870:
662:
156:
752:
131:
180:
888:
1308:
4757:
563:
4740:
1984:
1042:
1029:
1020:, as well as a row on the pterygoid flange. In some neochoristoderes the palatal tooth rows are modified into tooth batteries on raised platforms. The morphology of the palatal teeth is identical to that of the marginal teeth of non-neochoristoderes, and the replacement of palatal teeth is nearly identical to the replacement of marginal teeth.
1948:", describing them, as âan offshoot of the basic eosuchian stockâ, a classification which was widely accepted. However, the use of computer based cladistics in the 1980s demonstrated the non-monophyly of "Eosuchia", making the classification of choristoderes again uncertain. Subsequent studies either suggested placement as
1325:
Historically, the internal phylogenetics of
Choristodera were unclear, with the neochoristoderes being recovered as a well-supported clade, but the relationships of the "non-neochoristoderes" being poorly resolved. However, during the 2010s, the "non-neochoristoderes" from the Early Cretaceous of
1092:
preserves some remnants of soft tissue, but no scales, which shows that the hindfoot (pes) was not webbed, and a dark stained region with a crenellated edge is present above the caudal vertebrae of the tail, suggestive of a crest similar to those found in some living reptiles, like the tuatara,
631:, France. These remained the only recognised choristoderes for over a century, until new taxa were described in the late 20th century. Beginning in the late 1970s, additional taxa were described by Soviet-Mongolian teams from Lower Cretaceous sediments in Mongolia. In studies from 1989 to 1991,
1073:
was covered in scales of varying shape, depending on their position on the body, with at least one and possibly multiple rows of large ovoid scales running down sides of the trunk and tail. The feet display evidence of webbing, and the tail probably had additional tissue at the top and bottom,
1007:
teeth (teeth present on the bones of the roof of the mouth). Unlike most diapsid groups, where palatal teeth are reduced or lost completely, the palatal teeth in choristoderes are extensively developed indicating food manipulation in the mouth, probably in combination with the tongue. In most
1133:
stages of the Late
Cretaceous (~89-83 Million years ago), a time of extreme warmth. Due to the morphological similarities between choristoderes and crocodyliformes, it has often been assumed that they existed in competition. However "non-neochoristoderes" were smaller than adult aquatic
1340:
of Europe were recovered (with weak support) as belonging to a monophyletic clade, which were informally named the "Allochoristoderes" by Dong and colleagues in 2020, characterised by the shared trait of completely closed lower temporal fenestrae, with
2165:
of
Austria indicate the presence of choristoderes in Europe during this time period. The only record of choristoderes from Asia in the Late Cretaceous is a single vertebra from the Turonian of Japan. Fragmentary remains found in the Campanian aged
4239:"A biochronologic tie-point for the base of the Tortonian stage in European terrestrial settings: Magnetostratigraphy of the topmost Upper Freshwater Molasse sediments of the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Bavaria (Germany)"
1003:(side of the tooth facing the tongue) surface of the tooth base. There is some tooth differentiation among neochoristoderes, with the anterior teeth being sharper and more slender than posterior teeth. Choristoderes retain
1974:
with
Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, with being the earliest diverging members of either group also being plausible. A position as basal archosauromorphs is supported by the ossification sequence of their embryos.
1064:
are small and overlapping, and are smaller on the ventral underside of the body than the dorsal surface. A double row of larger ovoid scales runs along the dorsum (upper midline) of the body. The fossil also preserves
830:
are flat (amphiplatyan). All known choristoderans possess or are inferred to possess a novel skull bone not found in other reptiles, referred to as the "neomorphic bone" or neomorph, which is a component of the
992:
covering the tooth crown but not the base. Neochoristoderes have teeth completely enveloped in striated enamel with an enamel infolding at the base, labiolingually compressed and hooked, the exception being
718:
of these animals have a long, thin snout filled with small, sharp conical teeth. Other choristoderes are referred to collectively as "non-neochoristoderes", which are mostly small lizard-like forms, though
1082:
have also been reported, they consist of small (0.6-0.1 mm) pustulate and rhomboid scales, with the largest scales being located on the lateral sides of the body, decreasing in size dorsally, no
3011:"Feeding behaviour and functional morphology of the neck in the long-snouted aquatic fossil reptile Champsosaurus (Reptilia: Diapsida) in comparison with the modern crocodilian Gavialis gangeticus"
2200:. Small bodied "non-neochoristoderes", which are absent from the fossil record after the Early Cretaceous (except for possible North American remains), reappear in the form of the lizard-like
2089:, which represents the high point of choristoderan diversity, including the first records of the gharial-like Neochoristodera, which appear to have evolved in the regional absence of aquatic
843:, giving the skull a cordiform (heart shaped) appearance when viewed from above. In many "non-neochoristoderes" the lower temporal fenestrae are secondarily closed. Choristoderes possessed
948:
are small in size, indicating only average vision ability at best. The olfactory chambers of the nasal passages and olfactory stalks of the braincase are reasonably large, indicating that
653:
of the western United States, and had previously been enigmatic. The studies revealed it to be a small, lizard-like choristodere, different from the crocodile-like forms previously known.
3971:
Vertebrate paleobiodiversity of the Early
Cretaceous (Berriasian) Angeac-Charente LagerstÀtte (southwestern France): implications for continental faunal turnover at the J/K boundary
2429:
Evans SE, Hecht MK (1993). "A History of an
Extinct Reptilian Clade, the Choristodera: Longevity, Lazarus-Taxa, and the Fossil Record". In Hecht M, MacIntyre RJ, Clegg MT (eds.).
1221:, with the thin-shelled eggs hatching immediately after they were laid, presumably on land, though it has also been suggested that the species employed both viviparous and
1241:, it has been suggested that adult females could crawl ashore to lay eggs on land, with males and juveniles appearing to be incapable of doing so, based on the presumably
4124:[First evidence of Choristodera (Reptilia, Diapsida) in the Upper Cretaceous of Europe: Champsosaur vertebrae from the Gosau strata (Campanian) of Lower Austria]
2966:
Matsumoto R, Buffetaut E, Escuillie F, Hervet S, Evans SE (2013). "New material of the choristodere
Lazarussuchus (Diapsida, Choristodera) from the Paleocene of France".
999:
which has still rather simple teeth aside from the start of an enamel infolding. Teeth implantation is subthecodont, with teeth being replaced by erosion of a pit in the
2000:
period, over 250 million years ago, based on their primitive phylogenetic position. In 2015, Rainer R. Schoch reported a new small (~ 20 cm long) diapsid from the
4938:
4077:
Reiss S, Scheer U, Sachs S, Kear BP (13 December 2018). "Filling the biostratigraphical gap: First choristoderan from the Lower - mid-Cretaceous interval of Europe".
4824:
2847:
Keqin G, Evans S, Qiang J, Norell M, Shu'An J (25 September 2000). "Exceptional fossil material of a semi-aquatic reptile from China: the resolution of an enigma".
3647:"New choristoderes (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and phylogenetic relationships of Choristodera"
4320:
Matsumoto R, Suzuki S, Tsogtbaatar K, Evans SE (February 2009). "New material of the enigmatic reptile
Khurendukhosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from Mongolia".
