613:"My invention consists of an apparatus that works without wires as conductors and has the property of concentrating, reinforcing electric and luminous sound waves, for the principal purposes of 1st) sending and receiving the natural voice through space by means of sound waves. 2nd) telephoning also through space by means of the principle of photophone, and 3rd) sending and receiving phonetic, graphic and harmonic signs, through space, water and the earth by means of electric waves. The apparatus takes different names according to the effect produced. In the first instance it is called 'The Esophone', in the second 'The Photophone', and in the third 'The Radiographone'. The working distance of the first is at least 4 or 5 miles; of the second from 5 to 7 miles and of the third from 10 to 15 miles. These potentialities of sending and receiving can be increased in the first case by augmenting the proportions of certain parts; in the second case by communicating greater intensity to the luminous focuses, and in the third case by using a more powerful Ruhmkorff coil... When the wind is contrary or the distances impede the effects of the Esophone, we can use the Photophone, and when tempests or distances do not favor the working of the Photophone, we can use the Radiographone."
704:. For Ferrareto, "the existing evidence points, therefore, to the success of Landell de Moura in the transmission and reception of voice even though the quality did not allow the immediate practical application of the devices created by the Brazilian. The improvement of these in the national territory would depend on a significant contribution of resources based on an awareness of the strategic importance of such technology. Consciousness that did not exist in Brazil then ". The qualification and stabilization of the signal would depend on technological advances that would be made a little later, mainly through
580:"I wish to show to the world," he told me, "that the Catholic Church is not the enemy of science or of human progress. Individuals in the Church may in this or that case have opposed the light, but they did it in blindness to Catholic truth. I have myself met with opposition from my fellow believers. In Brazil a superstitious mob, holding that I was in partnership with the devil, broke into my study and destroyed my apparatus. Nearly all my friends of education and intelligence, whether in or out of holy orders, looked upon my theories as contrary to science. I know what it is to feel like Galileo, and to cry, '
627:, issued October 11, 1904 for an application filed February 9, 1903 (serial no. 142,440). This was for a dual-use transmitter, capable of making audio transmissions by both the photophone method and via electro-magnetic radiation (radio waves). In the patent, Landell noted that: "It will be observed that the most important feature of my invention consists of the employment of a make-and-break transmitter worked by sonorous vibrations, causing transmitted electro-magnetic or light waves to correspond closely to the sound-waves by which they are produced."
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cylinder and vibrating a large diaphragm which gives out an imitation of the original sounds. The intensity of the sound can be increased by having more than one piston and cylinder regulating air currents, so that the speech might be heard for several miles." Dr. José Rodrigues Botet took exception to this report, and the
December 16, 1900 issue of the
591:"By virtue of this principle," he went on, "it is possible to transmit speech through a luminous axis without the intervention of silenium or of a microphone. Nay, even a receiver will not be necessary. All persons within the radius of reception will be able to hear the message with the aid merely of their natural organs."
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The patent specifications provide only limited information on how the device operated. It appears that the transmitting process employed a speaking tube that directed sounds into the device, causing vibrations which were strengthened by the airflow from the compulsor fan. The device would then act as
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In his letter
Landell also proposed that, with the support of British government, he could continue research to commercially develop his inventions, being compensated only for living expenses and the funds needed to continue his studies and scientific experiments. In addition, he offered to establish
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rebuilt the Wave
Transmitter patented in 1904 in the United States. The tests were successful in transmitting over a wide frequency range and over distances of up to 50 meters. The technicians assume that at the time of the priest the distance could have been much greater, due to the absence of the
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A month later an examiner replied with review notes. In particular, the examiner was dubious whether actinic rays would actually enhance transmissions. The notes also included the statement: "Attention is called to the fact that the claims cover at least two separate and independent inventions, one
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The construction information stated that the full assembly was divided into four boxes. A telescope, compass, and level were attached to aid correct orientation of the communicating units. Also specified was a "compulsor", described as "an electric fan of great speed of rotation", which, because of
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On
October 4, 1901, Landell submitted an application to the U.S. patent office for a comprehensive patent, which included a number of additions and modifications to his Brazilian grant. A major addition was the inclusion of information about making audio transmissions using radio signals. Landell
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carried a letter from him insisting that it was actually
