2316:
5493:"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2486 of 27 June 2023 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing the technical screening criteria for determining the conditions under which an economic activity qualifies as contributing substantially to the sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources, to the transition to a circular economy, to pollution prevention and control, or to the protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems and for determining whether that economic activity causes no significant harm to any of the other environmental objectives and amending Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 as regards specific public disclosures for those economic activities"
73:
3045:
2476:
2901:
54:
2420:
2158:
3100:
2530:
1963:
the atmosphere, or may remain in the ash where it can be leached down into groundwater when rain falls on the ash pile. Fortunately, dioxin and furan compounds bond very strongly to solid surfaces and are not dissolved by water, so leaching processes are limited to the first few millimeters below the ash pile. The gas-phase dioxins can be substantially destroyed using catalysts, some of which can be present as part of the fabric filter bag structure.
1612:
292:
1769:, still allowed in some rural areas, generates 580 grams (20 oz) of dioxins annually. Studies conducted by the US-EPA demonstrated that one family using a burn barrel produced more emissions than an incineration plant disposing of 200 metric tons (220 short tons) of waste per day by 1997 and five times that by 2007 due to increased chemicals in household trash and decreased emission by municipal incinerators using better technology.
261:
2759:
596:
as sacrificial layer to protect the kiln structure. This refractory layer needs to be replaced from time to time. Movement of the cylinder on its axis facilitates movement of waste. In the primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion reactions. The secondary chamber is necessary to complete gas phase combustion reactions.
385:
settle down into the barrel. The exhaust grating helps to prevent the spread of burning embers. Typically steel 55-US-gallon (210 L) drums are used as burn barrels, with air vent holes cut or drilled around the base for air intake. Over time, the very high heat of incineration causes the metal to oxidize and rust, and eventually the barrel itself is consumed by the heat and must be replaced.
1902:
1787:
407:
2246:. The efficiency of removal will depend on the specific equipment, the chemical composition of the waste, the design of the plant, the chemistry of reagents, and the ability of engineers to optimize these conditions, which may conflict for different pollutants. For example, mercury removal by wet scrubbers is considered coincidental and may be less than 50%. Basic scrubbers remove
1624:
199:, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler
673:
2916:
the electricity generated from waste is deemed to be from a 'Renewable Energy Source' (RES) and is thus eligible for tax credits if privately operated. Also, some incinerators in Europe are equipped with waste recovery, allowing the reuse of ferrous and non-ferrous materials found in the burned waste. A prominent example is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant, Amsterdam.
3005:
476:
468:
393:
such as New York, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin, have laws or regulations either banning or strictly regulating open burning due to health and nuisance effects. People intending to burn waste may be required to contact a state agency in advance to check current fire risk and conditions, and to alert officials of the controlled fire that will occur.
357:
1848:
on the surface of the ash. For a large volume air chamber, too brief an exposure may also result in only some of the exhaust gases reaching the full breakdown temperature. For this reason there is also a time element to the temperature exposure to ensure heating completely through the thickness of the fly ash and the volume of waste gases.
2489:. Even though approximately 40% of the incinerated waste in Denmark was incinerated at plants with no baghouse filters, estimates based on measurements by the Danish Environmental Research Institute showed that incinerators were only responsible for approximately 0.3% of the total domestic emissions of particulate smaller than 2.5
3088:. Companies such as Inciner8, a UK based company, are a good example of mobile incinerator manufacturers with their I8-M50 and I8-M70 models. Small incinerators can be quickly deployed to remote areas where an outbreak has occurred to dispose of infected animals quickly and without the risk of cross contamination.
2965:. This legislation is designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by landfills through the use of alternative methods of waste treatment. It is the UK Government's position that incineration will play an increasingly large role in the treatment of municipal waste and supply of energy in the UK.
165:. While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy produced from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.
2847:
in New York. In 1949, Robert C. Ross founded one of the first hazardous waste management companies in the U.S. He began Robert Ross
Industrial Disposal because he saw an opportunity to meet the hazardous waste management needs of companies in northern Ohio. In 1958, the company built one of the first
1966:
Modern municipal incinerator designs include a high-temperature zone, where the flue gas is sustained at a temperature above 850 °C (1,560 °F) for at least 2 seconds before it is cooled down. They are equipped with auxiliary heaters to ensure this at all times. These are often fueled by oil
1847:
The breakdown of dioxin requires exposure of the molecular ring to a sufficiently high temperature so as to trigger thermal breakdown of the strong molecular bonds holding it together. Small pieces of fly ash may be somewhat thick, and too brief an exposure to high temperature may only degrade dioxin
1735:
emissions. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. The EPA announced in 2012 that the safe limit for human oral consumption is 0.7 picograms Toxic
Equivalence (TEQ) per kilogram bodyweight per day, which works out to 17 billionths of a gram for a 150 lb person per
637:
in order to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can be produced per tonne municipal waste is about 2/3 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. Thus, incinerating about 600 metric tons (660 short tons) per day of waste will produce about 400 MWh of electrical
3332:
2923:
Due to increasing targets for municipal solid waste recycling in the EU, at least 55% by 2025 up to 65% by 2035, several traditional incineration countries are at risk of not meeting them, since at most 35% will remain available for thermal treatment and disposal. Denmark has since decided to reduce
2919:
In Sweden, about 50% of the generated waste is burned in waste-to-energy facilities, producing electricity and supplying local cities' district heating systems. The importance of waste in Sweden's electricity generation scheme is reflected on their 2,700,000 tons of waste imported per year (in 2014)
2915:
In Europe, as a result of a ban on landfilling untreated waste, many incinerators have been built in the last decade, with more under construction. Recently, a number of municipal governments have begun the process of contracting for the construction and operation of incinerators. In Europe, some of
2736:
The reduced levels of emissions from municipal waste incinerators and waste to energy plants from historical peaks are largely the product of the proficient use of emission control technology. Emission controls add to the initial and operational expenses. It should not be assumed that all new plants
2725:
technology combinations for treating residual mixed waste. The authors found that CHP incinerator technology without waste recycling ranked 19 out of 24 combinations (where all alternatives to incineration were combined with advanced waste recycling plants); being 228% less efficient than the ranked
2334:
just as is the case when coal is combusted. The total amount of ash produced by municipal solid waste incineration ranges from 4 to 10% by volume and 15–20% by weight of the original quantity of waste, and the fly ash amounts to about 10–20% of the total ash. The fly ash, by far, constitutes more of
1851:
There are trade-offs between increasing either the temperature or exposure time. Generally where the molecular breakdown temperature is higher, the exposure time for heating can be shorter, but excessively high temperatures can also cause wear and damage to other parts of the incineration equipment.
522:
reach a temperature of at least 850 °C (1,560 °F) for 2 seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of toxic organic substances. In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into the boiler in case
371:
Burn piles can and have spread uncontrolled fires, for example, if the wind blows burning material off the pile into surrounding combustible grasses or onto buildings. As interior structures of the pile are consumed, the pile can shift and collapse, spreading the burn area. Even in a situation of no
3056:
Contagious animal disease has cost governments and industry $ 200 billion over 20 years to 2012 and is responsible for over 65% of infectious disease outbreaks worldwide in the past sixty years. One-third of global meat exports (approx 6 million tonnes) is affected by trade restrictions at any time
2891:
in 2004. Projects to add capacity to existing plants are underway, and municipalities are once again evaluating the option of building incineration plants rather than continue landfilling municipal wastes. However, many of these projects have faced continued political opposition in spite of renewed
2519:
Volume of combusted waste is reduced by approximately 90%, increasing the life of landfills. Ash from modern incinerators is vitrified at temperatures of 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) to 1,100 °C (2,010 °F), reducing the leachability and toxicity of residue. As a result, special landfills
2515:
counted as recycling in
European targets. The recovery of glass, stone and ceramic materials reused in construction, as well as ferrous and in some cases non-ferrous metals recovered from combustion residue thus adds further to the actual recycled amounts. Metals recovered from ash would typically
2403:
is controversial. The debate over incinerators typically involves business interests (representing both waste generators and incinerator firms), government regulators, environmental activists and local citizens who must weigh the economic appeal of local industrial activity with their concerns over
2381:
of previous research identified a number of symptoms and diseases related to incinerator pollution exposure. These include neoplasia, respiratory issues, congenital anomalies, and infant deaths or miscarriages. Populations near old, inadequately maintained incinerators experience a higher degree of
1962:
The temperatures needed to break down dioxin are typically not reached when burning plastics outdoors in a burn barrel or garbage pit, causing high dioxin emissions as mentioned above. While plastic does usually burn in an open-air fire, the dioxins remain after combustion and either float off into
615:
is created and fuel and waste can now be introduced. The sand with the pre-treated waste and/or fuel is kept suspended on pumped air currents and takes on a fluid-like character. The bed is thereby violently mixed and agitated keeping small inert particles and air in a fluid-like state. This allows
595:
incinerator is used by municipalities and by large industrial plants. This design of incinerator has two chambers: a primary chamber and secondary chamber. The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consists of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube. The inner refractory lining serves
392:
As of 2006 in the United States, private rural household or farm waste incineration of small quantities was typically permitted so long as it is not a nuisance to others, does not pose a risk of fire such as in dry conditions, and the fire does not produce dense, noxious smoke. A handful of states,
2874:
Several old generation incinerators have been closed; of the 186 MSW incinerators in 1990, only 89 remained by 2007, and of the 6200 medical waste incinerators in 1988, only 115 remained in 2003. No new incinerators were built between 1996 and 2007. The main reasons for lack of activity have been:
2542:
The
Scottish Protection Agency's (SEPA) comprehensive health effects research concluded "inconclusively" on health effects in October 2009. The authors stress, that even though no conclusive evidence of non-occupational health effects from incinerators were found in the existing literature, "small
2343:
as well as small amounts of dioxins and furans. The bottom ash seldom contain significant levels of heavy metals. At present although some historic samples tested by the incinerator operators' group would meet the being ecotoxic criteria at present the EA say "we have agreed" to regard incinerator
3052:
Emergency incineration systems exist for the urgent and biosecure disposal of animals and their by-products following a mass mortality or disease outbreak. An increase in regulation and enforcement from governments and institutions worldwide has been forced through public pressure and significant
2390:
in
Baltimore, Maryland, has been investigated due to increased rates of asthma in its neighboring community, which is predominantly occupied by low-income, people of color. Community-led efforts have suggested a need for future research to address a lack of real-time pollution data. These sources
384:
The burn barrel is a somewhat more controlled form of private waste incineration, containing the burning material inside a metal barrel, with a metal grating over the exhaust. The barrel prevents the spread of burning material in windy conditions, and as the combustibles are reduced they can only
2510:
Most municipalities that operate incineration facilities have higher recycling rates than neighboring cities and countries that do not send their waste to incinerators.. In a country overview from 2016 by the
European Environmental Agency the top recycling performing countries are also the ones
1977:
Although dioxins and furans may be destroyed by combustion, their reformation by a process known as 'de novo synthesis' as the emission gases cool is a probable source of the dioxins measured in emission stack tests from plants that have high combustion temperatures held at long residence times.
