2124:
2129:
551:
144:
3734:
5748:
5771:
3939:
102:
2840:
2834:
2828:
3729:
477:
121:
4958:
1457:
Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012-06-01). "Persistence of a
Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia".
1292:
Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Hu, Yaoming; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Rossie, James B.; Schultz, Julia A.; Evans, Alistair R.; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J. (29 April 2020). "Skeleton of a Cretaceous
1135:
Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Seiffert, Erik R.; Dumont, Elizabeth R.; Holloway, Waymon L.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J.; Kemp, Addison
980:
Francisco J. Goin; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Laura
Chornogubsky; Guillermo M. López; Javier N. Gelfo; Mariano Bond; Michael O. Woodburne; Yamila Gurovich; Marcelo Reguero (2012). "Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia".
675:, and an unusually high number of trunk vertebrae. The new taxon has at least 19 rib-bearing (thoracic) and 11 non-rib-bearing (lumbar) vertebrae. Aside from these derived features, the Malagasy mammal has a mosaic pectoral girdle morphology: the procoracoid is lost, the
687:
appears mobile. A ventrally-facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large
1237:
Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Grossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, James I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost
Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana".
1402:
Goin, Francisco J.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Pascual, Rosendo; Koenigswald, Wighart von; Woodburne, Michael O.; Case, Judd A.; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Vieytes, Carolina; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2006-01-01).
531:
within
Gondwanatheria. The family Sudamericidae was named by Scillato-Yané and Pascual in 1984, and includes the vast majority of named taxa. The family Ferugliotheriidae was named by
663:
offers insight to the postcranial skeleton of these animals. Among the bizarre and unique features are a mediolaterally compressed and antero-posteriorly bowed tibia, a double
1187:
5864:
547:
from the Late
Cretaceous of South America. Ferugliotheriidae are considered the most basal gondawanatherians, and are sometimes recovered outside the group.
1079:"Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships"
1530:
456:
is a member of this group). Until recently, they were known only from fragmentary remains. They are generally considered to be closely related to the
5920:
5851:
5910:
2123:
618:
Gondwanatheres known from cranial remains almost universally have deep, robust snouts, as befitting their specialised herbivorous lifestyle.
3975:
1629:
516:, rendering them as non-mammalian cynodonts. A more recently described specimen has since recovered them as allotheres closely related to
2128:
1195:
1136:
D.; Andriamialison, Haingoson (5 November 2014). "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism".
5905:
1210:
1602:
709:, is a comparatively large sized mammal, compared in size to a large cat. It has more erect limbs than other allotheres.
143:
3733:
773:
839:
762:
5774:
610:, were considered by one paper to be gondwanatheres. However, their conclusions have generally not been accepted.
5747:
784:
3968:
1622:
872:
5915:
2839:
927:
Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (22 April 2014). "The bizarre 'metatherians'
550:
3805:
1077:
Hoffmann, Simone; Beck, Robin M. D.; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Krause, David W. (2020-12-14).
5791:
2827:
1037:"Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana"
684:
2833:
5877:
5204:
4525:
3728:
636:, though they had a palinal (front-to-back) chewing method as in most allotheres and unlike almost any
2435:
5838:
4725:
4415:
3463:
2897:
2075:
1467:
1415:
1302:
1247:
1145:
1090:
1078:
990:
850:
806:
3865:
3087:
5829:
5615:
5525:
4449:
4337:
4083:
3961:
3493:
3047:
1953:
1615:
1556:
883:
672:
660:
641:
5717:
4869:
4784:
4401:
3775:
3562:
2947:
2415:
2395:
1833:
5687:
5249:
5197:
4848:
4777:
4550:
4056:
3942:
3875:
3627:
3599:
3532:
3327:
3225:
3188:
3027:
2997:
1963:
1813:
1720:
1499:
1439:
1326:
1271:
1169:
1114:
1014:
962:
729:
601:
488:
For several decades the affinities of the group were not clear, being first interpreted as early
452:
290:
240:
138:
5454:
5156:
4957:
4393:
4386:
3835:
3555:
3547:
2528:
2275:
397:
5882:
5030:
5002:
4689:
4557:
4422:
3670:
381:
5348:
4503:
4243:
4110:
3785:
3708:
3508:
3334:
3195:
2489:
2289:
1847:
1491:
1483:
1431:
1375:
1318:
1263:
1161:
1106:
1006:
752:
689:
653:
532:
517:
457:
405:
315:
5037:
389:
5869:
5703:
5497:
4887:
4812:
4603:
4534:
4372:
3795:
3592:
3172:
2608:
2519:
2455:
2244:
1475:
1423:
1365:
1357:
1310:
1255:
1153:
1098:
998:
952:
944:
861:
828:
817:
705:
528:
501:
443:
246:
5653:
5584:
5215:
4910:
4675:
4661:
4612:
4315:
4281:
4261:
3855:
2766:
2652:
2535:
2358:
2305:
2159:
2146:
2087:
1973:
1884:
1863:
1346:"Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals"
1054:
543:
537:
330:
322:
274:
16:
Extinct group of
Mammaliaformes that lived during the Upper Cretaceous through the Miocene
1516:
HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
222:
1471:
1419:
1306:
1251:
1149:
1094:
994:
5550:
5314:
5283:
4855:
4805:
4798:
4734:
3906:
3901:
3762:
3540:
3478:
3202:
2987:
2870:
2857:
2791:
2703:
2668:
2582:
2465:
2342:
1689:
1370:
1345:
1215:
680:
355:
679:
is extremely well developed (into an enlarged process that contributes to half of the
5899:
5764:
5635:
5593:
5445:
5399:
5272:
5265:
5108:
4903:
4710:
4682:
4668:
4654:
4437:
4308:
4301:
4292:
3911:
3653:
3613:
3421:
3407:
3400:
3356:
3299:
3216:
3057:
3017:
2927:
2752:
2598:
2505:
2375:
2190:
2023:
1916:
1893:
1443:
1330:
1118:
1036:
966:
894:
796:
745:
656:, which lack hypsodont teeth and therefore had more generalistic herbivorous habits.
