76:
68:
564:
58:
and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, and lakes and rules over human life, health and wellbeing. He punishes "hurtful demons" or "evil spirits" (i.e., trolls) who frequent the rocks and mountains; he destroys them with his lightning, shoots them with his bow, or dashes their brains out with
108:
does not occur in older dictionaries of Sami languages, for instance in the mid-19th century. He is often equated with
Tiermes; in 1673 Johannes Scheffer, who did not use the name Horagalles, wrote that when Aijeke thundered, he was called Tiermes. There is considerable regional variation in the
185:
Tiermes is god of the sky and thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, and lakes and rules over human life, health, and well-being. He protects people and their animals from "hurtful demons" and "evil spirits" (i.e., trolls). According to the mid-18th century
95:
Horagalles is occasionally depicted with a sledgehammer in one hand and a cross-hammer in the other, or symbolized by two crossed hammers. He made thunder and lightning with one hammer and withdrew them with the other to prevent harm to the Sami or their animals.
190:, "Thiermes or Thoron" is the first in a trinity, of whom the other members are Storjunkare and Baivre or Jumala. He is also called Aijeke, "grandfather" or "great-grandfather"; in 1673 Johannes Scheffer wrote that when Aijeke thundered, he was called Tiermes.
112:
Early scholars noted the similarities between
Horagalles and the Norse thunder-god Thor and that some Sami called him Thoron or simply Thor, and were unsure which had influenced which. But the name Horagalles is now interpreted as a
193:
The names of the god vary considerably between regions, with
Tiermes and variants being commonly used among northern Sami and Horagalles and variants among southern Sami, The word "dierpmis" could be a loanword from a
51:
Idols of
Horagalles are made of wood and have a nail or spike and a piece of flint in the head. He has a hammer called Wetschera, Aijeke Wetschera, or Ajeke veċċera, "grandfather's hammer."
109:
names; Horagalles (with its various spellings, including
Thoragalles) is characteristically southern Sami, and the rainbow is referred to by a variety of names referring to thunder.
362:
75:
39:(i.e. "grandfather or great grandfather"), is the thunder god. He is depicted as a wooden figure with a nail in the head and with a hammer, or occasionally on
71:
Depiction of
Horagalles from a Sami shaman drum found in Norway. The drum symbols were copied by the Christian priest Thomas von Westen in the 18th century.
159:, the rowan is called "the salvation of Thor" because Thor once saved himself by clinging to it. It has therefore been theorized that the Norse goddess
213:
god of thunder. Other name and spelling variants include Bajann, Pajǟn and
Pajanolmai, found in Finnish as Pajainen, all derived from the word
616:
592:
560:
481:
391:
282:
676:, ed. Jean Frédéric Bernard and Jean-Charles Poncelin de La Roche-Tilhac, 2nd ed., volume 1 Amsterdam/Paris: Laporte, 1783, OCLC 13814643,
217:, meaning "above". According to Zacharias Plantin, Pajonn is an alias of Doragass, which in turn is a distorted version of Horagalles.
767:
746:
587:, Publications of the UCLA Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology 3, Berkeley: University of California, 1973,
321:, tr. Henrik Sundin, ed. John Granlund, Bengt Löw, and John Bernström, Acta Lapponica 8, Stockholm: Gebers, 1956, OCLC 468993787,
829:
476:, doctoral dissertation, Acta universitatis upsaliensis, Historia Religionum 12, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1993,
259:
728:, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia / Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, 266, Helsinki 2012, pp. 63–117.
302:
275:
The
History of Lapland: wherein are shewed the original manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, etc., of that people
596:
195:
677:
67:
421:
659:
703:
642:
509:
347:
80:
408:
824:
699:
613:
Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse
608:
460:
819:
155:
79:
The two hammers of the thunder god depicted as a blue cross on a late 18th-century shaman drum from
630:
517:
533:
485:
691:
339:
576:
395:
124:, "the Old Man Thor," "Thor, the Elder," or "Thor fellow," "Thor Karl" (possibly from Norwegian
763:
742:
588:
556:
477:
387:
322:
20:
813:
386:, 1674 translated ed., facsimile ed. Suecica rediviva 22, Stockholm: Rediviva, 1971,
721:
634:
584:
251:
226:
163:, Thor's wife, was once conceived of in the form of a rowan to which Thor clung.
548:
210:
175:
433:
Nærøya manuscript, c. 1723, attributed to Johan
Randulf, cited in Friis, p. 69
786:
717:
149:
474:
The End of Drum-Time: Religious Change among the Lule Sami, 1670s–1740s
182:
and rain, also called Aijeke or Ajeke and often identified with Horagalles.
118:
92:
40:
114:
84:
179:
55:
514:
Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia
136:
74:
66:
739:
The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons
135:
Horagalles' consort is called Ravdna, and the red berries of the
799:
Axel Olrik. "Tordenguden og hans dreng i lappernes myteverden."
674:
Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde
188:
Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde
143:
resembles North Germanic names for the tree, such as Old Norse
160:
87:, Norway, described by the Christian missionary Knud Leem.
658:
volume 3, Helsinki: Finska Litteratursällskapet, 1853,
516:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964, OCLC 3264532,
281:
volume 3, Helsinki: Finska Litteratursällskapet, 1853,
277:, Oxford, 1674, cited in Matthias Alexander Castrén,
254:, "Lappische Beiträge zur germanischen Mythologie,"
59:
his hammer. The rainbow is his bow, "Aijeke dauge".