2866:
There are several environmental or waste management corporations that transport ultimately to an incinerator or cement kiln treatment center. Currently (2009), there are three main businesses that incinerate waste: Clean
Harbours, WTI-Heritage, and Ross Incineration Services. Clean Harbours has
2385:
Many communities have advocated for the improvement or removal of waste incinerator technology. Specific pollutant exposures, such as high levels of nitrogen dioxide, have been cited in community-led complaints relating to increased emergency room visits for respiratory issues. Potential health
1772:
Most of the improvement in U.S. dioxin emissions has been for large-scale municipal waste incinerators. As of 2000, although small-scale incinerators (those with a daily capacity of less than 250 tons) processed only 9% of the total waste combusted, these produced 83% of the dioxins and furans
2824:. The merits of incineration are inevitably judged in relation to the alternatives available. Since the 1970s, recycling and other prevention measures have changed the context for such judgements. Since the 1990s alternative waste treatment technologies have been maturing and becoming viable.
2671:
levels. Several
European doctors associations (including cross discipline experts such as physicians, environmental chemists and toxicologists) in June 2008 representing over 33,000 doctors wrote a keynote statement directly to the European Parliament citing widespread concerns on incinerator
2667:, even though they are repeatedly correlated spatially to infant mortality in the UK (M. Ryan's ONS data based maps around the EfW/CHP waste incinerators at Edmonton, Coventry, Chineham, Kirklees and Sheffield). Under WID there is no requirement to monitor stack top or downwind incinerator PM
1758:
In 1987, before the governmental regulations required the use of emission controls, there was a total of 8,905.1 grams (314.12 oz) Toxic
Equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin emissions from US municipal waste combustors. Today, the total emissions from the plants are 83.8 grams (2.96 oz) TEQ
388:
The private burning of dry cellulosic/paper products is generally clean-burning, producing no visible smoke, but plastics in the household waste can cause private burning to create a public nuisance, generating acrid odors and fumes that make eyes burn and water. A two-layered design enables
2376:
Scientific researchers have investigated the human health effects of pollutants produced by waste incineration. Many studies have examined health impacts from exposure to pollutants utilizing U.S. EPA modeling guidelines. Exposure through inhalation, ingestion, soil, and dermal contact are
487:
is a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tons (39 short tons) of waste per hour, and can operate
3107:
Containerised incinerators are a unique type of incinerator that are specifically designed to function in remote locations where traditional infrastructure may not be available. These incinerators are typically built within a shipping container for easy transport and installation.
624:
Furniture factory sawdust incinerators need much attention as these have to handle resin powder and many flammable substances. Controlled combustion, burn back prevention systems are essential as dust when suspended resembles the fire catch phenomenon of any liquid petroleum gas.
2315:
502:
Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are also water-cooled internally.
2355:
pollution can be a problem with old-style incinerators, but odors and dust are extremely well controlled in newer incineration plants. They receive and store the waste in an enclosed area with a negative pressure with the airflow being routed through the boiler which prevents
1967:
or natural gas, and are normally only active for a very small fraction of the time. Further, most modern incinerators utilize fabric filters (often with Teflon membranes to enhance collection of sub-micron particles) which can capture dioxins present in or on solid particles.
2451:
concluded in 2009 that "Modern, well managed incinerators make only a small contribution to local concentrations of air pollutants. It is possible that such small additions could have an impact on health but such effects, if they exist, are likely to be very small and not
2092:
neutral. A study by Eunomia Research and Consulting in 2008 on potential waste treatment technologies in London demonstrated that by applying several of these (according to the authors) unusual assumptions the average existing incineration plants performed poorly for
2464:. The E.U. considers energy generated from biogenic waste (waste with biological origin) by incinerators as non-fossil renewable energy under its emissions caps. These greenhouse gas reductions are in addition to those generated by the avoidance of landfill methane.
2049:
that would have been emitted by incineration. Since this study, the global warming potential estimate for methane has been increased from 21 to 35, which alone would increase this estimate to almost the triple GWP effect compared to incineration of the same waste.
1852:
Likewise the breakdown temperature can be lowered to some degree but then the exhaust gases would require a greater lingering period of perhaps several minutes, which would require large/long treatment chambers that take up a great deal of treatment plant space.
2643:
Erection of incinerators compete with the development and introduction of other emerging technologies. A UK government WRAP report, August 2008 found that in the UK median incinerator costs per ton were generally higher than those for MBT treatments by £18 per
2651:
Building and operating waste processing plants such as incinerators requires long contract periods to recover initial investment costs, causing a long-term lock-in. Incinerator lifetimes normally range from 25 to 30 years. This was highlighted by Peter Jones,
2296:, SNCR). Urea may be substituted for ammonia as the reducing reagent but must be supplied earlier in the process so that it can hydrolyze into ammonia. Substitution of urea can reduce costs and potential hazards associated with storage of anhydrous ammonia.
1739:
In 2005, the Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that "...whereas in 1990 one third of all dioxin emissions in Germany came from incineration plants, for the year 2000 the figure was less than 1%.
234:
Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan, Singapore and the Netherlands, where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders by using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century, in localised
2044:
are collected. Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant. In the US it was estimated that the global warming potential of the emitted landfill gas in 1999 was approximately 32% higher than the amount of
243:
schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of the electricity consumption and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular
3340:
1751:, the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal
2079:
footprint of incineration can be reached with different assumptions. Local conditions (such as limited local district heating demand, no fossil fuel generated electricity to replace or high levels of aluminium in the waste stream) can decrease the
3073:
2191:
in 2006, the average particulate emissions per energy content of incinerated waste from 16 Danish incinerators were below 2.02 g/GJ (grams per energy content of the incinerated waste). Detailed measurements of fine particles with sizes below
565:
is low. Often, incineration plants consist of several separate 'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste can continue to be received at one boiler line while the others are undergoing maintenance, repair, or upgrading.
187:
materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity.
2732:
If reusable waste fractions are handled in waste processing plants such as incinerators in developing nations, it would cut out viable work for local economies. It is estimated that there are 1 million people making a livelihood off collecting
2520:
are generally no longer required for incinerator ash from municipal waste streams, and existing landfills can see their life dramatically increased by combusting waste, reducing the need for municipalities to site and construct new landfills.
2382:
health issues. Some studies also identified possible cancer risk. However, difficulties in separating incinerator pollution exposure from combined industry, motor vehicle, and agriculture pollution limits these conclusions on health risks.
3060:
Large-scale incineration systems are available from niche suppliers and are often bought by governments as a safety net in case of contagious outbreak. Many are mobile and can be quickly deployed to locations requiring biosecure disposal.
2203:) were performed on three of the incinerators: One incinerator equipped with an ESP for particle filtration emitted 5.3 g/GJ fine particles, while two incinerators equipped with baghouse filters emitted 0.002 and 0.013 g/GJ PM
574:
The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called
389:
secondary combustion, reducing smoke. Most urban communities ban burn barrels and certain rural communities may have prohibitions on open burning, especially those home to many residents not familiar with this common rural practice.
2367:
to transport municipal waste to the incinerator. Due to this reason, most incinerators are located in industrial areas. This problem can be avoided to an extent through the transport of waste by rail from transfer stations.
3573:
1711:
2879:
Economics. With the increase in the number of large inexpensive regional landfills and, up until recently, the relatively low price of electricity, incinerators were not able to compete for the 'fuel', i.e., waste in the
2971:
Under a new plan in June 2012, a DEFRA-backed grant scheme (The Farming and Forestry Improvement Scheme) was set up to encourage the use of low-capacity incinerators on agricultural sites to improve their bio security.
2516:
be difficult or impossible to recycle through conventional means, as the removal of attached combustible material through incineration provides an alternative to labor- or energy-intensive mechanical separation methods.
2672:
particle emissions and the absence of specific fine and ultrafine particle size monitoring or in depth industry/government epidemiological studies of these minute and invisible incinerator particle size emissions.
2459:
grid, and steam supply for industrial customers. Incinerators and other waste-to-energy plants generate at least partially biomass-based renewable energy that offsets greenhouse gas pollution from coal-, oil- and
4592:
1392:
479:
Municipal solid waste in the furnace of a moving grate incinerator capable of handling 15 metric tons (17 short tons) of waste per hour. The holes in the grate supplying the primary combustion air are visible.
2547:
produced a lesser summary in September 2009. Many toxicologists criticise and dispute this report as not being comprehensive epidemiologically, thin on peer review and the effects of fine particle effects on
2467:
The bottom ash residue remaining after combustion has been shown to be a non-hazardous solid waste that can be safely put into landfills or recycled as construction aggregate. Samples are tested for ecotoxic
230:
can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.
2144:
and reheating, or by increasing the flue gas exit temperature well above its dew point. Flue-gas condensation allows the latent heat of vaporization of the water to be recovered, subsequently increasing the
2443:
emissions have been significantly lessened by advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations that have resulted in large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans
1571:
1566:
510:
for better mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen. In multiple/stepped hearth incinerators, the secondary combustion air is introduced in a separate chamber downstream the primary combustion chamber.
