Chełmno extermination camp

813: 913:) in lorries... The people were told that they had to take a bath, that their clothes had to be disinfected and that they could hand in any valuable items beforehand to be registered. When they had undressed they were sent to the cellar of the castle and then along a passageway onto the ramp and from there into the gas-van. In the castle, there were signs marked "to the baths". The gas vans were large vans, about 4–5 m long, 2.2 m wide and 2 m high. The interior walls were lined with sheet metal. A wooden grille was set into the floor. The floor of the van had an opening which could be connected to the exhaust by means of a removable metal pipe. When the lorries were full of people, the double doors at the back were closed and the exhaust connected to the interior of the van. — 707: 578: 962: 737:) in Berlin which, by June 1942, produced twenty of them in accordance with the SS purchase order. The sealed compartments (also called superstructures) installed on the chassis had floor openings – about 60 mm (2.4 in) in diameter – with metal pipes welded below, into which the engine exhaust was directed. Victims generally suffocated to death, with their "bodies thrown out blue, wet with sweat and urine, the legs covered with excrement and menstrual blood". Drivers of gas vans also heard victims screaming and knocking on the walls. 1404: 62: 1043: 7688: 1246: 49: 1127: 7700: 7676: 897:, where they were locked overnight in a mill, without food or water. The next morning, they were loaded onto lorries and taken to Chełmno. At "the palace", they were stripped of possessions, transferred to vans, and murdered with exhaust fumes on the way to burial pits in the forest. The daily average for the camp was about six to nine van-loads of the dead. The drivers used 69: 2067: 1094:

numbers which could be easily controlled at their destination. The victims were "processed" immediately upon arrival at the manor-house. Beginning in late July 1942, the victims were brought to the camp directly from Powiercie after the regular railway line linking Koło with Dąbie was restored; and the bridge over the Rgilewka River had been repaired.

994:. The victims were led to a large empty room and ordered to undress; their clothing stacked for disinfection. They were told that all hidden banknotes would be destroyed during steaming and needed to be taken out and handed over for safe-keeping. Occasionally they were met by a German officer dressed as a local squire with a 1187:

evidence that some red powder and a fluid were delivered from Germany by Maks Sado freight company, in order to murder the victims more quickly. Another major change involved parking the gas vans while prisoners were murdered. They were no longer driven en route to the forest cremation area with living victims inside.

1110:, a special unit of 50 to 60 men deployed at the forest burial camp. They removed corpses from the gas-vans and placed them in mass graves. The large trenches were quickly filled, but the smell of decomposing bodies began to permeate the surrounding countryside including nearby villages. In the spring of 1942, the 1428:. Determining the identities of the few survivors of Chełmno had presented ambiguity because records use different versions of their names. One survivor may not have been recorded in the early postwar years because he did not testify at trials of camp personnel. Five escaped during the winter of 1942, including 1269:

First, the victims were taken to the desecrated church in Chełmno where they spent the night if necessary, and left their bundles behind on the way to the reception area. They were driven to the forest, where the camp authorities had constructed two fenced-out barracks for undressing before "shower",

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During the summer of 1942, the new commandant Bothmann made substantial changes to the camp's murder techniques. The change was prompted by two incidents in March and April of that year. First, the gas-van broke down on the highway while full of living victims. Many passers-by heard their loud cries.

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In late February 1942, the secretary of the local Polish council in Chełmno, Stanisław Kaszyński (b. 1903), was arrested for trying to bring public attention to what was being perpetrated at the camp. He was interrogated and executed three days later on February 28, 1942, near a church along with his

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in March 1942 and deposited their testimonies with Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lau. Widawski spoke with Rabbi Lau as well as some members of the prewar Communal Council before he left the ghetto, robbing them of their peace of mind with earth-shattering facts about the extermination process. Widawski saw the

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executed about half of the 80-man detachment after most of the work was done. The gas vans were sent back to Berlin. The remaining Jewish workers were executed just before the German retreat from the Chełmno killing center on January 18, 1945, as the Soviet army approached (it reached the camp

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van exploded while the driver was revving its engine at the loading ramp; the gassing compartment was full of living Jews. The explosion blew off the locked back door, and badly burned the victims inside. Drivers were replaced. Bothmann's modifications included adding poison to gasoline. There is

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ordered burning of the bodies in the forest. The bodies were cremated on open air grids constructed of concrete slabs and rail tracks; pipes were used for air ducts, and long ash pans were built below the grid. Later, the Jewish Sonderkommando had to exhume the mass graves and burn the previously

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in Powiercie. Therefore, they were marched to a disused mill at Zawadki some two kilometres distance where they spent the night. The mill building continued to be used after the railway repairs, if transports arrived late. The following morning the Jews were transported from Zawadki by truck, in

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renewed gassing operations at Chełmno in order to complete the annihilation of the remaining 70,000 Jewish prisoners of the ghetto in Łódź, the last ghetto in occupied Poland to produce war supplies for the Germans. The Special Detachment "Bothmann" returned to the forest and resumed murdering

625:, was expected to be carried out soon. Greiser's plan was based on the German government's decision of October 1941 to deport German Jews to the Łódź Ghetto. Greiser and the SS decided to create space for the incoming Jews by annihilating the existing Polish-Jewish population in his district. 740:

The SS had first used pure carbon monoxide from steel cylinders to murder mental patients in extermination hospitals of Action T4, and therefore had considerable knowledge of its efficacy. For all practical purposes, the extermination by mobile gas vans proved equally efficient following

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and police staff and guards were housed in other buildings in the town. The Germans had a high wooden fence built around the manor house and the grounds. The clearing in the forest camp, which contained large mass graves, was likewise fenced off. The camp consisted of separate zones: an

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is a British publisher, writer and Holocaust historian specialising in Nazi death camps. He is the author of a series of video essays about the German killing factories in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz. In March 2007, Heath accompanied Holocaust denier

448:. As the Nazis themselves exclusively referred to the camp as "Kulmhof", the name "Chełmno extermination camp" is not historically accurate, with its use perhaps deriving from the Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland shortly after the war. 1274:

and police guarded the victims as they took off their clothes and gave up valuables before entering gas-vans. In this final phase of the camp operation, some 25,000 Jews were murdered. Their bodies were burned immediately after death. From mid-July 1944, the

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in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles"

1812:"The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation – The Institute of National Memory... has a fifty years long history (1995). The creation of the Main Commission... was preceded by work done in London since 1943 by the 1528:

as Abram Roj, although she was mistaken about their total number. Two other survivors of Chełmno include Yitzhak Justman and Yerachmiel Yisrael Widawski who escaped together from the forest burial commando in the winter of 1942. They arrived at

387:. By then, the Germans had already destroyed evidence of the camp's existence, leaving no prisoners behind. One of the camp survivors, who was fifteen years old at the time, testified that only three Jewish males had escaped successfully. The 901:. From January 1942, the transports included hundreds of Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. In addition, they included over 10,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Luxembourg, who had first been deported to the 1560: 6226: 7494: 1033:

Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver, made sure his own vehicle "would be cleaned of the excretions of the people that had died in it. Afterwards, it would once again be used for gassing" at the loading dock.

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of 1962–65, laid charges for at least 180,000 victims. The Polish official estimates, in the early postwar period, have suggested much higher numbers, up to a total of 340,000 men, women, and children. The

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and police personnel supervised transfer of prisoners from the freight as well as passenger trains, to smaller-size cargo trains running on narrow gauge tracks, which took them from Koło to a much smaller

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During the first five weeks, the murder victims came only from the nearby areas. On reaching their final destination before "transport" to Germany and Austria, the Jews disembarked in the courtyard of the

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The early killing process carried out by the SS from December 8, 1941, until mid-January 1942, was intended to murder Jews from all nearby towns and villages, which were slated for German colonization (

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A small detachment of about 15 Jews worked at the manor house, sorting and packing the belongings of the victims. Between eight and ten skilled craftsmen worked there to produce or repair goods for the

5946: 1483:, Mordechaï Zurawski is included as survivor in three other sources, each of which documents his testifying, along with Srebnik and Podchlebnik about his experience at Chełmno, at the 1961 trial of 5190: 3810: 1546:. They headed in various directions and made a tremendous effort to inform and warn the Jewish communities about the fate that awaited them, however, many people refused to believe their stories. 745:

of 1941. In the newly occupied territories, the gas vans were used to murder mental patients as well as Jews in the extermination ghettos. By employing just three vans on the Eastern Front (the

7156: 5547: 5582: 5537: 3025: 870: 128: 1160:). From mid-January 1942, the SS and Order Police began transporting Jews in crowded freight and passenger trains from Łódź. By then, Jews had also been deported to Łódź from Germany, 5577: 5572: 5557: 5562: 3394:. Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1992" 1233:) on the other side of Zawadka, where they were dumped into the water from a bridge and from a flat-bottomed boat. Eventually, the camp authorities bought a bone-crushing machine ( 1146:

held jumping contests and races among the prisoners, who were shackled with chains on their ankles, to deem who was fit to continue working. The losers of such contests were shot.

