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three-language manuscript was almost completely incorrect. Utilizing the expertise of A. Van
Lantschoot at the Biblioteca Vaticana, the discrepancies were clarified. The first text, written in Coptic (contrary to Raffray's assertion of Greek), is a brief statement attributed to Abuna Bartolomeo, dated during the reign of Dawit (1380-1409). The second text, in Arabic, is serves as a land charter confirming specific rights of the church. The third text, in Ge'ez, appears to have been written during the reign of Lebna Dengel (1508-1540). Contrary to Raffray's claims, there is no mention of Sidi-Maskal or foreign builders in the texts.
82:
73:
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169:
1570:
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power I am, that all that is written is the truth, and there is much more than what I have written, and I have left it that they may not tax me with its being falsehood. And because no other
Portuguese went to these works except myself, and I went twice to see them from what I had heard of them. I swear by God, in Whose power I am, that all I have written is the truth". Although Ramuso included the plans of several of these churches in his 1550 printing of Álvares' book, it is unknown who provided him with the drawings.
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stone and usually having two stories. The second are the single-story "chika" buildings which are round and built of earth and wattle, which he feels reflects more "scarcity". Angel's report also included an inventory of
Lalibela's traditional buildings, placing them in categories rating their state of conservation.
672:(EPDM), in 1984 they briefly held ten foreigners captive. On March 3 1985 they briefly captured the crew of a French transport aircraft carrying supplies before releasing them a couple days later. These attacks significantly reduced foreign tourism to Lalibela, and by 1990 most of the tourists were Ethiopians.
608:
and left
Ethiopia in 1544. Castanhoso states: "There are here certain churches cut out of the living rock, which are attributed to angels. Indeed, the work appears superhuman, because, though they are of the size of the large ones in this country, they are each excavated with its pillars, its altars,
798:
earthen architecture on the
Lalibela World Heritage Site, including the characteristics of the traditional earth houses and analysis of their state of conservation. His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area. One type are a group he calls the "tukuls", round huts built of
625:
at
Lalibela, which adds that the King Lalibela and his wife Meskal-Kebra brought from Alexandria (Egypt) and Jerusalem about five hundred workers whom we still refer to them as Europeans, headed by someone named Sidi-Meskal. However, according to Monti della Corte (1940) Raffray's translation of the
584:
burned one of the churches of
Lalibela during his invasion of Ethiopia. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad (Arab Faqih) provided a detailed description of a rock-hewn church "It was carved out of the mountain. Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain." Ahmed then gathered the monks of Lalibela and had a fire
564:
in the 1520s. After
Alvares described the unique church structures he wrote: "I weary of writing more about these buildings, because it seems to me that I shall not be believed if I write more because as to what I have already written they may accuse me of untruth, therefore I swear by God, in whose
487:
established the generally accepted chronology, noting that "two of them follow, with great fidelity of detail, the tradition represented by Debra Damo as modified at
Yemrahana Kristos." Since the time spent to carve these structures from the living rock must have taken longer than the few decades of
764:
the presence of
Aksumite style architecture does not necessarily imply that the churches were constructed during the Aksumite era, as Aksumite features could have been incorporated long after the fall of Aksum, but it does indicate a strong continuity with Aksumite cultural tradition. There is also
790:
further attests to this by pointing out that "there are clearly signs of Coptic influence in some decorative details", however he is adamant about the native origins of these churches: "But the significant fact is remains that the rock-churches continue to follow the style of the local built-up
785:
finding that many locals considered the churches to be mainly the work of foreigners. However, Stuart Munro-Hay argues that since the architecture of the churches were built in the Aksumite style, the foreign influence seems to have largely been limited to "decorative techniques".
1081:
The churches are also a significant engineering feat, given that they are all associated with water (which fills the wells next to many of the churches), exploiting an artesian geological system that brings the water up to the top of the mountain ridge on which the city rests.
516:. Pre-Christian carved animal friezes were also found on the lower walls of the nearby Washa Mika'el cave and Christian paintings were subsequently added on to the upper walls, suggesting that this region was still going through a process of Christianization during this time.