2377:
incorporated in these models. Research studies have also assessed exposure to pollutants through blood or urine samples of residents and workers who live near waste incinerators. Findings from a
611:
A strong airflow is forced through a sandbed. The air seeps through the sand until a point is reached where the sand particles separate to let the air through and mixing and churning occurs, thus a
5572:
2827:
Incineration is a key process in the treatment of hazardous wastes and clinical wastes. It is often imperative that medical waste be subjected to the high temperatures of incineration to destroy
2867:
acquired many of the smaller, independently run facilities, accumulating 5–7 incinerators in the process across the U.S. WTI-Heritage has one incinerator, located in the southeastern corner of
2543:
but important effects might be virtually impossible to detect". The report highlights epidemiological deficiencies in previous UK health studies and suggests areas for future studies. The U.K.
4053:
Tait, Peter W.; Brew, James; Che, Angelina; Costanzo, Adam; Danyluk, Andrew; Davis, Meg; Khalaf, Ahmed; McMahon, Kathryn; Watson, Alastair; Rowcliff, Kirsten; Bowles, Devin (February 2020).
2653:
368:
is one of the simplest and earliest forms of waste disposal, essentially consisting of a mound of combustible materials piled on the open ground and set on fire, leading to pollution.
3057:
and as such the focus of Governments, public bodies and commercial operators is on cleaner, safer and more robust methods of animal carcass disposal to contain and control disease.
195:) by 95–96%, depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace
5335:
376:, and waft through the air into grasses or onto buildings, igniting them. Burn piles often do not result in full combustion of waste and therefore produce particulate pollution.
3854:
2976:
2129:
is a major concern due to its toxicity and high volatility, as essentially all mercury in the municipal waste stream may exit in emissions if not removed by emission controls.
499:
through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is removed through a water lock.
2511:
having the highest penetration of incineration, even though all material recovery from waste sent to incineration (e.g. metals and construction aggregate) is per definition
488:
8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as
4385:
1970:
For very small municipal incinerators, the required temperature for thermal breakdown of dioxin may be reached using a high-temperature electrical heating element, plus a
1702:
In a study from 1997, Delaware Solid Waste Authority found that, for same amount of produced energy, incineration plants emitted fewer particles, hydrocarbons and less SO
4599:
2769:
3821:
2887:
There has been renewed interest in incineration and other waste-to-energy technologies in the U.S. and Canada. In the U.S., incineration was granted qualification for
506:
Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete combustion of the flue gases by introducing
3566:
603:. Ash drops through the grate, but many particles are carried along with the hot gases. The particles and any combustible gases may be combusted in an "afterburner".
4706:
Fabricius, Anne-Lena; Renner, Monika; Voss, Marieke; Funk, Michael; Perfoll, Anton; Gehring, Florian; Graf, Roberta; Fromm, Stephan; Duester, Lars (December 2020).
2386:
effects of waste incineration technology have been publicized, notably when located in communities already facing disproportionate health burdens. For example, the
1576:
2659:
Incinerators produce fine particles in the furnace. Even with modern particle filtering of the flue gases, a small part of these is emitted to the atmosphere. PM
5238:
5022:
3662:
3641:
2408:
1755:; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory.
1748:
1714:, waste incinerators reduce the amount of some atmospheric pollutants by substituting power produced by coal-fired plants with power from waste-fired plants.
72:
3486:
4972:
4624:
3770:
Chang, MB, Jen CH, Wu, HT, Lin HY (2003). "Investigation on the emission factors and removal efficiencies of heavy metals from MSW incinerators in Taiwan".
4223:
Mattiello, Amalia; Chiodini, Paolo; Bianco, Elvira; Forgione, Nunzia; Flammia, Incoronata; Gallo, Ciro; Pizzuti, Renato; Panico, Salvatore (October 2013).
1654:
1342:
5582:
5549:
4225:"Health effects associated with the disposal of solid waste in landfills and incinerators in populations living in surrounding areas: a systematic review"
3303:
2945:
The technology employed in the UK waste management industry has been greatly lagging behind that of Europe due to the wide availability of landfills. The
2360:
from escaping into the atmosphere. A study found that the strongest odor at an incineration facility in Eastern China occurred at its waste tipping port.
5276:
4648:
3336:
3142:
103:
5751:
5173:
4413:
3459:
5625:
3965:"Characteristics of volatile compound emission and odor pollution from municipal solid waste treating/disposal facilities of a city in Eastern China"
4357:
3698:
5839:
4436:
2851:
The first full-scale, municipally operated incineration facility in the U.S. was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant built in 1975 in
5037:
4949:
4326:
4526:
3878:
2931:
due to concerns about harming the circularity agenda, effectively stopping future EU funding to the municipal solid waste incineration sector.
2928:
2188:
4570:
5458:
5187:
5157:
4500:
1869:) in the supply air. As the exhaust flow cools, these highly reactive detached atoms spontaneously reform bonds into reactive oxides such as
1727:
The most publicized concerns about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of
1561:
5083:
4757:Šyc, Michal; Simon, Franz Georg; Hykš, Jiri; Braga, Roberto; Biganzoli, Laura; Costa, Giulia; Funari, Valerio; Grosso, Mario (5 July 2020).
3728:
2168:
The quantity of pollutants in the flue gas from incineration plants may or may not be reduced by several processes, depending on the plant.
2821:
2455:
Incineration plants can generate electricity and heat that can substitute power plants powered by other fuels at the regional electric and
835:
5311:
1744:
and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants."
4994:
2968:
In 2008, plans for potential incinerator locations exists for approximately 100 sites. These have been interactively mapped by UK NGO's.
2032:
of methane is 34 and the weight of 62 cubic meters of methane at 25 degrees Celsius is 40.7 kg, this is equivalent to 1.38 ton of CO
5849:
4678:
4548:
2590:
emissions from old incinerators; especially during start up and shut down, or where filter bypass is required continue to be a problem.
962:
882:
5343:
2335:
a potential health hazard than does the bottom ash because the fly ash often contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as lead,
5670:
5474:
1556:
1470:
912:
168:
In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities about the environmental effect of incinerators (see
5725:
2579:
on hold as it investigates a series of explosions in 2009. Recovery of useful metals from ash is a new but even less mature approach.
2391:
have also cited a need for academic, government, and non-profit partnerships to better determine the health impacts of incineration.
5391:
4927:
4486:
3267:
2962:
2799:
2293:
1949:
1885:
1834:
1412:
1317:
454:
5531:
4832:
3892:
3284:
5808:
134:
carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the
5210:
3750:
3044:
2675:
Local communities are often opposed to the idea of locating waste processing plants such as incinerators in their vicinity (the
5771:
3416:
3394:
2621:
2088:
from landfills occurring at a later date may be neglected or given less weight, or biodegradable waste may not be considered CO
2084:
benefits of incineration. The methodology and other assumptions may also influence the results significantly. For example, the
2053:
In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO
2013:
1647:
1357:
1120:
702:
4895:
3543:
3380:
348:
gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design: moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-kiln, and fluidised bed.
5790:
2940:
2583:
2436:
1927:
1812:
1728:
1684:
1676:
432:
299:
131:
3455:
3442:"An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the U.S. for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000"
310:
295:
3577:
2859:
that is sent to local power plants for fuel. The first commercially successful incineration plant in the U.S. was built in
2507:. Every ton of MSW incinerated, prevents about one ton of carbon dioxide equivalents from being released to the atmosphere.
1699:. If plants have inadequate flue gas cleaning, these outputs may add a significant pollution component to stack emissions.
95:) per hour of household waste. To the left of the main stack, a new identical oven line is under construction (March 2007).
3963:
Guo, Hanwen; Duan, Zhenhan; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Yanjun; Mustafa, Muhammad Farooq; Lu, Wenjing; Wang, Hongtao (1 August 2017).
3398:
3210:
3203:
2534:
2289:
1971:
1923:
1881:
1808:
1592:
1042:
428:
4478:
3167:
2888:
2664:
2640:(PGP), which is incineration using electrically produced extreme high temperatures, or combinations of these treatments.
1855:
A side effect of breaking the strong molecular bonds of dioxin is the potential for breaking the bonds of nitrogen gas (
1130:
982:
957:
752:
515:
5649:
2883:
Tax policies. Tax credits for plants producing electricity from waste were rescinded in the U.S. between 1990 and 2004.
2726:
1 Advanced MBT maturation technology; or 211% less efficient than plasma gasification/autoclaving combination ranked 2.
538:, where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically 400 °C (752 °F) at a pressure of 40
5834:
3839:
3525:
2479:
The Maishima waste treatment center in Osaka, designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, uses heat for power generation.
2475:
1241:
992:
76:
66:
45:
5801:
5557:
3309:
1912:
1797:
417:
5288:
2900:
2176:
2162:
1640:
997:
847:
176:
2744:
even decades and centuries later, and recycled with future technologies – which is not the case with incineration.
2064:
Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate incineration of biodegradable waste as
1931:
1916:
1880:
if they were released directly into the local environment. These reactive oxides must be further neutralized with
1816:
1801:
436:
421:
191:
Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume (already compressed somewhat in
53:
5844:
4980:
4631:
4462:"Environmental and Health Risks Associated with the Use of Processed Incinerator Bottom Ash in Road Construction"
3147:
2633:
1372:
1337:
1297:
950:
917:
767:
110:
of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as
3871:
3080:
Small-scale incinerators exist for special purposes. For example, mobile small-scale incinerators are aimed for
2892:
arguments for the greenhouse gas benefits of incineration and improved air pollution control and ash recycling.
2419:
599:
The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue-gas stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed
4417:
2544:
2448:
2387:
2364:
2265:
2157:
2029:
1367:
987:
922:
859:
5705:
4656:
4151:"A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants"
3099:
2729:
Some incinerators are visually undesirable. In many countries they require a visually intrusive chimney stack.
4421:
3921:
2975:
A permit has recently been granted for what would be the UK's largest waste incinerator in the centre of the
5610:
3204:"An Overview of Incineration and EFW Technology as Applied to the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)"
2637:
2243:
2118:
2069:
1397:
1352:
972:
236:
5755:
3749:
Hogg, Dominic; Baddeley, Adam; Gibbs, Adrian; North, Jessica; Curry, Robin; Maguire, Cathy (January 2008).
3493:
4852:
3602:
Beychok, Milton R. (January 1987). "A data base for dioxin and furan emissions from refuse incinerators".