583:
575:
509:
265:
257:
250:
59:
1503:
1275:
1018:
5710:
5696:
5669:
5662:
5642:
5628:
5573:
5559:
5532:
5420:
5413:
5149:
5119:
5023:
4896:
4768:
4750:
4626:
4487:
4274:
4253:
4231:
4224:
4023:
3916:
3892:
3887:
3577:
3519:
3385:
3371:
3292:
3278:
3248:
3067:
2957:
2907:
2773:
2689:
2661:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2498:
2319:
2220:
2180:
2050:
2034:
2007:
1403:
1173:
737:
645:
633:
595:
521:
461:
435:
371:
362:
346:
338:
111:
1427:
1102:
1059:
Vintana
Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
606:
two mammals from South
America with unusual tooth morphologies usually considered
101:
948:
5823:
5676:
5600:
5475:
5303:
5258:
5224:
5174:
5128:
5044:
5009:
4988:
4975:
4925:
4592:
4571:
4564:
4543:
4476:
4462:
4267:
3663:
3620:
3569:
3501:
3471:
3428:
3414:
3392:
3341:
3285:
3255:
3240:
3148:
3117:
3097:
3037:
3007:
2977:
2967:
2887:
2745:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2696:
2682:
2675:
2628:
2571:
2445:
2405:
2298:
2260:
2230:
2064:
1983:
649:
505:
442:, including Madagascar, India, South America, Africa, and Antarctica during the
34:
476:
5566:
5518:
5468:
5461:
5231:
5183:
4876:
4862:
4840:
4826:
4819:
4757:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4496:
4345:
4198:
4180:
4167:
4122:
3984:
3485:
3455:
3442:
3378:
3349:
3320:
3306:
3181:
3128:
3107:
2917:
2780:
2759:
2738:
2618:
2563:
2385:
2335:
2328:
2267:
2200:
2016:
1943:
1933:
1870:
1823:
1782:
1769:
1732:
1680:
1638:
1574:
1479:
1314:
1259:
1002:
668:
664:
607:
567:
513:
497:
465:
298:
198:
130:
79:
44:
5814:
1487:
1435:
1110:
1041:
Historia Evolutiva y Paleobiogeográfica de los Vertebrados de América del Sur
5724:
5434:
5427:
5392:
5385:
5364:
5357:
5330:
5323:
5296:
5163:
5142:
5135:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5051:
4703:
4696:
4619:
4585:
4322:
4040:
3584:
3269:
3158:
3138:
3077:
2475:
2425:
1993:
1856:
1705:
1671:
629:
489:
447:
418:
155:
120:
84:
1495:
1379:
1361:
1322:
1267:
1165:
1010:
464:, well known from the Northern Hemisphere, with which they form the clade
5808:
5539:
5510:
5482:
5371:
5337:
5238:
4833:
4791:
4578:
4510:
4469:
4330:
4068:
4008:
3845:
3815:
3677:
3634:
3606:
3363:
3232:
2937:
2710:
2638:
1662:
697:
676:
520:, but this was soon after followed by a study recovering them as part of
493:
439:
282:
175:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
5856:
1211:"Fossil's Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals"
1157:
5406:
5378:
5190:
5016:
4743:
4408:
4352:
3825:
3313:
2253:
2210:
1900:
957:
620:
306:
89:
64:
1035:
Chimento, Nicolas; Agnolin, Federico; Martinelli, Agustin (May 2016).