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administration section with nearby barracks and storage for plundered goods; and the more distant burial and cremation site to which victims were delivered in hermetically proofed

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used for murder at Chełmno; the exhaust fumes were diverted into the sealed rear compartment where the victims were locked in. This particular van had not been modified yet.

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called "the palace". Its rooms were adapted to use as the reception offices, including space for the victims to undress and to give up their valuables. The

7225: 7049: 7186: 6113: 5185: 1803: 1214:-committed war crimes, from 1943 onward, the Germans ordered the exhumation of all remains and burning of bodies in open-air cremation pits by a unit of 759:

were able to murder 97,000 captives in less than six months between December 1941 and June 1942. The SS relayed urgent requests to Berlin for more vans.

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at the camp, Srebnik was recognised by the Chelmno Guards only by this moniker. Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver (not to be confused with the camp's

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survived the war but these are also in error. Podchlebnik is sometimes referred to as Michał (or Michael), in Polish and English versions of his name.

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After the war, some Chełmno extermination camp personnel were tried in Poland as well as in other court cases spanning a period of about 20 years. The

7745: 5984: 5552: 5293: 2893: 2629: 2302:. Jewish Virtual Library. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden," Miszelle. Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte, 37 (3), pp. 403–417 1316: 7260: 6709: 5793: 4187: 595:

The use of the killing centre at Chełmno for the mass murder of rapidly growing number of Jews deported to the Łódź Ghetto ("Special Handling", the

406: 92: 973:, and in overcrowded lorries to the camp. They were forced to abandon their bundles along the way. In this photo, loading of victims sent from the 7725: 7608: 7129: 6857: 6252: 6203: 6021: 5918: 5215: 3674: 3648: 2358: 2085: 1565: 3274: 3118: 725:

was supplied with two vans initially, each carrying about 50 Jews gassed en route to the forest. Later on, Lange was given three gas vans by the

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inspectorate, to which most of the Chełmno camp staff were attached for administrative purposes. Historians do not believe members of the

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wrote that her father, Abraham Roy, belonged to the aforementioned survivors. She said that her father was the escapee recognized by the

7618: 7451: 7096: 6559: 6299: 5786: 4346: 1462: 1161: 480:, which could be used for mass admissions of prisoners with only minor modifications. Staff for the facility was selected personally by 3670: 1362:. The examination of evidence during the investigation was carried out by Judge Władysław Bednarz. The subsequent four trials, held in 503:(special detachment), and appointed Herbert Lange the first camp commandant because of his experience in the mass-murder of Poles from 6647: 5969: 5326: 6428: 6173: 2385: 1854: 1780: 1590: 1017:). When the van was full, the doors were shut and the engine started. Surviving witnesses heard their screams as they were dying of 790:. The maximum strength of each Special Detachment was just under 100 men, of whom around 80 belonged to the Order Police. The local 6443: 6379: 1626:, Chełmno Muzeum of Martyrdom, Poland (Muzeum byłego niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem), 2015, archived from 3520: 990:

men wearing white coats and pretending to be medics waited for them with a translator released earlier from the Gestapo prison in

864:. A total of 3,830 Jews and around 4,000 Romani were murdered by gas before February 1942. The victims were brought from all over 7214: 6671: 6448: 6389: 6364: 6153: 6081: 4877: 3760:

Smykowski, Mikołaj (2020). "The Postholocaust Landscape of Chelmno on the Ner (Kulmhof an der Nehr): An Ecological Perspective".

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At the very minimum, 152,000 people were murdered in the camp, which would make it the fifth deadliest extermination camp, after

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As round-ups in Łódź normally took place in the morning, it was usually late afternoon by the time Jews disembarked from the

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vans, manufactured by the Gaubschat factory in Berlin, were delivered in November. Chełmno began mass gassing operations on

3419: 3352: 621:, stating that the clandestine program of murdering 100,000 Polish Jews, about one-third of the total Jewish population of 472:. In October 1941, Lange toured the area looking for a suitable site for an extermination centre, and chose Chełmno on the 7581: 7421: 6584: 6438: 6419: 6399: 6369: 6262: 5926: 5736: 4255: 2064: 1753: 1298:

District to exhume and cremate remaining corpses and to remove evidence of the mass murder operations. A month later, the

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executed the members of the Jewish special detachment and replaced them with workers selected from recent transports. The

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interred bodies. In addition, they sorted the clothing of the victims, and cleaned the excrement and blood from the vans.

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escaped later. Srebnik was among Jews shot by the Germans two days before the Russians entered Chełmno, but he survived.

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town with a sizable Jewish population which had been previously ghettoized. The two sites were known respectively as the

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Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.

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on, the victims were taken to the cellar and across the ramp into the back of a gas van holding from 50–70 people each (

541:) was invented. Their earlier hospital victims were usually shot out of town in the back of the neck. The two so-called 85: 4070: 7628: 7613: 7514: 7360: 7284: 6496: 6453: 6414: 6314: 6148: 6014: 5961: 5227: 4105: 4060: 4050: 4040: 3983: 1785: 729:

in Berlin for the murder of greater numbers of victims. The vehicles had been converted to mobile gas-chambers by the

633: 6606: 4972: 4474: 4090: 1505:, referring to them as the only two Jewish survivors of Chełmno, but he was in error. Some sources repeat that only 7666: 7486: 7365: 7335: 7254: 7171: 7004: 6642: 6540: 6501: 6458: 6394: 6267: 6143: 5873: 5815: 5756: 5697: 5387: 5351: 5255: 5195: 4778: 4341: 4055: 4000: 3881: 2987: 2968: 2949: 2927: 2494: 2423: 1813: 559: 334: 7124: 6939: 6486: 6463: 6374: 6236: 6088: 6076: 6063: 5858: 5646: 5231: 4922: 4867: 4336: 4065: 4045: 3995: 3901: 3856: 465: 343: 7603: 7558: 7104: 6423: 6404: 6351: 6335: 6282: 6277: 6188: 6178: 6168: 6120: 6103: 6093: 6058: 6053: 6048: 5973: 5677: 5239: 4120: 4017: 3956: 3906: 3891: 3871: 3861: 3846: 3841: 3749:, 2004, Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom in Warsaw & District Museum in Konin, 2791: 1326:

placed the number closer to 340,000 based on a statistical approach, as the camp authorities had destroyed all

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was the only one to survive the last executions with a gunshot wound to the head. Historians estimate that the

7029: 6884: 5687: 5069: 4300: 4095: 2510: 1510: 1429: 1164:, and Luxembourg, and were included in the transports at that time. The transports included most of the 5,000 961: 243: 2175: 730: 7740: 7735: 7596: 7586: 7312: 6866: 6663: 6594: 6272: 6257: 6183: 6163: 6158: 6138: 6108: 6098: 5616: 5341: 5175: 3896: 3886: 3876: 3866: 3819: 2796:, Arkadiusz Kamiński (trans.), Museum of the former Extermination Camp in Chełmno on the Ner, archived from 2114: 1178:. Other victims murdered at the killing center included several hundred Poles, and Soviet prisoners of war. 566:, Heydrich, who had already confirmed the effectiveness of industrial-scale murder by exhaust fumes, called 498: 6818: 1403: 1057:

and police began deportations from the Łódź Ghetto lasting for two weeks. German officials with the aid of

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As soon as the ramp had been erected in the castle, people started arriving in Kulmhof from Litzmannstadt (

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gives the figure of around 200,000, the vast majority of whom were Jews of west-central Poland, along with

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testified about the camp during his 1961 war-crimes trial in Jerusalem. He visited it once in late 1942.