609:
and its vaults, out of a single rock, with no mixture of any outside stone. When the Moors overran this country they wished to destroy these churches, but could not either with crowbars, or with the gunpowder which they exploded in them, doing no damage at all."
1975:
692:. On 1 December 2021, the Ethiopian army recaptured the town. The town was recaptured again by Tigrayan forces on 12 December. On 19 December, Ethiopian state media announced the town was recaptured for a second time, though it was unclear when.
511:
Recent archeological excavations of Lalibela finds abundant pottery and faunal remains dating between 900 A.D and 1100 A.D, which indicates that the site was largely a secular settlement before being transformed into a religious center by
593:, which mention Ahmad al-Ghazi's laying waste to the district between July and September 1531, are silent about him ravaging the churches. He concludes by stating that had Ahmad al-Ghazi burned a church at Lalibela, it was most likely
500:, has proposed that the churches of Merkorios, Gabriel-Rufael, and Danagel were initially carved out of the rock half a millennium earlier, as fortifications or other palace structures between 600 and 800 A.D, during the days of the
1605:
568:
927:. Though the dating of the churches is not well established, most are thought to have been built during the reign of Lalibela, namely during the 12th and 13th centuries. Unesco identifies 11 churches, assembled in four groups:
1617:
1114:
in 2005, the town had an estimated total population of 14,668 of whom 7,049 were males and 7,619 were females. The 1994 national census recorded its population to be 8,484 of whom 3,709 were males and 4,775 were females.
504:, and that Lalibela's name simply came to be associated with them after his death. On the other hand, local historian Getachew Mekonnen credits Meskel Kibra, Lalibela's wife, with having one of the rock-hewn churches,
597:; and if the Adalites was either mistaken or misled by the locals, then the church he set fire to was Gannata Maryam, "10 miles east of Lalibela which likewise has a colonnade of pillars cut from the mountain."
1810:
1878:
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Bruxelles, Laurent; Mensan, Romain; Bosc-Tiessé, Claire; Derat, Marie-Laure; Fritsch, Emmanuel (1 December 2010). "Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches".
483:(r. ca. 1181–1221 AD), although it is more likely that the churches evolved into their current form over the course of several phases of construction and alteration of preexisting structures.
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designed in contrast to the earlier monolithic churches in Ethiopia. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important site for the antiquity, medieval, and post-medieval civilization of
2327:
642:
made a pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela, at considerable risk of capture, before returning to his capital in April 1936. Italian forces captured the town shortly after.
585:
lit in the church, saying to them "let one of yours and one of ours enter there". A nun then threw herself onto the fire before being pulled out by Ahmad's soldiers. However,
773:, many Coptic Egyptians emigrated to Ethiopia and may have assisted in construction of the churches, or at least those that date to his reign. Many foreign travelers such as
2132:
1569:
463:
There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed. According to local tradition, in Ethiopia prior to his accession to the throne,
2656:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). Chapter 5, "Lalibela: Eastern Complex and Beta Giyorgis"; Chapter 6, "Lalibela: Northern Complex and Conclusions"
923:
This rural town is known around the world for its churches carved from within the earth from "living rock," which play an important part in the history of
401:
Ethiopia was one of the earliest nations to adopt Christianity in the first half of the 4th century, and its historical roots date to the time of the
168:
1668:
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2250:
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According to the 2007 Census Data, the population was 17,367, of whom 8,112 were males and 9,255 were females. Based on previous figures from the
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427:. This has led some experts to date the current church construction to the years following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the Muslim leader
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The layout and names of the major buildings in Lalibela are widely accepted, especially by local clergy, to be a symbolic representation of
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817:
658:
237:
1976:"The rock-cut churches of Lalibela and the cave church of Washa Mika'el: troglodytism and the Christianisation of the Ethiopian Highlands"
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475:, and instructed to build a second Jerusalem in Ethiopia. Accordingly Lalibela (traditionally known as Roha) was founded during the
135:
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2060:, 1961), p. 226. Beckingham and Huntingford added an appendix that discusses Alvarez's description of these churches, pp. 526–42.