4095:
4014:
4002:
3697:
1803:
1656:
693:
637:
590:
579:
559:
185:
165:
5785:
1526:
512:" are. However, a more recent study recovered them as nested among
625:
563:
549:
475:
5843:
5789:
4973:
4165:
3995:
3957:
3749:
2855:
2144:
1767:
1649:
1611:
1188:"Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses"
3953:
1607:
644:, even being among the first mammals to have specialised for
1560:
1350:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1293:
mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity".
524:, which itself was placed inside crown-group Mammalia.
935:, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals".
1061:. : Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 1–2.
1030:
1028:
922:
920:
918:
916:
648:
long before any therians did, with the exceptions of
3871:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3439:
3266:
3213:
3169:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2649:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2516:
2486:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2316:
2286:
2241:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2061:
2046:
2004:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1881:
1844:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1287:
1285:
5798:
5686:
5652:
5614:
5583:
5549:
5496:
5444:
5347:
5313:
5282:
5248:
5214:
5173:
5118:
5069:
4986:
4924:
4886:
4767:
4733:
4724:
4602:
4533:
4524:
4486:
4448:
4370:
4291:
4242:
4209:
4178:
4121:
4094:
4067:
4038:
3886:
3760:
3695:
3652:
3518:
3438:
3265:
3212:
3168:
2868:
2790:
2648:
2581:
2515:
2485:
2356:
2315:
2285:
2240:
2157:
2086:
2060:
2033:
2003:
1914:
1880:
1843:
1780:
1731:
1704:
593:of South America and Antarctica. The Eocene genus
554:Gondwanatheria cladogram per Chimento et al. 2015.
504:, possibly even true multituberculates, closer to
589:The youngest gondwanatherians are known from the
1408:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1130:
1128:
492:, or "toothless" mammals similar to the modern
1404:"First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica"
3969:
1623:
696:, a large parafibula, and the presence of an
484:. Postcranial reconstruction is hypothetical.
8:
496:. A variety of studies have placed them as
5786:
5620:
5502:
5288:
4994:
4983:
4970:
4730:
4530:
4454:
4378:
4216:
4190:
4186:
4175:
4162:
4100:
4073:
4046:
4035:
3992:
3976:
3962:
3954:
3757:
3746:
3524:
3447:
2876:
2865:
2852:
2587:
2364:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2141:
2039:
1922:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1764:
1710:
1701:
1646:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1344:King, Benedict; Beck, Robin M. D. (2020).
833:Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
119:
100:
20:
1369:
956:
1209:Wilford, John Noble (November 5, 2014).
912:
683:), the interclavicle is small, and the
703:The fully described animal, now named
640:. Most gondwanatheres are specialised
541:, and possibly a few other forms like
659:An articulated specimen found in the
7:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1083:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
1603:Mesozoic Mammals - Gondwanatheria
1194:. 5 November 2014. Archived from
535:in 1986, and includes one genus,
5770:
5769:
5746:
4956:
3938:
3937:
3732:
3727:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2127:
2122:
1533:†Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres
855:Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
800:Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
142:
5921:Maastrichtian first appearances
450:(and possibly much earlier, if
1:
1428:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10
1103:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706
949:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945
774:Trapalcotherium matuastensis
628:flanges similar to those of
840:Gondwanatherium patagonicum
763:Ferugliotherium windhauseni
692:similar in size to that of
667:(grooved structure) on the
570:and Antarctica. A possible
5937:
5911:Taxa named by Álvaro Mones
1554:Paleofile.com (net, info)
1525:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
888:Pascual & Carlini 1987
5759:
5744:
5623:
5505:
5291:
4997:
4982:
4969:
4954:
4457:
4381:
4219:
4193:
4189:
4174:
4161:
4103:
4076:
4049:
4034:
3991:
3933:
3756:
3745:
3725:
3527:
3450:
2879:
2864:
2851:
2824:
2590:
2367:
2172:
2168:
2153:
2140:
2120:
2042:
1925:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1763:
1713:
1700:
1645:
1480:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z
1315:10.1038/s41586-020-2234-8
1260:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y
1003:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z
785:Magallanodon baikashkenke
582:, extending the clade to
235:
230:
139:Scientific classification
137:
127:
118:
108:
99:
30:Late Cretaceous–Paleogene
23:
1577:Taxonomic lists- Mammals
1192:National Geographic News
873:Bharattherium bonapartei
574:-like species occurs in
5906:Burdigalian extinctions
1529:Haaramo, Mikko (2007).
480:Life reconstruction of
438:that lived in parts of
434:is an extinct group of
1362:10.1098/rspb.2020.0943
685:sternoclavicular joint
555:
527:There are three known
485:
5878:Paleobiology Database
553:
479:
1198:on November 5, 2014.