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river, and a large forest clearing about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Chełmno, off the road to

453: 377:. Chełmno was a place of early experimentation in the development of the Nazi extermination programme. 3271: 1651: 7504: 7441: 7370: 7024: 6808: 6699: 6677: 6572: 6567: 6548: 5413: 5251: 5124: 5089: 5009: 4645: 4570: 4514: 4110: 1973: 1492: 782:

was replaced as camp commandant in March (or April) 1942 by Schultze. He was succeeded by SS-Captain

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murdered at least 152,000–180,000 people at Chełmno between December 1941 and March 1943, and from

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victims at a smaller camp, consisting of brand new wooden barracks along with new crematory pyres.

4205: 3224: 6971: 6966: 6473: 5661: 5448: 5200: 4748: 4685: 4615: 4605: 4524: 3989: 3965: 3777: 3445: 3197: 3144: 2575: 2233: 2145: 1955: 1521: 1450: 1280: 1195: 652: 567: 485: 392: 303: 294:. The camp, which was specifically intended for no other purpose than mass murder, operated from 283: 271: 40: 5692: 5453: 5024: 4962: 4245: 3621: 3561: 2322: 1897: 1354: 2609: 7576: 7436: 7267: 7181: 7148: 7062: 6879: 6845: 5941: 5716: 5626: 5443: 5438: 5418: 5094: 4821: 4786: 4738: 4580: 4519: 4444: 3750: 3720: 3697: 3627: 3600: 3567: 3425: 3314: 3177: 3124: 2676: 2561: 2328: 2212: 2124: 2091: 1934: 1797: 1472: 1437: 1345: 1339: 1291: 1225:

and added to the ashes. These were transported every night in sacks made of blankets to river

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The German SS staff selected young Jewish prisoners from incoming transports to join the camp

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A remnant of the open-air mass cremation structure at the forest camp, with memorial plaque

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The killing center consisted of a vacated manorial estate in the village of Chełmno on the

7692: 7623: 7463: 7456: 7273: 7176: 7034: 7014: 6927: 6763: 5899: 5894: 5751: 5682: 5631: 5611: 5372: 5179: 5109: 5039: 4977: 4967: 4907: 4842: 4710: 4620: 4509: 4494: 4479: 4439: 4305: 4157: 3691:. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance. 3457: 3359: 3289: 3278: 3209: 3156: 3007: 2824: 2587: 2442: 2245: 2157: 2071: 1967: 1904: 1830: 1769: 1757: 1730:. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance. 1585: 1496: 1465: 1059: 1002: 886: 874: 849: 771: 354: 247: 168: 132: 5621: 4952: 4534: 4414: 4270: 2393: 1982:(2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of 7704: 7536: 7431: 7330: 7301: 6993: 6957: 6917: 6912: 6737: 6622: 6529: 5641: 5636: 5468: 5336: 5243: 5165: 5119: 5034: 4932: 4893: 4857: 4816: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4635: 4625: 4575: 4464: 4449: 4429: 4419: 4280: 4230: 4172: 4100: 3596:

Hidden In Thunder: Perspectives on Faith, Halachah, and Leadership during the Holocaust

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The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem

1912: 1506: 1441: 1377: 1304: 1165: 932: 928: 828:. The first people transported to the camp were the Jewish and Romani populations of 796: 783: 779: 629: 513: 457: 307: 172: 164: 3500:

Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"

2838: 1627: 1476: 1454:, but he was rounded up with thousands of others and murdered in the gas chamber of 1359: 1198:

was still underway elsewhere. Other death camps had faster methods of murdering and

910: 421:. Two survivors testified also at the camp personnel trials conducted in 1962–65 by 275: 7638: 6788: 6773: 6768: 6742: 6695: 6627: 6589: 6339: 5746: 5458: 5265: 5205: 5114: 5079: 5074: 4942: 4927: 4768: 4700: 4670: 4640: 4590: 4560: 4555: 4409: 4310: 4275: 4162: 3353:

Stuart Jeffries, "Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary Shoah still matters"

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In June 1945, both Podchlebnik and Srebnik (then age fifteen), testified at the

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Russell, Nestar (2018). "The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing".

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Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality:

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The Main (or Central) Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (

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The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust (2001), p. 647

1924: 1535: 1461: 1156: 1007: 841: 526: 522: 413:. The three best-known survivors testified about Chełmno at the 1961 trial of 3050:"Rethinking Polish-Jewish Relations during the Holocaust in the Wake of 1968" 2921: 2004:. Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain: Alpha History 1194:

District, in March 1943 the Germans closed the Chełmno killing centre, while

1168:(Gypsies) who had been deported from Austria. Throughout 1942, the Jews from 107: 94: 7473: 7279: 5321: 4758: 4331: 2730: 2728: 1488: 1230: 1210:

along with the manor house, which was levelled. To hide the evidence of the

1199: 1174: 1083: 970: 882: 640:, Koppe received an order from Himmler to liaise with Greiser regarding the 461: 418: 326: 322: 7134: 5346: 1789: 1279:

and police began deporting the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź ghetto to

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railway station, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Chełmno. There, the

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who escaped only to perish at Bełżec during the liquidation of yet another

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Niemiecki Oboz Zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem (German death camp in Chełmno)

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wrote under pseudonym Grojanowski about the operations of the camp in his

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camp. The vans were unloaded to excavated mass graves, and cleaned by the

7687: 6999: 6799: 5761: 2637:. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. p. 20 (xx). Archived from 1517: 1516:

Not all escapees have been identified in the postwar period. In 2002 Dr.

1065: 898: 837: 534: 380: 3283:

Online Exhibition: "Give Me Your Children." Voices from the Lodz Ghetto.

1915:, the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on 683:(forest camp). On the grounds of the estate was a large two-story brick 644:

requested by the latter. Koppe entrusted the extermination operation to

3534:(1). Methodist Federation for Social Action: 1–2, 14–16. Archived from 3499: 1367: 1327: 1172:

were still being processed; in March 1943 the SS declared the district

1074: 1046: 1013: 966: 829: 767: 672: 337:. However, the West German prosecution, citing Nazi figures during the 17: 1561:

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics

7509: 5833: 2843:

Occupation of the East, including photos and list of external sources

1706:(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge; 1222: 1183: 437: 3026:"The Current Cinema, "Sacred Monsters": Review of Claude Lanzmann's 1534:

bodies of thirteen relatives murdered in gas vans including his own

1499:

included interviews with Srebnik and Podchlebnik in his documentary

778:

personnel, under the leadership of Security Police and SD officers.

617:, Greiser referred to an authorization he had received from him and 2534:– Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418. 2087:

Chełmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp

1387:

testified in both the Chelmno Guard and Eichmann trials. Nicknamed

6874: 1460: 1402: 1244: 1226: 1125: 1041: 960: 890: 811: 576: 365:, Germany, Luxembourg, and Austria transported to Chełmno via the 3713:

Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp

937:. Today, there is an obelisk to his memory erected at Chełmno on 391:

counted seven Jews who escaped; among them was the author of the

5999: 3688: 3652: 1983: 1930:

The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found

1727: 1707: 1363: 804:

office established in Chełmno performed any duties at the camp.

726: 7391: 7212: 6843: 6333: 6003: 5782: 5282: 4363: 3923: 3792: 1317:

Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland

1063:

rounded up 10,000 Polish Jews based on selection by the ghetto

2999:

Alan Heath, "The Destruction of Corpses at Chelmno nad Nerem"

1746:

Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland,

1623:

Kulmhof 1941–1945. The German Death Camp in Chełmno on the Ner

668: 473: 3377:

Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann

2296:"The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews" 1851:"Jewish Survivors of Chelmno Camp Testify at Trial of Guards" 1237:) from Schriever and Co. in Hamburg to speed up the process. 476:, because of the estate, with a large manor house similar to 4390:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

1538:. Both fugitives, Justman and Widawski, arrived also at the 659:. Damzog supervised the camp's daily operations thereafter. 3309:. In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip (eds.). 2497:(the road through town to forest). Narration by Alan Heath. 1883:

written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D

1366:, began in 1962 and concluded three years later in 1965 in 1358:

Walter Piller, took place in 1945 at the District Court in

689: 76:

Location of the former Chełmno extermination camp in Poland

2515:

A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland

1315:, until the Soviet advance. Note: a 1946–47 report by the 953:(born 1890), was murdered with them before mid-September. 1716:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC 5947:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

2261:"Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939–1945" 1853:. JTA Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from 3082: 3080: 2930:(deportation photo, 1 minute). Narration by Alan Heath. 1436:(Szlamek Bajler) whose identity was recognized also as 1001:

Wearing just underwear, with the women allowed to keep

27:

German extermination camp in Poland during World War II

1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 941:. Over 4,500, Czech Jews from Prague were sent to the 7664: 3657:

Knowledge OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed.