Landell who deserved credit for developing the underlying technology used by the Gouraudphone. Botet's letter stated that over the years he had personally witnessed Landell, working alone, develop advanced wire and wireless telegraphy and
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reported that on June 3 Landell made a public wireless telephony demonstration in the town of Alto de Sant Anna in the city of São Paulo, and the witnesses included P. C. P. Lupton, the
British Consul, and his family. Shortly thereafter, the newspaper's June 16, 1900 issue printed the text of a
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stated that his inventions "can reach easily from 30 to 50 kilometers and even at greater distances". In
December 1905 he submitted a request to the São Paulo state legislature for funding to support experimentation, however, this was not approved. After this he apparently ended research into
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in
Portuguese), which was a high-powered megaphone designed for long-distance communication. Contemporary accounts describe the Gouraudphone as a "talking foghorn": a sound amplifier that operated by "working a piston-valve in a cylinder and vibrating a current of air or gas, entering another
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Landell received his first patent, no. 3,279, from the
Brazilian government on March 9, 1901. It covered a device for providing two-way "Phonetic transmission at a distance, with or without wire, through space, Earth and water". Two configurations were described: a full design, known as the
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Father
Landell explained that it was impossible for him to go into details concerning his theories and inventions so long as the patents were pending. But in a general way he was willing to explain that his system of wireless telephony depended upon a new principle of light which he had
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10th and 16th. Finally, he misidentified the developer of the Gouraudphone as a "Dr. Brighton". Brighton was actually the English town in which Colonel Gouraud had established a research laboratory. Gouraud claimed his device could transmit sounds over "several tens of kilometers".
443:(also spelled "telauxiophono" and "telauxiophone") "is the last word of the telephone, not only because of the force and intelligibility with which it transmits the words, but also because with it telephoning at great distances becomes a practical and economical reality."
636:, issued November 22, 1904 for an application filed October 4, 1901 (serial no. 77,576). This primarily describes a photophone configuration, for which "clear actinic light is absolutely necessary". It also included the "compulsor" fan described in the Brazilian patent.
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In June 1901 Landell left Brazil and traveled to Italy, then to France, and arrived in the United States in August, even though he did not speak English. While there he applied for a U.S. patent for his wireless telephony work, a process that would take three years.
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In 2004 Marco Aurélio Cardoso Moura, with technical support from Rolf Stephan and Alexandre Stephan, from Industrial Eletro Mecânica Apex Ltda., Made another reconstruction, also functional and also with a very distorted sound, receiving better in the range of
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in the period 1893–1894. A biographical review recounted that he "...invented his apparatus in Porto Alegre, and as soon as he arrived in São Paulo in 1896, he began with preliminary experiments, to achieve his object — to transmit human voice through the air.
398:, Brazil in 1861. His father was Ignacio de Moura, and he had five brothers: João, Edmundo and Ricardo (all apothecaries), Dr. Ignacio Landell, a physician, and Pedro Landell de Moura, a São Paulo merchant. He was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in 1886 in
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a megaphone, amplifying the sound. The unit could also be used to operate a standard photophone, with the photophore's bright light modulated by the sonic vibrations, so that at the receiving site this flickering light beam could be converted back into sound.
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electromagnetic interference that exists today. The device severely distorted the voice, making it often incomprehensible, but its effectiveness in transmitting sound was proven. The device was publicly demonstrated in 1984, and Almeida describes the event:
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The patent specified that many of the components used for transmissions through the air — including the telescope, compass, level, compulsor fan, photophore light source and acoustic tube — could be eliminated in a simpler version of the
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letter Father Landell sent to Lupton prior to the demonstration, which noted that he would only be able to demonstrate five of his numerous inventions: the "Telauxiofono", "Caleofono", "Anematofono", "Teletiton" and "Edifono". In 1907
121:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
530:
The patent diagrams do not include any radio equipment, although the accompanying description mentions the potential of adding a "Branly tube" for receiving radio signals. (A Branly tube, more commonly known as a
449:(also spelled "caleophono", "kaleophono" and "kaleophone") "works also with wire, and presents the originality of not needing to ring the bell to call, to hear the articulated sounds, or that of the instrument."
649:, whose "cathode-rays, like the actinic and the etheric waves, above described, apparently reinforce each other in their effects, and the result is that the telegraph is more effective when both are employed".
386:(using light beams). Landell received patents in Brazil and the United States during the first decade of the 1900s in which he also included designs that he claimed could transmit voice using radio waves.