2053:
1847:
Sani, Federico; Moratti, Giovanna; Coli, Massimo; Laureano, Pietro; Rovero, Luisa; Tonietti, Ugo; Coli, Niccolò (27 March 2012).
988:
873:
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109:
81:
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20:
1849:"Integrated geological-architectural pilot study of the Biet Gabriel-Rufael rock hewn church in Lalibela, northern Ethiopia"
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displays a stone imitation of wooden architectural features, which can still be seen in some of the ancient churches of
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signs of eastern Christian influences, particularly Syrian and Coptic. The pitched roof and linear moldings of
712:
405:. The churches themselves date from the 7th to 13th centuries, and are traditionally dated to the reign of the
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795:
605:
497:
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744:. The framed doors and windows appear as a repeated motif, since they seem to mimic the shape of stelae in
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1581:
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601:
269:
2626:
African Ark – Peoples of the Horn, Chapter I: Prayers of Stone/The Christian Highlands: Lalibela and Axum
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2034:. University of California Libraries. London : Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 130.
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This article is about the place in Ethiopia. For an eponymous emperor in medieval period, see
964:(House of Golgotha Mikael), known for its arts and said to contain the tomb of King Lalibela)
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2514:"The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report for Amhara Region""
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2642:(Shama Books, Addis Ababa, 2004). Chapter 3: "Medieval Ethiopia: isolation and expansion"
2029:
2488:
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prototypes, which themselves retain clear evidence of their basically Axumite origin."
700:
650:
639:
2673:
951:), possibly the oldest of the churches, and a replica of the Tombs of Adam and Christ.
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In a 1970 report of the historic dwellings of Lalibela, Sandro Angelini evaluated the
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Three-dimensional site scans of the Lalibela churches are also accessible online.
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2300:
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2493:"Lalibela and Libanos: The King and the Hydro-Engineer of 13th Century Ethiopia"
2173:"Ethiopian government says it has recaptured Lalibela, U.N. World Heritage site"
1047:
778:
2649:(Lalibela House, Essex, 1955). Chapter 9, "The monolithic churches of Lalibela"
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717:
394:. To Christians, Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, and a center of
2343:
1892:
685:
395:
1900:
769:
suggests a Syrian influence. Stuart Munro-Hay notes that during the reign of
728:
The architecture of the churches contain significant Aksumite influences, as
695:
In early November 2023, Lalibela was the site of fierce fighting between the
252:
239:
2798:
2374:
1067:
1051:
915:
472:
435:
424:
334:
2031:
Narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia during the years 1520-1527
2251:"Ethiopian troops force armed group out of Orthodox holy site of Lalibela"
2077:
with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 346f.
2621:, translated by Rita Graham-Hortmann. (Cologne: DuMont Schaumburg, 1958).
2460:"Mission Report:Earthen architecture on the Lalibela World Heritage Site"
1991:
1003:
561:
391:
368:
282:
1864:
1074:(possibly eleventh century, built in the Aksumite fashion, but within a
492:, Buxton assumes that the work extended into the 14th century. However,
2662:
Popular Archeology - Through Pilgrim Eyes: The Creation of Significance
1033:
741:
529:
428:
2225:"Ethiopian military again controls religious town of Lalibela - media"
1848:
1041:
468:
339:
2147:"Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town"
1701:
895:
991:, thought to be the most finely executed and best preserved church
914:
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567:
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560:(1465–1540), accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on a visit to
2418:
Ethiopia and Alexandria: The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia
1099:
1095:
1075:
669:
2682:
2359:"Où en est notre connaissance des églises rupestres d'Éthiopie"
2028:
Alvares, Francisco; Stanley, Henry Edward John Stanley (1881).
2018:
The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 29 November 2023)
1809:
Taddesse, Tamrat (1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn".
