:
1313:
1258:
1156:
1101:
1089:
1001:
861:
817:
3876:
3098:
5840:
5626:
5536:
4460:
4348:
4094:
3972:
3504:
3058:
1964:
1626:
1567:
894:
683:
671:
652:
5728:
4880:
4795:
4412:
3786:
3573:
2958:
2426:
2406:
1844:
5698:
5260:
5208:
4859:
4788:
4561:
4067:
3953:
3886:
3638:
3610:
3543:
3338:
3236:
3199:
3038:
3008:
1974:
1824:
1731:
1510:
1450:
1337:
1282:
1180:
1125:
1025:
973:
740:
612:
499:
For several decades the affinities of the group were not clear, being first interpreted as early
463:
301:
251:
149:
5465:
5167:
4968:
4404:
4397:
3846:
3566:
3558:
2539:
2286:
408:
5893:
5041:
5013:
4700:
4568:
4433:
3681:
392:
5359:
4514:
4254:
4121:
3796:
3719:
3519:
3345:
3206:
2500:
2300:
1858:
1502:
1494:
1442:
1386:
1329:
1274:
1172:
1117:
1017:
763:
700:
664:
543:
528:
468:
416:
326:
5048:
400:
5880:
5714:
5508:
4898:
4823:
4614:
4545:
4383:
3806:
3603:
3183:
2619:
2530:
2466:
2255:
1486:
1434:
1376:
1368:
1321:
1266:
1164:
1109:
1009:
963:
955:
872:
839:
828:
716:
539:
512:
454:
257:
5664:
5595:
5226:
4921:
4686:
4672:
4623:
4326:
4292:
4272:
3866:
2777:
2663:
2546:
2369:
2316:
2170:
2157:
2098:
1984:
1895:
1874:
1357:"Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals"
1065:
554:
548:
341:
333:
285:
27:
Extinct group of
Mammaliaformes that lived during the Upper Cretaceous through the Miocene
1527:
HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
233:
1482:
1430:
1317:
1262:
1160:
1105:
1005:
5561:
5325:
5294:
4866:
4816:
4809:
4745:
3917:
3912:
3773:
3551:
3489:
3213:
2998:
2881:
2868:
2802:
2714:
2679:
2593:
2476:
2353:
1700:
1381:
1356:
1226:
691:
366:
690:
is extremely well developed (into an enlarged process that contributes to half of the
5910:
5775:
5646:
5604:
5456:
5410:
5283:
5276:
5119:
4914:
4721:
4693:
4679:
4665:
4448:
4319:
4312:
4303:
3922:
3664:
3624:
3432:
3418:
3411:
3367:
3310:
3227:
3068:
3028:
2938:
2763:
2609:
2516:
2386:
2201:
2034:
1927:
1904:
1454:
1341:
1129:
1047:
977:
905:
807:
756:
667:, which lack hypsodont teeth and therefore had more generalistic herbivorous habits.
594:
586:
520:
276:
268:
261:
70:
1514:
1286:
1029:
5721:
5707:
5680:
5673:
5653:
5639:
5584:
5570:
5543:
5431:
5424:
5160:
5130:
5034:
4907:
4779:
4761:
4637:
4498:
4285:
4264:
4242:
4235:
4034:
3927:
3903:
3898:
3588:
3530:
3396:
3382:
3303:
3289:
3259:
3078:
2968:
2918:
2784:
2700:
2672:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2509:
2330:
2231:
2191:
2061:
2045:
2018:
1414:
1184:
748:
656:
644:
606:
532:
472:
446:
382:
373:
357:
349:
122:
1438:
1113:
1070:
Vintana
Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
617:
two mammals from South
America with unusual tooth morphologies usually considered
112:
959:
5834:
5687:
5611:
5486:
5314:
5269:
5235:
5185:
5139:
5055:
5020:
4999:
4986:
4936:
4603:
4582:
4575:
4554:
4487:
4473:
4278:
3674:
3631:
3580:
3512:
3482:
3439:
3425:
3403:
3352:
3296:
3266:
3251:
3159:
3128:
3108:
3048:
3018:
2988:
2978:
2898:
2756:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2707:
2693:
2686:
2639:
2582:
2456:
2416:
2309:
2271:
2241:
2075:
1994:
660:
516:
453:, including Madagascar, India, South America, Africa, and Antarctica during the
45:
487:
5577:
5529:
5479:
5472:
5242:
5194:
4887:
4873:
4851:
4837:
4830:
4768:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4507:
4356:
4209:
4191:
4178:
4133:
3995:
3496:
3466:
3453:
3389:
3360:
3331:
3317:
3192:
3139:
3118:
2928:
2791:
2770:
2749:
2629:
2574:
2396:
2346:
2339:
2278:
2211:
2027:
1954:
1944:
1881:
1834:
1793:
1780:
1743:
1691:
1649:
1585:
1490:
1325:
1270:
1013:
679:
675:
618:
578:
524:
508:
476:
309:
209:
141:
90:
55:
17:
5825:
1498:
1446:
1121:
1052:
Historia Evolutiva y Paleobiogeográfica de los Vertebrados de América del Sur
5735:
5445:
5438:
5403:
5396:
5375:
5368:
5341:
5334:
5307:
5174:
5153:
5146:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5062:
4714:
4707:
4630:
4596:
4333:
4051:
3595:
3280:
3169:
3149:
3088:
2486:
2436:
2004:
1867:
1716:
1682:
640:
500:
458:
429:
166:
131:
95:
1506:
1390:
1372:
1333:
1278:
1176:
1021:
475:, well known from the Northern Hemisphere, with which they form the clade
5819:
5550:
5521:
5493:
5382:
5348:
5249:
4844:
4802:
4589:
4521:
4480:
4341:
4079:
4019:
3856:
3826:
3688:
3645:
3617:
3374:
3243:
2948:
2721:
2649:
1673:
708:
687:
531:, but this was soon after followed by a study recovering them as part of
504:
450:
293:
186:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
5867:
1222:"Fossil's Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals"
1168:
5417:
5389:
5201:
5027:
4754:
4419:
4363:
3836:
3324:
2264:
2221:
1911:
968:
631:
317:
100:
75:
1046:
Chimento, Nicolas; Agnolin, Federico; Martinelli, Agustin (May 2016).
4106:
4025:
4013:
3708:
1814:
1667:
704:
648:
601:
590:
570:
196:
176:
5796:
1537:
523:" are. However, a more recent study recovered them as nested among
636:
574:
560:
486:
5854:
5800:
4984:
4176:
4006:
3968:
3760:
2866:
2155:
1778:
1660:
1622:
1199:"Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses"
3964:
1618:
655:, even being among the first mammals to have specialised for
1571:
1361:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1304:
mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity".
535:, which itself was placed inside crown-group Mammalia.
946:, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals".
1072:. : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 1–2.
1041:
1039:
933:
931:
929:
927:
659:
long before any therians did, with the exceptions of
3882:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3450:
3277:
3224:
3180:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2660:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2527:
2497:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2327:
2297:
2252:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2072:
2057:
2015:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1892:
1855:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1298:
1296:
5809:
5697:
5663:
5625:
5594:
5560:
5507:
5455:
5358:
5324:
5293:
5259:
5225:
5184:
5129:
5080:
4997:
4935:
4897:
4778:
4744:
4735:
4613:
4544:
4535:
4497:
4459:
4381:
4302:
4253:
4220:
4189:
4132:
4105:
4078:
4049:
3897:
3771:
3706:
3663:
3529:
3449:
3276:
3223:
3179:
2879:
2801:
2659:
2592:
2526:
2496:
2367:
2326:
2296:
2251:
2168:
2097:
2071:
2044:
2014:
1925:
1891:
1854:
1791:
1742:
1715:
604:of South America and Antarctica. The Eocene genus
565:Gondwanatheria cladogram per Chimento et al. 2015.
515:, possibly even true multituberculates, closer to
600:The youngest gondwanatherians are known from the
1419:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1141:
1139:
503:, or "toothless" mammals similar to the modern
1415:"First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica"
3980:
1634:
707:, a large parafibula, and the presence of an
495:. Postcranial reconstruction is hypothetical.
8:
507:. A variety of studies have placed them as
5797:
5631:
5513:
5299:
5005:
4994:
4981:
4741:
4541:
4465:
4389:
4227:
4201:
4197:
4186:
4173:
4111:
4084:
4057:
4046:
4003:
3987:
3973:
3965:
3768:
3757:
3535:
3458:
2887:
2876:
2863:
2598:
2375:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2152:
2050:
1933:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1775:
1721:
1712:
1657:
1641:
1627:
1619:
1355:King, Benedict; Beck, Robin M. D. (2020).
844:Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
130:
111:
31:
1380:
967:
1220:Wilford, John Noble (November 5, 2014).
923:
694:), the interclavicle is small, and the
714:The fully described animal, now named
651:. Most gondwanatheres are specialised
552:, and possibly a few other forms like
670:An articulated specimen found in the
7:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1094:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1614:Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria
1205:. 5 November 2014. Archived from
546:in 1986, and includes one genus,
5781:
5780:
5757:
4967:
3949:
3948:
3743:
3738:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2138:
2133:
1544:†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres
866:Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
811:Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
153:
5932:Maastrichtian first appearances
461:(and possibly much earlier, if
1:
1439:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10
1114:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706
960:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945
785:Trapalcotherium matuastensis
639:flanges similar to those of
851:Gondwanatherium patagonicum
774:Ferugliotherium windhauseni
703:similar in size to that of
678:(grooved structure) on the
581:and Antarctica. A possible
5948:
5922:Taxa named by Álvaro Mones
1565:Paleofile.com (net, info)
1536:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
899:Pascual & Carlini 1987
5770:
5755:
5634:
5516:
5302:
5008:
4993:
4980:
4965:
4468:
4392:
4230:
4204:
4200:
4185:
4172:
4114:
4087:
4060:
4045:
4002:
3944:
3767:
3756:
3736:
3538:
3461:
2890:
2875:
2862:
2835:
2601:
2378:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2151:
2131:
2053:
1936:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1774:
1724:
1711:
1656:
1491:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z
1326:10.1038/s41586-020-2234-8
1271:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y
1014:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z
796:Magallanodon baikashkenke
593:, extending the clade to
246:
241:
150:Scientific classification
148:
138:
129:
119:
110:
41:Late Cretaceous–Paleogene
34:
1588:Taxonomic lists- Mammals
1203:National Geographic News
884:Bharattherium bonapartei
585:-like species occurs in
5917:Burdigalian extinctions
1540:Haaramo, Mikko (2007).
491:Life reconstruction of
449:that lived in parts of
445:is an extinct group of
1373:10.1098/rspb.2020.0943
696:sternoclavicular joint
566:
538:There are three known
496:
5889:Paleobiology Database
564:
490:
1209:on November 5, 2014.
910:O'Connor et al. 2019
862:Sudamerica ameghinoi
818:Greniodon sylvanicum
682:, a fully developed
5627:Djadochtatherioidea
1483:2012NW.....99..449G
1471:Naturwissenschaften
1431:2006GSLSP.258..135G
1318:2020Natur.581..421K
1263:2018Natur.558..108H
1169:10.1038/nature13922
1161:2014Natur.515..512K
1106:2020JVPal..40S.213H
1054:. pp. 199–209.
1006:2012NW.....99..449G
994:Naturwissenschaften
895:Patagonia peregrina
789:Rougier et al. 2008
672:Maevarano Formation
5699:Djadochtatheriidae
5261:Microcosmodontidae
948:Historical Biology
888:Prasad et al. 2007
877:Krause et al. 1997
833:Krause et al. 2014
635:possesses bizarre
610:and Miocene genus
567:
497:
5904:
5903:
5803:Taxon identifiers
5794:
5793:
5766:
5765:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5621:
5620:
5503:
5502:
5360:Neoplagiaulacidae
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4931:
4930:
4731:
4730:
4537:Paulchoffatioidea
4531:
4530:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4255:Ferugliotheriidae
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
3962:
3961:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3752:
3751:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
2858:
2857:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2501:Prozostrodontidae
2363:
2362:
2301:Probainognathidae
2147:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
1921:
1920:
1859:Charassognathidae
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1312:(7809): 421–427.
1257:(7708): 108–112.
1155:(7528): 512–517.
1100:(sup1): 213–234.