899:O'Connor et al. 2019
851:Sudamerica ameghinoi
807:Greniodon sylvanicum
671:, a fully developed
5616:Djadochtatherioidea
1472:2012NW.....99..449G
1460:Naturwissenschaften
1420:2006GSLSP.258..135G
1307:2020Natur.581..421K
1252:2018Natur.558..108H
1158:10.1038/nature13922
1150:2014Natur.515..512K
1095:2020JVPal..40S.213H
1043:. pp. 199–209.
995:2012NW.....99..449G
983:Naturwissenschaften
884:Patagonia peregrina
778:Rougier et al. 2008
661:Maevarano Formation
5688:Djadochtatheriidae
5250:Microcosmodontidae
937:Historical Biology
877:Prasad et al. 2007
866:Krause et al. 1997
822:Krause et al. 2014
624:possesses bizarre
599:and Miocene genus
556:
486:
5893:
5892:
5792:Taxon identifiers
5783:
5782:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5610:
5609:
5492:
5491:
5349:Neoplagiaulacidae
4965:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4920:
4919:
4720:
4719:
4526:Paulchoffatioidea
4520:
4519:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4244:Ferugliotheriidae
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
3951:
3950:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3741:
3740:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
2847:
2846:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2490:Prozostrodontidae
2352:
2351:
2290:Probainognathidae
2136:
2135:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
1910:
1909:
1848:Charassognathidae
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1301:(7809): 421–427.
1246:(7708): 108–112.
1144:(7528): 512–517.
1089:(sup1): 213–234.
900:
889:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
801:
790:
779:
768:
757:
753:Ferugliotheriidae
723:
690:obturator foramen
654:Ferugliotheriidae
518:multituberculates
502:multituberculates
458:multituberculates
429:
428:
376:
316:Ferugliotheriidae
226:
5928:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5872:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5787:
5773:
5772:
5750:
5704:Djadochtatherium
5621:
5503:
5498:Taeniolabidoidea
5289:
4995:
4984:
4971:
4960:
4888:Albionbaataridae
4731:
4604:Paulchoffatiidae
4535:Pinheirodontidae
4531:
4455:
4379:
4373:Multituberculata
4217:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4163:
4101:
4074:
4047:
4036:
4029:
4028:
3993:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3941:
3940:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3843:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3783:
3773:
3758:
3747:
3736:
3731:
3525:
3448:
3441:
3268:
3215:
3173:Kuehneotheriidae
3171:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2877:
2866:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2651:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2609:Botucaraitherium
2606:
2596:
2588:
2520:Tritheledontidae
2518:
2488:
2473:
2463:
2456:Santacruzgnathus
2453:
2443:
2436:Pseudotriconodon
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2318:
2288:
2245:Chiniquodontidae
2243:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2142:
2131:
2126:
2063:
2048:
2040:
2006:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1923:
1883:
1846:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1778:
1765:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1647:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1559:. Archived from
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1022:
977:
971:
970:
960:
924:
898:
887:
876:
865:
862:Lavanify miolaka
854:
843:
832:
821:
818:Vintana sertichi
811:Goin et al. 2012
810:
799:
789:Goin et al. 2020
788:
777:
766:
755:
721:
706:Adalatherium hui
673:humeral trochlea
482:Vintana sertichi
444:Upper Cretaceous
374:
221:
216:
202:
197:
147:
146:
123:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5881:
5876:
5868:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5794:
5784:
5779:
5751:
5730:
5682:
5654:Sloanbaataridae
5648:
5606:
5585:Taeniolabididae
5579:
5545:
5488:
5440:
5343:
5309:
5278:
5244:
5216:Eucosmodontidae
5210:
5169:
5114:
5065:
4991:
4978:
4961:
4940:
4916:
4911:Proalbionbaatar
4882:
4763:
4726:Plagiaulacoidea
4716:
4676:Plesiochoffatia
4662:Meketichoffatia
4613:Bathmochoffatia
4598:
4516:
4482:
4444:
4375:
4358:
4316:Gondwanatherium
4287:
4282:Trapalcotherium
4262:Ferugliotherium
4238:
4205:
4183:
4170:
4137:
4117:
4090:
4063:
4043:
4030:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3952:
3947:
3921:
3891:
3882:
3856:Panchetocynodon
3752:
3737:
3715:
3683:
3648:
3514:
3464:Hypsiprymnopsis
3434:
3261:
3208:
3164:
2898:Brachyzostrodon
2873:
2860:
2843:
2806:
2786:
2767:Xenocretosuchus
2653:Tritylodontidae
2644:
2577:
2536:Diarthrognathus
2511:
2481:
2361:
2359:Prozostrodontia
2348:
2311:
2306:Probainognathus
2281:
2236:
2162:
2160:Probainognathia
2149:
2147:Probainognathia
2132:
2102:
2088:Probainognathia
2082:
2056:
2029:
1999:
1974:Platycraniellus
1919:
1906:
1885:Procynosuchidae
1876:
1864:Charassognathus
1839:
1785:
1772:
1747:
1727:
1696:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1557:"Paleofile.com"
1555:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1055:Kraus, David W.