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Landell apparently did not make any demonstrations while in the United States. However, he was interviewed for an article reviewing photophone technology, which was published in the October 12, 1902
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the noise it made, had to be turned off when receiving. The design included a "photophore", or light source "of great intensity", and headphones were specified for use when receiving signals.
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732:. On January 21, 2011, Brazil issued a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Landell's birth, which shows him using a device described in one of his 1904 United States patents.
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Dr. Botet's letter didn't identify the Rio newspaper where the original report appeared. The letter references two notices said to have been in the "July" 10th and 16th issues of
378:, was a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and inventor. He is best known for his attempts in the 1880s to develop long-distance audio transmissions device that combined an improved
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689:, uttered, through the handset, two words that were clearly heard by hundreds of people: 'Porto Alegre'. unquestionably the functionality of Father Landell's invention ".
465:(also spelled "ediphono" and "ediphone") "is useful to purify and soften the phonographed voice of the parasitical vibrations, reproducing it just as the natural voice."
459:"are wireless telephones. The perfect operation of these apparatus, according to what their inventor says, reveals laws entirely new and is altogether most curious."
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Later reports stated that he was working on ideas for a "Telephotorama", or "The Distance Vision". He also did photography research and reported effects similar to
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645:, issued November 22, 1904 for an application filed January 16, 1902 (serial no. 89,976). This patent also primarily covered transmissions. It included a
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by Rodrigo Moura , listed under "1902: 6 de novembro, página 1, 'O GOURADFONO'" (landelldemoura.com.br)). This article was reprinted, under the title
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in wireless telephony and the other the wireless telegraph system." Responding to this, Landell then divided his application into multiple requests.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
535:", was a simple form of radio signal detector, which was limited to on-off operations, so it could only be used to receive the dots-and-dashes of
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also was now asserting that "actinic rays" (ultraviolet and near-ultraviolet light) would increase transmission efficiencies.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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by presidential decree in 2012, a cenotaph in the Brazilian capital Brasília dedicated to the honour of national heroes.
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two facilities in England, dedicated to providing care for the sons and daughters of soldiers recently killed in the
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by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1901: 24 de fevereiro, página 2: 'O GOURAUDPHONO'" (landelldemoura.com.br))
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by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1905: 11 de março, página 2, 'NOVOS INVENTOS'" (landelldemoura.com.br))
1159:(Collection of Landell papers). Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul. (ihgrgs.org.br)
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1157:"Inventário do Acervo Padre Roberto Landell de Moura: Série Produção Intelectual. Subsérie Estudos"
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by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1899: 14 de junho, página 1: 'O TELÉFORO'" (landelldemoura.com.br))
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telephony equipment, while never receiving the recognition he deserved as "Brazil's eminent son".
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by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1900: 16 de junho, página 2" (landelldemoura.com.br))
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1061:"Padre Landell de Moura: ondas de rádio nas transformações do final do século XIX"
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1144:(2011), by Luis Alberto Kalife , February 5, 2011 (kalifecollection.blogspot.com)
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Patron of Science, Technology and Innovation in the municipality of Porto Alegre
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Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência
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Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência
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Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência
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799:"Landell de Moura, Father Roberto 1861-1928 Brazilian Wireless Pioneer"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Ultimately, Landell was issued three U.S. patents covering his work:
474:. However, the British government did not take him up on his offer.
1083:. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.).
1081:"A longa (e interminável) construção da biografia do padre Landell"
1063:. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.).
1046:. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.).
805:, edited by Christopher H. Sterling (2003), Routledge, 1696 pages.
513:"Tellogostomo", and a simpler version, called the "Telauxiophone":
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1044:"Roberto Landell de Moura: o pioneiro brasileiro das comunicações"
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section of "Talking Over A Gap Of Miles Along A Ray Of Light",
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The names specified for transmissions made through water were
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First two figures in Landell's 1901 Brazilian patent no. 3,279
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907:(correspondence from Dr. Rodrigues Botet, reprinted from the
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The Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Radio
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provided English language descriptions of these devices:
27:
Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and inventor (1861–1928)
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Landell began experiments in wireless communication in
402:, and also conducted studies in the physical sciences.
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a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
374:(January 21, 1861 – June 30, 1928), commonly known as
1142:"Kalife's Stamp Collection: "Father Landell de Moura"
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Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom
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Annaes da Camara dos Deputados do Estado de S. Paulo
455:(also spelled "anematophono" and anematophone") and
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Schematic of the wave transmitter patented in 1904.