911:
900:
889:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
801:
790:
779:
768:
764:Ferugliotheriidae
734:
701:obturator foramen
665:Ferugliotheriidae
529:multituberculates
513:multituberculates
469:multituberculates
440:
439:
387:
327:Ferugliotheriidae
237:
16:(Redirected from
5939:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5883:
5871:
5870:
5858:
5857:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5798:
5784:
5783:
5761:
5715:Djadochtatherium
5632:
5514:
5509:Taeniolabidoidea
5300:
5006:
4995:
4982:
4971:
4899:Albionbaataridae
4742:
4615:Paulchoffatiidae
4546:Pinheirodontidae
4542:
4466:
4390:
4384:Multituberculata
4228:
4202:
4198:
4187:
4174:
4112:
4085:
4058:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4004:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3884:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3769:
3758:
3747:
3742:
3536:
3459:
3452:
3279:
3226:
3184:Kuehneotheriidae
3182:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2888:
2877:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2662:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2620:Botucaraitherium
2617:
2607:
2599:
2531:Tritheledontidae
2529:
2499:
2484:
2474:
2467:Santacruzgnathus
2464:
2454:
2447:Pseudotriconodon
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2329:
2299:
2256:Chiniquodontidae
2254:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2153:
2142:
2137:
2074:
2059:
2051:
2017:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1894:
1857:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1776:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1658:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1034:
1033:
988:
982:
981:
971:
935:
909:
898:
887:
876:
873:Lavanify miolaka
865:
854:
843:
832:
829:Vintana sertichi
822:Goin et al. 2012
821:
810:
800:Goin et al. 2020
799:
788:
777:
766:
732:
717:Adalatherium hui
684:humeral trochlea
493:Vintana sertichi
455:Upper Cretaceous
385:
232:
227:
213:
208:
158:
157:
134:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5892:
5887:
5879:
5874:
5866:
5861:
5853:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5805:
5795:
5790:
5762:
5741:
5693:
5665:Sloanbaataridae
5659:
5617:
5596:Taeniolabididae
5590:
5556:
5499:
5451:
5354:
5320:
5289:
5255:
5227:Eucosmodontidae
5221:
5180:
5125:
5076:
5002:
4989:
4972:
4951:
4927:
4922:Proalbionbaatar
4893:
4774:
4737:Plagiaulacoidea
4727:
4687:Plesiochoffatia
4673:Meketichoffatia
4624:Bathmochoffatia
4609:
4527:
4493:
4455:
4386:
4369:
4327:Gondwanatherium
4298:
4293:Trapalcotherium
4273:Ferugliotherium
4249:
4216:
4194:
4181:
4148:
4128:
4101:
4074:
4054:
4041:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3963:
3958:
3932:
3902:
3893:
3867:Panchetocynodon
3763:
3748:
3726:
3694:
3659:
3525:
3475:Hypsiprymnopsis
3445:
3272:
3219:
3175:
2909:Brachyzostrodon
2884:
2871:
2854:
2817:
2797:
2778:Xenocretosuchus
2664:Tritylodontidae
2655:
2588:
2547:Diarthrognathus
2522:
2492:
2372:
2370:Prozostrodontia
2359:
2322:
2317:Probainognathus
2292:
2247:
2173:
2171:Probainognathia
2160:
2158:Probainognathia
2143:
2113:
2099:Probainognathia
2093:
2067:
2040:
2010:
1985:Platycraniellus
1930:
1917:
1896:Procynosuchidae
1887:
1875:Charassognathus
1850:
1796:
1783:
1758:
1738:
1707:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1568:"Paleofile.com"
1566:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1066:Kraus, David W.
1064:
1063:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1037:
990:
989:
985:
937:
936:
925:
920:
840:Dakshina jederi
778:Bonaparte 1986a
726:
627:
583:Ferugliotherium
573:have come from
555:Trapalcotherium
549:Ferugliotherium
521:plagiaulacidans
485:
473:euharamiyidians
471:and likely the
424:Family unknown
386:Patterson, 1952
342:Trapalcotherium
334:Ferugliotherium
286:Gondwanatherium
231:
225:
211:
206:
152:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5945:
5943:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5927:Gondwanatheres
5924:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5885:
5872:
5859:
5846:
5841:Gondwanatheria
5831:
5815:
5813:
5811:Gondwanatheria
5807:
5806:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5562:Lambdopsalidae
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5328:
5326:Cimolodontidae
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5295:Ptilodontoidea
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:Gondwanatheria
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4867:Parendotherium
4863:
4856:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4817:Heishanobaatar
4813:
4810:Hakusanobaatar
4806:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4746:Plagiaulacidae
4739:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4441:Gondwanatheria
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4225:
4222:Gondwanatheria
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Morganucodonta
3915:
3913:Dromatheriidae
3909:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3877:Redondagnathus
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3779:
3777:
3774:Incertae sedis
3765:
3764:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:Gondwanatheria
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3552:Arboroharamiya
3548:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3490:Kalaallitkigun
3486:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3214:Kuehneotherium
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3099:Paikasigudodon
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2999:Erythrotherium
2992:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2882:Mammaliaformes
2880:
2873:
2872:
2869:Mammaliaformes
2867:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2803:Mammaliaformes
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2715:Kayentatherium
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2680:Bienotheroides
2676:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2594:Mammaliamorpha
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2477:Therioherpeton
2470:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2354:Trucidocynodon
2350:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:Eutheriodontia
1694:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:External links
1606:
1603:
1602:
1558:
1529:
1520:
1477:(6): 449–463.