3472:

Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy

2785: 2783: 1979:

Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution

1591: 1270:

and two new open-air cremation pits, further up. The

753:), without any faults occurring in the vehicles, the 2120:

Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp

2090:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 5–6. 1875: 1873: 1871: 1696: 1694: 1692: 7569: 7485: 7414: 7321: 7293: 7234: 7147: 7095: 7048: 6985: 6955: 6893: 6865: 6856: 6797: 6756: 6708: 6694: 6656: 6615: 6515: 6472: 6350: 6245: 6214: 6041: 5960: 5917: 5887: 5866: 5857: 5814: 5729: 5709: 5670: 5604: 5595: 5530: 5499: 5492: 5406: 5365: 5314: 5214: 5158: 5133: 4997: 4990: 4891: 4835: 4777: 4719: 4548: 4402: 4395: 4324: 4186: 4144: 4083: 4016: 3964: 3955: 3563:

Balaam's Prophecy: Eyewitness to History, 1939–1989

3272:Łódź. Overview of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto History. 2743:(print). New York: The Free Press. pp. 219–220 2661: 2659: 1775:

Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce

1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 998:, announcing that some of them would remain there. 239: 228: 220: 212: 201: 178: 160: 142: 123: 84: 34: 3123:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 206–209. 3057:The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry 2631:Ringelblum Archives of the Holocaust. Introduction 2294:Mathias Beer (translated from the German) (2015). 1898:(see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org) 274:and was situated 50 km (31 mi) north of 68: 3566:. Associated University Presses. pp. 66–68. 3488:Shaping Losses: Cultural Memory and the Holocaust 3227:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 2182:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 1303:two days later). The 15-year-old Jewish prisoner 824:and police began murdering victims at Chełmno on 5309:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 3702:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3112: 3110: 3108: 2623: 2621: 2619: 1616: 1614: 1202:people. Chełmno was not a part of Reinhard. The 7167:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 3521:"The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors" 2737:"Testimony of gas-van driver Walter Burmeister" 2505: 2503: 2361:. The Holocaust History Project. Archived from 2123:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. 2109: 2107: 1479:, Poland. In addition to being included in the 1395:Walter Burmeister), testified in Bonn in 1967. 907: 794:also maintained a "paper command" of the camps 464:in the murder of 1,558 Polish prisoners of the 3585: 3583: 2602:"Testimonies of SS-Men Regarding Gassing Vans" 2392:. Judaica Philatelic Resources. Archived from 1432:, Milnak Meyer, Abraham Tauber, Abram Roj and 945:before May 1942. One of the sisters of author 440:, annexed to Nazi Germany in 1939 and renamed 7527:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 6015: 5794: 5294: 4375: 3935: 3804: 3677:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 3424:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. 3379:. Wayne State University Press, 2004. p. 122. 3313:(2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189. 3281:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 3176:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 206. 2887: 2885: 2694: 2692: 1779:) founded in 1945 was the predecessor of the 8: 5980:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3687:Text from USHMM has been released under the 3490:. University of Illinois Press, 2001. p. 58. 3474:. Westminster John Knox Press, 1987. p. 197. 2769:. Urząd Miejski w Dąbiu (Dąbie town council) 2548:Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1726:Text from USHMM has been released under the 1190:After having annihilated almost all Jews of 7226:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 3950:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 2818:The final journey of Franz Kafka's sisters. 2606:Florida Center for Instructional Technology 2200: 2198: 2196: 409:. In June 1945, two survivors testified at 7411: 7388: 7231: 7209: 6862: 6853: 6840: 6705: 6347: 6330: 6038: 6022: 6008: 6000: 5863: 5801: 5787: 5779: 5601: 5496: 5301: 5287: 5279: 4994: 4399: 4382: 4368: 4360: 3961: 3942: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3811: 3797: 3789: 3482: 3480: 2938: 2936: 2897:(JPG file, direct download 788x557 pixels) 2894:"Jews at Kolo station – bound for Chelmno" 31: 3626:. Shengold Publishers. pp. 181–182. 3343:. The Free Press, NY, 1988., pp. 219–220. 3300: 3298: 2858:"Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics" 2555: 2353: 2351: 1996:Alpha History textbook; resource centre. 3647:This article incorporates data from the 3623:A Tale of one city: Piotrków Trybunalski 2418:The Nazi Death Camp at Chełmno nad Nerem 2211:. Oxford University Press. p. 182. 2169: 2167: 2059: 2057: 1491:. In addition, Srebnik testified in the 1418:, a total of seven Jews from the burial 1221:. The bones were crushed on cement with 1069:. The victims were transported from the 881:) to Koło by rail with the last stop in 705: 361:, as well as foreign Jews from Hungary, 7671: 5905:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 3675:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3649:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2450:on a tour of the death camps in Poland. 2359:"Special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung)" 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2174:Holocaust Research Project.org (2007). 2030:Lefkovits, Etgar (September 18, 2006). 1610: 1577: 1566:List of Nazi-German concentration camps 905:and subsisted there already for weeks. 407:Jewish ghetto in German-occupied Poland 383:troops captured the town of Chełmno on 5888:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 5248:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 3695: 3514: 3512: 3453: 3443: 3247:"Chelmno (concentration camp, Poland)" 3205: 3195: 3152: 3142: 3120:The Gas Vans (Appendix I): Testimonies 2735:E. Klee; W. Dressen; V. Riess (1988). 2583: 2573: 2430:). Narration by the author. Retrieved 2241: 2231: 2153: 2143: 1986:: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871. 1963: 1953: 1927:; Willi Dressen; Volker Riess (1991). 1802:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1795: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1710:ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed) 574:under the pretext of "resettlement". 2176:"Lange, Herbert; SS-Hauptsturmführer" 1584: 1352:, including camp's deputy commandant 1294:of Jewish prisoners from outside the 1029:before returning to the manor house. 572:Final Solution to the Jewish Question 451:Chełmno (Kulmhof) camp was set up by 7: 7751:German extermination camps in Poland 6814:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 2793:The History of Chełmno Commemoration 2672:The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust 2386:"Kolo (Muhlental in German), Poland" 2180:Chelmno Death Camp Dramatis Personae 1764:, with introduction by Leon Zamosc. 1330:in an effort to hide their actions. 1257:, in spite of earlier demolition of 568:a secret meeting of German officials 7619:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 5809:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 3820:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 3418:Patrick Montague (March 15, 2012). 3366:, 9 June 2011, accessed 22 May 2013 2750:– via Jewish Virtual Library. 2705:"Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem" 2265:The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association 2259:Artur Hojan; Cameron Munro (2015). 1933:. Konecky Konecky. pp. 69–70. 1890:at the Reich Main Security Office ( 1038:Murder of Jews from the Łódź ghetto 762:The rank and file of the so-called 628:According to post-war testimony of 411:the trial of camp personnel in Łódź 395:, written under an assumed name by 5970:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 3651:, and has been released under the 3421:Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz) 3339:Ernst Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess. 529:, 1,558 patients and 300 Poles at 373:. The victims were murdered using 25: 5652:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 2711:. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2550:. Vol. 2. pp. 241–276. 2208:Ernst Damzog (Sipo and SD, Posen) 1781:Institute of National Remembrance 1134:of the Chełmno extermination camp 7746:1944 disestablishments in Poland 7698: 7686: 7674: 7182:Polish leaders and intellectuals 6672:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 5829:Population transfers (1944–1946) 4878:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 2903:. Holocaust Research Project.org 2675:. Psychology Press. p. 83. 