869:
530:. Other choristoderans had lizard-like or long necked morphologies. Choristoderes appear to have been confined to the Northern Hemisphere, having been found in
1357:
have often been recovered as a clade, dubbed the
Hyphalosauridae by Gao and Fox in 2005. The finding of more complete material of the previously fragmentary
1285:. The tracks preserve traces of webbing between the digits. The authors of the study proposed based on the spacing of the prints, that choristoderans could "
2208:
is the last known choristodere, surviving the extinction of neochoristoderes at the beginning of the Eocene, with the youngest known remains being those of
4122:"Erster nachweis von Choristodera (Reptilia, Diapsida) in der Oberkreide Europas: Champsosaurierwirbel aus den Gosau-Schichten (Campan) Niederösterreichs"
3503:"A new choristodere (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of Monjurosuchidae"
4943:
4903:
1922:(absence of a fossil record) after their split from other reptiles. After initially being placed in Rhynchocephalia, Cope later suggested a placement in
2185:
4908:
4893:
3884:"Guelb el Ahmar (Bathonian, Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco): First continental flora and fauna including mammals from the Middle Jurassic of Africa"
3399:"The first possible choristoderan trackway from the Lower Cretaceous Daegu Formation of South Korea and its implications on choristoderan locomotion"
1138:, with gharial-like neochoristoderans occurring in association with blunt snouted crocodyliformes, but not in association with narrow snouted forms.
3755:
Quinn, Jacob G.; Matheau-Raven, Evangelos R.; Whiteside, David I.; Marshall, John E. A.; Hutchinson, Deborah J.; Benton, Michael J. (4 June 2024).
1182:. However, this proposal has been criticised by other authors, who suggest it is more likely that they represent late-stage embryos. A specimen of
4898:
2466:
478:
1178:
has been found with preserved skulls of seven juvenile individuals within the abdominal cavity. This has been proposed to represent evidence of
520:(168 to 20 or possibly 11.6 million years ago). Choristoderes are morphologically diverse, with the best known members being the crocodile-like
4424:
3138:
Jiang, Baoyu; He, Yiming; Elsler, Armin; Wang, Shengyu; Keating, Joseph N.; Song, Junyi; Kearns, Stuart L.; Benton, Michael J. (12 June 2023).
2467:"The first record of a nearly complete choristodere (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Jurassic of Hebei province, People's Republic of China"
1281:
have been attributed to choristoderans, based on the similarity of the pentadactyl (five fingered) preserved tracks to the foot morphology of
1134:
crocodyliformes and were more likely in competition with other taxa. For the more crocodile-like neochoristoderes, there appears to have been
2446:
2300:
1299:
of the United States, though only two prints are present and it is not possible to distinguish between a manus (forefoot) or pes (hindfoot).
2884:"A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous long-necked choristodere Hyphalosaurus from Liaoning, China with exceptionally-preserved integument"
2197:
4888:
4883:
4194:
Evans SE, Klembara J (2005). "A choristoderan reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Lower
Miocene of northwest Bohemia (Czech Republic)".
4147:
Matsumoto, Ryoko; Hirayama, Ren; Miyata, Shinya; Yoshida, Masataka; Mitsuzuka, Shunsuke; Takisawa, Toshio; Evans, Susan E. (August 2021).
3757:"The relationships and paleoecology of Pachystropheus rhaeticus , an enigmatic latest Triassic marine reptile (Diapsida: Thalattosauria)"
4923:
4913:
4024:"An Appalachian population of neochoristoderes (Diapsida, Choristodera) elucidated using fossil evidence and ecological niche modelling"
146:
2520:"Computed tomography analysis of the cranium of Champsosaurus lindoei and implications for the choristoderan neomorphic ossification"
1154:
in particular is thought to have fed like modern gharials, sweeping its head to the side to catch individual fish from shoals, while
924:
is poorly ossified at the front of the skull (anterior), but is well ossified in the rear (posterior) similar to other diapsids. The
743:(not containing all descendants of a common ancestor), as the lizard-like bodyform represents the ancestral morphology of the group.
4928:
2030:) of Britain was historically suggested to be a choristodere, but was later demonstrated to be a member of the marine reptile group
673:
4918:
3588:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
2178:, Canada, also possibly suggest the presence of small bodied "non-neochoristoderes" in North America during the Late Cretaceous.
4933:
2569:"A neomorphic ossification connecting the braincase, squamosal, and quadrate in choristoderan reptiles: insights from ”CT data"
2141:. Indeterminate remains of neochoristoderes are also known from the Canadian High Arctic, dating to the early Late Cretaceous (
887:
3542:
Matsumoto, Ryoko; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Ishigaki, Shinobu; Tsogtbaatar, Chinzorig; Enkhtaivan, Zorig; Evans, Susan (2019).
1186:
has been found with small rib bones in its abdominal cavity, suggesting that it took vertebrate prey at least on occasion.
2683:"Osteology and taxonomic revision of Hyphalosaurus (Diapsida: Choristodera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China"
807:
2732:"The internal cranial anatomy of Champsosaurus (Choristodera: Champsosauridae): Implications for neurosensory function"
2133:
is found in Utah, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan, which were along the western coast of the
179:
3456:"Ceratopsid tracks and associated ichnofauna from the Laramie Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian) of Colorado"
4130:
Sitzungsberichten der Ăsterreichs Akademis der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Abteilung
4417:
3309:
2389:
771:
2192:
are present in Europe, Asia and North America during the Paleocene, however they became extinct during the early
2110:
1915:
839:(openings of the skull behind the eye socket), these are greatly expanded in neochoristoderes, most extremely in
573:
4378:
4207:
2860:
2016:, known from both cranial and postcranial material, which he claimed represented the oldest known choristodere.
4237:
Kirscher, U.; Prieto, J.; Bachtadse, V.; Aziz, H. Abdul; Doppler, G.; Hagmaier, M.; Böhme, M. (1 August 2016).
3940:
2094:
2093:
crocodyliformes. A partial femur of an indeterminate choristodere is known from the Yellow Cat Member of the
4739:
3679:
2621:
Dong, Liping; Matsumoto, Ryoko; Kusuhashi, Nao; Wang, Yuanqing; Wang, Yuan; Evans, Susan E. (2 August 2020).
1251:
has been found with associated post-hatchling stage juveniles, suggesting that they engaged in post-hatching
822:
are slender with elongated grooves running along the labial (outward facing) surface of the bone, additional
3883:
2171:
2134:
2118:
2043:
1245:
fusion of the sacral vertebrae and possession of more robust limb bones in presumed females. A skeleton of
4777:
3985:"A fossil champsosaur population from the high Arctic: Implications for Late Cretaceous paleotemperatures"
2082:
4149:"The first choristoderan record from the Upper Cretaceous of Asia, Tamagawa Formation, Kuji Group, Japan"
4878:
4850:
4760:
4410:
3925:
2154:
1346:
1135:
1000:
2162:
2051:
1291:
3702:"The earliest possible choristodere (Diapsida) and gaps in the fossil record of semi-aquatic Reptiles"
2317:
4329:
4035:
3996:
3898:
3805:
3756:
3713:
3701:
3467:
3410:
3363:
3214:
3151:
3087:
2975:
2937:
2895:
2743:
2634:
2622:
2580:
2481:
2398:
2063:
3455:
2340:
826:
are present, expanded "spine tables" are present on the vertebrae, and the surfaces of both ends of
661:
4506:
2047:
1201:
has been found with 18 fully developed embryos within the mother's body, suggesting that they were
961:
941:
815:
624:
588:
252:
155:
3205:
Ji Q, Wu XC, Cheng YN (April 2010). "Cretaceous choristoderan reptiles gave birth to live young".
