Lawn - Knowledge

861: 2103:(1939–1945), women became the focus of lawn-care companies in the absence of their husbands and sons. These companies promoted lawn care as a necessary means by which women could help support their male family-members and American patriotism as a whole. The image of the lawn changed from focusing on technology and manhood to emphasizing aesthetic pleasure and the health benefits derived from its maintenance; advertisers at lawn care companies assumed that women would not respond positively to images of efficiency and power. The language of these marketing campaigns still intended to imbue the female population with notions of family, motherhood, and the duties of a wife; it has been argued that this was done so that it would be easier for men returning from war to resume the roles which their wives had taken over in their absence. This was especially apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, when lawn-care rhetoric emphasized the lawn as a husband's responsibility and as a pleasurable hobby when he retired. 1010:, New York, was the beginning of the industrial suburb in the 20th century, and by proxy the industrial lawn. Between 1947 and 1951, Abraham Levitt and his sons built more than seventeen thousand homes, each with its own lawn. Abraham Levitt wrote "No single feature of a suburban residential community contributes as much to the charm and beauty of the individual home and the locality as well-kept lawns". Landscaping was one of the most important factors in Levittown's success – and no feature was more prominent than the lawn. The Levitts understood that landscaping could add to the appeal of their developments and claimed that, "increase in values are most often found in neighborhoods where lawns show as green carpets" and that, over the years, "lawns trees and shrubs become more valuable both aesthetically and monetarily". During 1948, the first spring that Levittown had enjoyed, Levitt and Sons fertilized and reseeded all of the lawns free of charge. 530: 812:, a surplus of synthetic nitrogen in the United States led to chemical firms such as DuPont seeking to expand the market for fertilizers. The suburban lawn offered an opportunity to market fertilizers, previously only used by farmers, to homeowners. In 1955, DuPont released Uramite, a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer specifically marketed for lawns. The trend continued throughout the 1960s, with chemical firms such as DuPont and Monsanto utilizing television advertising and other forms of advertisement to market pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides. The environmental impacts of this widespread chemical use were noticed as early as the 1960s, but suburban lawns as a source of pollution were largely ignored. 921:

the quality and quantity of hay to provide for their livestock as native species had a lower nutritive value. While Middle Eastern and Europeans species of grass did extremely well on the East Coast of North America, it was a number of grasses from the Mediterranean that dominated the Western seaboard. As cultivated grasses became valued for their nutritional benefits to livestock, farmers relied less and less on natural meadows in the more colonized areas of the country. Eventually even the grasses of the Great Plains were overrun with European species that were more durable to the grazing patterns of imported livestock.

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continually used throughout North America. Because many of the turf-grass species in North America are not native to our ecosystems, they require extensive maintenance. According to the United States Geological Survey, 99% of the urban water samples that were tested contained one or more types of pesticides. In addition to water contamination, chemicals are making their way into houses which can lead to chronic exposure. Currently, standards for pesticide management practices have been put in place through the Food Quality Protection Act.

784:, sculptures, and water features. Eventually the wealthy began to move away from the cities into new suburban communities. In 1856, an architectural book was published to accompany the development of the new suburbia that placed importance on the availability of a grassy space for children to play on and a space to grow fruits and vegetables that further imbued the lawn with cultural importance. Lawns began making more appearances in development plans, magazine articles, and catalogs. The lawn became less associated with being a 2364: 969: 1053: 1979: 2045:(1990) alludes to the importance of the lawn as a social mechanism that gives great importance to visual representation of the American suburb as well as its practised culture. It is implied that a neighbor whose lawn is not in pristine condition is morally corrupt, emphasizing the role a well-kept lawn plays in neighborly and community relationships. In both of these films, green space surrounding a house in the suburbs becomes an indicator of 894:. As Europeans moved into the region, it was noted by colonists in New England, more than others, that the grasses of the New World were inferior to those of England and that their livestock seemed to receive less nutrition from it. In fact, once livestock brought overseas from Europe spread throughout the colonies, much of the native grasses of New England disappeared, and an inventory list from the 17th century noted supplies of 850: 1577: 429: 295: 1194: 944:

War fundamentally changed the ecology of the lawn. Money and ideas flowed back from Europe after the U.S. entered WWI, changing the way Americans interacted with themselves and nature, and the industrialization of war hastened the industrialization of pest control. Intensive suburbanization both concentrated and expanded the spread of lawn maintenance which meant increased inputs in not only

109: 50: 135: 1840: 824:. By the first decade of the 21st century, American homeowners were using ten times more pesticides per acre than farmers, poisoning an estimated 60 to 70 million birds yearly. Lawn mowers are a significant contributor to pollution released into Earth's atmosphere, with a riding lawn mower producing the same amount of pollution in one hour of use as 34 cars. 2194: 1991: 1821: 2002: 1156: 647: 1272:

turning shades of tan or brown. Many warm season grasses are quite drought tolerant, and can handle very high summer temperatures, although temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F) can kill most southern ecotype warm season grasses. The northern varieties, such as buffalograss and blue grama, are hardy to 45 °C (113 °F).

2213:. While natural rainfall is usually sufficient to maintain a lawn's health in the temperate British Isles- the birthplace of the concept of the lawn- in times of drought hosepipe bans may be implemented by the water suppliers. Conversely, exportation of the lawn ideal to more arid regions (e.g. U.S. Southwest and Australia) strains 710: 2141:, especially when the lawn covers a large area. Traditional lawns often replace plant species that feed pollinators, requiring bees and butterflies to cross "wastelands" to reach food and host plants. Lawns promote homogenization and are normally cleared of unwanted plant and animal species, typically with synthetic 1036:

these alternatives or allowed their green carpets to revert to the indigenous scrub in an effort to reduce the strain on water supplies. However, lawns remain a popular surface and their practical and aesthetically pleasing appearance reduces the use of water-impervious surfaces such as concrete. The growing use of

917:) is a grass native to Europe or the Middle East. It was likely carried to Midwestern United States in the early 1600s by French missionaries and spread via the waterways to the region around Kentucky. However, it may also have spread across the Appalachian Mountains after an introduction on the east coast. 1919:

On 22 April 2008, the Provincial Government of Ontario announced that it would pass legislation that would prohibit, province-wide, the cosmetic use and sale of lawn and garden pesticides. The Ontario legislation would also echo Massachusetts law requiring pesticide manufacturers to reduce the toxins

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The economic recession that began in 2008 has resulted in many communities worldwide to dig up their lawns and plant fruit and vegetable gardens. This has the potential to greatly change cultural values attached to the lawn, as they are increasingly viewed as environmentally and economically unviable

800:, which required all homes to have a 30-foot gap between the structure and the sidewalk meant that the lawn had found a specific place in suburbia. In 1901, the United States Congress allotted $ 17,000 to the study of the best grasses for lawns, creating the spark for lawn care to become an industry. 685:

introduced a revolutionary mower design called the Silens Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. The machine was much lighter and quieter than the gear driven machines that preceded them, and won first prize at the first lawn

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Thousands of varieties of grasses and grasslike plants are used for lawns, each adapted to specific conditions of precipitation and irrigation, seasonal temperatures, and sun/shade tolerances. Plant hybridizers and botanists are constantly creating and finding improved varieties of the basic species

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Over time, with consideration to the frequency of droughts in Australia, the movement towards "naturalism", or the use of indigenous plant species in yards, was beneficial. These grasses were more drought resistant than their European counterparts, and many who wished to keep their lawns switched to

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Farmers at first continued to harvest meadows and marshes composed of indigenous grasses until they became overgrazed. These areas quickly fell to erosion and were overrun with less favorable plant life. Soon, farmers began to purposefully plant new species of grass in these areas, hoping to improve