611:, "Germanische Elben und Götter beim Estenvolke,"
297:
295:
293:
313:
311:
762:, Wörterbuch der Mythologie 2, E. Klett, 1973,
726:A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe
722:"An essay on Saami ethnolinguistic prehistory"
367:De norske Finners og Lappers hedenske Religion
8:
379:
377:
375:
544:
542:
335:
333:
641:, London: Oxford, 1962, OCLC 264994678,
505:
503:
63:Horagalles depicted on Sami shaman drums
696:Lappisk Mythologi, Eventyr og Folkesagn
344:Lappisk Mythologi, Eventyr og Folkesagn
247:
245:
243:
241:
237:
789:. "Nordisk og lappisk gudsdyrkelse."
7:
100:Name and relationship to other gods
698:, Christiania: Cammermeyer, 1871,
555:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1987,
346:, Christiania: Cammermeyer, 1871,
54:Horagalles is the god of the sky,
35:and often equated with Tiermes or
14:
760:Götter und Mythen im alten Europa
139:tree are sacred to her. The name
639:Lapp Life and Customs: A Survey
741:, Taylor & Francis, 2015,
656:Nordiska Resor och Forskningar
450:. Christiania: Cappelen, 1852.
365:, citing Erich Johann Jessen,
279:Nordiska Resor och Forskningar
1:
301:Scheffer, cited in Castrén,
256:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen
47:Characteristics and functions
16:Thunder god in Sami mythology
803:1906, pp. 65–69.
793:1905, pp. 39–63.
758:John Balys, "Pajainen", in:
654:Matthias Alexander Castrén,
581:Gods of the Ancient Northmen
846:
637:, tr. Kathleen McFarlane,
196:pre-finno-ugric substrate
510:E. O. G. Turville-Petre
258:6 (1906) 155–80,
147:, and according to the
446:Nils Vibe Stockfleth,
384:The History of Lapland
88:
81:Porsanger Municipality
72:
609:Leopold von Schroeder
553:Comparative Mythology
317:Johannes Schefferus,
132:, "the thunder man."
78:
70:
830:Sky and weather gods
448:Norsk-lappisk Ordbog
532:25–28 (2004)
273:Johannes Scheffer,
692:Jens Andreas Friis
340:Jens Andreas Friis
89:
73:
593:978-0-520-02044-3
561:978-0-8018-3413-4
482:978-91-554-3065-8
392:978-91-7120-001-3
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781:Further reading
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43:, two hammers.
27:, also written
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801:Danske Studier
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791:Danske Studier
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749:, p. 272.
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707:(in Norwegian)
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156:Skáldskaparmál
128:), or Swedish
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21:Sami shamanism
15:
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770:, pp. 330–31
769:
768:3-12-909820-8
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747:9781136106200
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631:Ørnulv Vorren
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497:Friis, p. 66.
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825:Thunder gods
800:
790:
759:
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738:
733:
725:
713:
695:
687:
673:
669:
663:(in Swedish)
655:
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635:Ernst Manker
626:
612:
604:
585:Einar Haugen
580:
572:
552:
529:
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447:
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416:
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366:
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326:(in Swedish)
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252:Kaarle Krohn
214:
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93:shaman drums
90:
53:
50:
41:shaman drums
36:
33:Thora Galles
32:
28:
24:
18:
805:(in Danish)
795:(in Danish)
772:(in German)
681:(in French)
620:(in German)
549:Jaan Puhvel
263:(in German)
29:Hora Galles
814:Categories
787:Axel Olrik
718:Ante Aikio
512:, (1964).
233:References
198:language.
150:Prose Edda
130:Torsmannen
106:Horagalles
83:, Western
25:Horagalles
820:Sámi gods
126:Torrekall
122:Þórr Karl
119:Old Norse
117:from the
104:The name
530:Folklore
319:Lappland
221:See also
115:loanword
91:On Sami
85:Finnmark
459:Friis,
420:Friis,
407:Friis,
369:(1765).
361:Friis,
215:pad'd'i
180:thunder
178:god of
172:Tiermes
167:Tiermes
56:thunder
766:
745:
724:, in:
643:p. 119
597:p. 124
591:
583:, ed.
565:p. 204
559:
480:
422:p. 141
390:
323:p. 130
283:p. 206
260:p. 164
207:Pajonn
202:Pajonn
145:reynir
141:Ravdna
37:Aijeke
678:p. 57
617:p. 92
534:p. 49
518:p. 98
486:p. 19
409:p. 35
396:p. 37
363:p. 68
348:p. 69
303:p. 50
209:is a
174:is a
153:book
137:rowan
764:ISBN
743:ISBN
633:and
589:ISBN
557:ISBN
478:ISBN
388:ISBN
227:Buga
211:Sami
176:Sami
31:and
161:Sif
19:In
816::
720:,
704:69
702:,
694:,
595:,
579:,
563:,
551:,
541:^
502:^
484:,
394:,
374:^
342:,
332:^
310:^
292:^
240:^
23:,
774:.
645:.
599:.
567:.
536:.
520:.
488:.
463:.
437:.
424:.
411:.
398:.
305:.
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