1930:
in 1891 returned Choristodera to Rhynchocephalia, but in 1893 suggested a close relationship with
1060:
preserves pleated skin, which indicates that in life it was probably thin and soft. The preserved
4390:
4353:
4219:
4176:
4148:
4102:
4059:
3984:
3952:
3837:
3737:
3565:
3379:
3332:
3238:
3111:
3056:
2991:
2883:
2864:
2658:
2497:
2150:
2055:
836:
811:
646:
174:
4855:
4022:
Dudgeon, Thomas W.; Landry, Zoe; Callahan, Wayne R.; Mehling, Carl M.; Ballwanz, Steven (2021).
3924:
Britt, Brooks B.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Eberth, David A. (11 December 2006).
751:
130:
4815:
1158:
is thought to have been more generalist, being able to take both aquatic and terrestrial prey.
770:
According to Matsumoto and colleagues (2019), choristoderes are united by the presence of nine
4837:
4651:
4345:
4261:
4211:
4168:
4094:
4051:
3944:
3829:
3821:
3792:
Averianov, Alexander O.; Martin, Thomas; Evans, Susan E.; Bakirov, Aizek A. (1 January 2006).
3774:
3729:
3627:
3609:
3524:
3483:
3436:
3287:
3230:
3187:
3169:
3103:
3048:
3030:
2826:
2777:
2759:
2712:
2650:
2598:
2549:
2442:
2296:
2273:
2153:
of New Jersey from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), which formed the separate island of
1963:
1953:
1765:
1345:
from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Europe and North America being consistently recovered as the
1296:
1242:
1171:
1118:
827:
725:
365:
4842:
4023:
2058:
of the United States, with broadly similar remains also known from the late Middle Jurassic (
1996:
Choristoderes must have diverged from all other known reptile groups prior to the end of the
1277:
4829:
4614:
4382:
4374:
4337:
4297:
4253:
4203:
4160:
4086:
4043:
4004:
3936:
3906:
3864:
3855:"Middle Jurassic vertebrate assemblage of Berezovsk coal mine in western Siberia (Russia)".
3813:
3764:
3721:
3658:
3617:
3599:
3555:
3514:
3475:
3426:
3418:
3371:
3324:
3277:
3269:
3222:
3177:
3159:
3095:
3038:
3022:
2983:
2945:
2903:
2856:
2816:
2808:
2767:
2751:
2730:
Dudgeon, Thomas W.; Maddin, Hillary C.; Evans, David C.; Mallon, Jordan C. (28 April 2020).
2702:
2694:
2642:
2588:
2539:
2531:
2489:
2434:
2406:
2318:"On some extinct reptiles and Batrachia from the Judith River and Fox Hills beds of Montana"
2263:
2253:
2242:"High morphological disparity in a bizarre Paleocene fauna of predatory freshwater reptiles"
2167:
2097:
in North America. They appear to be absent from the well sampled European localities of the
2086:
2075:
2013:
2009:
1949:
1264:
1229:
has been found preserved within a weakly mineralised parchment-shelled egg, suggesting that
787:
602:
4706:
4669:
3544:"Revealing body proportions of the enigmatic choristodere Khurendukhosaurus from Mongolia"
2001:
1449:
1122:
1114:
795:
775:
699:
692:
had a length of only around 30 cm (12 in), and the largest known choristoderan,
642:
599:
584:
580:
521:
495:
438:
386:
39:
3970:
2623:"A new choristodere (Reptilia: Choristodera) from an AptianâAlbian coal deposit in China"
1361:
shows that it also has a long neck, and it has also been recovered as part of the clade.
774:(shared traits characteristic of the group), including a median contact of the elongated
4333:
4039:
4000:
3902:
3868:
3809:
3717:
3471:
3414:
3367:
3218:
3182:
3155:
3139:
3091:
2979:
2941:
2899:
2882:
Wang, Miaoyan; Xing, Lida; Niu, Kecheng; Liang, Qingqing; Evans, Susan E. (April 2023).
2747:
2638:
2584:
2485:
2402:
485:
4644:
4596:
4302:
4285:
3663:
3646:
3622:
3587:
3543:
3431:
3398:
3282:
3257:
3043:
3010:
2821:
2796:
2772:
2731:
2707:
2682:
2544:
2519:
2268:
2241:
2071:
2031:
2018:
1958:
1666:
1410:
1328:
1307:
1247:
1009:
937:
832:
803:
799:
632:
345:
292:
140:
3973:. Geodiversitas, Museum National dâHistoire Naturelle Paris, In press. ffhal-03264773f
562:
4872:
4713:
4678:
4658:
4637:
4623:
4582:
4180:
4121:
4106:
4063:
3569:
3519:
3502:
3060:
2995:
2698:
2662:
2126:
2102:
2023:
1989:
1919:
1808:
1783:
1688:
1648:
1577:
1526:
1428:
1313:
1252:
1218:
1088:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1034:
1013:
929:
895:
877:
731:
688:
667:
650:
611:
593:
568:
531:
526:
475:
448:
398:
355:
335:
325:
272:
81:
4394:
4357:
4223:
3956:
3741:
3383:
3336:
3115:
2868:
2501:
2411:
2384:
4699:
4685:
4238:
3969:
Ronan Allain, Romain Vullo, Lee Rozada, Jérémy Anquetin, Renaud Bourgeais, et al..
3882:
Haddoumi H, Allain R, Meslouh S, Metais G, Monbaron M, Pons D, et al. (2016).
3841:
3479:
3242:
2949:
2067:
1937:
1932:
1463:
1210:
995:
989:
933:
932:) is proportionally narrow in both lateral and dorsoventral axes, with an enlarged
917:
783:
757:
736:
616:
543:
428:
418:
165:
4164:
4090:
3769:
2907:
2646:
2493:
1983:
1101:
Choristoderes are exclusively found in freshwater deposits, often associated with
4008:
2987:
4809:
4603:
4589:
2438:
1940:
in publications in 1956 and 1968 placed Choristodera within the paraphyletic or
1927:
1911:
1385:
1179:
1066:
1041:
779:
682:
637:
547:
499:
302:
282:
234:
56:
3422:
3164:
2755:
2258:
17:
4692:
4491:
4469:
4341:
4257:
3817:
3375:
3328:
3226:
2220:
reported from the late Miocene (~11.6 million years ago) of southern Germany.
2158:
2098:
1923:
1286:
1272:
1202:
1166:
have been suggested to have fed on invertebrates. Preserved gut contents of a
1110:
957:
852:
844:
763:
707:
694:
408:
101:
66:
4800:
4265:
4215:
4172:
4098:
4055:
3948:
3926:"A Barremian neochoristodere from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, U.S.A."
3910:
3825:
3778:
3733:
3725:
3613:
3528:
3487:
3258:"Implications of flexible-shelled eggs in a Cretaceous choristoderan reptile"
3173:
3107:
3034:
2763:
2654:
2602:
3793:
2142:
2138:
2122:
2106:
2090:
2059:
2039:
1941:
1222:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1083:
976:
likely had an increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds and vibrations.