2680:
2564:
1989:
As for other complete combustion processes, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as CO
1535:
1022:
550:. At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C (392 °F), and is passed to the
119:
4026:
5829:
3949:
3815:
3706:
2860:
2813:
2461:
2141:
1994:
1762:
1505:
1347:
1213:
1125:
822:
543:
484:
5492:
5234:
4443:
2710:
and separation beyond particular levels, and that waste resources are sacrificed for energy production.
5442:
Analysis of Nordic regulatory framework and its effect on waste prevention and recycling in the region
5046:
4708:"Municipal waste incineration fly ashes: from a multi-element approach to market potential evaluation"
2713:
A 2008 Eunomia report found that under some circumstances and assumptions, incineration causes less CO
2471:
In densely populated areas, finding space for additional landfills is becoming increasingly difficult.
642:
of electrical power continuously for 24 hours) and 1200 MWh of district heating energy each day.
5553:
5120:
5090:
4957:
4770:
3976:
3779:
3611:
3085:
1047:
780:
4534:
4461:
633:
The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive a
5413:
4578:
3940:
3137:
3127:
2856:
2625:
2425:
2285:
2025:
2021:
1382:
1327:
1292:
1218:
1145:
1095:
1090:
1075:
732:
162:
5195:
3732:
2991:, the Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor will become a major incineration hub in the UK.
5094:
4814:
4260:
4198:
4102:
4008:
3803:
2946:
2687:
2146:
1616:
1377:
1253:
1015:
797:
737:
707:
654:
5277:"WTERT Award nominees – Acknowledging major contributors to global waste-to-energy developments"
2529:
5321:
5013:
4289:"Health effects of exposure to waste incinerator emissions:a review of epidemiological studies"
5454:
5153:
4998:
4806:
4798:
4739:
4308:
4300:
4252:
4244:
4190:
4182:
4094:
4086:
4000:
3992:
3795:
3263:
3162:
3019:
2954:
2781:
2610:
2378:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2126:
2114:
2097:
balance compared to the theoretical potential of other emerging waste treatment technologies.
2085:
2068:. The rest – mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products – is generally treated as
1696:
1265:
1188:
1181:
1135:
1002:
792:
787:
697:
115:
114:
facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "
5365:
4896:"Maximum and minimum Infant Mortality Rates 2003–06 in Coventry's electoral wards (ONS data)"
4689:
4556:
3441:
5446:
5439:
Papineschi, Joe; Hogg, Dominic; Chowdhury, Tanzir; Durrant, Camilla; Thomson, Alice (2019).
5128:
4869:
4788:
4778:
4729:
4719:
4236:
4172:
4162:
4076:
4066:
3984:
3787:
3619:
3172:
3157:
2844:
2456:
2400:
2320:
2137:
2065:
1611:
1525:
1422:
1362:
1248:
1201:
1150:
1110:
1085:
1070:
1052:
1027:
967:
852:
802:
562:
321:
240:
200:
184:
38:
5674:
1667:
Incineration has a number of outputs such as the ash and the emission to the atmosphere of
5732:
4837:
4685:
3848:
3177:
2984:
2927:
Incineration of non-hazardous waste was not included as a form of green investment in the
2741:
2699:
2357:
2106:
1310:
1270:
1140:
1105:
1037:
977:
905:
842:
742:
576:
325:
291:
219:
150:
146:
31:
4935:
2261:
Waste water from scrubbers must subsequently pass through a waste water treatment plant.
2136:
content in the flue may produce visible fume from the stack, which can be perceived as a
1710:
than coal-fired power plants, but more than natural gas–fired power plants. According to
5124:
4774:
4121:
3980:
3922:"Waste-to-Energy: Less Environmental Impact than Almost Any Other Source of Electricity"
3899:
3783:
3615:
3365:
3018:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
5577:
4759:"Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments"
4734:
4707:
4530:
2950:
2482:
2247:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2122:
2110:
1692:
1628:
1432:
1332:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1032:
727:
600:
579:. Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by
215:
139:
5812:
5132:
2575:
explosion due to the aluminum content. The UK Highway Authority put the use of IBA in
260:
5823:
5673:. Centre for Renewable Energy, Appropriate Technology and Environment. Archived from
5217:
4818:
4224:
4202:
4106:
4012:
3623:
2576:
2304:
2255:
1752:
1447:
937:
932:
927:
685:
612:
524:
192:
175:
In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a
5775:
4264:
3807:
3402:
2040:
which would have been produced by incineration. In some countries, large amounts of
2016:), 1 ton of MSW would produce approximately 62 cubic metres (2,200 cu ft)
616:
all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand to be fully circulated through the furnace.
138:. In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to generate
4902:
3838:
Nielsen, Malene; Illerup, Jytte Boll; Fogh, Christian Lange; Johansen, Lars Peter.
3547:
3132:
2980:
2958:
2722:
2572:
2223:
2041:
1856:
1766:
1680:
1480:
1442:
1427:
1258:
1223:
1168:
887:
747:
211:
154:
5794:
4783:
4758:
4386:"CBF Study: Baltimore Incinerator Causes $ 55 Million in Health Problems Per Year"
4167:
4150:
3072:
5147:
4327:"60 organizations sign on to move Maryland from trash incineration to zero waste"
3637:
3463:
2863:, in October 1975 by Wheelabrator Technologies, and is still in operation today.
4149:
Campo, Laura; Bechtold, Petra; Borsari, Lucia; Fustinoni, Silvia (3 July 2019).
3655:
3333:"Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England"
2629:
2231:
2193:
2001:
itself (27%), so incineration of 1 ton of MSW produces approximately 1 ton of CO
1901:
1786:
1402:
1100:
1080:
717:
592:
561:, scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for
558:
535:
496:
406:
207:
180:
5252:
4724:
3791:
3214:
2411:
and a great many local and national air quality regulatory agencies worldwide.
2363:
An issue that affects community relationships is the increased road traffic of
2061:
emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more.
5191:
5064:
4240:
3988:
3567:"Waste incineration – A potential danger? Bidding farewell to dioxin spouting"
3240:
3182:
2852:
2703:
2645:
2560:
2490:
2331:
1452:
1208:
712:
539:
507:
471:
Control room of a typical moving grate incinerator overseeing two boiler lines
373:
306:
245:
135:
107:
4802:
4304:
4248:
4186:
4090:
3996:
5316:
5149:
American alchemy: the history of solid waste management in the United States
4071:
4054:
3964:
3152:
3122:
2707:
2706:
consider incinerators and other waste treatment technologies as barriers to
2695:
2598:
2559:
component. This ash must be stored in specialized landfills. The less toxic
2269:
2057:
typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the CO
1877:
1520:
1475:
1437:
1387:
1322:
1228:
692:
672:
662:
580:
313:
in 1874 to a design patented by Alfred Fryer. They were originally known as
158:
127:
92:
4810:
4743:
4312:
4288:
4287:
Franchini, Michela; Rial, Michela; Buiatti, Eva; Bianchi, Fabrizio (2004).
4256:
4194:
4098:
4004:
3942:
Behaviour of metals in MSW fly ash during roasting with chlorinating agents
3799:
3529:
3004:
2407:
People and organizations professionally involved in this issue include the
206:
Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain
17:
4460:
Abbott, John; Coleman, Peter; Howlett, Lucy; Wheeler, Pat (October 2003).
2105:
Other gaseous emissions in the flue gas from incinerator furnaces include
3676:
3476:
World Bank Technical Guidance Report. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration.
3117:
2828:
2817:
2737:
will employ the best available control technology if not required by law.
2602:
2594:
2568:
2552:
2486:
2009:
1668:
892:
639:
531:
519:
365:
223:
196:
123:
80:
5605:
5440:
5312:"Making the most of waste: gold, power and more from Amsterdam's refuse"
4793:
3656:"Evaluation of Emissions from the Burning of Household Waste in Barrels"
3574:
Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
475:
467:
5450:
5111:
Medina, M. (2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America".
4177:
4081:
3244:
3081:
2988:
2909:
2905:
2614:
2606:
2556:
2504:
2344:
bottom ash as "non-hazardous" until the testing programme is complete.
2336:
2327:
2017:
1741:
634:
547:
62:
5254:
Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste
3544:"Waste-to-Energy Compared to Fossil Fuels for Equal Amounts of Energy"
2683:
correlated 10% property devaluations with close incinerator proximity.
2292:, SCR) or by a high-temperature reaction with ammonia in the furnace (
356:
2300:
2272:
2251:
1863:
1688:
1530:
1510:
1417:
1407:
1115:
344:. Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as
84:
58:
3016:
about internal technology; how cleanly do they burn medical plastic.
2983:. Following the construction of a large incinerator at Greatmoor in
5709:
2215:
from the ESP plant, while emissions of 0.000 and 0.008 g/GJ PM
5550:"New map shows over 100 communities threatened by rubbish-burners"
3925:
3872:"Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme"
3098:
3071:
3043:
2899:
2832:
2698:
of waste should all be preferred to incineration according to the
2691:
2676:
2648:; and £27 per metric ton for most modern (post 2000) incinerators.
2587:
2528:
2494:
2474:
2440:
2418:
2314:
2197:
2156:
2133:
1732:
1540:
1485:
877:
474:
466:
355:
341:
290:
227:
130:
constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or
88:
71:
52:
4352:
4350:
4348:
2620:
Alternative technologies are available or in development such as
372:
wind, small lightweight ignited embers can lift off the pile via
2868:
2352:
2340:
1515:
762:
757:
722:
345:
329:
271: with: more data and additional citations. You can help by
5506:
4055:"The health impacts of waste incineration: a systematic review"
5045:. Recycling Council of Alberta Conference 2006. Archived from
2998:
2752:
2718:
2278:
2219:
were measured from the plants equipped with baghouse filters.
1895:
1870:
1780:
527:
of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone.
400:
255:
5717:
3417:"Smokeless Burn Barrel Makes Your Backyard Fire Much Cleaner"
1997:
contains approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO
5414:"Many EU Member States risk missing waste recycling targets"
5336:"Is burning garbage green? In Sweden, there's little debate"
2503:
Incineration of municipal solid waste avoids the release of
5697:
5671:"Healthcare Waste Management for primary health facilities"
5392:"Open data to track progress in the EU's recycling targets"
4501:"Municipal waste management across European countries 2016"
3638:"EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity"
2656:, the Mayor of London's waste representative in April 2009.