1053:
1052:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1026:
979:
978:
974:
926:
925:
914:
909:
829:Dakshina jederi
767:Bonaparte 1986a
715:
616:
572:Ferugliotherium
562:have come from
544:Trapalcotherium
538:Ferugliotherium
510:plagiaulacidans
474:
462:euharamiyidians
460:and likely the
413:Family unknown
375:Patterson, 1952
331:Trapalcotherium
323:Ferugliotherium
275:Gondwanatherium
220:
214:
200:
195:
141:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5934:
5932:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5916:Gondwanatheres
5913:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5874:
5861:
5848:
5835:
5830:Gondwanatheria
5820:
5804:
5802:
5800:Gondwanatheria
5796:
5795:
5790:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5551:Lambdopsalidae
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5317:
5315:Cimolodontidae
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5284:Ptilodontoidea
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:Gondwanatheria
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4856:Parendotherium
4852:
4845:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4806:Heishanobaatar
4802:
4799:Hakusanobaatar
4795:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4735:Plagiaulacidae
4728:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4430:Gondwanatheria
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4211:Gondwanatheria
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Morganucodonta
3904:
3902:Dromatheriidae
3898:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3866:Redondagnathus
3859:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3763:Incertae sedis
3754:
3753:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:Gondwanatheria
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3541:Arboroharamiya
3537:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3479:Kalaallitkigun
3475:
3468:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3203:Kuehneotherium
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3088:Paikasigudodon
3081:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2988:Erythrotherium
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2871:Mammaliaformes
2869:
2862:
2861:
2858:Mammaliaformes
2856:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:Mammaliaformes
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2704:Kayentatherium
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2669:Bienotheroides
2665:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2583:Mammaliamorpha
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2466:Therioherpeton
2459:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2343:Trucidocynodon
2339:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:Eutheriodontia
1683:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:External links
1595:
1592:
1591:
1547:
1518:
1509:
1466:(6): 449–463.
1449:
1414:(1): 135–144.
1394:
1385:
1336:
1281:
1229:
1216:New York Times
1201:
1179:
1124:
1064:
1046:
1024:
989:(6): 449–463.
972:
943:(5): 603–623.
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
901:
890:
879:
868:
857:
846:
844:Bonaparte 1986
835:
824:
813:
793:
792:
791:
780:
769:
756:Bonaparte 1986
749:
741:
733:
719:Gondwanatheria
714:
711:
615:
612:
533:José Bonaparte
473:
472:Classification
470:
432:Gondwanatheria
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
411:
410:
409:
401:
393:
385:
368:
367:
366:
356:Adalatheriidae
352:
351:
350:
342:
334:
326:
312:
311:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
261:
244:
233:
232:
228:
227:
218:Gondwanatheria
212:
205:
204:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
125:
124:
116:
115:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
24:Gondwanatheres
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5933:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5765:Plagiaulacida
5762:
5761:
5758:
5749:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5636:Chulsanbaatar
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5594:Kimbetopsalis
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5526:Erythrobaatar
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5446:Ptilodontidae
5443:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:Neoplagiaulax
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5273:Pentacosmodon
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:Microcosmodon
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5109:Paracimexomys
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:Paracimexomys
5068:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4959:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:Kielanobaatar
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4712:
4711:Xenachoffatia
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:Pseudobolodon
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:Paulchoffatia
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:Meketibolodon
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Allodontoidea
4447:
4440:
4439:
4438:Hahnodontidae
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4309:Galulatherium
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:Bharattherium
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4293:Sudamericidae
4290:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Symmetrodonta
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3730:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:Hahnodontidae
3651:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:Sineleutherus
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:Tashkumyrodon
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:Sibirotherium
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:Peraiocynodon
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:Hutegotherium
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:Cyrtlatherium