438:. It is the main town in Lasta, which was formerly part of the
2850:
781:
credited most of the monuments to Egyptian architects, with
1627:, believed to be the largest monolithic church in the world
589:
has expressed skepticism about this, pointing out that the
572:
Ethiopian Orthodox priests holding a procession in Lalibela
2199:"Tigray rebels retake Ethiopian heritage town of Lalibela"
2118:
Les églises monolithes de la ville de Lalibéla (Abyssinie)
2847:
Dagmawi Lalibela: Stunning photos of a new African wonder
2328:"Rock-cut stratigraphy: sequencing the Lalibela churches"
2273:. Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from
1785:
Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
1755:
Ancient Churches of Ethiopia: Fourth-fourteenth Centuries
703:
fighters. The town is currently under Ethiopian control.
2101:
De Castanhoso's account is translated in R.S. Whiteway,
688:
as a response to the invasion of Amhara forces into the
508:, built as a memorial for her husband after his death.
434:
Lalibela is roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above
668:, the town was the target of frequent attacks by the
540:
Its name was first used in a European publication in
2624:
Graham Hancock, Carol Beckwith & Angela Fisher,
2806:
2729:
1964:(Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), p. 24.
1102:LLI), a large market, two schools, and a hospital.
1040:) possibly a former royal palace, linked to a holy
901:
891:
881:
856:
333:
325:
320:
308:
288:
268:
37:
2628:. Harvill, An Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers,
528:visited the churches sometime during the reign of
1947:"Medieval Houses of God, or Ancient Fortresses?"
937:(House of the Saviour of the World), home to the
2267:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
2105:(London: The Hakluyt Society, 1902), pp. 94–98.
1611:Priest with processional crosses at St. Mary's
2694:
2619:Lalibela: The Monolithic Churches of Ethiopia
1575:Ritual drums in a side track of Bete Giyorgis
8:
851:
823:Tukul showing exterior steps to second floor
2131:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1723:Windmuller-Luna, Kristen (September 2014),
2701:
2687:
2679:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1731:, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1123:
866:
850:
748:, examples can be seen in the arcading of
600:The next reported visitor to Lalibela was
34:
2087:Pankhurst, "Did the Imam Reach Lalibela?"
2071:Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia
1812:The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3
2326:Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier (2010).
2205:. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2021
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1669:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
1684:
1541:
801:
332:
319:
267:
232:
127:
53:
2124:
2069:Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader,
1951:(November/December, 2004), p. 10.
1925:(New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 110
1788:. Yale University Press. p. 179.
1758:. Yale University Press. p. 181.
1712:from the original on 24 December 2023.
684:fighters captured the town during the
670:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
621:explorer Achille Raffray was given an
2640:Layers of time: a history of Ethiopia
2115:Raffray (1844-1923), Achille (1882).
2103:The Portuguese Expedition to Ethiopia
900:
890:
880:
724:hewn into the rocky hills of Lalibela
496:, professor of African archeology at
324:
307:
287:
7:
2591:"Site - Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches"
1725:"The Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela"
1530:Source: National Meteorology Agency
1006:), possibly the former royal chapel.
653:visited the churches, the next year
2723:List of Lalibela rock-hewn churches
2388:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007).
2299:Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007).
1674:List of colossal sculptures in situ
1059:
835:Chika, an earth and wattle building
544:made in Venice 1457-59, written as
2814:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
188:Location within the Horn of Africa
14:
1729:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1623:Man standing beside the walls of
2797:
2054:George Wynn Brereton Huntingford
1632:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
828:
816:
804:
697:Ethiopian National Defense Force
295:
275:
208:
207:
200:
175:
174:
167:
142:
141:
134:
91:
80:
71:
60:
2046:The Prester John of the Indies,
1020:), which may be a former prison
811:Tukul, two-story stone building
16:Town in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
1853:Italian Journal of Geosciences
1702:"Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela"
21:Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)
1:
2571:. National Meteorology Agency
2523:. 31 May 2010. Archived from
2415:Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1997).