965:
953:
945:
835:. Ancestrally, the skull of choristoderes possess elongated upper and lower
740:
620:
191:
106:
50:
4349:
3833:
3689:(in German). Staatliches Museum fĂŒr Naturkunde Stuttgart. pp. 231â264.
3631:
3560:
3440:
3291:
3273:
3234:
3191:
3052:
2830:
2781:
2716:
2553:
2277:
2038:
the oldest known remains of which are known from the late Middle Jurassic (
1914:, but their exact placement in the clade is uncertain, due to their mix of
1028:
3310:"Post-natal parental care in a Cretaceous diapsid from northeastern China"
3076:"Cannibalism in a semi-aquatic reptile from the Early Cretaceous of China"
1289:" like modern crocodilians. Tracks attributed to neochoristoderans dubbed
968:
are most similar to those of other aquatic reptiles. The expansion of the
4794:
4720:
4463:
4457:
2146:
2027:
2005:
1971:
1945:
1496:
1337:
985:
925:
819:
711:
698:
is estimated to have had a total length of around 5 m (16 ft).
513:
509:
458:
211:
119:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
2593:
2568:
2196:. Their extinction coincides with major faunal turnover associated with
4630:
4475:
4047:
3983:
Vandermark, Deborah; Tarduno, John A.; Brinkman, Donald B. (May 2007).
3604:
3099:
2216:
of the Czech Republic and as well as possible indeterminate remains of
2213:
2175:
2050:
formations of Britain, with remains also known from the Upper Jurassic
1997:
1826:
969:
848:
791:
721:
606:
517:
505:
502:
492:
375:
221:
111:
86:
43:
3026:
2812:
2535:
4451:
4386:
3075:
2193:
1967:
1268:
1102:
1008:
choristoderes, longitudinal rows of palatal teeth are present on the
1004:
823:
551:
539:
201:
4771:
4366:
4315:. Paleontology, Monograph. Vol. 1. Science Museum of Minnesota.
706:
are the best-known group of the Choristodera. They resembled modern
2924:
Erickson BR (June 1985). "Aspects of some anatomical structures of
2295:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 167â168.
680:
Choristoderes vary substantially in size, the smallest genera like
2797:"Morphology and function of the palatal dentition in Choristodera"
1982:
1306:
1040:
1027:
1017:
750:
715:
660:
628:
561:
3140:"Extended embryo retention and viviparity in the first amniotes"
2034:. The oldest unequivocal choristoderan is the small lizard-like
1966:
they were recovered as members of the advanced neodiapsid group
1106:
535:
4775:
4444:
4406:
4402:
3009:
Matsumoto, Ryoko; Fujiwara, Shin-ichi; Evans, Susan E. (2021).
3687:
Der Lettenkeuper: ein Fenster in die Zeit vor den Dinosauriern
3074:
Wang, Xiaolin; Miao, Desui; Zhang, Yuguang (1 February 2005).
2322:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
912:
The internal skull anatomy of choristoderes is only known for
1117:. They appear to have been almost exclusively found in warm
956:
capabilities (sense of smell). The nasal passages lack bony
4379:
10.1206/0003-0082(2005)468<0001:ancftc>2.0.co;2
4208:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0171:ACRRDF]2.0.CO;2
2861:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0417:EFMOAS]2.0.CO;2
2074:
of western Siberia, as well as possibly the Bathonian aged
1364:
Phylogeny from the analysis of Dong and colleagues (2020):
1121:, with the range of neochoristoderes extending to the high
169:, on display at National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan
3941:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:abnftc]2.0.co;2
3256:
Hou LH, Li PP, Ksepka DT, Gao KQ, Norell MA (April 2010).
2385:"Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia"
4286:"Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles"
3454:
Lockley, Martin G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (14 September 1995).
2518:
Dudgeon TW, Maddin HC, Evans DC, Mallon JC (April 2020).
4313:
The Lepidosaurian Reptile Champsosaurus in North America
3308:
LĂŒ J, Kobayashi Y, Deeming DC, Liu Y (20 October 2014).
2204:
from the late Paleocene of France. The European endemic
984:
Most choristoderes have rather simple undifferentiated (
2291:
Sues, H.-D. (2019). "Archosauromorpha: Choristodera".
2121:
in France. In the latter half of the Late Cretaceous (
1910:
Choristoderes are universally agreed to be members of
1209:
also possessed soft-shelled eggs, similar to those of
739:
like necks. The grouping of "non-neochoristoderes" is
1349:
choristodere. The long necked "non-neochoristoderes"
4367:"A new choristodere from the Cretaceous of Mongolia"
3350:
Katsura Y (2007). "Fusion of sacrals and anatomy in
2567:
Qin, Wanying; Yi, Hongyu; Gao, Keqin (2 July 2022).
2293:
The Rise of Reptiles: 320 Million Years of Evolution
1962:. In a 2016 analysis of neodiapsid relationships by
546:. Choristoderes are generally thought to be derived
454:
444:
434:
424:
414:
404:
394:
383:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
308:
298:
288:
278:
268:
4784:
4668:
4613:
4568:
4517:
4490:
645:of Britain. The genus had first been described by
609:by Cope in the same paper. A year later, in 1877,
579:Choristodera was erected in 1876, originally as a
3989:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3501:Gao, Ke-Qin; Fox, Richard C. (16 November 2005).
2616:
2614:
2612:
1295:have also been reported from the Late Cretaceous
2235:
2233:
3700:Storrs, G. W.; Gower, D. J. (1 November 1993).
1237:has been suggested to have been viviparous. In
2465:Matsumoto R, Dong L, Wang Y, Evans SE (2019).
847:(rib-like bones situated in the abdomen) like
4418:
3645:Gao, Keqin; Fox, Richard C. (December 1998).
2433:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 323â338.
2113:, Spain, though there is a record of a small
8:
1926:due to the shape of the cervical vertebrae.
1233:was oviparous, and laid their eggs on land.
1146:Neochoristoderans are presumed to have been
3397:Lee YN, Kong DY, Jung SH (September 2020).
2188:, and together with fellow neochoristodere
4772:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4496:
4487:
4441:
4425:
4411:
4403:
2961:
2959:
1213:. A possible explanation for this is that
1074:allowing it to be used as a fin to propel
154:
129:
31:
4301:
4290:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3768:
3662:
3651:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3621:
3603:
3559:
3518:
3507:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3430:
3281:
3181:
3163:
3042:
2820:
2771:
2706:
2592:
2543:
2410:
2267:
2257:
4939:Tertiary extinctions of vertebrate taxa
3794:"First Jurassic Choristodera from Asia"
2229:
1078:through the water. Skin impressions of
1054:An exceptionally preserved specimen of
865:
550:that are close relatives or members of
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
798:(toward the midline of the body), the
3581:
3579:
3303:
3301:
2919:
2917:
2842:
2840:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2513:
2511:
2424:
2422:
2378:
2117:-like taxon from the Berriasian aged
7:
2795:Matsumoto R, Evans SE (March 2016).
2460:
2458:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
1086:were present. The Menat specimen of
928:(space occupied by the brain in the
4365:Ksepka D, Gao K, Norell MA (2005).