2284:
is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a
305:
The first UK incinerators for waste disposal were built in
118:". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into
2816:(MSW) incineration is linked intimately to the history of
518:, incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the
5731:. British Society for Ecological Medicine. Archived from
4649:"Construction - Safety alert – Foamed concrete explosion"
4593:"Incineration of Waste and Reported Human Health Effects"
3510:
the Technical Association of Refractories, Japan (1998).
3308:. Danish Energy Authority. 9 January 2007. Archived from
2593:
Incinerators emit varying levels of heavy metals such as
2183:. The latter are generally very efficient for collecting
30:
For other forms of waste plant that produces energy, see
4679:"Interim advice note 127/09: The use of foamed concrete"
1876:
in the flue gas, which can result in smog formation and
5811:. International Solid Waste Association. Archived from
3924:. Integrated Waste Services Association. Archived from
3751:"Greenhouse Gas Balances of Waste Management Scenarios"
3526:"Air Pollution Control and Incineration Systems photos"
3103:
An example of a containerised waste incinerator-Incinco
2843:
The first incinerator in the U.S. was built in 1885 on
2777:
2140:. It may be avoided by decreasing the steam content by
272:
5573:"30 new rubbish incinerator plants planned for the UK"
2953:
led to the Government of the United Kingdom imposing
3855:
National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark
3699:"An overview of the global waste-to-energy industry"
2485:
can be efficiently removed from the flue gases with
4059:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
3381:"Možnosti Energetického Využití Komunálního Odpadu"
2307:powder, which is collected by particle filtration.
169:
4598:. Health Protection Scotland. 2009. Archived from
4358:"COMBINED-FINAL-EIP-NOx-RACT-MWC-Comments_5.9.pdf"
2275:into the flue gas before the particle filtration.
203:is a common practice for compaction at landfills.
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3866:
3864:
3744:
3742:
3692:
3690:
3561:
3559:
3557:
44:"Incinerate" redirects here. For other uses, see
4027:"Superfund Risk Assessment: Human Health Topics"
3833:
3831:
3546:. Delaware Solid Waste Authority. Archived from
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3260:Introduction to Instrumentation in Life Sciences
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3076:An example of a low capacity, mobile incinerator
2904:The Tarastejärvi Incineration Plant in Taraste,
5188:"Resource Recovery: A Division of Public Works"
2855:. The plant is still in operation and produces
2571:as a building material, but there is a risk of
5706:"Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives"
5066:Energy from Waste: Part 1 – The Myths Debunked
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
3731:. Renewable Energy Association. Archived from
2537:from 1978. It was demolished by February 2009.
320:The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on
5532:"Map launched of all planned UK incinerators"
5239:United States Environmental Protection Agency
5023:United States Environmental Protection Agency
4144:
4142:
3765:
3763:
3663:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3642:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3487:"HTT rotary kiln solid waste disposal system"
3258:Bisen, Prakash Singh; Sharma, Anjana (2012).
2766:The examples and perspective in this section
2555:heavy metals from waste into ash, mostly the
1749:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1648:
8:
5420:. European Environmental Agency. 8 June 2023
4833:"Costs compared for waste treatment options"
4437:"Letter to Committee on Energy and Commerce"
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3969:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
3893:"Kraftvärmeverket: avfall blir el och värme"
3820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3456:"Burning Permits – It's Your Responsibility"
2987:, and plans to construct a further one near
2740:Waste that has been deposited on a landfill
2663:is not separately regulated in the European
2977:Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor
2617:, which can be toxic at very minute levels.
2012:without prior stabilization (typically via
1930:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1815:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1675:, if installed, the flue gases may contain
435:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5726:"The Health Effects of Waste Incinerators"
5275:Themelis, Nickolas J. (July–August 2008).
4950:"Suffolk Together says no to incinerators"
4408:
4406:
3948:(Ph.D.). Chemical Engineering Department,
3697:Themelis, Nickolas J. (July–August 2003).
3337:Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
3286:100 Years of Waste Incineration in Denmark
3143:List of solid waste treatment technologies
3048:Mobile incineration unit for emergency use
2924:its incineration capacity by 30% by 2030.
2871:across the Ohio River from West Virginia.
2784:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2264:Sulfur dioxide may also be removed by dry
1655:
1641:
1545:
671:
649:
126:and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the
5606:"Defra Grants Available for Incinerators"
5063:Connett, Paul et al. (21 May 2007).
5021:. Economic Analysis and Land Use Policy.
4792:
4782:
4733:
4723:
4625:"Hazardous Waste: Treatment and Landfill"
4442:. Energy Recovery Council. Archived from
4176:
4166:
4080:
4070:
3898:(in Swedish). SYSAV. 2003. Archived from
3460:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
2848:hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S.
2800:Learn how and when to remove this message
1950:Learn how and when to remove this message
1835:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:Learn how and when to remove this message
5235:"Renewable Energy Production Incentives"
5211:"Waste Incineration: A Dying Technology"
4414:"HPA position statement on incinerators"
4293:Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
2435:The concerns over the health effects of
546:) for the electricity generation in the
340:An incinerator is a furnace for burning
248:, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.
3194:
2889:renewable energy production tax credits
1777:Dioxin cracking methods and limitations
1773:emitted by municipal waste combustion.
1584:
1548:
661:
324:in New York, NY. The first facility in
4229:International Journal of Public Health
3879:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark
3840:"PM Emission from CHP Plants < 25MW
3813:
3528:. Crown Andersen. 1998. Archived from
2929:EU taxonomy for sustainable activities
2920:to supply waste-to-energy facilities.
2319:Operation of an incinerator aboard an
2211:), the numbers were 4.889 g/GJ PM
2189:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark
1672:
551:
360:A typical small burn pile in a garden.
5012:Shi-Ling Hsu, ed. (2 December 1999).
4971:van Steenis, Dick (31 January 2005).
3379:Lapčík; et al. (December 2012).
3366:"Energy Recovery - Basic Information"
3283:Kleis, Heron; Dalager, Søren (2004).
3084:safe destruction of medical waste in
2551:Combustion produces ash concentrates
1712:Germany's Ministry of the Environment
7:
5791:"EU Directive on waste incineration"
5475:"Denmark's 'devilish' waste dilemma"
4901:. UK Health Research. Archived from
4575:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3040:Incineration units for emergency use
2409:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2036:, which is more than the 1 ton of CO
1928:adding citations to reliable sources
1813:adding citations to reliable sources
433:adding citations to reliable sources
5310:Mehdudia, Sujay (30 January 2009).
5036:Connett, Paul (20 September 2006).
3492:. HiTemp Technology. Archived from
3462:. 21 September 2009. Archived from
3383:(in Czech). GeoScience Engineering.
883:Radium and radon in the environment
483:The typical incineration plant for
5366:"THE SWEDISH RECYCLING REVOLUTION"
4420:. 2 September 2009. Archived from
490:municipal solid waste incinerators
25:
5708:. www.no-burn.org. Archived from
5698:"UK Without Incineration Network"
5445:. TemaNord. Nordisk Ministerråd.
5342:. 17 October 2013. Archived from
4487:Energy Information Administration
2963:Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme
2294:selective non-catalytic reduction
1886:selective non-catalytic reduction
5320:. Chennai, India. Archived from
5146:Hickmann, H. Lanier Jr. (2003).
5039:Zero Waste: A Global Perspective
3576:. September 2005. Archived from
3003:
2757:
1900:
1785:
1622:
1610:
405:
259:
5774:. mindfully.org. Archived from
5511:UK Without Incineration Network
5194:City Government. Archived from
5015:Brownfields and Property Values
4630:. Grundon. 2004. Archived from
4435:Michaels, Ted (21 April 2009).
3772:Waste Management & Research
3095:Containerised incinerator units
2622:mechanical biological treatment
2404:health and environmental risk.
703:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
311:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
296:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
5840:Occupational safety and health
5604:Clarke, James (26 June 2012).
5556:. 22 July 2008. Archived from
5507:"Household Waste Incinerators"
5257:, vol. OJ L, 16 July 1999
4763:Journal of Hazardous Materials
4688:. October 2009. Archived from
4365:www.environmentalintegrity.org
4155:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
4122:"Human Health Risk Assessment"
3202:Knox, Andrew (February 2005).
2941:List of incinerators in the UK
2717:reduction than other emerging
2525:Arguments against incineration
2207:. For ultra fine particles (PM
1759:annually, a reduction of 99%.
1572:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
300:Cambridge Museum of Technology
170:arguments against incineration
1:
5209:Tangri, Neil (14 July 2003).
5133:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9
5084:"Main EU Directives on Waste"
4784:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433
4712:Environmental Sciences Europe
4553:Wheelabrator Technologies Inc
4505:European Environmental Agency
4168:10.1080/10408444.2019.1630362
3401:. 13 May 2009. Archived from
3399:Oregon Department of Forestry
3305:Danish Energy Statistics 2005
3211:University of Western Ontario
2535:Kwai Chung Incineration Plant
2290:selective catalytic reduction
2187:. In an investigation by the
2028:part of the waste. Since the
1972:selective catalytic reduction
1882:selective catalytic reduction
1043:Electrical resistance heating
495:The waste is introduced by a
5571:Clarke, Tom (21 July 2008).
4120:US EPA, ORD (21 July 2014).
3939:Chan, Chris Chi-Yet (1997).
3624:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90267-8
3241:"Waste to Energy in Denmark"
3168:Waste Incineration Directive
2665:Waste Incineration Directive
2500:) to the atmosphere in 2006.
2171:Particulate is collected by
2075:Different results for the CO
753:Persistent organic pollutant
677:Air pollution from a factory
516:Waste Incineration Directive
37:For the cause of death, see
4973:"Incinerators – are WMD's?"
4479:"Using & Saving Energy"
3368:. US EPA. 15 November 2016.
2835:contamination it contains.