2468:. Holocaust Research Project.org 1556:The Holocaust in occupied Poland 1495:of 1962–63. The French director 965:Jews were delivered by train to 67: 60: 47: 5932:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 5844:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 3400:from the original on 2011-07-17 3092:Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie n/Nerem 2511:"SS use of mobile gassing vans" 1348:of three former members of the 1206:ordered complete demolition of 1086:station, just outside Chełmno. 570:to undertake the European-wide 7726:1941 establishments in Germany 7110:Attack on the twentieth convoy 6923:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 5260:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 5236:36th Estonian Police Battalion 2856:Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007). 2532:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 537:where the mobile gas-chamber ( 492:from headquarters in occupied 306:during the deadliest phase of 1: 7731:1941 establishments in Poland 5927:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 5757:Human medical experimentation 3774:10.1080/14623528.2019.1696027 2074:pages 101–102 (Google Books). 1410:before or during World War II 1241:The final extermination phase 7447:Jewish war conspiracy theory 6638:Extermination through labour 3762:Journal of Genocide Research 3636:. Google Books snippet view. 3599:. Feldheim. pp. 27–28. 3560:Lau-Lavie, Naphtali (1998). 3504:Journal of Palestine Studies 1658:. Jewish Virtual Library.org 7629:Righteous Among the Nations 6315:Righteous Among the Nations 5962:Righteous Among the Nations 5849:Ministry of Public Security 5228:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 3838:Related articles by country 2845:. ARC (www.deathcamps.org). 2642:(PDF file, direct download) 2557:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8 2489:Chelmno, the route of death 2485:Alan Heath (Sep 20, 2007), 2414:Alan Heath (Sep 16, 2007), 2327:. Penguin UK. pp. vi. 1531:Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto 788:Special Detachment Bothmann 764:SS Special Detachment Lange 679:(manor-house camp) and the 634:Higher SS and Police Leader 549:using vehicles approved by 533:, and hundreds of Poles at 496:(Posen). Damzog formed the 399:, a prisoner in the Jewish 344:Kulmhof Museum of Martyrdom 7767: 7721:Chełmno extermination camp 7366:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 7336:Lithuanian Security Police 7255:Reich Security Main Office 6222:Evidence and documentation 5874:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 5256:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 3711:Montague, Patrick (2012). 3245:Michael Berenbaum (2013). 2990:, Narration by Alan Heath. 2971:. Narration by Alan Heath. 2952:. Narration by Alan Heath. 2517:. World War II Today. 2011 2462:"Chelmno palace – pre war" 2205:Catherine Epstein (2010). 1814:Polish Government in Exile 1438:Yakov or Jacob Grojanowski 1337: 290:into the new territory of 7582:Books and other resources 7410: 7387: 7221: 7208: 6852: 6839: 6346: 6329: 6114:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 6037: 5778: 5647:Sobibor perpetrator album 5278: 5232:Estonian Auxiliary Police 4359: 4342:Human medical experiments 3919: 3915: 3826: 3528:Social Questions Bulletin 3173:The Gas Vans (Appendix I) 3170:Patrick Montague (2012). 3117:Patrick Montague (2012). 2084:Patrick Montague (2012). 2065:Voices from the Holocaust 1998:"Liberation of the camps" 1919:to Walter Rauff in RSHA. 1908:In his postwar testimony 1892:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 1456:Bełżec extermination camp 1440:. Mordechaï Zurawski and 1350:SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof 1130:Mass grave at the forest 1053:On January 16, 1942, the 786:, who formed and led the 723:SS-Sonderkommando "Lange" 466:Soldau concentration camp 137:Vernichtungslager Kulmhof 55: 46: 39: 7172:People with disabilities 7105:Aid and Rescue Committee 5895:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 5240:Latvian Auxiliary Police 4973:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 4475:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 3669:Holocaust Encyclopedia. 3292:Retrieved June 30, 2015. 3270:Jewish Virtual Library, 3010:Narration by Alan Heath. 1849:JTA (January 22, 1963). 1150:Stages of camp operation 889:marched them toward the 288:Germany annexed the area 156:(German-occupied Poland) 7313:Order Police battalions 5985:Garden of the Righteous 5737:Identification in camps 5730:Technical and logistics 5176:Order Police battalions 3747:Chełmno Witnesses Speak 3740:Resources about Chełmno 3470:Rubenstein, Richard L. 3305:Golden, Juliet (2006). 3251:Encyclopædia Britannica 2923:"Unloading the Victims" 2837:ARC (August 26, 2006). 2428:about razed manor house 2115:Christopher R. Browning 1879:A secret memorandum of 1762:Jewish Gombin Genealogy 1749:German Crimes in Poland 1286:In September 1944, the 931:was intercepted by the 562:. Two months later, on 371:Soviet prisoners of war 7162:Soviet urban residents 6253:International response 6227:Contemporary knowledge 5398:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4863:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 2983:"The Warta at Zawadki" 2945:"Bridge over Rgilewka" 2790:Łucja Pawlicka Nowak, 2608:. 2005. Archived from 2384:Edward Victor (2006). 1885:SS-Obersturmbannführer 1773: 1714:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1701:USHMM (May 11, 2012). 1526:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1481:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1468: 1416:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1411: 1250: 1135: 1071:Radegast train station 1050: 978: 924: 879:Landkreis Warthbrücken 878: 817: 816:Deportation to Chełmno 718: 592: 389:Holocaust Encyclopedia 278:, near the village of 202:Number of gas chambers 136: 7609:Memorials and museums 7547:Reparations Agreement 7542:Holocaust restitution 7120:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 6643:Human experimentation 6482:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 5937:Majdanek State Museum 5070:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 3974:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 3307:"Remembering Chelmno" 2864:. JewishGen Home Page 2763:"Stanisław Kaszyński" 2612:on 29 September 2023. 2466:Chelmno Period Photos 1511:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 1475:of camp personnel in 1464: 1430:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 1406: 1248: 1182:Soon after that, the 1129: 1123:Special Detachment. 1045: 964: 815: 709: 580: 511:). Lange served with 244:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 108:52.15417°N 18.72306°E 6809:Jewish Ghetto Police 6678:Politische Abteilung 6573:Risiera di San Sabba 6434:Natzweiler-Struthof 5414:Mordechai Anielewicz 5125:Elisabeth Volkenrath 5010:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 4646:Arthur Liebehenschel 4571:Hermine Braunsteiner 4515:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3620:Giladi, Ban (1991). 3311:Archeological Ethics 3225:"Chelmno Death Camp" 3024:(30 December 1985). 2321:Ian Kershaw (2013). 1974:Christopher Browning 1751:(Warsaw: 1946, 1947) 1493:Chelmno Guard Trials 1393:SS-Unterscharfuehrer 1346:first judicial trial 743:Operation Barbarossa 638:Reichsgau Wartheland 607:Reichsgau Wartheland 525:, 2,750 patients at 519:Operation Tannenberg 292:Reichsgau Wartheland 224:est. 152,000–200,000 153:Reichsgau Wartheland 7587:Days of remembrance 7500:Holocaust survivors 7495:Depopulated shtetls 7346:Rollkommando Hamann 7192:Jehovah's Witnesses 7010:Kamianets-Podilskyi 6072:Bohemia and Moravia 5952:March of the Living 5824:Holocaust survivors 5688:Vrba–Wetzler report 5464:Alexander Pechersky 5424:Mordechai Tenenbaum 4873:Alexander Palfinger 4696:Johann Schwarzhuber 4256:Międzyrzec Podlaski 4235:Lviv pogroms (1941) 4136:Sonderaktion Krakau 3088:"SS Sonderkommando" 2892:Archive.is (2013). 2396:on 12 February 2012 2032:"The last survivor" 1910:Obersturmbannführer 1839:(1985) documentary. 1656:The Forgotten Camps 1652:"Chelmno (Kulmhof)" 1544:Chanoch Gad Justman 1542:and met with Rabbi 919:Walter Burmeister, 885:. Using whips, the 646:SS-Standartenführer 601:) was initiated by 462:gas van experiments 363:Bohemia and Moravia 272:extermination camps 104: / 7570:History and memory 7474:Forced euthanasia 7422:Nazi racial policy 7125:Danish underground 6972:Operation Reinhard 6967:Wannsee Conference 5867:West German trials 5662:Wannsee Conference 5449:Itzhak Katzenelson 5201:General Government 4686:Franz Reichleitner 4616:Fritz Hartjenstein 4606:Maximilian Grabner 4525:Bruno Streckenbach 4337:Grossaktion Warsaw 3990:Operation Reinhard 3541:on 17 January 2012 3358:2020-06-03 at the 3288:2013-09-12 at the 3277:2015-07-01 at the 3223:H.E.A.R.T (2007). 