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Wealthy families in America during the late 18th century also began mimicking English landscaping styles. British settlers in North America imported an affinity for landscapes in the style of the English lawn. However, early in the colonization of the continent, environments with thick, low-growing,

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systems when water supplies are already scarce. This necessitates upgrades to larger, more environmentally invasive equipment to deal with increased demand due to lawn watering. Grass typically goes dormant during periods of cold or heat outside of its preferred temperature ranges; dormancy reduces

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was being used by the many people who had turned pastures into lawn and was also being exported to dozens of countries. Prior to the 1970s, all brush and native species were stripped from a development site and replaced with lawns that utilized imported plant species. Since the 1970s there has been

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who think that the unkempt lawns of neighbors may affect their own property values or create eyesores. Pressures to maintain a lawn are also legal; there are often local or state laws against letting weeds get too tall or letting a lawn space be especially unkempt, punishable by fees or litigation.

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was a reflection of more than an interest in offsetting depreciation, it propagated the homogeneity of the suburb itself. Although lawns had been a recognizable feature in English residences since the 19th century, a revolution in industrialization and monoculture of the lawn since the Second World

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study estimated conservatively 128,000 square kilometres (49,000 sq mi; 32,000,000 acres) of irrigated lawn in the US, three times the area of irrigated corn. That translates to about 200 US gallons (760 L; 170 imp gal) of drinking-quality fresh water per person per day is

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Following recent droughts, Australia has seen a change to predominately warm-season turfgrasses, particularly in the southern states like New South Wales and Victoria which are predominately temperate climates within urban regions. The more drought tolerant grasses have been chosen by councils and

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in 1830. Budding had the idea for a lawn mower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woolen cloth and give a smooth finish. Budding realised that a similar device could be used to

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estimated in 2012 that nearly 32,000,000 kilograms (71,000,000 lb) of active pesticide ingredients are used on suburban lawns each year in the United States. There are indications of an emerging regulatory response to this issue. For example, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and Belize have

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Lawns became a means of performing class values for the urban middle class, in which the condition of the lawn becomes representative of moral character and social reliability. The social values associated with lawns are promoted and upheld by social pressure, laws, and chemical producers. Social

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Replacing turf grass with low-maintenance groundcovers or employing a variety of low-maintenance perennials, trees and shrubs can be a good alternative to traditional lawn spaces, especially in hard-to-grow or hard-to-mow areas, as it can reduce maintenance requirements, associated pollution and

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Cool season grasses start growth at 5 °C (41 °F), and grow at their fastest rate when temperatures are between 10 °C (50 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F), in climates that have relatively mild/cool summers, with two periods of rapid growth in the spring and autumn. They retain

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Grass seed mixes have been developed to include only grass seed species that grow will in low sunlight conditions. These seed mixes are designed to deal with light shade caused by trees that can create patchiness, or slightly heavier shade that prevents the full growth of grass. Most lawns will

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greenhouse gases equivalent to 697 to 2,443 kg of carbon dioxide a year. The higher figure is equivalent to a flight more than halfway around the world. Lawn mowing is one element of lawn culture that causes a great amount of emissions (which can be mitigated by replacing lawn mowers with

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Warm season grasses only start growth at temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F), and grow fastest when temperatures are between 25 °C (77 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F), with one long growth period over the spring and summer (Huxley 1992). They often go dormant in cooler months,

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in the United States encouraged families to continue to maintain their lawns, promoting it as a stress-relieving hobby. During the war itself, homeowners were asked to maintain the appearances of the home front, likely as a show of strength, morale, and solidarity. After World War II, the lawn

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and many other locations. His style of smooth undulating lawns which ran seamlessly to the house and meadow, clumps, belts and scattering of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers, were a new style within the English landscape, a "gardenless" form of landscape

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On average, greater amounts of chemical fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide are used to maintain a given area of lawn than on an equivalent area of cultivated farmland. The use of these products causes environmental pollution, disturbance in the lawn ecosystem, and health risks to humans and