1460:
1425:(1): 135–144.
1405:
1396:
1347:
1292:
1240:
1227:New York Times
1212:
1190:
1135:
1075:
1057:
1035:
1000:(6): 449–463.
983:
954:(5): 603–623.
922:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
901:
890:
879:
868:
857:
855:Bonaparte 1986
846:
835:
824:
804:
803:
802:
791:
780:
767:Bonaparte 1986
760:
752:
744:
730:Gondwanatheria
725:
722:
626:
623:
544:José Bonaparte
484:
483:Classification
481:
443:Gondwanatheria
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
422:
421:
420:
412:
404:
396:
379:
378:
377:
367:Adalatheriidae
363:
362:
361:
353:
345:
337:
323:
322:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
272:
255:
244:
243:
239:
238:
229:Gondwanatheria
223:
216:
215:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
136:
135:
127:
126:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
35:Gondwanatheres
26:
24:
18:Gondwanatheres
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5944:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5787:
5779:
5777:
5776:Plagiaulacida
5773:
5772:
5769:
5760:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:Chulsanbaatar
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:Kimbetopsalis
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5537:Erythrobaatar
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5457:Ptilodontidae
5454:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:Neoplagiaulax
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5284:Pentacosmodon
5281:
5279:
5278:
5277:Microcosmodon
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5120:Paracimexomys
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:Paracimexomys
5079:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4970:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:Kielanobaatar
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:Xenachoffatia
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:Pseudobolodon
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:Paulchoffatia
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:Meketibolodon
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Allodontoidea
4458:
4451:
4450:
4449:Hahnodontidae
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:Galulatherium
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:Bharattherium
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4304:Sudamericidae
4301:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Symmetrodonta
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3741:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:Hahnodontidae
3662:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:Sineleutherus
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:Tashkumyrodon
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:Sibirotherium
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:Peraiocynodon
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:Hutegotherium
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:Cyrtlatherium
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3228:Shuotheriidae
3222:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:Megazostrodon
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:Indozostrodon
3053:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:Hallautherium
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:Cifellilestes
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:Stereognathus
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
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2726:
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2698:
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2677:
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2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:Adelobasileus
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
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2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2517:Pseudotherium
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
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2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:Alemoatherium
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
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2295:
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2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
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2261:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:Candelariodon
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2035:Progalesaurus
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:Nanictosaurus
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:Epicynodontia
1924:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:Procynosuchus
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
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1860:
1853:
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1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1589:
1574:on 2016-01-11
1573:
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1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
984:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
917:
908:
907:
906:Galulatherium
902:
897:
896:
891:
886:
885:
880:
875:
874:
869:
864:
863:
858:
853:
852:
847:
842:
841:
836:
831:
830:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
809:
808:Sudamericidae
805:
798:
797:
792:
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
765:
761:
759:
758:
757:Galulatherium
753:
751:
750:
745:
743:
742:
737:
736:
735:
731:
723:
721:
719:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
692:glenoid fossa
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:ground sloths
642:
638:
634:
633:
624:
622:
620:
616:
614:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:
595:North America
592:
588:
587:Maastrichtian
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
559:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:mammaliaforms
444:
432:
431:
426:
425:
423:
419:
418:
413:
411:
410:
405:
403:
402:
397:
395:
394:
389:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
369:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
352:
351:
346:
344:
343:
338:
336:
335:
330:
329:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
312:
311:
306:
304:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
288:
287:
282:
279:
278:
277:Galulatherium
273:
271:
270:
269:Bharattherium
265:
264:
263:
262:Sudamericidae
259:
256:
254:
253:
248:
247:
245:
240:
235:
230:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
205:
202:
201:
198:
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188:
185:
182:
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178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
137:
133:
128:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5810:
5734:
5729:Mangasbaatar
5727:
5722:Kryptobaatar
5720:
5713:
5708:Catopsbaatar
5706:
5686:
5681:Nessovbaatar
5679:
5674:Kamptobaatar
5672:
5654:Nemegtbaatar
5652:
5645:
5640:Bulganbaatar
5638:
5610:
5603:
5585:Sphenopsalis
5583:
5576:
5571:Lambdopsalis
5569:
5549:
5544:Valenopsalis
5542:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5444:
5437:
5432:Paressonodon
5430:
5425:Parectypodus
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5313:
5306:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5173:
5166:
5161:Meniscoessus
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:Cimolomyidae
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5081:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5035:Corriebaatar
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
4920:
4913:
4908:Albionbaatar
4906:
4886:
4881:Tedoribaatar
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4796:Dolichoprion
4794:
4787:
4780:Eobaataridae
4767:
4762:Morrisonodon
4760:
4753:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4638:Guimarotodon
4636:
4629:
4622:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:Allodontidae
4486:
4479:
4472:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4413:Hahnotherium
4411:
4403:
4396:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4291:
4286:Magallanodon
4284:
4271:
4265:Argentodites
4263:
4243:Groeberiidae
4241:
4236:Adalatherium
4234:
4221:
4208:
4035:Theriiformes
4030:
3928:Triconodonta
3904:Polyphyletic
3899:Paraphyletic
3885:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3805:
3795:
3787:Cistecynodon
3785:
3772:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3589:Maiopatagium
3587:
3579:
3574:Cryoharamiya
3572:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3531:Euharamiyida
3518:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3397:Microdocodon
3395:
3388:
3383:Khorotherium
3381:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3304:Castorocauda
3302:
3295:
3290:Agilodocodon
3288:
3265:
3260:Pseudotribos
3258:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3079:Morganucodon
3077:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2969:Dinnetherium
2967:
2959:Dianoconodon
2957:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2919:Bridetherium
2917:
2907:
2897:
2842:
2790:
2785:Yuanotherium
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2701:Dinnebitodon
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2673:Bienotherium
2671:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2581:
2573:
2568:Pachygenelus
2566:
2561:Irajatherium
2559:
2554:Elliotherium
2552:
2545:
2538:
2515:
2510:Prozostrodon
2508:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2427:Microconodon
2425:
2415:
2407:Dromatherium
2405:
2395:
2385:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:Ecteniniidae
2315:
2308:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2240:
2232:Protheriodon
2230:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2192:Agudotherium