3006:2015-12-06 at the 2964:"Route to Zawadka" 2823:2016-03-04 at the 2460:H.E.A.R.T (2013). 2441:2014-07-14 at the 2300:The Final Solution 2070:2014-03-10 at the 2036:The Jerusalem Post 1903:2015-05-21 at the 1756:2011-06-28 at the 1586:[ˈxɛu̯mnɔ] 1540:Częstochowa Ghetto 1522:Harvard University 1469: 1451:Grojanowski Report 1412: 1408:Michał Podchlebnik 1380:, from the burial 1281:Auschwitz-Birkenau 1251: 1196:Operation Reinhard 1138:Periodically, the 1136: 1051: 979: 818: 808:Deportations begin 802:120th SS-Standarte 719: 605:, the Governor of 593: 454:SS-Sturmbannführer 393:Grojanowski Report 304:Operation Reinhard 284:invasion of Poland 113:52.15417; 18.72306 41:Extermination camp 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7505:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 7452:Jewish emigration 7442:Hitler's prophecy 7437:Haavara Agreement 7383: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7371:Ypatingasis būrys 7268:Sicherheitsdienst 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7143: 7142: 7063:Bielski partisans 6835: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6666:Totenkopfverbände 6325: 6324: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5913: 5912: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5725: 5724: 5717:Sonderaktion 1005 5591: 5590: 5274: 5273: 5252:Ypatingasis būrys 5154: 5153: 5095:Johanna Langefeld 5090:Hildegard Lächert 4986: 4985: 4822:Alfred Trzebinski 4787:Franz von Bodmann 4739:Lorenz Hackenholt 4581:Theodor van Eupen 4520:Jakob Sporrenberg 4355: 4354: 4079: 4078: 3755:978-83-918713-7-9 3726:978-0-807-83527-2 3633:978-0-88400-153-9 3606:978-965-7265-05-5 3591:Farbstein, Esther 3573:978-0-8453-4860-4 3519:Sara Roy (2008). 3431:978-0-8078-6941-3 3341:The Good Old Days 3320:978-0-7591-0963-6 3253:. pp. 1 of 3 3183:978-0-8078-3527-2 3130:978-0-8078-3527-2 2827:Zwoje-Scrolls.com 2741:The Good Old Days 2709:Chełmno nad Nerem 2682:978-0-415-28145-4 2644:on March 14, 2016 2567:978-3-319-97998-4 2334:978-0-14-190959-2 2218:978-0-19-161384-5 2130:978-0-393-33887-4 2097:978-0-8078-3527-2 1976:confirmed in his 1940:978-1-56852-133-6 1424:escaped from the 1414:According to the 1290:brought in a new 1011:) and up to 150 ( 969:, then to nearby 934:SS-Sonderkommando 927:wife. His secret 921:The Good Old Days 731:Gaubschat company 619:Reinhard Heydrich 609:. In a letter to 556:Reinhard Heydrich 552:Obergruppenführer 499:SS-Sonderkommando 470:Chełmno nad Nerem 446:German occupation 434:Chełmno nad Nerem 310:, and again from 280:Chełmno nad Nerem 266:was the first of 257: 256: 148:Chełmno nad Nerem 35:Chełmno / Kulmhof 16:(Redirected from 7758: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7691: 7690: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7554:Holocaust denial 7532:Nuremberg trials 7522:Postwar violence 7477: 7412: 7389: 7351:Special Brigades 7341:Nederlandsche SS 7308:Police Regiments 7232: 7210: 7070:Ghetto uprisings 7058:Jewish partisans 7005:Harvest Festival 6977:Holocaust trains 6863: 6854: 6841: 6706: 6602: 6580: 6562: 6543: 6525: 6348: 6331: 6039: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6001: 5879:Treblinka trials 5864: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5780: 5678:Graebe affidavit 5671:Witness accounts 5617:Frank memorandum 5602: 5497: 5484:Szmul Zygielbojm 5474:Frumka Płotnicka 5434:Leon Feldhendler 5419:Icchak Cukierman 5373:Ghetto uprisings 5303: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5224:Schutzmannschaft 5045:Feodor Fedorenko 4995: 4903:Wolfgang Birkner 4691:Heinrich Schwarz 4681:Josef Oberhauser 4656:Heinrich Matthes 4540:Dieter Wisliceny 4530:Richard Thomalla 4505:Heinz Reinefarth 4455:Heinrich Himmler 4400: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4361: 4325:Other atrocities 3962: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3785: 3743: 3730: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3638: 3637: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3497: 3491: 3486:Epstein, Julia. 3484: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3302: 3293: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3114: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3059:. Archived from 3054: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3017: 3011: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2901:Historical image 2898: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2828: 2816:Grzegorz Gazda, 2814: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2559: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2522: 2507: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2457: 2451: 2433: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2324:Hitler 1936–1945 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2081: 2075: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2038:. Archived from 2027: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1993: 1987: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1918: 1882: 1877: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1846: 1840: 1828: 1817: 1807: 1801: 1793: 1788:. Archived from 1744: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1698: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1618: 1598: 1594: 1589:, approximately 1588: 1582: 1434:Szlama Ber Winer 1325: 1314: 1256: 1091:Holocaust trains 986:manor where the 940: 873: 858:Nowiny Brdowskie 827: 826:December 8, 1941 642:Sonderbehandlung 616: 598:Sonderbehandlung 565: 564:January 20, 1942 548: 547:December 8, 1941 460:, following his 436:is a village in 397:Szlama Ber Winer 386: 385:January 17, 1945 369:, on top of the 352: 317: 316:January 18, 1945 313: 301: 297: 296:December 8, 1941 282:. Following the 252:Szlama Ber Winer 235: 234:January 20, 1945 197: 196:January 18, 1945 193: 188: 184: 183:December 8, 1941 131: 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 71: 70: 64: 51: 32: 21: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7665: 7663: 7650: 7565: 7481: 7475: 7464:Madagascar Plan 7457:Kindertransport 7406: 7405: 7375: 7317: 7289: 7274:Ordnungspolizei 7230: 7217: 7196: 7139: 7091: 7044: 7015:Maly Trostenets 6986:Mass executions 6981: 6951: 6889: 6848: 6823: 6793: 6752: 6690: 6652: 6611: 6600: 6578: 6560: 6541: 6523: 6511: 6468: 6342: 6321: 6241: 6232:Hidden children 6210: 6068:Czechoslovakia 6033: 6028: 5998: 5989: 5956: 5909: 5900:Stutthof trials 5883: 5853: 5810: 5807: 5766: 5752:Holocaust train 5721: 5705: 5693:Witold's Report 5683:Gerstein Report 5666: 5632:Katzmann Report 5612:Auschwitz Album 5587: 5526: 5488: 5454:Michał Klepfisz 5402: 5361: 5310: 5307: 5270: 5210: 5180:Ordnungspolizei 5150: 5129: 5110:Erich Muhsfeldt 5040:Margot Dreschel 5025:Alexander Bülow 4982: 4978:Udo von Woyrsch 4968:Hermann Schaper 4963:Emanuel Schäfer 4948:Josef Meisinger 4908:Helmut Bischoff 4887: 4843:Heinz Auerswald 4831: 4773: 4721: 4715: 4711:Christian Wirth 4621:Gottlieb Hering 4544: 4510:Julian Scherner 4495:Georg Michalsen 4480:Franz Kutschera 4440:Odilo Globocnik 4391: 4388: 4351: 4320: 4182: 4140: 4121:Kielce cemetery 4075: 4012: 3951: 3948: 3911: 3822: 3817: 3759: 3733: 3727: 3710: 3694: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3665: 3663:Further reading 3660: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3452: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3360:Wayback Machine 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3290:Wayback Machine 3279:Wayback Machine 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3151: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3094:. Obozy zagłady 3086: 3085: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3008:Wayback Machine 2998: 2994: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2941: 2934: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2867: 2865: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2825:Wayback Machine 2815: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2667:Gilbert, Martin 2665: 2664: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2626: 2617: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2582: 2572: 2568: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2443:Wayback Machine 2431: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2365:on May 28, 2013 2357: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2293: 2292: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2240: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2204: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2152: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2072:Wayback Machine 2062: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2029: 2028: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1962: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1923: 1916: 1905:Wayback Machine 1880: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1831:Claude Lanzmann 1829: 1820: 1794: 1786:"Archived copy" 