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3217:Shuotheriidae
3211:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:Megazostrodon
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:Indozostrodon
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:Hallautherium
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:Cifellilestes
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
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2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
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2841:
2837:
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2829:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
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2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:Stereognathus
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
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2722:
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2640:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:Adelobasileus
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
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2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2506:Pseudotherium
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2467:
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2408:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:Alemoatherium
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
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2258:
2256:
2255:
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2250:
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2239:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2191:Candelariodon
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
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2068:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:Progalesaurus
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:Nanictosaurus
1948:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:Epicynodontia
1913:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:Procynosuchus
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
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1563:on 2016-01-11
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1277:
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1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
973:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
917:
913:
906:
897:
896:
895:Galulatherium
891:
886:
885:
880:
875:
874:
869:
864:
863:
858:
853:
852:
847:
842:
841:
836:
831:
830:
825:
820:
819:
814:
809:
808:
803:
802:
798:
797:Sudamericidae
794:
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
770:
765:
764:
759:
758:
754:
750:
748:
747:
746:Galulatherium
742:
740:
739:
734:
732:
731:
726:
725:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
707:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
681:glenoid fossa
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:ground sloths
631:
627:
623:
622:
613:
611:
609:
605:
603:
598:
597:
592:
587:
585:
584:North America
581:
577:
576:Maastrichtian
573:
569:
565:
561:
552:
548:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:mammaliaforms
433:
421:
420:
415:
414:
412:
408:
407:
402:
400:
399:
394:
392:
391:
386:
384:
383:
378:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
358:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
332:
327:
325:
324:
319:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
301:
300:
295:
293:
292:
287:
285:
284:
279:
277:
276:
271:
268:
267:
266:Galulatherium
262:
260:
259:
258:Bharattherium
254:
253:
252:
251:Sudamericidae
248:
245:
243:
242:
237:
236:
234:
229:
224:
219:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
126:
122:
117:
114:
113:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
5799:
5723:
5718:Mangasbaatar
5716:
5711:Kryptobaatar
5709:
5702:
5697:Catopsbaatar
5695:
5675:
5670:Nessovbaatar
5668:
5663:Kamptobaatar
5661:
5643:Nemegtbaatar
5641:
5634:
5629:Bulganbaatar
5627:
5599:
5592:
5574:Sphenopsalis
5572:
5565:
5560:Lambdopsalis
5558:
5538:
5533:Valenopsalis
5531:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5433:
5426:
5421:Paressonodon
5419:
5414:Parectypodus
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5302:
5295:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5162:
5155:
5150:Meniscoessus
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:Cimolomyidae
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5024:Corriebaatar
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4909:
4902:
4897:Albionbaatar
4895:
4875:
4870:Tedoribaatar
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4785:Dolichoprion
4783:
4776:
4769:Eobaataridae
4756:
4751:Morrisonodon
4749:
4742:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4627:Guimarotodon
4625:
4618:
4611:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:Allodontidae
4475:
4468:
4461:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4402:Hahnotherium
4400:
4392:
4385:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4280:
4275:Magallanodon
4273:
4260:
4254:Argentodites
4252:
4232:Groeberiidae
4230:
4225:Adalatherium
4223:
4210:
4197:
4024:Theriiformes
4019:
3917:Triconodonta
3893:Polyphyletic
3888:Paraphyletic
3874:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3776:Cistecynodon
3774:
3761:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3578:Maiopatagium
3576:
3568:
3563:Cryoharamiya
3561:
3554:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3520:Euharamiyida
3507:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3386:Microdocodon
3384:
3377:
3372:Khorotherium
3370:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3293:Castorocauda
3291:
3284:
3279:Agilodocodon
3277:
3254:
3249:Pseudotribos