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594:"And what is the distance to which you can reach?"
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1130:"A Tribute to Father Roberto Landell de Moura"
975:, on page 3 of the November 29, 1902 issue of
139:accompanying your translation by providing an
101:Click for important translation instructions.
88:expand this article with text translated from
2311:20th-century Brazilian Roman Catholic priests
2306:19th-century Brazilian Roman Catholic priests
1184:
8:
1038:
1036:
1015:. It also misspelled de Moura as "de Mowra".
989:"775,337—R. L. de Moura. Wireless Telegraph"
2199:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1075:
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64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1191:
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1028:United States Patent Office Correspondence
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305:
294:
151:{{Translated|pt|Roberto_Landell_de_Moura}}
283:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
915:, February 24, 1901, page 2, column 7. (
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827:
781:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
681:. On September 7, 1984, in front of the
1163:Selected articles about Roberto Landell
791:
201:Please improve this article by adding
936:English Mechanic and World of Science
576:. This article quoted him as saying:
7:
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948:Landell's Brazilian patent no. 3,279
875:, June 16, 1900, page 2, column 7. (
855:, June 10, 1900, page 2, column 7. (
394:Robert Landell de Moura was born in
1030:(1901-1902) (landelldemoura.com.br)
815:"Early Wireless: Landell and Tesla"
1116:(77. Reunião em 16 de Dezembro ),
803:Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set
25:
353:Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do sul,
45:This article has multiple issues.
2244:
2234:
2225:
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1834:Free-space optical communication
911:issue dated December 16, 1900),
668:Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia
556:for telegraphic signalling, and
179:
75:
34:
481:'s "Gouraudphone" (rendered as
427:The June 10, 1900 issue of the
372:Father Roberto Landell de Moura
299:Father Roberto Landell de Moura
53:or discuss these issues on the
1005:"Brazilian Priest's Invention"
938:, September 7, 1900, page 88.)
149:You may also add the template
1:
967:, November 6, 1902, page 1. (
925:; these actually appeared on
801:by Edward A. Riedinger, from
725:long-distance communication.
683:Monument to the Expeditionary
203:secondary or tertiary sources
2220:Telecommunication portal
2001:Telecommunications equipment
909:(São Paulo) La Voz de España
1737:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1100:, March 11, 1905, page 2. (
1087:. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 17-37
1067:. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 75-79
1050:. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 38-51
365:communications technologies
162:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2327:
2301:Catholic clergy scientists
1441:Telecommunications history
895:, December 1900, page 160.
759:Name was inscribed in the
564:1904 United States patents
214:"Roberto Landell de Moura"
113:Machine translation, like
2208:
2049:Public Switched Telephone
1861:telecommunication circuit
1822:Fiber-optic communication
1567:Francis Blake (telephone)
1362:Optical telecommunication
304:
90:the corresponding article
2281:People from Porto Alegre
1960:Orbital angular-momentum
1397:Satellite communications
1236:Communications satellite
995:, January 1905, page 16.
817:by Robert Henry Lochte,
666:In 1984, Porto Alegre's
1839:Molecular communication
1662:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1491:Undersea telegraph line
1226:Cable protection system
1165:(landelldemoura.com.br)
1132:(landelldemoura.qsl.br)
1042:Ferrareto, Luiz Artur.
597:"Practically infinite."
423:Reported demonstrations
160:For more guidance, see
1981:Communication protocol
1767:Charles Sumner Tainter
1582:Walter Houser Brattain
1527:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1335:Information revolution
710:Edwin Howard Armstrong
708:, Reginald Fessenden,
663:
560:for telephonic usage.
509:
190:relies excessively on
1955:Polarization-division
1687:Narinder Singh Kapany
1652:Erna Schneider Hoover
1572:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1552:Alexander Graham Bell
1283:online video platform
889:"The Talking Foghorn"
661:
507:
500:1901 Brazilian patent
479:George Edward Gouraud
133:copyright attribution
1797:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1757:Almon Brown Strowger
1727:Charles Grafton Page
1382:Prepaid mobile phone
1310:Electrical telegraph
842:, 1907, pages 38-39.