2190:
2062:Kataigidodon
2060:
2046:Eucynodontia
2033:
2026:
2019:Galesauridae
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1910:
1903:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1845:Uralocynodon
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1593:. Retrieved
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1543:
1532:
1523:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1309:
1305:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1225:
1215:
1207:the original
1202:
1193:
1152:
1148:
1097:
1093:
1069:
1060:
1051:
997:
993:
986:
951:
947:
943:
939:
904:
893:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
816:
794:
783:
772:
755:
749:Adalatherium
747:
739:
733:McKenna 1971
729:
727:
715:
713:
669:
657:grass-eating
630:
628:
619:metatherians
611:
605:
599:
589:deposits of
582:
568:
553:
547:
537:
533:Euharamiyida
525:haramiyidans
498:
492:
462:
457:through the
442:
441:
428:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:Groeberiidae
374:Adalatherium
372:
358:Magallanodon
356:
350:Argentodites
348:
340:
332:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
275:
267:
250:
228:
219:
140:
139:Mandible of
123:Adalatherium
121:
29:
5835:Wikispecies
5688:Sloanbaatar
5612:Taeniolabis
5487:Prochetodon
5315:Neoliotomus
5270:Acheronodon
5236:Clemensodon
5186:Kogaionidae
5140:Buginbaatar
5056:Uzbekbaatar
5021:Ameribaatar
5000:Cimolodonta
4987:Cimolodonta
4937:Cimolodonta
4860:Nokerbaatar
4789:Cheruscodon
4604:Pinheirodon
4583:Gerhardodon
4576:Ecprepaulax
4562:Bructerodon
4555:Bernardodon
4488:Zofiabaatar
4474:Arginbaatar
4279:LACM 149371
3887:Saurodesmus
3675:Cifelliodon
3639:Woodeatonia
3632:Vilevolodon
3611:Sharypovoia
3581:Kermackodon
3544:Allostaffia
3513:Theroteinus
3483:Haramiyavia
3440:Tegotherium
3426:Simpsonodon
3404:Paritatodon
3353:Gondtherium
3339:Dsungarodon
3297:Borealestes
3267:Shuotherium
3252:Paritatodon
3237:Feredocodon
3200:Kotatherium
3160:Wareolestes
3129:Sinoconodon
3109:Purbeckodon
3049:Indotherium
3039:Helvetiodon
3019:Hadrocodium
3009:Gondwanadon
2989:Eozostrodon
2979:Dyskritodon
2899:Bocaconodon
2757:Shartegodon
2743:Oligokyphus
2736:Nuurtherium
2729:Montirictus
2708:Fossiomanus
2694:Dianzhongia
2687:Bocatherium
2640:Sinoconodon
2583:Tritheledon
2457:Rewaconodon
2417:Inditherium
2310:Bonacynodon
2272:Chiniquodon
2242:Tessellatia
2087:Cynognathia
2076:Cynognathia
1995:Thrinaxodon
1975:Nythosaurus
1825:Nanocynodon
1595:30 December
1551:30 December
1233:November 6,
969:11336/85076
741:Allostaffia
661:Groeberidae
641:xenarthrans
517:cimolodonts
511:related to
501:xenarthrans
464:Allostaffia
252:Allostaffia
5911:Categories
5774:See also:
5578:Prionessus
5530:Catopsalis
5480:Kimbetohia
5473:Baiotomeus
5466:Aenigmamys
5243:Eucosmodon
5195:Barbatodon
5168:Paressodon
4946:see below↓
4888:Teutonodon
4874:Sinobaatar
4852:Monobaatar
4838:Liaobaatar
4831:Indobaatar
4769:Plagiaulax
4659:Kuehneodon
4652:Kielanodon
4645:Henkelodon
4508:Ctenacodon
4405:Baidabatyr
4398:Argillomys
4357:Sudamerica
4210:Haramiyida
4192:Allotheria
4179:Allotheria
4143:see below↓
4134:Allotheria
4095:Cynodontia
4080:Cynodontia
3996:Allotheria
3847:Meurthodon
3567:Butlerodon
3559:Baidabatyr
3497:Kollikodon
3467:Avashishta
3454:Haramiyida
3390:Krusatodon
3361:Haldanodon
3332:Docofossor
3318:Dobunnodon
3193:Fluctuodon
3140:Storchodon
3119:Rosierodon
2929:Cherwellia
2812:see below↓
2792:Yunnanodon
2771:Tritylodon
2750:Polistodon
2630:Brasilodon
2575:Riograndia
2540:Chaliminia
2397:Deccanodon
2347:Ecteninion
2340:Diegocanis
2287:Riojanodon
2279:Cromptodon
2212:Charruodon
2108:see below↓
2028:Galesaurus
1955:Cynosaurus
1945:Bolotridon
1882:Nshimbodon
1835:Madysaurus
1794:Cynodontia
1781:Cynodontia
1753:see below↓
1744:Cynodontia
1692:Therapsida
1650:Cynodontia
1578:2015-12-30
918:References
680:talus bone
579:Madagascar
509:allotheres
477:Allotheria
409:Epiklohnia
310:Sudamerica
242:Subgroups
210:Allotheria
203:Subclass:
142:Sudamerica
5736:Tombaatar
5446:Xyronomys
5439:Xanclomys
5404:Mimetodon
5397:Mesodmops
5376:Ectypodus
5369:Cernaysia
5342:Cimolodon
5335:Anconodon
5308:Filikomys
5209:Kogaionon
5175:Parikimys
5154:Essonodon
5147:Cimolomys
5113:Dakotamys
5106:Cimexomys
5099:Cedaromys
5092:Bryceomys
5063:Viridomys
5042:Fractinus
5014:Allocodon
4715:Sunnyodon
4708:Rugosodon
4701:Renatodon
4631:Galveodon
4597:Lavocatia
4569:Cantalera
4434:Tashtykia
4349:Patagonia
4334:Greniodon
4068:Synapsida
4052:Synapsida
4012:Kingdom:
3682:Denisodon
3596:Megaconus
3281:Docodonta
3170:Woutersia
3150:Stylidens
3089:Paceyodon
2487:Tricuspes
2437:Polonodon
2005:Vetusodon
1868:Abdalodon
1732:Synapsida
1717:Synapsida
1683:Synapsida
1666:Kingdom:
1499:1432-1904
1455:129493664
1447:0305-8719
1342:216650606
1130:230968231
1122:0272-4634
978:216591096
944:Patagonia
940:Groeberia
613:Patagonia
607:Groeberia
459:Paleogene
430:Greniodon
393:Groeberia
302:Patagonia
212: (?)