3247:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3127:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3068:Morganucodon
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2958:Dinnetherium
2956:
2948:Dianoconodon
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2908:Bridetherium
2906:
2896:
2886:
2831:
2779:
2774:Yuanotherium
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2690:Dinnebitodon
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2662:Bienotherium
2660:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2570:
2562:
2557:Pachygenelus
2555:
2550:Irajatherium
2548:
2543:Elliotherium
2541:
2534:
2527:
2504:
2499:Prozostrodon
2497:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2416:Microconodon
2414:
2404:
2396:Dromatherium
2394:
2384:
2374:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:Ecteniniidae
2304:
2297:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2229:
2221:Protheriodon
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2181:Agudotherium
2179:
2051:Kataigidodon
2049:
2035:Eucynodontia
2022:
2015:
2008:Galesauridae
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1899:
1892:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1834:Uralocynodon
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1582:. Retrieved
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1532:
1521:
1512:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1298:
1294:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1214:
1204:
1196:the original
1191:
1182:
1141:
1137:
1086:
1082:
1058:
1049:
1040:
986:
982:
975:
940:
936:
932:
928:
893:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
816:
805:
783:
772:
761:
744:
738:Adalatherium
736:
728:
722:McKenna 1971
718:
716:
704:
702:
658:
646:grass-eating
619:
617:
608:metatherians
600:
594:
588:
578:deposits of
571:
557:
542:
536:
526:
522:Euharamiyida
514:haramiyidans
487:
481:
451:
446:through the
431:
430:
417:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:Groeberiidae
363:Adalatherium
361:
347:Magallanodon
345:
339:Argentodites
337:
329:
321:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
264:
256:
239:
217:
208:
129:
128:Mandible of
112:Adalatherium
110:
18:
5824:Wikispecies
5677:Sloanbaatar
5601:Taeniolabis
5476:Prochetodon
5304:Neoliotomus
5259:Acheronodon
5225:Clemensodon
5175:Kogaionidae
5129:Buginbaatar
5045:Uzbekbaatar
5010:Ameribaatar
4989:Cimolodonta
4976:Cimolodonta
4926:Cimolodonta
4849:Nokerbaatar
4778:Cheruscodon
4593:Pinheirodon
4572:Gerhardodon
4565:Ecprepaulax
4551:Bructerodon
4544:Bernardodon
4477:Zofiabaatar
4463:Arginbaatar
4268:LACM 149371
3876:Saurodesmus
3664:Cifelliodon
3628:Woodeatonia
3621:Vilevolodon
3600:Sharypovoia
3570:Kermackodon
3533:Allostaffia
3502:Theroteinus
3472:Haramiyavia
3429:Tegotherium
3415:Simpsonodon
3393:Paritatodon
3342:Gondtherium
3328:Dsungarodon
3286:Borealestes
3256:Shuotherium
3241:Paritatodon
3226:Feredocodon
3189:Kotatherium
3149:Wareolestes
3118:Sinoconodon
3098:Purbeckodon
3038:Indotherium
3028:Helvetiodon
3008:Hadrocodium
2998:Gondwanadon
2978:Eozostrodon
2968:Dyskritodon
2888:Bocaconodon
2746:Shartegodon
2732:Oligokyphus
2725:Nuurtherium
2718:Montirictus
2697:Fossiomanus
2683:Dianzhongia
2676:Bocatherium
2629:Sinoconodon
2572:Tritheledon
2446:Rewaconodon
2406:Inditherium
2299:Bonacynodon
2261:Chiniquodon
2231:Tessellatia
2076:Cynognathia
2065:Cynognathia
1984:Thrinaxodon
1964:Nythosaurus
1814:Nanocynodon
1584:30 December
1540:30 December
1222:November 6,
958:11336/85076
730:Allostaffia
650:Groeberidae
630:xenarthrans
506:cimolodonts
500:related to
490:xenarthrans
453:Allostaffia
241:Allostaffia
5900:Categories
5763:See also:
5567:Prionessus
5519:Catopsalis
5469:Kimbetohia
5462:Baiotomeus
5455:Aenigmamys
5232:Eucosmodon
5184:Barbatodon
5157:Paressodon
4935:see below↓
4877:Teutonodon
4863:Sinobaatar
4841:Monobaatar
4827:Liaobaatar
4820:Indobaatar
4758:Plagiaulax
4648:Kuehneodon
4641:Kielanodon
4634:Henkelodon
4497:Ctenacodon
4394:Baidabatyr
4387:Argillomys
4346:Sudamerica
4199:Haramiyida
4181:Allotheria
4168:Allotheria
4132:see below↓
4123:Allotheria
4084:Cynodontia
4069:Cynodontia
3985:Allotheria
3836:Meurthodon
3556:Butlerodon
3548:Baidabatyr
3486:Kollikodon
3456:Avashishta
3443:Haramiyida
3379:Krusatodon
3350:Haldanodon
3321:Docofossor
3307:Dobunnodon
3182:Fluctuodon
3129:Storchodon
3108:Rosierodon
2918:Cherwellia
2801:see below↓
2781:Yunnanodon
2760:Tritylodon
2739:Polistodon
2619:Brasilodon
2564:Riograndia
2529:Chaliminia
2386:Deccanodon
2336:Ecteninion
2329:Diegocanis
2276:Riojanodon
2268:Cromptodon
2201:Charruodon
2097:see below↓
2017:Galesaurus
1944:Cynosaurus
1934:Bolotridon
1871:Nshimbodon
1824:Madysaurus
1783:Cynodontia
1770:Cynodontia
1742:see below↓
1733:Cynodontia
1681:Therapsida
1639:Cynodontia
1567:2015-12-30
907:References
669:talus bone
568:Madagascar
498:allotheres
466:Allotheria
398:Epiklohnia
299:Sudamerica
231:Subgroups
199:Allotheria
192:Subclass:
131:Sudamerica
5725:Tombaatar
5435:Xyronomys
5428:Xanclomys
5393:Mimetodon
5386:Mesodmops
5365:Ectypodus
5358:Cernaysia
5331:Cimolodon
5324:Anconodon
5297:Filikomys
5198:Kogaionon
5164:Parikimys
5143:Essonodon
5136:Cimolomys
5102:Dakotamys
5095:Cimexomys
5088:Cedaromys
5081:Bryceomys
5052:Viridomys
5031:Fractinus
5003:Allocodon
4704:Sunnyodon
4697:Rugosodon
4690:Renatodon
4620:Galveodon
4586:Lavocatia
4558:Cantalera
4423:Tashtykia
4338:Patagonia
4323:Greniodon
4057:Synapsida
4041:Synapsida
4001:Kingdom:
3671:Denisodon
3585:Megaconus
3270:Docodonta
3159:Woutersia
3139:Stylidens
3078:Paceyodon
2476:Tricuspes
2426:Polonodon
1994:Vetusodon
1857:Abdalodon
1721:Synapsida
1706:Synapsida
1672:Synapsida
1655:Kingdom:
1488:1432-1904
1444:129493664
1436:0305-8719
1331:216650606
1119:230968231
1111:0272-4634
967:216591096
933:Patagonia
929:Groeberia
602:Patagonia
596:Groeberia
448:Paleogene
419:Greniodon
382:Groeberia
291:Patagonia
201: (?)