840:The Brazil of To-day
776:Edgar Roquette-Pinto
753:Patron of Brazilian
706:John Ambrose Fleming
642:"Wireless Telegraph"
639:Patent no. 775,846,
633:"Wireless Telephone"
630:Patent no. 775,337,
621:Patent no. 771,917,
434:The Brazil of To-day
2291:Brazilian inventors
1747:Johann Philipp Reis
1506:Wireless revolution
1468:The Telephone Cases
1325:Hydraulic telegraph
1098:Jornal do Commercio
1079:Almeida, Hamilton.
965:Jornal do Commercio
954:by Arsenio Fornaro)
952:English translation
923:Jornal do Commercio
913:Jornal do Commercio
873:Jornal do Commercio
871:"Varias Noticias",
853:Jornal do Commercio
851:"Varias Noticias",
730:Kirlian photography
722:Jornal do Commercio
712:and Lee De Forest.
429:Jornal do Commercio
1945:Frequency-division
1922:Telephone exchange
1792:Charles Wheatstone
1722:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1697:Innocenzo Manzetti
1632:Reginald Fessenden
1367:Optical telegraphy
1200:Telecommunications
1096:"Novos Inventos",
893:Cassell's Magazine
836:"Landell de Moura"
664:
624:"Wave-Transmitter"
510:
141:interlanguage link
2258:
2257:
1996:Store and forward
1991:Data transmission
1905:Network switching
1856:Transmission line
1702:Guglielmo Marconi
1667:Internet pioneers
1532:Mohamed M. Atalla
1501:Whistled language
1120:, 1906, page 653.
1059:Darisbo, Daltro.
932:"Scientific News"
821:, 2004, page 519.
746:city of São Paulo
558:Telhydrauliophone
554:Telhydrauliograph
406:Experimental work
369:
368:
332:Rio Grande do Sul
293:
292:
285:
275:
274:
267:
249:
173:
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102:
98:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2318:
2296:History of radio
2248:
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2238:
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2228:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2089:Notable networks
2079:Wireless network
2019:Cellular network
2011:Types of network
1986:Computer network
1873:Network topology
1787:Thomas A. Watson
1642:Oliver Heaviside
1627:Philo Farnsworth
1602:Daniel Davis Jr.
1577:Charles Bourseul
1537:John Logie Baird
1246:Data compression
1241:Computer network
1193:
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1016:
1002:
996:
986:
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963:"O Gouradfono",
961:
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945:
939:
905:"O Gouraudphono"
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896:
886:
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860:
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838:by Arthur Dias,
833:
822:
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742:Honorary citizen
679:Semana da Pátria
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488:La Voz de España
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2005:
1969:
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1707:Robert Metcalfe
1562:Tim Berners-Lee
1510:
1330:Information Age
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654:Reconstructions
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574:New York Herald
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502:
497:
472:Second Boer War
425:
408:
392:
376:Roberto Landell
357:
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324:22 January 1861
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2286:Radio pioneers
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2256:
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2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
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2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
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1968:
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1940:Space-division
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1777:Camille Tissot
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Claude Shannon
1749:
1744:
1742:Tivadar Puskás
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Antonio Meucci
1709:
1704:
1699:
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1682:Charles K. Kao
1679:
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1657:Harold Hopkins
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1557:Emile Berliner
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1496:Videotelephony
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1392:Radiotelephone
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1278:Internet video
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1188:
1181:
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1151:External links
1149:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1089:
1069:
1052:
1032:
1017:
997:
981:
973:"Gouráudphono"
956:
940:
897:
881:
861:
844:
823:
807:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
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771:
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755:radio amateurs
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655:
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628:
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582:E pur si muove
565:
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545:Telauxiophone:
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467:
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367:
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363:
362:Known for
359:
358:
352:
350:(aged 67)
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326:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
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1994:
1992:
1989:
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1982:
1979:
1978:
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1972:
1966:
1965:Code-division
1963:
1961:
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1950:Time-division
1948:
1946:
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1876:and switching
1874:
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1827:optical fiber