3869:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9736.2016.04.01
2627:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2474:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1800:
1757:
1695:
1683:
1640:
1584:
1533:
1455:
1445:
1402:
1377:
1367:
4303:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x
4196:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3929:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3761:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3664:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00580.x
3460:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2968:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2930:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2849:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2161:of Germany and the Campanian aged
1205:, but another specimen shows that
818:(located in shallow sockets), the
147:National Museum of Natural Science
25:
4944:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
4904:Early Cretaceous taxonomic orders
3706:Journal of the Geological Society
1225:reproductive modes. An embryo of
674:Beijing Museum of Natural History
4909:Late Cretaceous taxonomic orders
4894:Middle Jurassic taxonomic orders
4756:
4755:
4738:
3520:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00191.x
3262:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2699:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00907.x
2081:Choristoderes underwent a major
886:
868:
814:, the teeth are conical and sub-
178:
2681:Gao KQ, Ksepka DT (June 2008).
2412:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.11
1906:Relationships to other reptiles
1174:fragments. Another specimen of
4899:Late Jurassic taxonomic orders
4284:de Braga M, Rieppel O (1997).
3480:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011251
3144:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2950:10.1080/02724634.1985.10011849
2383:Matsumoto R, Evans SE (2010).
1:
4165:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104999
4091:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.12.009
3770:10.1080/02724634.2024.2350408
3548:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2908:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105451
2647:10.1080/14772019.2020.1749147
2494:10.1080/14772019.2018.1494220
4009:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.008
3586:Ezcurra MD (28 April 2016).
2988:10.1080/02724634.2012.716274
2042:~168-166 million years ago)
1326:Asia (with the exception of
1303:Classification and phylogeny
1271:) of South Korea, given the
1207:Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis
778:of the skull separating the
508:that ranged from the Middle
4889:Callovian first appearances
4884:Prehistoric tetrapod orders
4246:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
3354:(Diapsida, Choristodera)".
2439:10.1007/978-1-4615-2878-4_8
4960:
4924:Oligocene taxonomic orders
4914:Paleocene taxonomic orders
3423:10.1038/s41598-020-71384-1
3165:10.1038/s41559-023-02074-0
2756:10.1038/s41598-020-63956-y
2390:Journal of Iberian Geology
2259:10.1186/s12862-022-01985-z
2240:Brownstein, C. D. (2022).
2078:in Morocco, North Africa.
860:Choristodere skull diagram
672:in the collections of the
635:described new material of
491:, 'separated neck') is an
4751:
4736:
4577:
4564:
4560:
4541:
4499:
4486:
4440:
4371:American Museum Novitates
4342:10.1007/s00114-008-0469-6
3818:10.1007/s00114-005-0061-2
3376:10.1080/08912960701374659
3329:10.1007/s12303-014-0047-1
3227:10.1007/s00114-010-0654-2
2246:BMC Ecology and Evolution
1823:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1762:
1755:
1731:
1715:
1700:
1693:
1681:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1553:
1538:
1531:
1511:
1493:
1478:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1425:
1407:
1400:
1382:
1375:
1292:Champsosaurichnus parfeti
598:which was described from
574:Canadian Museum of Nature
265:
260:
175:Scientific classification
173:
162:
153:
137:
128:
34:
27:Extinct order of reptiles
4929:Miocene taxonomic orders
4120:Buffetaut, Eric (1989).
3911:10.1016/j.gr.2014.12.004
3726:10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1103
3080:Chinese Science Bulletin
2105:, Great Britain and the
2095:Cedar Mountain Formation
1170:specimen appear to show
1093:lizards and crocodiles.
755:Closeup of the trunk of
4919:Eocene taxonomic orders
4322:Die Naturwissenschaften
3207:Die Naturwissenschaften
2928:(Reptilia: Eosuchia)".
2345:The American Naturalist
2135:Western Interior Seaway
2129:), the neochoristodere
2119:Angeac-Charente bonebed
1956:or members of Diapsida
1481:Ikechosaurus sunailinae
988:) teeth, with striated
390:Evans & Hecht, 1993
4934:Aquitanian extinctions
3561:10.4202/app.00561.2018
3274:10.1098/rspb.2009.2035
2157:. Vertebrae from the
2111:La Huérguina Formation
2083:evolutionary radiation
1993:
1317:
1051:
1038:
908:Internal skull anatomy
767:
677:
576:
4851:Paleobiology Database
4258:10.1127/nos/2016/0288
2198:elevated temperatures
1986:
1918:features, and a long
1916:primitive and derived
1310:
1136:niche differentiation
1044:
1031:
899:, an allochoristodere
878:Champsosaurus lindoei
806:are expanded behind (
754:
695:Kosmodraco dakotensis
664:
569:Champsosaurus natator
565:
4311:Erickson BR (1972).
3863:(4): 187â204. 2016.
3678:Schoch, R.R (2015).
2431:Evolutionary Biology
2064:Balabansai Formation
2054:of Portugal and the
1979:Evolutionary history
1321:Internal systematics
1045:Life restoration of
1032:Life restoration of
881:, a neochoristoderan
558:History of discovery
542:, and possibly also
4334:2009NW.....96..233M
4153:Cretaceous Research
4079:Cretaceous Research
4040:2021Palgy..64..629D
4001:2007PPP...248...49V
3903:2016GondR..29..290H
3810:2006NW.....93...46A
3798:Naturwissenschaften
3718:1993JGSoc.150.1103S
3472:1995JVPal..15..592L
3415:2020NatSR..1014442L
3368:2007HBio...19..263K
3317:Geosciences Journal
3219:2010NW.....97..423J
3156:2023NatEE...7.1131J
3092:2005ChSBu..50..282W
2980:2013JVPal..33..319M
2942:1985JVPal...5..111E
2900:2023CrRes.14405451W
2888:Cretaceous Research
2748:2020NatSR..10.7122D
2639:2020JSPal..18.1223D
2594:10.3897/fr.25.79595
2585:2022FossR..25....1Q
2486:2019JSPal..17.1031M
2403:2010JIbG...36..253M
2085:in Asia during the
1636:"Allochoristodera"
962:semicircular canals
589:Edward Drinker Cope
4048:10.1111/pala.12545
3605:10.7717/peerj.1778
3403:Scientific Reports
3356:Historical Biology
3100:10.1007/BF02897540
3015:Journal of Anatomy
2801:Journal of Anatomy
2736:Scientific Reports
2687:Journal of Anatomy
2524:Journal of Anatomy
2341:"The Choristodera"
2163:GrĂŒnbach Formation
2151:Navesink Formation
2056:Morrison Formation
2052:Alcobaça Formation
1994:
1318:
1278:Novapes ulsanensis
1243:sexually dimorphic
1119:temperate climates
1052:
1039:
952:probably had good
837:temporal fenestrae
768:
678:
647:Charles W. Gilmore
577:
311:"Allochoristodera"
4866:
4865:
4838:Open Tree of Life
4778:Taxon identifiers
4769:
4768:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4652:Khurendukhosaurus
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4537:
4536:
3891:Gondwana Research
3027:10.1111/joa.13600
2813:10.1111/joa.12414
2633:(15): 1223â1242.
2536:10.1111/joa.13134
2480:(12): 1031â1048.
2448:978-1-4615-2878-4
2339:Cope, ED (1884).