2780:, discuss the issue on the
2567:, IBA) can be encased into
2424:Kehrichtverbrennungsanlage
2177:electrostatic precipitators
1892:Dioxin cracking in practice
1753:wastewater treatment sludge
298:1894 destructor furnace at
67:Friedensreich Hundertwasser
46:Incinerate (disambiguation)
5866:
5850:Waste treatment technology
5718:"Burn Barrel Organization"
4725:10.1186/s12302-020-00365-y
3792:10.1177/0734242x0302100305
3262:. CRC Press. p. 283.
2938:
2822:waste treatment technology
2415:Arguments for incineration
2163:electrostatic precipitator
514:According to the European
57:The incineration plant in
43:
36:
29:
5650:"Millbrook Power project"
5340:www.midwestenergynews.com
4241:10.1007/s00038-013-0496-8
3989:10.1007/s11356-017-9376-8
3148:Plasma arc waste disposal
2749:Trends in incinerator use
2634:mechanical heat treatment
2365:waste collection vehicles
1298:War and environmental law
918:Health effects from noise
768:Volatile organic compound
87:, capable of handling 25
5802:BREF Drafts & Papers
5752:"Burn barrel Fact Sheet"
5691:Anti-incineration groups
5626:"Permit No EPR/WP3234DY"
4870:"UKWIN AGM, Peter Jones"
4418:Health Protection Agency
2679:phenomenon). Studies in
2545:Health Protection Agency
2449:Health Protection Agency
2399:Use of incinerators for
2388:Wheelabrator Incinerator
2030:global warming potential
1673:flue gas cleaning system
923:Marine mammals and sonar
638:energy per day (17
552:flue gas cleaning system
5772:"Emissions Information"
4571:"Municipal Solid Waste"
4072:10.1111/1753-6405.12939
3705:: 40–47. Archived from
3604:Atmospheric Environment
3331:Herbert, Lewis (2007).
3068:Small incinerator units
2638:plasma arc gasification
2299:Heavy metals are often
2125:. Of the heavy metals,
1763:Backyard barrel burning
1398:Freshwater salinization
1318:Agricultural wastewater
620:Specialized incinerator
534:are then cooled in the
237:combined heat and power
104:waste treatment process
27:Waste treatment process
5611:Addfield Environmental
5281:Waste Management World
5216:. GAIA. Archived from
4894:Ryan, Michael (2008).
3703:Waste Management World
3104:
3077:
3049:
3014:is missing information
2912:
2681:Andover, Massachusetts
2582:The health effects of
2565:incinerator bottom ash
2538:
2480:
2462:gas-fired power plants
2431:
2430:in Hinwil, Switzerland
2348:Other pollution issues
2326:Incineration produces
2323:
2165:
1617:Environment portal
480:
472:
361:
302:
239:facilities supporting
96:
79:incineration plant in
69:
5754:. EPA. Archived from
5223:on 27 September 2007.
5176:. Ross Environmental.
3950:University of Toronto
3512:Refractories Handbook
3444:. EPA. November 2006.
3395:"Safe Debris Burning"
3102:
3075:
3047:
2935:In the United Kingdom
2903:
2861:Saugus, Massachusetts
2814:municipal solid waste
2636:(MHT) using steam or
2532:
2478:
2422:
2318:
2160:
2142:flue-gas condensation
2024:decomposition of the
1358:Industrial wastewater
1126:Municipal solid waste
1048:Soil guideline values
485:municipal solid waste
478:
470:
364:The burn pile or the
359:
328:was built in 1905 in
294:
179:to remove hazardous,
153:technologies such as
75:
56:
5815:on 20 December 2009.
5554:Friends of the Earth
5481:. 17 September 2020.
5241:. 25 September 2008.
5091:Friends of the Earth
4938:on 28 December 2008.
4928:"Capel Action Group"
4537:on 27 December 2008.
3905:on 20 February 2012.
3086:developing countries
2778:improve this section
2768:may not represent a
1924:improve this section
1809:improve this section
1567:Most polluted cities
1219:Overhead power lines
429:improve this section
177:materials separation
5712:on 31 January 2016.
5585:on 18 November 2008
5324:on 2 February 2009.
5287:(4). Archived from
5125:2000RCR....31...51M
4908:on 20 November 2008
4775:2020JHzM..39322433S
4659:on 27 February 2022
4029:. 2 September 2015.
3981:2017ESPR...2418383G
3975:(22): 18383–18391.
3784:2003WMR....21..218C
3735:on 3 November 2011.
3729:"Energy From Waste"
3616:1987AtmEn..21...29B
3346:on 26 November 2018
3220:on 5 December 2008.
3138:Incinerating toilet
3128:Exposure assessment
3053:economic exposure.
2995:Mobile incinerators
2857:refuse-derived fuel
2677:Not in My Back Yard
2626:anaerobic digestion
2286:catalytic converter
2226:are used to remove
2173:particle filtration
2014:anaerobic digestion
1993:to the atmosphere.
1383:Ocean acidification
1293:Unexploded ordnance
1214:Advertising clutter
1146:Post-consumer waste
1091:Foam food container
1076:Biodegradable waste
733:Global distillation
163:anaerobic digestion
5835:English inventions
5758:on 30 October 2014
5677:on 5 January 2016.
5451:10.6027/TN2019-522
5394:. 4 September 2023
5291:on 5 February 2013
5198:on 11 August 2007.
5100:on 7 October 2007.
4507:. 15 November 2016
4333:. 17 February 2020
4331:Clean Water Action
3709:on 6 February 2014
3583:on 25 October 2018
3532:on 5 January 2016.
3466:on 25 August 2012.
3423:. 21 October 2021.
3405:on 5 January 2016.
3105:
3078:
3050:
2947:Landfill Directive
2913:
2688:waste minimisation
2539:
2481:
2432:
2324:
2166:
2161:Electrodes inside
2147:thermal efficiency
1862:) and oxygen gas (
1677:particulate matter
1629:Ecology portal
1254:Herbicidal warfare
798:Introduced species
738:Indoor air quality
708:Chlorofluorocarbon
481:
473:
362:
303:
149:is one of several
145:Incineration with
106:that involves the
97:
70:
5809:"position papers"
5720:. burnbarrel.org.
5560:on 1 August 2012.
5552:(Press release).
5460:978-92-893-6104-0
5418:www.eea.europa.eu
5159:978-0-9707687-2-8
5152:. ForesterPress.
4841:. 15 August 2008.
4527:"Covanta Fairfax"
3550:on 18 March 2006.
3163:Thermal treatment
3037:
3036:
2955:waste legislation
2810:
2809:
2802:
2379:systematic review
2254:by reaction with
2242:, lead and other
2236:hydrofluoric acid
2228:hydrochloric acid
2153:Flue-gas cleaning
2115:hydrochloric acid
2086:methane emissions
2008:If the waste was
1960:
1959:
1952:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1765:of household and
1747:According to the
1723:Dioxin and furans
1718:Gaseous emissions
1697:hydrochloric acid
1665:
1664:
1600:
1599:
1266:Nuclear holocaust
1189:Urban heat island
1003:Radioactive waste
788:Biological hazard
698:Air quality index
465:
464:
457:
289:
288:
116:thermal treatment
16:(Redirected from
5857:
5845:Waste management
5816:
5798:
5793:. Archived from
5779:
5778:on 4 March 2016.
5767:
5765:
5763:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5738:on 9 August 2017
5737:
5730:
5721:
5713:
5701:
5679:
5678:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5581:. Archived from
5568:
5562:
5561:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5370:sweden.se/nature
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5346:on 16 March 2015
5332:
5326:
5325:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5093:. Archived from
5088:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5052:on 6 April 2008.
5051:
5044:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5001:on 27 June 2009.
4997:. Archived from
4991:
4985:
4984:
4983:on 4 March 2016.
4979:. Archived from
4968:
4962:
4961:
4960:on 27 June 2009.
4956:. Archived from
4954:Suffolk Together
4946:
4940:
4939:
4934:. Archived from
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4796:
4786:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4695:on 4 March 2016.
4694:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4655:. Archived from
4645:
4639:
4638:
4637:on 2 March 2013.
4636:
4629:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4605:on 17 March 2011
4604:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4577:. Archived from
4567:
4561:
4560:
4555:. Archived from
4545:
4539:
4538:
4533:. Archived from
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4449:on 3 March 2016.
4448:
4441:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4424:on 14 July 2014.
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4284:
4269:
4268:
4220:
4207:
4206:
4180:
4170:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4084:
4074:
4050:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3928:on 25 June 2008.
3918:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3811:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3665:. November 1997.
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3644:. February 2012.
3634:
3628:
3627:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3499:on 28 June 2007.
3498:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3339:. Archived from
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3237:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3213:. Archived from
3208:
3199:
3173:Waste management
3158:Thermal oxidizer
3032:
3029:
3023:
3007:
2999:
2949:set down by the
2845:Governors Island
2839:In North America
2805:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2702:. Supporters of
2487:baghouse filters
2457:district heating
2426:Zürcher Oberland
2401:waste management
2358:unpleasant odors
2321:aircraft carrier
2181:baghouse filters
2138:visual pollution
2066:renewable energy
1955:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1904:
1896:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1789:
1781:
1706:, HCl, CO and NO
1657:
1650:
1643:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1546:
1249:Chemical warfare
1151:Waste management
1111:Industrial waste
1086:Electronic waste
1071:Advertising mail
1053:Phytoremediation
1028:Land degradation
968:Depleted uranium
853:Overillumination
803:Invasive species
675:
665:
650:
581:waste compactors
563:district heating
460:
453:
449:
446:
440:
409:
401:
322:Governors Island
284:
281:
263:
256:
241:district heating
220:hazardous wastes
201:waste compaction
39:Death by burning
21:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5804:, eippcb.jrc.es
5797:on 17 May 2016.
5789:
5786:
5770:
5761:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5704:
5700:. ukwin.org.uk.
5696:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5538:. 22 July 2008.
5536:letsrecycle.com
5530:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5495:. 27 June 2023.
5491:
5490:
5486:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5372:. 16 March 2015
5364:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4838:letsrecycle.com
4831:
4830:
4826:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4686:Highways Agency
4681:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4581:on 14 May 2009.