1784: 1758:Wayback Machine 1745: 1736: 1719: 1717: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1649: 1648: 1635: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1552: 1497:Claude Lanzmann 1466:Szymon Srebrnik 1401: 1355:Oberscharführer 1342: 1336: 1319: 1312: 1254: 1243: 1162:Bohemia-Moravia 1152: 1102: 1060:Ordnungspolizei 1049:railway station 1040: 959: 957:Killing process 938: 869: 850:Izbica Kujawska 825: 810: 772:Criminal Police 766:was made up of 749:and the larger 704: 696:superstructures 665: 653:Security Police 614: 563: 546: 486:Security Police 484:, Commander of 431: 384: 346: 315: 311: 299: 295: 248:Szymon Srebrnik 240:Notable inmates 233: 195: 191: 190: 186: 182: 169:Christian Wirth 127: 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 80: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7764: 7762: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7741:1943 in Poland 7738: 7736:1942 in Poland 7733: 7728: 7723: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7559:trivialization 7551: 7550: 7549: 7539: 7537:Eichmann trial 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7432:Nuremberg Laws 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7415:Early elements 7408: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7396:Early elements 7393: 7392: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7331:Arajs Kommando 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7302:Einsatzgruppen 7297: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7252: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7215:Responsibility 7213: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7054: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6994:Einsatzgruppen 6989: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6958:Final Solution 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6860: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6819:Ústredňa Židov 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6784:Theresienstadt 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6703: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6623:Einsatzgruppen 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6429:Mittelbau-Dora 6426: 6417: 6412: 6410:Kraków-Płaszów 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6334: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6300:Rescue of Jews 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5942:Sobibór Museum 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699:Sonderkommando 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Posen speeches 5639: 5637:Korherr Report 5634: 5629: 5627:Höfle telegram 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Witold Pilecki 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5444:Henryk Iwański 5441: 5439:Paweł Frenkiel 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5244:Arajs Kommando 5220: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5166:Einsatzgruppen 5162: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5120:Alice Orlowski 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5035:John Demjanjuk 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:Gerhard Flesch 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4894:Einsatzgruppen 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4836:Ghetto command 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:Horst Schumann 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4676:Johann Niemann 4673: 4668: 4663: 4661:Hermann Michel 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4636:Karl-Otto Koch 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Irmfried Eberl 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465:Fritz Katzmann 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Arthur Greiser 4447: 4445:Richard Glücks 4442: 4437: 4432: 4430:Ludwig Fischer 4427: 4422: 4420:Adolf Eichmann 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4084:Mass shootings 4081: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4071:Danzig-Matzkau 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4036:Kraków-Płaszów 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3768:(2): 256–272. 3757: 3744: 3731: 3725: 3708: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3612: 3605: 3579: 3572: 3552: 3508: 3492: 3476: 3463: 3430: 3410: 3381: 3368: 3345: 3332: 3319: 3294: 3263: 3237: 3215: 3182: 3162: 3129: 3104: 3076: 3048:Michael Meng. 3034:The New Yorker 3012: 3001:YouTube video. 2992: 2973: 2954: 2932: 2913: 2881: 2848: 2829: 2809: 2779: 2753: 2724: 2713:Virtual Shtetl 2703:Group (2013). 2688: 2681: 2655: 2615: 2593: 2584:|journal= 2566: 2538: 2499: 2478: 2452: 2407: 2376: 2347: 2333: 2313: 2277: 2251: 2217: 2192: 2163: 2129: 2103: 2096: 2076: 2063:Jon E. Lewis, 2053: 2015: 1988: 1972:Nevertheless, 1939: 1867: 1841: 1818: 1792:on 1997-02-12. 1783:(see also the 1734: 1668: 1633: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1485:Adolf Eichmann 1473:Chełmno trials 1421:Sonderkommando 1400: 1397: 1383:Sonderkommando 1374:Adolf Eichmann 1340:Chełmno trials 1338:Main article: 1335: 1334:Chełmno trials 1332: 1242: 1239: 1217:Sonderkommando 1151: 1148: 1107:Sonderkommando 1101: 1099:Sonderkommando 1096: 1039: 1036: 958: 955: 939:August 7, 1991 916:SS-Scharführer 903:ghetto in Łódź 862:Kowale Pańskie 809: 806: 756:Einsatzgruppen 703: 700: 664: 661: 603:Arthur Greiser 585:Arthur Greiser 430: 427: 415:Adolf Eichmann 402:Sonderkommando 339:Chełmno trials 302:, parallel to 300:April 11, 1943 255: 254: 241: 237: 236: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 203: 199: 198: 189:(1st period), 187:April 11, 1943 180: 176: 175: 162: 158: 157: 144: 140: 139: 125: 121: 120: 88: 82: 81: 75: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7763: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7672: 7668: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7427:Nazi eugenics 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356:Topf and Sons 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7323:Collaborators 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7261:Referat IV B4 7259: 7258: 7257: (RSHA) 7256: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7248:Schutzstaffel 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235:Organizations 7233: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7177:Romani people 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130:Working Group 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Kastner train 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6902:Kristallnacht 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6685:Sanitätswesen 6682: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6648:Death marches 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6474:Extermination 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Sachsenhausen 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Herzogenbusch 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Bergen-Belsen 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6352:Concentration 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:United States 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128:and colonies 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6031:The Holocaust 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5839:Kielce pogrom 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Stroop Report 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Documentation 5594: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:Marek Edelman 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315:Organizations 5313: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5216:Collaboration 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159:Organizations 5157: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Eduard Lorenz 5103: 5101: 5100:Anton Lechner 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Josef Kollmer 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Kurt Gerstein 5053: 5051: 5050:Hans Hoffmann 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5020:Juana Bormann 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Erich Naumann 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Lothar Beutel 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4883:Jürgen Stroop 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Josef Blösche 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4827:Eduard Wirths 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812:Josef Mengele 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Horst Fischer 4800: 4798: 4797:Karl Gebhardt 4795: 4793: 4792:Carl Clauberg 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Ludwig Plagge 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:Herbert Lange 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Kurt Bolender 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4706:Gustav