1824:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.004
414:
2877:Cities and towns in Ethiopia
2654:Ancient Churches of Ethiopia
2647:Ethiopia: a cultural history
2549:CSA 2005 National Statistics
1706:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1664:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
1090:Lalibela is also home to an
876:, showing its base and walls
852:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
847:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
2569:"Climate of City: Lalibela"
2391:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
2302:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
2016:"Local History in Ethiopia"
1974:Derat, Marie-Laure (2021).
1316:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1246:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
661:would also visit Lalibela.
2893:
2674:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2521:Central Statistical Agency
2305:. Routledge. p. 232.
2264:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991).
1529:
1127:Climate data for Lalibela
1126:
1112:Central Statistical Agency
947:(House of Miriam/House of
859:UNESCO World Heritage Site
844:
710:
636:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
604:, who was a soldier under
582:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
191:Show map of Horn of Africa
18:
2795:
2720:
2394:. Routledge. p. 15.
2344:10.1017/S0003598X00067132
2050:Charles Fraser Beckingham
1960:Getachew Mekonnen Hasen,
1893:10.1017/S0003598X00067132
1455:
1385:
1315:
1245:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
865:
732:notes that the church of
479:, under the rule of King
360:
233:
128:
54:
47:
25:Lalibela (disambiguation)
2502:, (May–June 2007): 16–21
2424:. Zaś Pan. p. 180.
1867:– via Silverchair.
1072:Yemrehana Krestos Church
1066:Farther afield, lie the
1026:(House of Abbot Libanos)
760:. However, according to
713:Architecture of Ethiopia
155:Location within Ethiopia
32:Town in Amhara, Ethiopia
2829:Monolithic architecture
2375:10.3406/ethio.1963.1336
649:accompanied by Emperor
580:of Sihab ad-Din Ahmad,
498:University of Cambridge
2789:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus
2357:Sauter, Roger (1963).
1070:of Ashetan Maryam and
1010:Biete Qeddus Mercoreus
989:Church of Saint George
920:
874:Church of Saint George
725:
722:Church of Saint George
682:Tigrayan Defense Force
680:In early August 2021,
573:
524:Abuna Bartolomeo from
221:Location within Africa
110:Church of Saint George
23:. For other uses, see
2834:Rock-cut architecture
2819:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
2764:Biete Golgotha Mikael
2652:David W. Phillipson,
2075:Paul Lester Stenhouse
1654:Rock-cut architecture
1032:(House of the angels
955:Biete Golgotha Mikael
930:The Northern Group:
925:rock-cut architecture
918:
771:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
720:
647:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
571:
556:A Portuguese priest,
490:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
481:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
465:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
411:Gebre Meskel Lalibela
253:12.03167°N 39.04111°E
2754:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
2458:Odiaua, Ishanlosen.
1992:10.15184/aqy.2021.20
1176:Record high °C (°F)
1030:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
995:The Eastern Group:
984:The Western Group:
887:Cultural: i, ii, iii
750:Biete Gabriel-Rufael
623:Ethiopian manuscript
602:Miguel de Castanhoso
158:Show map of Ethiopia
2044:Francisco Alvarez,
1865:10.3301/IJG.2011.26
1818:. pp. 98–182.
1386:Record low °C (°F)
1018:Mark the Evangelist
853:
756:and the windows of
666:Ethiopian Civil War
448:World Heritage Site
388:monolithic churches
363:) is a town in the
249: /
2779:Biete Medhane Alem
2739:Biete Abba Libanos
2710:Rock-hewn churches
2645:Sylvia Pankhurst,
2554:2008-07-31 at the
2530:on 19 January 2017
2500:Construction Ahead
2363:Annales d'Éthiopie
2338:(326): 1135–1150.
2280:on 23 January 2013
2231:. 19 December 2021
2092:, 21 November 2003
1962:Wollo, Yager Dibab
1887:(326): 1135–1150.
1625:Biete Medhane Alem
1062:"House of Bread").