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
109:Skull of
5857:11145358
5844:10553577
5809:Wikidata
5775:Category
5540:Yubaatar
5511:Bubodens
5483:Ptilodus
5372:Krauseia
5338:Liotomus
5239:Stygimys
4834:Loxaulax
4792:Eobaatar
4579:Iberodon
4511:Psalodon
4504:Passumys
4470:Glirodon
4331:Lavanify
4111:Mammalia
4096:Mammalia
4015:Mammalia
4009:Chordata
4007:Phylum:
4003:Animalia
3943:Category
3846:Mitredon
3816:Kunminia
3806:"Hahnia"
3786:Eoraetia
3751:See also
3709:Mammalia
3698:Mammalia
3678:Hahnodon
3635:Xianshou
3607:Shenshou
3509:Thomasia
3364:Itatodon
3335:Ergetiis
3233:Itatodon
3196:Kuehneon
2938:Delsatia
2711:Lufengia
2639:Tikiodon
1663:Chordata
1661:Phylum:
1657:Animalia
1504:14077735
1496:22584426
1392:SVP 2015
1380:32517606
1356:(1928).
1323:32461642
1276:43921185
1268:29795343
1166:25383528
1057:(2014).
1019:14077735
1011:22584426
795:Family †
751:Family †
713:Taxonomy
698:epipubic
694:therians
677:coracoid
665:trochlea
558:Further
529:families
494:anteater
440:Gondwana
406:Praedens
370:Family †
354:Family †
314:Family †
283:Lavanify
186:Mammalia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
5815:Q133234
5407:Nidimys
5379:Mesodma
5205:Litovoi
5191:Hainina
5038:Halodon
5017:Boffius
4813:Iberica
4744:Bolodon
4416:Tagaria
4409:Janumys
4353:Vintana
4013:Class:
3826:Lepagia
3314:Docodon
2254:Aleodon
2211:Lumkuia
1901:Sludica
1468:Bibcode
1416:Bibcode
1371:7341916
1303:Bibcode
1248:Bibcode
1174:4395258
1146:Bibcode
1091:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
717:Order †
642:grazers
638:therian
621:Vintana
614:Biology
560:fossils
390:Klohnia
307:Vintana
182:Class:
3895:groups
3796:Gaumia
3696:Crown-
3593:Qishou
1804:Dvinia
1502:
1494:
1486:
1442:
1434:
1378:
1368:
1329:
1321:
1295:Nature
1274:
1266:
1240:Nature
1172:
1164:
1138:Nature
1117:
1109:
1017:
1009:
965:
700:bone.
591:Eocene
580:Mexico
508:than "
247:Family
225:, 1987
5883:57605
5870:10806
5865:IRMNG
5073:group
4020:Clade
1686:Clade
1677:Clade
1668:Clade
1500:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1327:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1115:S2CID
1015:S2CID
963:S2CID
632:like
626:jugal
564:India
344:(?) †
336:(?) †
223:Mones
209:Clade
5852:GBIF
4109:see
4082:see
4055:see
3707:see
3494:Mojo
2074:see
1719:see
1586:2015
1542:2015
1492:PMID
1484:ISSN
1432:ISSN
1376:PMID
1319:PMID
1264:PMID
1224:2014
1162:PMID
1107:ISSN
1007:PMID
931:and
652:and
35:PreꞒ
5839:EoL
1476:doi
1424:doi
1412:258
1366:PMC
1358:doi
1354:287
1311:doi
1299:581
1256:doi
1244:558
1154:doi
1142:515
1099:doi
999:doi
953:hdl
945:doi
782:? †
5902::
5880::
5867::
5854::
5841::
5826::
5811::
4022::
1688::
1679::
1670::
1572:.
1498:.
1490:.
1482:.
1474:.
1464:99
1462:.
1438:.
1430:.
1422:.
1410:.
1406:.
1374:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
1325:.
1317:.
1309:.
1297:.
1284:^
1270:.
1262:.
1254:.
1242:.
1213:.
1190:.
1168:.
1160:.
1152:.
1140:.
1127:^
1113:.
1105:.
1097:.
1087:40
1085:.
1081:.
1067:^
1039:.
1027:^
1013:.
1005:.
997:.
987:99
985:.
961:.
951:.
941:27
939:.
915:^
743:?†
727:?†
586:.
566:,
468:.
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