1825:
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1818:
1817:Coaxial cable
1815:
1814:
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1810:
1804:
1798:
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1733:
1732:Radia Perlman
1730:
1728:
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1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Lee de Forest
1620:
1618:
1617:Thomas Edison
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Donald Davies
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Claude Chappe
1590:
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1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Smoke signals
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:Semiconductor
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1390:
1388:
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1375:
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1279:
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1273:Digital media
1271:
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1234:
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1150:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:Transcription
1099:
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1062:
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1018:
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1010:
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1001:
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994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:Transcription
966:
960:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
918:
917:Transcription
914:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
885:
882:
878:
877:Transcription
874:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:Transcription
854:
848:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
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546:
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538:
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518:Tellogostomo:
516:
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506:
499:
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403:
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397:
389:
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382:device and a
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364:
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356:
345:
341:
337:
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329:
316:
312:
308:
303:
296:
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284:
269:
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258:
255:February 2024
247:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216: –
215:
211:
210:Find sources:
204:
198:
197:
193:
188:This article
186:
182:
177:
176:
163:
159:
156:
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
105:
99:
93:
92:in Portuguese
91:
86:You can help
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1932:Multiplexing
1807:Transmission
1772:Nikola Tesla
1762:Henry Sutton
1717:Samuel Morse
1647:Robert Hooke
1612:Amos Dolbear
1547:John Bardeen
1466:
1446:Telautograph
1350:Mobile phone
1305:Edholm's law
1288:social media
1221:Broadcasting
1137:
1125:
1117:
1114:"Expediente"
1109:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1013:Ernst Ruhmer
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
977:A Fé Christã
976:
964:
959:
943:
935:
926:
922:
912:
908:
900:
892:
884:
872:
852:
847:
839:
818:
810:
802:
794:
760:
727:
721:
719:
698:medium waves
694:
665:
647:Crookes tube
616:
608:
604:
600:
573:
571:
567:
557:
553:
551:
544:
517:
511:
487:
483:Gouraudphono
482:
476:
468:
462:
456:
452:
446:
441:Telauxiofono
440:
433:
428:
426:
409:
396:Porto Alegre
393:
375:
371:
370:
348:(1928-06-30)
346:30 June 1928
328:Porto Alegre
279:
261:
252:
242:
235:
228:
221:
209:
189:
137:edit summary
128:
95:
87:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2276:1928 deaths
2271:1861 births
2132:NPL network
1844:Radio waves
1782:Alfred Vail
1692:Hedy Lamarr
1677:Dawon Kahng
1637:Elisha Gray
1597:Yogen Dalal
1522:Nasir Ahmed
1456:Teleprinter
1320:Heliographs
687:Jair Soares
588:discovered.
453:Anematofono
2265:Categories
2178:Antarctica
2137:Toasternet
2059:Television
1542:Paul Baran
1474:Television
1458:(teletype)
1451:Telegraphy
1429:transistor
1407:Phryctoria
1377:Photophone
1355:Smartphone
1345:Mass media
787:References
716:Later life
537:Morse code
390:Early life
384:photophone
320:1861-01-22
225:newspapers
192:references
97:(May 2014)
50:improve it
2162:Americas
2151:Locations
2122:Internet2
1883:Bandwidth
1587:Vint Cerf
1484:streaming
1462:Telephone
1402:Semaphore
1293:streaming
993:Telephony
457:teletiton
447:Caleofono
416:São Paulo
380:megaphone
155:talk page
56:talk page
2230:Category
2117:Internet
2107:CYCLADES
2024:Ethernet
1974:Concepts
1898:terminal
1849:wireless
1672:Bob Kahn
1515:Pioneers
1340:Internet
1231:Cable TV
770:See also
412:Campinas
131:provide
2250:Commons
2240:Outline
2193:Oceania
2112:FidoNet
2097:ARPANET
1910:circuit
1479:digital
1208:History
700:and in
533:coherer
495:Patents
463:Edifono
239:scholar
153:to the
135:in the
94:.
18:Landell
2188:Europe
2158:Africa
2142:Usenet
2102:BITNET
2039:Mobile
1915:packet
1424:MOSFET
1419:device
1216:Beacon
736:Honors
548:device
355:Brazil
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
2171:South
2166:North
2127:JANET
2064:Telex
2054:Radio
1893:Nodes
1888:Links
1809:media
1387:Radio
1372:Pager
1300:Drums
1266:video
1261:image
1251:audio
246:JSTOR
232:books
115:DeepL
2183:Asia
2069:UUCP
2029:ISDN
927:June
414:and
400:Rome
343:Died
314:Born
218:news
129:must
127:You
108:View
2074:WAN
2044:NGN
2034:LAN
1315:Fax
1256:DCT
744:of
194:to
117:or
2267::
1072:^
1035:^
1020:^
991:,
934:,
891:,
864:^
826:^
702:FM
334:,
330:,
205:.
59:.
2201:)
2197:(
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
979:.
950:(
930:(
531:"
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