1024:Biete Abba Libanos
980:(House of Virgins)
935:Biete Medhane Alem
921:
726:
595:Biete Medhane Alem
574:
506:Biete Abba Libanos
444:rock-hewn churches
326: • Total
258:12.03167; 39.04111
224:Show map of Africa
122:Biete Abba Libanos
118:Biete Medhane Alem
104:Rock-Hewn Churches
2842:
2841:
2824:Monolithic church
2595:zamaniproject.org
2431:978-83-901809-3-9
2401:978-1-136-75552-1
2312:978-1-136-75552-1
2179:. 1 December 2021
1833:978-1-139-05457-7
1795:978-0-300-14156-6
1780:Phillipson, David
1765:978-0-300-14156-6
1750:Phillipson, David
1659:Monolithic church
1587:Bete Abba Libanos
1551:Bete Medhane Alem
1534:
1533:
919:Lalibela area map
913:
912:
783:Francisco Álvares
775:Manuel de Almeida
752:, the doorway of
606:Cristóvão da Gama
587:Richard Pankhurst
576:According to the
558:Francisco Álvares
371:. Located in the
350:
349:
2884:
2801:
2731:List of churches
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2617:Irmgard Bidder,
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2073:, translated by
2067:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1986:(380): 467–486.
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1698:
1636:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1124:
1061:
963:
870:
860:
854:
832:
820:
808:
762:David Phillipson
730:Stuart Munro-Hay
591:Royal Chronicles
502:Kingdom of Aksum
494:David Phillipson
446:were declared a
419:
418: 1181–1221
416:
383:for its famous
377:North Wollo Zone
362:
301:
299:
298:
281:
279:
278:
264:
263:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
225:
211:
210:
204:
192:
178:
177:
171:
159:
145:
144:
138:
95:
84:
75:
64:
35:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2838:
2802:
2793:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2670:
2638:Paul B. Henze,
2614:
2612:Further reading
2609:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2556:Wayback Machine
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2446:The Abyssinians
2443:
2439:
2432:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2153:. 5 August 2021
2145:
2144:
2140:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2058:Hakluyt Society
2043:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
1999:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1936:The Abyssinians
1933:
1929:
1923:The Abyssinians
1920:
1916:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1700:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1650:
1640:
1639:Genneta Maryam
1637:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1524:
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1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
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1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1121:
1108:
1088:
1014:Saint Mercurius
957:
877:
858:
849:
843:
836:
833:
824:
821:
812:
809:
715:
709:
678:
659:Prince Bernhard
632:
615:
578:Futuh al-Habaša
554:
538:
522:
461:
456:
417:
296:
294:
276:
274:
257:
255:
251:
248:
243:
240:
238:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
212:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
179:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
146:
124:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
87:
86:
85:
77:
76:
67:
66:
65:
50:
43:
40:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:18 August 2023
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
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2808:
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2796:
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2792:
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2761:
2756:
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2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:External links
2666:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2582:
2560:
2541:
2505:
2489:Mark Jarzombek
2480:
2467:whc.unesco.org
2450:
2437:
2430:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2369:(1): 235–292.
2349:
2318:
2311:
2291:
2256:
2242:
2216:
2190:
2164:
2138:
2107:
2094:
2079:
2062:
2048:translated by
2037:
2020:
1997:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1870:
1859:(2): 171–186.
1839:
1832:
1801:
1794:
1771:
1764:
1741:
1715:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
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1511:
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1471:
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1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
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1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1087:
1086:Other features
1084:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1027:
1021:
1007:
993:
992:
982:
981:
975:
965:
952:
942:
939:Lalibela Cross
911:
910:
903:
899:
898:
893:
889:
888:
885:
879:
878:
871:
863:
862:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
813:
810:
803:
711:Main article:
708:
705:
677:
674:
651:Haile Selassie
640:Haile Selassie
631:
628:
614:
611:
553:
550:
537:
534:
521:
518:
467:was guided by
460:
457:
455:
452:
440:Bugna district
373:Lasta district
348:
347:
337:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
312:
306:
305:
292:
286:
285:
272:
266:
265:
231:
230:
220:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
187:
181:
180:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
140:
139:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
101:
90:
89:
88:
79:
78:
70:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
41:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Biete Giorgis
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Biete Denagel
2747:
2745:
2744:Biete Amanuel
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:0-00-272780-3
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2448:, p. 113
2447:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
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2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
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2295:
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2276:
2269:
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2260:
2257:
2252:
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2230:
2226:
2220:
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2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:Addis Tribune
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1938:, p. 108
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
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1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
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1786:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1458:precipitation
1454:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:Biete Amanuel
998:
997:
996:
990:
987:
986:
985:
979:
978:Biete Denagel
976:
973:
969:
966:
961:
956:
953:
950:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
917:
908:
904:
897:
894:
886:
884:
875:
869:
864:
861:
855:
848:
840:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
800:
797:
792:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
758:Biete Amanuel
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Biete Amanuel
731:
723:
719:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
690:Tigray region
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
655:Queen Juliana
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
629:
627:
624:
620:
612:
610:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
570:
566:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
542:Fra Mauro map
535:
533:
532:(1382–1413).