2302:978-1-4214-2867-3
2137:on the island of
2066:of Kyrgyzstan in
1954:lepidosauromorphs
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1766:Khurendukhosaurus
1744:
1743:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1566:
1565:
1514:Tchoiria klauseni
1359:Khurendukhosaurus
1297:Laramie Formation
1172:arthropod cuticle
875:Skull diagram of
812:occipital condyle
726:Khurendukhosaurus
649:in 1928 from the
615:was described by
469:
468:
391:
366:Khurendukhosaurus
318:
256:
145:exhibited at the
123:
16:(Redirected from
4951:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4742:
4615:Allochoristodera
4575:
4566:
4562:
4497:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4442:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4361:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4270:
4269:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3935:(4): 1005â1008.
3921:
3915:
3914:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3712:(6): 1103â1107.
3697:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3607:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3268:(1685): 1235â9.
3253:
3247:
3246:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3167:
3150:(7): 1131â1140.
3135:
3120:
3119:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2380:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2316:Cope ED (1876).
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2237:
2087:Early Cretaceous
2076:Anoual Formation
2070:, the Bathonian
2014:Southern Germany
1950:archosauromorphs
1801:
1758:
1696:
1684:
1641:
1585:
1534:
1456:
1446:
1403:
1378:
1368:
1265:Early Cretaceous
1263:Tracks from the
926:cranial endocast
890:
872:
828:vertebral centra
824:sacral vertebrae
802:are absent, the
800:parietal foramen
776:prefrontal bones
747:Skeletal anatomy
700:Neochoristoderes
522:neochoristoderes
456:
446:
436:
426:
416:
406:
396:
389:
385:
373:
363:
353:
343:
333:
323:
312:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
251:
246:
183:
182:
158:
133:
117:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4743:
4726:
4707:Mengshanosaurus
4670:Neochoristodera
4664:
4609:
4548:
4533:
4513:
4482:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4401:
4364:
4319:
4310:
4283:
4279:
4277:Further reading
4274:
4273:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4021:
4020:
4016:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2382:
2381:
2356:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2212:from the Early
2186:K-Pg extinction
2149:) and from the
2002:Middle Triassic
1981:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1745:
1703:L. inexpectatus
1627:
1618:
1567:
1450:Neochoristodera
1323:
1305:
1261:
1192:
1144:
1123:Canadian Arctic
1115:crocodyliformes
1099:
1026:
982:
972:indicates that
938:olfactory bulbs
910:
905:
904:
903:
900:
891:
882:
873:
862:
861:
804:squamosal bones
766:under the ribs
749:
659:
643:Middle Jurassic
600:Late Cretaceous
585:Rhynchocephalia
560:
439:Mengshanosaurus
387:Neochoristodera
250:
244:
177:
124:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
40:Middle Jurassic
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hyphalosauridae
15:
12:
11:
5:
4957:
4955:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4847:
4834:
4821:
4806:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4645:Philydrosaurus
4641:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4597:Heishanosaurus
4593:
4586:
4578:
4572:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4373:(3468): 1â22.
4362:
4317:
4308:
4296:(3): 281â354.
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4252:(3): 445â467.
4229:
4202:(1): 171â184.
4186:
4139:
4112:
4069:
4034:(5): 629â643.
4014:
3995:(1â2): 49â59.
3975:
3962:
3916:
3897:(1): 290â319.
3874:
3857:Global Geology
3847:
3784:
3747:
3692:
3670:
3657:(4): 303â353.
3637:
3575:
3534:
3513:(3): 427â444.
3493:
3466:(3): 592â614.
3446:
3389:
3362:(3): 263â271.
3342:
3323:(2): 273â280.
3297:
3248:
3197:
3121:
3086:(3): 282â284.
3066:
3021:(5): 893â913.
3001:
2974:(2): 319â339.
2955:
2936:(2): 111â127.
2913:
2874:
2855:(3): 417â421.
2836:
2787:
2722:
2668:
2608:
2559:
2530:(4): 630â659.
2507:
2454:
2447:
2418:
2397:(2): 253â274.
2354:
2331:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2174:formations in
2072:Itat Formation
2032:Thalattosauria
2019:Pachystropheus
1980:
1977:
1964:MartĂn Ezcurra
1959:incertae sedis
1944:grouping of "
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:Philydrosaurus
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:C. albertensis
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:Heishanosaurus
1406:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1329:Heishanosaurus
1322:
1319:
1304:
1301:
1260:
1257:
1248:Philydrosaurus
1235:Monjuruosuchus
1199:baitaigouensis
1194:A specimen of
1191:
1188:
1143:
1140:
1098:
1095:
1025:
1022:
981:
978:
914:Champsosaurus.
909:
906:
902:
901:
892:
885:
883:
874:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
857:
833:dermatocranium
790:flange of the
772:synapomorphies
748:
745:
658:
655:
633:Susan E. Evans
559:
556:
512:, or possibly
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
381:
380:
379:
369:
359:
349:
346:Philydrosaurus
339:
329:
306:
296:
293:Heishanosaurus
286:
276:
263:
262:
258:
257:
242:
238:
237:
232:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
171:
170:
160:
159:
151:
150:
141:Philydrosaurus
135:
134:
126:
125:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
49:168â11.6
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4956:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4762:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4741:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:Simoedosaurus
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:Champsosaurus
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4659:Lazarussuchus
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:Monjurosuchus
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:Hyphalosaurus
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4583:Coeruleodraco
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:(2): 233â42.
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:(in German).
4131:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:Palaeontology
4025:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3352:Champsosaurus
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:Champsosaurus
2920:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:(3): 414â29.
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:(6): 747â68.