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
120:Skull of
5868:11145358
5855:10553577
5820:Wikidata
5786:Category
5551:Yubaatar
5522:Bubodens
5494:Ptilodus
5383:Krauseia
5349:Liotomus
5250:Stygimys
4845:Loxaulax
4803:Eobaatar
4590:Iberodon
4522:Psalodon
4515:Passumys
4481:Glirodon
4342:Lavanify
4122:Mammalia
4107:Mammalia
4026:Mammalia
4020:Chordata
4018:Phylum:
4014:Animalia
3954:Category
3857:Mitredon
3827:Kunminia
3817:"Hahnia"
3797:Eoraetia
3762:See also
3720:Mammalia
3709:Mammalia
3689:Hahnodon
3646:Xianshou
3618:Shenshou
3520:Thomasia
3375:Itatodon
3346:Ergetiis
3244:Itatodon
3207:Kuehneon
2949:Delsatia
2722:Lufengia
2650:Tikiodon
1674:Chordata
1672:Phylum:
1668:Animalia
1515:14077735
1507:22584426
1403:SVP 2015
1391:32517606
1367:(1928).
1334:32461642
1287:43921185
1279:29795343
1177:25383528
1068:(2014).
1030:14077735
1022:22584426
806:Family †
762:Family †
724:Taxonomy
709:epipubic
705:therians
688:coracoid
676:trochlea
569:Further
540:families
505:anteater
451:Gondwana
417:Praedens
381:Family †
365:Family †
325:Family †
294:Lavanify
197:Mammalia
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
5826:Q133234
5418:Nidimys
5390:Mesodma
5216:Litovoi
5202:Hainina
5049:Halodon
5028:Boffius
4824:Iberica
4755:Bolodon
4427:Tagaria
4420:Janumys
4364:Vintana
4024:Class:
3837:Lepagia
3325:Docodon
2265:Aleodon
2222:Lumkuia
1912:Sludica
1479:Bibcode
1427:Bibcode
1382:7341916
1314:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1185:4395258
1157:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
728:Order †
653:grazers
649:therian
632:Vintana
625:Biology
571:fossils
401:Klohnia
318:Vintana
193:Class:
3906:groups
3807:Gaumia
3707:Crown-
3604:Qishou
1815:Dvinia
1513:
1505:
1497:
1453:
1445:
1389:
1379:
1340:
1332:
1306:Nature
1285:
1277:
1251:Nature
1183:
1175:
1149:Nature
1128:
1120:
1028:
1020:
976:
711:bone.
602:Eocene
591:Mexico
519:than "
258:Family
236:, 1987
5894:57605
5881:10806
5876:IRMNG
5084:group
4031:Clade
1697:Clade
1688:Clade
1679:Clade
1511:S2CID
1451:S2CID
1338:S2CID
1283:S2CID
1181:S2CID
1126:S2CID
1026:S2CID
974:S2CID
643:like
637:jugal
575:India
355:(?) †
347:(?) †
234:Mones
220:Clade
5863:GBIF
4120:see
4093:see
4066:see
3718:see
3505:Mojo
2085:see
1730:see
1597:2015
1553:2015
1503:PMID
1495:ISSN
1443:ISSN
1387:PMID
1330:PMID
1275:PMID
1235:2014
1173:PMID
1118:ISSN
1018:PMID
942:and
663:and
46:PreꞒ
5850:EoL
1487:doi
1435:doi
1423:258
1377:PMC
1369:doi
1365:287
1322:doi
1310:581
1267:doi
1255:558
1165:doi
1153:515
1110:doi
1010:doi
964:hdl
956:doi
793:? †
5913::
5891::
5878::
5865::
5852::
5837::
5822::
4033::
1699::
1690::
1681::
1583:.
1509:.
1501:.
1493:.
1485:.
1475:99
1473:.
1449:.
1441:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1385:.
1375:.
1363:.
1359:.
1336:.
1328:.
1320:.
1308:.
1295:^
1281:.
1273:.
1265:.
1253:.
1224:.
1201:.
1179:.
1171:.
1163:.
1151:.
1138:^
1124:.
1116:.
1108:.
1098:40
1096:.
1092:.
1078:^
1050:.
1038:^
1024:.
1016:.
1008:.
998:99
996:.
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