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
514:King Lalibela
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
477:Zagwe dynasty
474:
471:on a tour of
470:
466:
458:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
421:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Amhara Region
358:
354:
345:
341:
338:
336:
328:
316:
313:
311:
304:
293:
291:
284:
273:
271:
262:
234:Coordinates:
203:
170:
137:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:from top left
105:
94:
83:
74:
63:
46:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2784:Biete Meskel
2774:Biete Maryam
2713:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2625:
2618:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2563:
2544:
2534:29 September
2532:. Retrieved
2525:the original
2520:
2508:
2499:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2466:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2301:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2266:
2259:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:The Guardian
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2070:
2065:
2056:(Cambridge:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2023:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1774:
1754:
1744:
1733:, retrieved
1728:
1718:
1705:
1643:
1563:Bete Amanuel
1460:mm (inches)
1109:
1106:Demographics
1089:
1080:
1065:
994:
983:
968:Biete Meskel
945:Biete Maryam
929:
922:
793:
788:David Buxton
767:Biete Maryam
754:Biete Maryam
727:
707:Architecture
694:
679:
676:21st century
663:
644:
633:
630:20th century
616:
613:19th century
599:
590:
577:
575:
555:
552:16th century
545:
539:
536:15th century
523:
520:14th century
510:
485:David Buxton
462:
433:
422:
409:(Agaw) king
400:
381:tourist site
352:
351:
114:Biete Maryam
102:
29:
2867:Holy cities
2769:Biete Lehem
2558:, Table B.3
2235:20 December
2209:20 December
2157:20 December
1949:Archaeology
1599:Bete Maryam
1098:code HALL,
1060:בֵּית לֶחֶם
1048:Biete Lehem
958: [
902:Inscription
779:Hiob Ludolf
699:(ENDF) and
664:During the
634:During the
315:North Wollo
256: /
2861:Categories
2284:1 February
2183:5 December
1680:References
1016:/House of
1012:(House of
1002:(House of
970:(House of
905:1978 (2nd
796:vernacular
686:Tigray War
396:pilgrimage
379:, it is a
321:Population
244:39°02′28″E
241:12°01′54″N
2332:Antiquity
2127:cite book
1980:Antiquity
1909:130648151
1901:0003-598X
1881:Antiquity
1068:monastery
1052:Bethlehem
972:the Cross
892:Reference
645:In 1968,
617:In 1882,
488:reign of
473:Jerusalem
450:in 1978.
436:sea level
425:Jerusalem
335:Time zone
2872:Lalibela
2714:Lalibela
2552:Archived
2469:. UNESCO
2444:Buxton,
2151:BBC News
1934:Buxton,
1921:Buxton,
1782:(2009).
1752:(2009).