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:Fossil Record
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:Lazarussuchus
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Lazarussuchus
2203:
2202:Lazarussuchus
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:Simoedosaurus
2187:
2184:survived the
2183:
2182:Champsosaurus
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:Dinosaur Park
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Champsosaurus
2128:
2127:Maastrichtian
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:Purbeck Group
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Forest Marble
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Late Triassic
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1990:Monjurosuchus
1985:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:ghost lineage
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:lingyuanensis
1810:
1809:Hyphalosaurus
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1784:Hyphalosaurus
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Lazarussuchus
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:Lazarussuchus
1686:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:Monjurosuchus
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:S. dakotensis
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1578:Simoedosaurus
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1527:Champsosaurus
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:pijiagouensis
1465:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:Coeruleodraco
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:Hyphalosaurus
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:Lazarussuchus
1331:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1314:Coeruleodraco
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:Monjurosuchus
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1253:parental care
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1239:Champsosaurus
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:ovoviviparous
1216:
1215:Hyphalosaurus
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:Hyphalosaurus
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:Hyphalosaurus
1181:
1177:
1176:Monjurosuchus
1173:
1169:
1168:Monjurosuchus
1165:
1164:Lazarussuchus
1161:
1157:
1156:Simoedosaurus
1153:
1152:Champsosaurus
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:Lazarussuchus
1085:
1081:
1080:Champsosaurus
1077:
1076:Hyphalosaurus
1072:
1071:Hyphalosaurus
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:Monjurosuchus
1050:
1049:
1048:Lazarussuchus
1043:
1037:
1036:
1035:Monjurosuchus
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
974:Champsosaurus
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Champsosaurus
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:cranial vault
927:
923:
922:Champsosaurus
919:
915:
907:
898:
897:
896:Lazarussuchus
889:
884:
880:
879:
871:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Champsosaurus
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:is inflected
793:
789:
785:
784:frontal bones
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
759:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
735:possess long
734:
733:
732:Hyphalosaurus
728:
727:
723:
717:
713:
710:, especially
709:
705:
704:Champsosaurus
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
689:Lazarussuchus
685:
684:
675:
671:
669:
668:Hyphalosaurus
665:Skeletons of
663:
656:
654:
652:
651:Late Jurassic
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
612:Simoedosaurus
608:
604:
601:
597:
595:
594:Champsosaurus
590:
586:
582:
575:
571:
570:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:North America
529:
528:
527:Champsosaurus
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
461:
460:
453:
451:
450:
449:Simoedosaurus
443:
441:
440:
433:
431:
430:
423:
421:
420:
413:
411:
410:
403:
401:
400:
399:Champsosaurus
393:
392:
388:
382:
378:
377:
370:
368:
367:
360:
358:
357:
356:Hyphalosaurus
350:
348:
347:
340:
338:
337:
336:Monjurosuchus
330:
328:
327:
326:Lazarussuchus
320:
319:
316:
307:
305:
304:
297:
295:
294:
287:
285:
284:
277:
275:
274:
273:Coeruleodraco
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
172:
168:
167:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
142:
136:
132:
127:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4879:Choristodera
4816:Choristodera
4786:Choristodera
4785:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4700:Liaoxisaurus
4698:
4691:
4686:Ikechosaurus
4684:
4677:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4570:Choristodera
4569:
4545:Choristodera
4544:
4543:
4519:Choristodera
4518:
4462:Superclass:
4434:Choristodera
4433:
4370:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4293:
4289:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4115:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3965:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3894:
3890:
3877:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3804:(1): 46â50.
3801:
3797:
3787:
3760:
3750:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3686:
3673:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3595:
3591:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3409:(1): 14442.
3406:
3402:
3392:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3320:
3316:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3213:(4): 423â8.
3210:
3206:
3200:
3147:
3143:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2971:
2967:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2852:
2848:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2690:
2686:
2630:
2626:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2477:
2473:
2430:
2394:
2388:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2249:
2245:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2130:
2114:
2080:
2068:Central Asia
2036:Cteniogenys,
2035:
2017:
2010:Lower Keuper
1995:
1988:
1987:Skeleton of
1957:
1942:polyphyletic
1938:Alfred Romer
1933:Pareiasaurus
1931:
1909:
1825:
1824:
1807:
1806:
1782:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1555:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1464:Ikechosaurus
1462:
1461:
1427:
1426:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1383:
1372:Choristodera
1371:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1333:
1332:) alongside
1327:
1324:
1312:
1311:Skeleton of
1290:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1231:Ikechosaurus
1230:
1227:Ikechosaurus
1226:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:Reproduction
1183:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1100:
1097:Paleobiology
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1033:
996:Ikechosaurus
994:
983:
973:
949:
921:
913:
911:
894:
876:
853:crocodilians
840:
769:
762:showing the
758:Ikechosaurus
756:
741:paraphyletic
730:
720:
708:crocodilians
703:
693:
687:
681:
679:
666:
636:
623:deposits at
617:Paul Gervais
610:
592:
578:
567:
566:Skeleton of
544:North Africa
525:
488:
481:
472:Choristodera
471:
470:
457:
447:
437:
429:Liaoxisaurus
427:
419:Ikechosaurus
417:
407:
397:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
301:
291:
281:
271:
248:Choristodera
247:
228:
166:Ikechosaurus
164:
163:Skeleton of
139:
138:Skeleton of
35:Choristodera
29:
4810:Wikispecies
4604:Irenosaurus
4590:Cteniogenys
4085:: 135â141.
3680:"Reptilien"
2742:(1): 7122.
2579:(1): 1â10.
2115:Cteniogenys
1928:Louis Dollo
1912:Neodiapsida
1592:S. lemoinei
1386:Cteniogenys
1343:Cteniogenys
1211:lepidosaurs
1180:cannibalism
1160:Cteniogenys
1148:piscivorous
1125:during the
1111:salamanders
1067:webbed feet
942:optic lobes
934:pineal body
780:nasal bones
683:Cteniogenys
657:Description
638:Cteniogenys
619:from Upper
591:to contain
548:neodiapsids
500:semiaquatic
303:Irenosaurus
283:Cteniogenys
235:Neodiapsida
4873:Categories
4693:Kosmodraco
4528:see belowâ
4507:Sauropsida
4492:Sauropsida
4474:Subclass:
4470:Sauropsida
4159:: 104999.
4136:: 389â394.
2894:: 105451.
2351:: 815â817.
2328:: 340â359.
2224:References
2210:L. dvoraki
2159:Cenomanian
2155:Appalachia
2099:Berriasian
2091:neosuchian
1924:Lacertilla
1734:L. dvoraki
1431:jurassicus
1273:ichnotaxon
1203:viviparous
1084:osteoderms
958:turbinates
737:plesiosaur
474:(from the
409:Kosmodraco
261:Subgroups
118:Potential
4464:Tetrapoda
4450:Kingdom:
4387:2246/2778
4266:0078-0421
4216:0272-4634
4181:238680387
4173:0195-6671
4107:134904339
4099:0195-6671
4064:237761128
4056:1475-4983
3949:0272-4634
3826:1432-1904
3779:0272-4634
3734:0016-7649
3614:2167-8359
3598:: e1778.
3570:133925482
3529:1096-3642
3488:0272-4634
3174:2397-334X
3108:1861-9541
3061:244917425
3035:1469-7580
2996:129438118
2764:2045-2322
2663:219047160
2655:1477-2019
2603:2193-0074
2252:(1): 34.