4569:
4568:
4564:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4286:
4285:
4272:
4222:
4221:
4210:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4052:
4051:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3812:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3677:"Talking trash"
3675:
3674:
3670:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3225:
3217:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3178:Waste-to-energy
3114:
3097:
3091:
3070:
3064:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2997:
2985:Buckinghamshire
2943:
2937:
2898:
2841:
2812:The history of
2806:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2775:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2716:
2700:waste hierarchy
2670:
2662:
2533:Decommissioned
2527:
2498:
2417:
2397:
2374:
2350:
2313:
2282:
2266:desulfurisation
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2155:
2107:nitrogen oxides
2103:
2101:Other emissions
2096:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1921:
1905:
1894:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1806:
1790:
1779:
1725:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1623:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1393:Pharmaceuticals
1373:Nonpoint source
1313:
1303:
1302:
1271:Nuclear fallout
1244:
1234:
1233:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1141:Packaging waste
1106:Hazardous waste
1066:
1058:
1057:
1018:
1008:
1007:
978:Nuclear fallout
973:Nuclear fission
953:
943:
942:
908:
898:
897:
873:
865:
864:
838:
836:Electromagnetic
828:
827:
818:
810:
809:
783:
773:
772:
743:Ozone depletion
688:
678:
663:
648:
631:
622:
609:
589:
572:
461:
450:
444:
441:
426:
410:
399:
382:
354:
338:
326:Austria-Hungary
285:
279:
276:
269:needs expansion
254:
216:clinical wastes
151:waste-to-energy
147:energy recovery
112:waste-to-energy
49:
42:
35:
32:waste-to-energy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5805:
5799:
5785:
5784:EU information
5782:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5748:
5722:
5714:
5702:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:External links
5684:
5681:
5680:
5662:
5641:
5617:
5596:
5578:Channel 4 News
5563:
5541:
5523:
5498:
5484:
5466:
5459:
5431:
5405:
5383:
5357:
5327:
5302:
5267:
5244:
5226:
5201:
5179:
5165:
5158:
5138:
5103:
5075:
5055:
5028:
5004:
4986:
4977:Country Doctor
4963:
4941:
4919:
4886:
4861:
4844:
4824:
4749:
4698:
4670:
4653:www.hse.gov.uk
4640:
4616:
4584:
4562:
4559:on 9 May 2013.
4540:
4531:Covanta Energy
4518:
4492:
4470:
4452:
4427:
4402:
4370:
4344:
4318:
4299:(1): 101–115.
4270:
4235:(5): 725–735.
4208:
4161:(6): 479–519.
4138:
4112:
4032:
4018:
3955:
3931:
3908:
3884:
3860:
3841:
3827:
3778:(3): 218–224.
3759:
3738:
3720:
3686:
3683:. 2 June 2012.
3668:
3647:
3629:
3594:
3553:
3535:
3517:
3502:
3478:
3469:
3447:
3426:
3408:
3386:
3371:
3357:
3323:
3312:on 9 July 2012
3295:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3223:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3096:
3093:
3069:
3066:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2957:including the
2951:European Union
2939:Main article:
2936:
2933:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2840:
2837:
2808:
2807:
2772:of the subject
2770:worldwide view
2765:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2714:
2711:
2684:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2618:
2591:
2580:
2549:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2483:Fine particles
2472:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2445:
2416:
2413:
2396:
2393:
2373:
2372:Health effects
2370:
2349:
2346:
2312:
2309:
2280:
2248:sulfur dioxide
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2185:fine particles
2154:
2151:
2149:of the plant.
2123:fine particles
2111:sulfur dioxide
2102:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2070:non-renewables
2058:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1958:
1957:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1843:
1842:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1693:sulfur dioxide
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Law by country
1559:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Surface runoff
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Eutrophication
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1288:Scorched earth
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:Nuclear winter
1278:
1276:Nuclear famine
1273:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Bioremediation
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Bioremediation
960:
954:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
913:Transportation
909:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
860:Radio spectrum
857:
856:
855:
850:
839:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
806:
805:
795:
790:
784:
779:
778:
775:
774:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:Global dimming
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
668:
667:
659:
658:
647:
644:
630:
627:
621:
618:
608:
605:
588:
585:
571:
568:
463:
462:
413:
411:
404:
398:
395:
381:
378:
353:
350:
337:
334:
287:
286:
266:
264:
253:
250:
214:areas such as
193:garbage trucks
140:electric power
65:, designed by
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5862:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5432:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5056:
5048:
5041:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5016:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4854:
4853:"Wrap.org.uk"
4848:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:(in Danish).
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3845:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3681:The Economist
3678:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3269:9781466512412
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3012:This section
3010:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:foam concrete
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:, copper and
2338:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2311:Solid outputs
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:active carbon
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:by injection
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(ESP) and/or
2178:
2175:, most often
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2051:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2026:biodegradable
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:This section
1907:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1888:(see below).
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:This section
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:garden wastes
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:. Before the
1670:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Water quality
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Traffic signs
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Nanomaterials
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Radioactivity
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
947:
946:
939:
938:Soundproofing
936:
934:
933:Noise control
931:
929:
928:Noise barrier
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
907:
902:
901:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
832:
831:
824:
821:
820:
814:
813:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
777:
776:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
674:
670:
669:
666:
660:
656:
652:
651:
645:
643:
641:
636:
628:
626:
619:
617:
614:
613:fluidized bed
607:Fluidized bed
606:
604:
602:
597:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
569:
567:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:heating value
521:
517:
512:
509:
504:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
477:
469:
459:
456:
448:
438:
434:
430:
424:
423:
419:
414:This section
412:
408:
403:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
379:
377:
375:
369:
367:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
301:
297:
293:
283:
274:
270:
267:This section
265:
262:
258:
257:
251:
249:
247:
242:
238:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
5830:Incineration
5813:the original
5795:the original
5776:the original
5760:. Retrieved
5756:the original
5740:. Retrieved
5733:the original
5710:the original
5675:the original
5665:
5653:. Retrieved
5644:
5632:. Retrieved
5620:
5609:
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:the original
5576:
5566:
5558:the original
5544:
5535:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5510:
5501:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5441:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5417:
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5369:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:the original
5339:
5330:
5322:the original
5315:
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5289:the original
5284:
5280:
5270:
5259:, retrieved
5253:
5247:
5229:
5218:the original
5204:
5196:the original
5182:
5168:
5148:
5141:
5119:(1): 51–69.
5116:
5112:
5106:
5095:the original
5078:
5065:
5058:
5047:the original
5038:
5031:
5014:
5007:
4999:the original
4995:"Noharm.org"
4989:
4981:the original
4976:
4966:
4958:the original
4953:
4944:
4936:the original
4931:
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4903:the original
4889:
4877:. Retrieved
4873:
4864:
4847:
4836:
4827:
4794:11585/762085
4766:
4762:
4752:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4690:the original
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4657:the original
4652:
4643:
4632:the original
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4600:the original
4587:
4579:the original
4574:
4565:
4557:the original
4552:
4543:
4535:the original
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4482:
4473:
4455:
4444:the original
4430:
4422:the original
4393:. Retrieved
4389:
4364:
4335:. Retrieved
4330:
4321:
4296:
4292:
4232:
4228:
4158:
4154:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:
4115:
4065:(1): 40–48.
4062:
4058:
4021:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3941:
3934:
3926:the original
3900:the original
3887:
3816:cite journal
3775:
3771:
3733:the original
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3702:
3680:
3671:
3650:
3632:
3610:(1): 29–36.
3607:
3603:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3578:the original
3548:the original
3538:
3530:the original
3520:
3511:
3505:
3494:the original
3481:
3472:
3464:the original
3450:
3420:
3411:
3403:the original
3389:
3374:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:the original
3304:
3298:
3285:
3278:
3259:
3253:
3215:the original
3197:
3133:Gasification
3106:
3090:
3082:hygienically
3079:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3025:
3013:
2981:Bedfordshire
2974:
2970:
2967:
2959:landfill tax
2944:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2886:
2873:
2865:
2850:
2842:
2826:
2811:
2796:
2787:
2767:
2742:can be mined
2686:Prevention,
2573:hydrogen gas
2512:
2452:detectable."
2423:
2406:
2398:
2384:
2375:
2362:
2351:
2325:
2303:on injected
2298:
2277:
2263:
2260:
2244:heavy metals
2221:
2170:
2167:
2131:
2119:heavy metals
2104:
2074:
2063:
2052:
2042:landfill gas
2007:
1988:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1940:January 2015
1937:
1922:Please help
1910:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1831:
1825:January 2015
1822:
1807:Please help
1795:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1746:
1738:
1726:
1701:
1681:heavy metals
1666:
1536:Point source
1481:Heavy metals
1443:Urban runoff
1428:Sulfur water
1403:Septic tanks
1259:Agent Orange
1169:Space debris
1023:Agricultural
888:Volcanic ash
748:Particulates
632:
623:
610:
598:
590:
573:
556:
536:superheaters
529:
513:
505:
501:
494:
489:
482:
451:
445:January 2015
442:
427:Please help
415:
397:Moving grate
391:
387:
383:
370:
363:
339:
319:
314:
304:
280:January 2015
277:
273:adding to it
268:
233:
218:and certain
205:
190:
174:
167:
155:gasification
144:
132:particulates
111:
100:Incineration
99:
98:
50:
5762:28 December
5742:28 December
5516:11 February
5295:23 November
4932:Mole Valley
4663:27 February
4511:21 November
4483:Energy Kids
4390:www.cbf.org
4178:2434/675727
4082:1885/217337
3350:29 November
3316:25 November
2790:August 2022
2630:autoclaving
2613:, lead and
2491:micrometres
2232:nitric acid
2194:micrometres
1506:Area source
1348:Groundwater
1101:Green waste
1081:Brown waste
1065:Solid waste
823:Information
718:Exhaust gas
629:Use of heat
593:rotary-kiln
587:Rotary-kiln
570:Fixed grate
559:Scandinavia
497:waste crane
380:Burn barrel
315:destructors
208:waste types
197:landfilling
18:Incinerator
5824:Categories
5655:27 January
5634:27 January
5174:"About us"
5072:. YouTube.
4879:31 January
4769:: 122433.
4609:3 February
4395:9 November
4337:9 November
4131:9 November
3756:. Eunomia.