Wagner 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Franz Hössler 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Karl Fritzsch 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Wilhelm Boger 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Erwin Lambert 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Wilhelm Koppe 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4460:Hermann Höfle 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Theodor Eicke 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4126:Aktion Krakau 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4096:Bloody Sunday 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4018:Concentration 4015: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3966:Extermination 3963: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:The Holocaust 3832: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375:Gouri, Haim. 3372: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3199: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3066:on 2009-02-05 3062: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2800:on 2012-09-03 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2640: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2479: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2147: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2042:on 2011-07-13 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1957: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1913:August Becker 1911: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1857:on 2014-02-20 1856: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760:, Archive of 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630:on 2014-03-09 1629: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1507:Simon Srebnik 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1442:Simon Srebnik 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1378:Simon Srebnik 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1313:June 23, 1944 1310: 1306: 1305:Simon Srebnik 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:Commando 1005 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1255:June 23, 1944 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1208:Schlosslager, 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 976: 972: 968: 963: 956: 954: 952: 948: 944: 936: 935: 930: 923: 922: 918: 917: 912: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 823: 814: 807: 805: 803: 799: 798: 797:Allgemeine-SS 793: 789: 785: 784:Hans Bothmann 781: 780:Herbert Lange 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 757: 752: 748: 744: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 713: 712:Magirus-Deutz 708: 701: 699: 697: 692: 691: 686: 685:country house 682: 678: 674: 670: 662: 660: 658: 654: 650: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Wilhelm Koppe 626: 624: 620: 612: 608: 604: 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5605:Nazi sources 5493:Victim lists 5459:Miles Lerman 5266:Trawniki men 5206:Hotel Polski 5115:Detlef Nebbe 5080:Oswald Kaduk 5075:Karl Jeschke 4953:Bruno Müller 4943:Felix Landau 4928:Ernst Damzog 4923:Karl Brunner 4892: 4868:Franz Konrad 4769:Adolf Theuer 4722:executioners 4701:Franz Stangl 4671:Robert Mulka 4641:Josef Kramer 4591:Karl Frenzel 4561:Richard Baer 4556:Hans Aumeier 4549:Camp command 4535:Otto Wächter 4415:Josef Bühler 4410:Viktor Brack 4396:Perpetrators 3988: 3978: 3830:Main article 3765: 3761: 3746: 3739: 3712: 3686: 3679:. 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London: 3545:4 December 3437:2013-05-14 3404:2010-12-04 3326:2015-01-28 3257:2013-05-14 3231:2013-05-14 3189:2013-05-15 3136:2013-05-15 3098:2013-05-10 3070:2013-05-10 3045:Also (in): 3039:2013-05-10 3019:See also: 2907:2013-05-11 2804:2014-03-09 2773:2013-05-09 2747:2013-05-14 2718:2013-05-10 2699:H. Waser; 2472:2013-05-15 2436:Alan Heath 2224:8 November 2186:2013-05-13 1925:Ernst Klee 1861:2013-05-17 1662:2013-05-10 1605:References 1296:Wartheland 1259:the palace 1192:Wartheland 1170:Wartheland 1157:Lebensraum 1008:Opel Blitz 929:communiqué 747:Opel-Blitz 702:Operations 623:Wartheland 517:VI during 505:Wartheland 429:Background 359:the region 232:Red Army, 161:Commandant 99:18°43′23″E 7592:Education 7487:Aftermath 7399:Aftermath 7361:Trawnikis 7285:Wehrmacht 7280:Waffen-SS 7080:Białystok 6908:Bucharest 6880:Marseille 6757:Elsewhere 6718:Białystok 6530:Breendonk 6507:Treblinka 6360:Auschwitz 6144:Lithuania 5919:Memorials 5816:Aftermath 5583:Treblinka 5538:Auschwitz 5393:Treblinka 5378:Białystok 5366:Uprisings 5146:Treblinka 4991:Personnel 4759:Otto Moll 4749:Hans Koch 4601:Amon Göth 4332:Action T4 4296:Sosnowiec 4266:Nowy Sącz 4201:Białystok 4168:Szczuczyn 4116:Erntefest 4106:Bydgoszcz 4091:Białystok 4006:Treblinka 3882:Lithuania 3782:213264164 3671:"Chełmno" 3456:ignored ( 3446:cite book 3208:ignored ( 3198:cite book 3155:ignored ( 3145:cite book 2839:"Chelmno" 2586:ignored ( 2576:cite book 2521:April 21, 2244:ignored ( 2234:cite book 2156:ignored ( 2146:cite book 2002:Resources 1966:ignored ( 1956:cite book 1777:, GKBZNwP 1703:"Chelmno" 1489:Jerusalem 1426:Waldlager 1399:Survivors 1389:Spinnefix 1231:Ner River 1175:judenfrei 1132:Waldlager 1084:Powiercie 1023:Waldlager 971:Powiercie 899:gas-masks 883:Powiercie 871:‹See Tfd› 681:Waldlager 582:Gauleiter 531:Działdowo 419:Jerusalem 327:Treblinka 323:Auschwitz 286:in 1939, 129:‹See Tfd› 96:52°9′15″N 7693:Genocide 7577:Academia 7030:Piaśnica 7000:Babi Yar 6928:Jedwabne 6867:Roundups 6800:Judenrat 6764:Budapest 6535:Mechelen 6497:Majdanek 6454:Stutthof 6415:Majdanek 6310:by Poles 6268:Portugal 6246:Response 6237:Timeline 6215:Overview 6077:Slovakia 6064:Bulgaria 5762:Zyklon B 5578:Trawniki 5573:Stutthof 5558:Majdanek 4306:Tarnopol 4246:Lubartów 4158:Jedwabne 4061:Trawniki 4051:Stutthof 4041:Potulice 3984:Majdanek 3902:Slovakia 3698:cite web 3593:(2007). 3398:Archived 3356:Archived 3286:Archived 3275:Archived 3004:Archived 2868:26 March 2862:Timeline 2821:Archived 2669:(2002). 2439:Archived 2117:(2011). 2068:Archived 1946:June 29, 1901:Archived 1798:cite web 1754:Archived 1550:See also 1518:Sara Roy 1328:waybills 1066:Judenrat 838:Sompolno 535:Fort VII 381:Red Army 375:gas vans 207:gas vans 143:Location 7705:Germany 7667:Portals 7604:Lessons 7040:Rumbula 6913:Dorohoi 6894:Pogroms 6846:Victims 6696:Ghettos 6628:Gas van 6616:Methods 6590:Schoorl 6568:Bolzano 6516:Transit 6502:Sobibor 6492:Chełmno 6459:Vaivara 6395:Hinzert 6340:ghettos 6293:Vatican 6199:Croatia 6189:Ukraine 6179:Belarus 6169:Romania 6121:Hungary 6104:Germany 6094:Estonia 6089:Denmark 6059:Belgium 6054:Austria 6049:Albania 5747:Gas van 5563:Sobibór 5500:Ghettos 5407:Leaders 5388:Sobibor 5141:Sobibor 5134:By camp 4281:Siedlce 4188:Ghettos 4173:Tykocin 4145:Pogroms 4131:Palmiry 4056:Szebnie 4001:Sobibor 3979:Chełmno 3907:Ukraine 3892:Romania 3872:Germany 3862:Estonia 3857:Denmark 3852:Croatia 3847:Belgium 3842:Belarus 3681:26 July 2988:YouTube 2969:YouTube 2950:YouTube 2928:YouTube 2875:Source: 2648:May 13, 2528:Source: 2495:YouTube 2424:YouTube 2369:May 13, 2340:27 June 2306:27 June 2136:28 June 2008:30 June 1720:May 12, 1536:fiancée 1368:Cologne 1223:mallets 1014:Magirus 895:Zawadka 842:Kłodawa 768:Gestapo 715:gas van 611:Himmler 527:Kościan 523:Owińska 444:during 442:Kulmhof 335:Sobibór 264:Kulmhof 260:Chełmno 213:Inmates 18:Kulmhof 7681:Poland 7510:Bricha 7276:(Orpo) 7149:Others 7135:Żegota 7097:Rescue 7075:Warsaw 7035:Ponary 6945:Kaunas 6748:Warsaw 6733:Lublin 6723:Kraków 6710:Poland 6554:Drancy 6487:Belzec 6464:Warsaw 6375:Dachau 6283:Turkey 6278:Sweden 6204:Serbia 6184:Russia 6164:Poland 6159:Norway 6139:Latvia 6109:Greece 6099:France 5859:Trials 5834:Bricha 5568:Soldau 5553:Izbica 5543:Bełżec 5522:Warsaw 5507:Kraków 5347:Żegota 4316:Warsaw 4291:Słonim 4286:Sambor 4261:Mizocz 4251:Lublin 4226:Kraków 4221:Kielce 4216:Grodno 4196:Będzin 4178:Wąsosz 4154:(1946) 4152:Kielce 4066:Warsaw 4046:Soldau 3996:Belzec 3897:Russia 3887:Norway 3877:Latvia 3867:France 3780: 3753: 3723: 3630: 3603: 3570: 3428: 3317: 3180: 3127: 2679: 2564: 2400:3 July 2331: 2270:2 July 2215: 2127: 2094: 1937: 1810:Quote: 1770:Polish 1261:, the 1184:Saurer 992:Poznań 875:German 846:Babiak 774:, and 657:Poznań 613:dated 589:Poznań 494:Poznań 438:Poland 355:Romani 333:, and 331:Bełżec 221:Killed 133:German 7624:Humor 7597:Films 7294:Units 7025:Odesa 6875:Izieu 6789:Vilna 6774:Minsk 6769:Kovno 6743:Radom 6607:Sereď 6424:Gusen 6405:Kauen 6336:Camps 6273:Spain 6258:Japan 6132:Libya 6126:Italy 5531:Camps 5191:RKFDV 4311:Wilno 4276:Radom 4271:Pińsk 4206:Brest 4111:Dynów 3957:Camps 3778:S2CID 3539:(PDF) 3524:(PDF) 3064:(PDF) 3053:(PDF) 3028:Shoah 2635:(PDF) 1836:Shoah 1766:Note: 1593:KHEHM 1572:Notes 1502:Shoah 1446:Winer 1324:] 1227:Warta 1003:slips 893:near 854:Bugaj 834:Dąbie 651:from 558:from 501:Lange 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