1710:Archived
1648:See also
1525:(46.44)
1500:(10.94)
1495:(10.20)
1456:Average
1004:Immanuel
883:Criteria
841:Churches
562:Dawit II
546:Lalabeda
403:Apostles
392:Ethiopia
385:rock-cut
369:Ethiopia
353:Lalibela
283:Ethiopia
215:Lalibela
182:Lalibela
149:Lalibela
39:Lalibela
2807:Related
2575:21 June
2473:25 July
2229:Reuters
2177:Reuters
1735:27 July
1538:Gallery
1520:(0.39)
1515:(0.31)
1510:(1.61)
1505:(6.85)
1490:(4.88)
1485:(2.99)
1480:(3.50)
1475:(2.68)
1470:(1.42)
1465:(0.67)
1451:(35.6)
1446:(36.1)
1441:(35.6)
1436:(41.0)
1431:(44.6)
1426:(47.3)
1421:(46.2)
1416:(47.5)
1411:(47.5)
1406:(47.1)
1401:(41.0)
1396:(38.8)
1391:(36.9)
1381:(51.0)
1376:(46.6)
1371:(47.7)
1366:(49.8)
1361:(51.8)
1356:(52.2)
1351:(52.3)
1346:(52.2)
1341:(54.1)
1336:(53.6)
1331:(52.9)
1326:(50.5)
1321:(48.2)
1311:(73.1)
1306:(73.0)
1301:(72.7)
1296:(72.1)
1291:(70.3)
1286:(69.1)
1281:(69.1)
1276:(73.0)
1271:(75.9)
1266:(75.6)
1261:(76.6)
1256:(75.7)
1251:(73.9)
1241:(87.8)
1236:(80.2)
1231:(80.1)
1226:(83.5)
1221:(79.9)
1216:(79.2)
1211:(79.9)
1206:(84.0)
1201:(87.8)
1196:(86.9)
1191:(86.0)
1186:(86.0)
1181:(81.7)
1119:Climate
1092:airport
1038:Raphael
1034:Gabriel
907:Session
742:Eritrea
530:Dawit I
459:Origins
454:History
429:Saladin
357:Amharic
270:Country
2632:
2600:21 May
2428:
2398:
2309:
1907:
1899:
1830:
1792:
1762:
1132:Month
1056:Hebrew
1042:bakery
1036:, and
738:Tigray
619:French
469:Christ
442:. The
329:17,367
303:Amhara
300:
290:Region
280:
2528:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
2271:(PDF)
1905:S2CID
1816:(PDF)
1523:1,180
1503:174.0
1498:278.0
1493:259.0
1488:124.0
1171:Year
962:]
746:Aksum
526:Egypt
407:Zagwe
340:UTC+3
2630:ISBN
2602:2023
2577:2024
2536:2016
2475:2014
2426:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:2013
2237:2021
2211:2021
2185:2021
2159:2021
2133:link
2052:and
1897:ISSN
1828:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1737:2017
1518:10.0
1508:41.0
1483:76.0
1478:89.0
1473:68.0
1468:36.0
1463:17.0
1379:10.6
1359:11.0
1354:11.2
1349:11.3
1344:11.2
1339:12.3
1334:12.0
1329:11.6
1324:10.3
1309:22.8
1304:22.8
1299:22.6
1294:22.3
1289:21.3
1284:20.6
1279:20.6
1274:22.8
1269:24.4
1264:24.2
1259:24.8
1254:24.3
1249:23.3
1239:31.0
1234:26.8
1229:26.7
1224:28.6
1219:26.6
1214:26.2
1209:26.6
1204:28.9
1199:31.0
1194:30.5
1189:30.0
1184:30.0
1179:27.6
1168:Dec
1165:Nov
1162:Oct
1159:Sep
1156:Aug
1153:Jul
1150:Jun
1147:May
1144:Apr
1141:Mar
1138:Feb
1135:Jan
1100:IATA
1096:ICAO
1076:cave
949:Mary
872:The
777:and
740:and
701:Fano
657:and
413:(r.
375:and
361:ላሊበላ
310:Zone
49:Town
42:ላሊበላ
2851:BBC
2712:of
2371:doi
2340:doi
1988:doi
1889:doi
1861:doi
1857:131
1820:doi
1513:8.0
1449:2.0
1444:2.3
1439:2.0
1434:5.0
1429:7.0
1424:8.5
1419:7.9
1414:8.6
1409:8.6
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