3587:21 October
3189:References
3183:Zero waste
2853:Ames, Iowa
2820:and other
2704:zero waste
2646:metric ton
2628:(MBT/AD),
2605:, nickel,
2561:bottom ash
2444:emissions.
2332:bottom ash
2250:, forming
2010:landfilled
1593:By country
1585:Categories
1476:Pollutants
1453:Wastewater
1423:Stagnation
1368:Monitoring
1343:Freshwater
1209:Air travel
1096:Food waste
1038:Defecation
848:Ecological
781:Biological
713:Combustion
653:Part of a
542:(580
532:flue gases
520:flue gases
508:turbulence
374:convection
336:Technology
307:Nottingham
246:Luxembourg
185:recyclable
136:atmosphere
108:combustion
93:short tons
5317:The Hindu
5261:15 August
5113:Resources
4819:212622735
4803:0304-3894
4718:(1): 88.
4549:"Welcome"
4467:. BREWEB.
4305:0021-2571
4249:1661-8556
4203:202582081
4187:1040-8444
4107:202690120
4091:1326-0200
4013:207285588
3997:1614-7499
3713:31 August
3153:Pyrolysis
3123:Cremation
3020:talk page
2896:In Europe
2829:pathogens
2818:landfills
2782:talk page
2708:recycling
2696:recycling
2599:manganese
2447:The U.K.
2270:limestone
2224:scrubbers
2222:Acid gas
2192:2.5
2022:anaerobic
1911:does not
1884:(SCR) or
1878:acid rain
1796:does not
1521:Garbology
1438:Turbidity
1388:Oil spill
1338:Firewater
1323:Biosolids
1229:Vandalism
988:Poisoning
983:Plutonium
958:Actinides
951:Radiation
693:Acid rain
664:Pollution
646:Pollution
492:(MSWIs).
416:does not
352:Burn pile
224:pathogens
159:pyrolysis
128:inorganic
5479:POLITICO
5424:26 April
5398:26 April
5376:16 March
5350:16 March
4811:32143166
4744:32572362
4313:15269458
4265:11965218
4257:23887611
4195:31524034
4099:31535434
4005:28639025
3808:25416947
3800:12870641
3421:Hackaday
3118:Burn pit
3112:See also
3028:May 2022
2776:You may
2603:chromium
2595:vanadium
2569:concrete
2553:ecotoxic
2301:adsorbed
2020:via the
1742:Chimneys
1669:flue gas
1577:Treaties
1557:Diseases
1413:Shipping
1378:Nutrient
1328:Diseases
893:Wildfire
577:clinkers
366:burn pit
124:flue gas
5589:27 July
5121:Bibcode
5070:(Video)
4912:16 June
4874:YouTube
4771:Bibcode
4735:7301355
3977:Bibcode
3881:. 2006.
3780:Bibcode
3612:Bibcode
3247:. 2006.
3245:Ramboll
2989:Bedford
2910:Finland
2906:Tampere
2615:cadmium
2611:mercury
2607:arsenic
2557:fly ash
2548:health.
2505:methane
2468:metals.
2337:cadmium
2328:fly ash
2240:mercury
2127:mercury
2018:methane
1974:stage.
1932:removed
1917:sources
1817:removed
1802:sources
1685:dioxins
1471:History
1353:Hypoxia
1182:Thermal
1136:Plastic
998:Uranium
872:Natural
817:Digital
793:Genetic
635:turbine
548:turbine
437:removed
422:sources
252:History
63:Austria
5457:
5156:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4742:
4732:
4485:. DOE
4311:
4303:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4126:US EPA
4105:
4097:
4089:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3806:
3798:
3266:
2733:waste.
2584:dioxin
2437:dioxin
2428:(KEZO)
2395:Debate
2273:slurry
2252:gypsum
2121:, and
1736:year.
1729:dioxin
1695:, and
1689:furans
1531:Midden
1526:Legacy
1511:Debris
1465:Topics
1418:Sludge
1408:Sewage
1363:Marine
1202:Visual
1121:Mining
1116:Litter
655:series
228:toxins
222:where
89:tonnes
85:Sweden
59:Vienna
5736:(PDF)
5729:(PDF)
5629:(PDF)
5221:(PDF)
5214:(PDF)
5098:(PDF)
5087:(PDF)
5050:(PDF)
5043:(PDF)
5019:(PDF)
4906:(PDF)
4899:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4815:S2CID
4693:(PDF)
4682:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4628:(PDF)
4603:(PDF)
4596:(PDF)
4465:(PDF)
4447:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4361:(PDF)
4261:S2CID
4199:S2CID
4103:S2CID
4009:S2CID
3946:(PDF)
3903:(PDF)
3896:(PDF)
3875:(PDF)
3804:S2CID
3754:(PDF)
3659:(PDF)
3581:(PDF)
3570:(PDF)
3497:(PDF)
3490:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
2979:, in
2833:toxic
2692:reuse
2588:furan
2441:furan
2134:steam
1733:furan
1549:Lists
1541:Waste
1486:Paint
1311:Water
1163:Space
906:Noise
878:Ozone
843:Light
601:draft
342:waste
330:Brunn
212:niche
181:bulky
102:is a
81:Malmö
77:SYSAV
5764:2018
5744:2018
5657:2018
5636:2018
5591:2008
5518:2023
5455:ISBN
5426:2024
5400:2024
5378:2015
5352:2015
5297:2009
5263:2018
5192:Ames
5154:ISBN
4914:2008
4881:2010
4807:PMID
4799:ISSN
4740:PMID
4665:2022
4611:2010
4513:2016
4397:2020
4339:2020
4309:PMID
4301:ISSN
4253:PMID
4245:ISSN
4191:PMID
4183:ISSN
4133:2020
4095:PMID
4087:ISSN
4001:PMID
3993:ISSN
3822:link
3796:PMID
3715:2007
3589:2006
3352:2019
3318:2007
3264:ISBN
2961:and
2880:U.S.
2869:Ohio
2831:and
2721:and
2694:and
2586:and
2439:and
2353:Odor
2341:zinc
2330:and
2256:lime
2132:The
1915:any
1913:cite
1800:any
1798:cite
1731:and
1516:Dust
1500:Misc
1016:Soil
763:Soot
758:Smog
723:Haze
591:The
540:bars
530:The
523:the
420:any
418:cite
346:flue
226:and
161:and
91:(28
5447:doi
5129:doi
4789:hdl
4779:doi
4767:393
4730:PMC
4720:doi
4237:doi
4173:hdl
4163:doi
4077:hdl
4067:doi
3985:doi
3849:DOC
3788:doi
3620:doi
2723:CHP
2719:EfW
2669:2.5
2661:2.5
2654:OBE
2632:or
2513:not
2497:2.5
2217:1.0
2213:1.0
2209:1.0
2205:2.5
2200:2.5
1995:MSW
1926:by
1811:by
1242:War
686:Air
557:In
544:psi
431:by
309:by
275:.
210:in
183:or
172:).
120:ash
5826::
5608:.
5575:.
5534:.
5509:.
5477:.
5453:.
5416:.
5368:.
5338:.
5314:.
5283:.
5279:.
5237:.
5190:.
5127:.
5117:31
5115:.
5089:.
4975:.
4952:.
4930:.
4872:.
4835:.
4813:.
4805:.
4797:.
4787:.
4777:.
4765:.
4761:.
4738:.
4728:.
4716:32
4714:.
4710:.
4684:.
4651:.
4573:.
4551:.
4529:.
4503:.
4481:.
4416:.
4405:^
4388:.
4373:^
4363:.
4347:^
4329:.
4307:.
4297:40
4295:.
4291:.
4273:^
4259:.
4251:.
4243:.
4233:58
4231:.
4227:.
4211:^
4197:.
4189:.
4181:.
4171:.
4159:49
4157:.
4153:.
4141:^
4124:.
4101:.
4093:.
4085:.
4075:.
4063:44
4061:.
4057:.
4035:^
4007:.
3999:.
3991:.
3983:.
3973:24
3971:.
3967:.
3911:^
3863:^
3853:.
3830:^
3818:}}
3814:{{
3802:.
3794:.
3786:.
3776:21
3774:.
3762:^
3741:^
3701:.
3689:^
3679:.
3661:.
3640:.
3618:.
3608:21
3606:.
3572:.
3556:^
3458:.
3429:^
3419:.
3397:.
3335:.
3243:.
3226:^
3209:.
2908:,
2690:,
2624:,
2609:,
2601:,
2597:,
2495:PM
2279:NO
2258:.
2238:,
2234:,
2230:,
2198:PM
2117:,
2113:,
2109:,
2093:CO
2080:CO
2072:.
2045:CO
2005:.
1982:CO
1871:NO
1691:,
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
657:on
640:MW
583:.
554:.
332:.
317:.
157:,
142:.
122:,
83:,
61:,
5766:.
5746:.
5659:.
5638:.
5614:.
5593:.
5520:.
5463:.
5449::
5428:.
5402:.
5380:.
5354:.
5299:.
5285:9
5162:.
5135:.
5131::
5123::
5025:.
4916:.
4883:.
4858:.
4821:.
4791::
4781::
4773::
4746:.
4722::
4667:.
4613:.
4515:.
4489:.
4399:.
4367:.
4341:.
4315:.
4267:.
4239::
4205:.
4175::
4165::
4135:.
4109:.
4079::
4069::
4015:.
3987::
3979::
3952:.
3857:.
3851:)
3847:(
3844:"
3842:e
3824:)
3810:.
3790::
3782::
3717:.
3626:.
3622::
3614::
3591:.
3514:.
3354:.
3320:.
3292:.
3272:.
3030:)
3026:(
3022:.
2803:)
2797:(
2792:)
2788:(
2774:.
2715:2
2563:(
2493:(
2288:(
2281:x
2196:(
2095:2
2090:2
2082:2
2077:2
2059:2
2055:2
2047:2
2038:2
2034:2
2003:2
1999:2
1991:2
1984:2
1953:)
1947:(
1942:)
1938:(
1934:.
1920:.
1873:x
1866:2
1864:O
1859:2
1857:N
1838:)
1832:(
1827:)
1823:(
1819:.
1805:.
1708:x
1704:2
1656:e
1649:t
1642:v
458:)
452:(
447:)
443:(
439:.
425:.
282:)
278:(
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.