2143:Coniacian
2139:Laramidia
2123:Campanian
2107:Barremian
2060:Callovian
2048:Kilmaluag
2040:Bathonian
2022:from the
1669:proseilus
1651:splendens
1347:basalmost
1336:from the
1287:high walk
1223:oviparous
1131:Santonian
1127:Coniacian
1010:pterygoid
980:Dentition
966:inner ear
954:olfactory
918:braincase
893:Skull of
845:gastralia
820:dentaries
816:thecodont
808:posterior
782:from the
764:gastralia
641:from the
621:Paleocene
516:, to the
482:chĆristos
198:Kingdom:
192:Eukaryota
149:, Taiwan
143:proselius
4795:Wikidata
4761:Category
4721:Tchoiria
4476:Diapsida
4458:Chordata
4456:Phylum:
4452:Animalia
4395:54179348
4358:13542692
4350:19034405
4224:84097919
3957:86258448
3834:16344982
3742:86088809
3632:27162705
3441:32879388
3384:84966652
3337:49570935
3292:20018793
3235:20179895
3192:37308704
3183:10333127
3116:95194181
3053:34865223
2869:86064702
2831:26573112
2782:32346021
2717:18510504
2554:31905243
2502:92421503
2278:35313822
2147:Turonian
2028:Rhaetian
2006:Ladinian
1972:polytomy
1946:Eosuchia
1541:C. gigas
1497:Tchoiria
1413:pygmaeus
1338:Cenozoic
1105:, fish,
1014:palatine
986:homodont
970:sacculus
946:flocculi
810:to) the
796:medially
712:gharials
702:such as
581:suborder
524:such as
514:Triassic
510:Jurassic
506:reptiles
479:ÏÏÏÎčÏÏÏÏ
459:Tchoiria
222:Reptilia
212:Chordata
208:Phylum:
202:Animalia
188:Domain:
120:Triassic
4843:5294526
4801:Q133068
4631:Shokawa
4468:Class:
4330:Bibcode
4036:Bibcode
3997:Bibcode
3899:Bibcode
3842:7111980
3806:Bibcode
3714:Bibcode
3623:4860341
3468:Bibcode
3432:7468130
3411:Bibcode
3364:Bibcode
3283:2842823
3243:8719805
3215:Bibcode
3152:Bibcode
3088:Bibcode
3044:9005684
2976:Bibcode
2938:Bibcode
2896:Bibcode
2822:5341546
2773:7188685
2744:Bibcode
2708:2423398
2635:Bibcode
2581:Bibcode
2545:7083570
2482:Bibcode
2399:Bibcode
2269:8935759
2214:Miocene
2176:Alberta
1998:Permian
1970:, in a
1827:Shokawa
1499:namsari
1351:Shokawa
1103:turtles
1005:palatal
1001:lingual
964:of the
849:tuatara
792:maxilla
722:Shokawa
627:, near
607:Montana
572:at the
518:Miocene
503:diapsid
493:extinct
376:Shokawa
241:Order:
218:Class:
122:records
44:Miocene
4856:347445
4393:
4356:
4348:
4264:
4222:
4214:
4179:
4171:
4105:
4097:
4062:
4054:
3955:
3947:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3777:
3740:
3732:
3630:
3620:
3612:
3568:
3527:
3486:
3439:
3429:
3382:
3335:
3290:
3280:
3241:
3233:
3190:
3180:
3172:
3114:
3106:
3059:
3051:
3041:
3033:
2994:
2867:
2829:
2819:
2780:
2770:
2762:
2715:
2705:
2661:
2653:
2601:
2552:
2542:
2500:
2445:
2299:
2276:
2266:
2194:Eocene
2168:Oldman
1968:Sauria
1768:orlovi
1269:Albian
1259:Tracks
1062:scales
990:enamel
960:. The
940:. The
788:dorsal
786:, the
714:. The
676:(BMNH)
629:Rheims
625:Cernay
603:strata
552:Sauria
540:Europe
538:, and
317:, 2020
315:et al.
255:, 1876
4830:11224
4825:IRMNG
4391:S2CID
4354:S2CID
4242:(PDF)
4220:S2CID
4177:S2CID
4126:(PDF)
4103:S2CID
4060:S2CID
3953:S2CID
3887:(PDF)
3838:S2CID
3738:S2CID
3683:(PDF)
3592:PeerJ
3566:S2CID
3380:S2CID
3333:S2CID
3313:(PDF)
3239:S2CID
3112:S2CID
3057:S2CID
2992:S2CID
2865:S2CID
2659:S2CID
2498:S2CID
2470:(PDF)
2109:aged
2101:aged
1275:name
1107:frogs
1018:vomer
716:skull
496:order
476:Greek
313:Dong
229:Clade
4505:see
4346:PMID
4262:ISSN
4212:ISSN
4169:ISSN
4095:ISSN
4052:ISSN
3945:ISSN
3830:PMID
3822:ISSN
3775:ISSN
3730:ISSN
3628:PMID
3610:ISSN
3525:ISSN
3484:ISSN
3437:PMID
3288:PMID
3231:PMID
3188:PMID
3170:ISSN
3104:ISSN
3049:PMID
3031:ISSN
2827:PMID
2778:PMID
2760:ISSN
2713:PMID
2651:ISSN
2599:ISSN
2550:PMID
2443:ISBN
2326:1876
2297:ISBN
2274:PMID
2170:and
2046:and
1829:ikoi
1787:sp.
1720:sp.
1389:sp.
1353:and
1217:was
1162:and
1142:Diet
1113:and
1024:Skin
1016:and
944:and
936:and
916:The
851:and
729:and
686:and
536:Asia
489:dĂ©rÄ
486:ÎŽÎÏη
253:Cope
57:Preê
4383:hdl
4375:doi
4338:doi
4298:doi
4294:120
4254:doi
4204:doi
4161:doi
4157:129
4134:197
4087:doi
4044:doi
4005:doi
3993:248
3937:doi
3907:doi
3865:doi
3814:doi
3765:doi
3722:doi
3710:150
3659:doi
3655:124
3618:PMC
3600:doi
3556:doi
3515:doi
3511:145
3476:doi
3427:PMC
3419:doi
3372:doi
3325:doi
3278:PMC
3270:doi
3266:277
3223:doi
3178:PMC
3160:doi
3096:doi
3039:PMC
3023:doi
3019:240
2984:doi
2946:doi
2904:doi
2892:144
2857:doi
2817:PMC
2809:doi
2805:228
2768:PMC
2752:doi
2703:PMC
2695:doi
2691:212
2643:doi
2589:doi
2540:PMC
2532:doi
2528:236
2490:doi
2435:doi
2407:doi
2264:PMC
2254:doi
2012:of
920:of
605:of
587:by
583:of
498:of
4875::
4853::
4840::
4827::
4812::
4797::
4389:.
4381:.
4369:.
4352:.
4344:.
4336:.
4326:96
4324:.
4292:.
4288:.
4260:.
4250:49
4248:.
4244:.
4218:.
4210:.
4200:25
4198:.
4175:.
4167:.
4155:.
4151:.
4128:.
4101:.
4093:.
4083:96
4081:.
4058:.
4050:.
4042:.
4032:64
4030:.
4026:.
4003:.
3991:.
3987:.
3951:.
3943:.
3933:26
3931:.
3905:.
3895:29
3893:.
3889:.
3861:19
3859:.
3836:.
3828:.
3820:.
3812:.
3802:93
3800:.
3796:.
3773:.
3763:.
3759:.
3736:.
3728:.
3720:.
3708:.
3704:.
3685:.
3653:.
3649:.
3626:.
3616:.
3608:.
3594:.
3590:.
3578:^
3564:.
3554:.
3552:64
3550:.
3546:.
3523:.
3509:.
3505:.
3482:.
3474:.
3464:15
3462:.
3458:.
3435:.
3425:.
3417:.
3407:10
3405:.
3401:.
3378:.
3370:.
3360:19
3358:.
3331:.
3321:19
3319:.
3315:.
3300:^
3286:.
3276:.
3264:.
3260:.
3237:.
3229:.
3221:.
3211:97
3209:.
3186:.
3176:.
3168:.
3158:.
3146:.
3142:.
3124:^
3110:.
3102:.
3094:.
3084:50
3082:.
3078:.
3055:.
3047:.
3037:.
3029:.
3017:.
3013:.
2990:.
2982:.
2972:33
2970:.
2958:^
2944:.
2932:.
2916:^
2902:.
2890:.
2886:.
2863:.
2853:20
2851:.
2839:^
2825:.
2815:.
2803:.
2799:.
2776:.
2766:.
2758:.
2750:.
2740:10
2738:.
2734:.
2711:.
2701:.
2689:.
2685:.
2671:^
2657:.
2649:.
2641:.
2631:18
2629:.
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