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began to emphasize grass spaces. Many scholars link this development to the romantic and transcendentalist movements of the 19th century. These green commons were also heavily associated with the success of the Revolutionary War and often became the homes of patriotic war memorials after the

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expansion, the lawn has become culturally ingrained in some areas of the world as part of the desired household aesthetic. However, awareness of the negative environmental impact of this ideal is growing. In some jurisdictions where there are water shortages, local government authorities are

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The use of lawn chemicals made its first appearance in the 18th century through the introduction of “English garden” fads. These types of lawns put precise hedging, clean cut grass, and extravagant plants on display. Following the initial introduction of lawn chemicals, they have still been

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The use of pesticides and fertilizers, requiring fossil fuels for manufacturing, distribution, and application, has been shown to contribute to global warming. (Sustainable organic techniques have been shown to help reduce global warming.) A hectare of lawn in Nashville, Tennessee, produces

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style with the design of natural, or "romantic", estate settings for wealthy Englishmen. Brown, remembered as "England's greatest gardener", designed over 170 parks, many of which still endure. His influence was so great that the contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors

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According to study based on satellite observations by Cristina Milesi, NASA Earth System Science, its estimates: "More surface area in the United States is devoted to lawns than to individual irrigated crops such as corn or wheat.... area, covering about 128,000 square kilometers in all."

2258:, has resulted in the reduced presence of synthetic chemicals, namely pesticides, in urban landscapes such as lawns in the late 20th century. Many of these concerns over the safety and environmental impact of some of the synthetic fertilizers and pesticides has led to their ban by the 1026:

followed closely after its establishment in North America and parts of Europe. Lawn was established on the so-called "nature strip" (a uniquely Australian term) by the 1920s and was common throughout the developing suburbs of Australia. By the 1950s, the Australian-designed

1190:. A cultivar is a cross-breed of two different varieties of grass and aims to combine certain traits taken from each individual breed. This creates a new strain which can be very specialised, suited to a particular environment, such as low water, low light or low nutrient. 2077:. Character Nick Carraway rents the house next to Gatsby's and fails to maintain his lawn according to West Egg standards. The rift between the two lawns troubles Gatsby to the point that he dispatches his gardener to mow Carraway's grass and thereby establish uniformity. 2296:

during the summer months. The EPA found, in some urban areas, up to 5% of smog was due to small gasoline engines made before 1997, such as are typically used on lawn mowers. Since 1997, the EPA has mandated emissions controls on newer engines in an effort to reduce smog.

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It has been estimated that nearly 64,000,000 litres (14,000,000 imp gal; 17,000,000 US gal) of gasoline are spilled each summer while re-fueling garden and lawn-care equipment in the United States: approximately 50% more than that spilled during the

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with hotter summers. Often, a mixture of grass or low plant types is used to form a stronger lawn when one type does better in the warmer seasons and the other in the colder ones. This mixing is taken further by a form of grass breeding which produces what are known as

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homeowners for the choice of using less water compared to cool-season turfgrasses like fescue and ryegrass. Mild dormancy seems to be of little concern when high-profile areas can be oversown for short periods or nowadays, turf colourants (fake green) are very popular.

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prohibit the use of synthetic lawn pesticides. The Ontario provincial government promised in September 2007 to also implement a province-wide ban on the cosmetic use of lawn pesticides, for protecting the public. Medical and environmental groups supported such a ban.

2336:. This is the case in many cities and suburbs in the United States, where open or unused spaces are "not generally a result of a positive decision to leave room for some use, but rather is an expression of a pastoral aesthetic norm that prizes spacious lawns and the 2351:

but also be a source of neighborhood pride. While converting lawn space into strictly utilitarian farms is not common, incorporating edible plants into front yards with sustainable and aesthetically pleasing design is of growing interest in the United States.

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is a quick, less expensive method of planting large, sloped or hillside landscapes. Some grasses and sedges are available and planted from 'liner' and 4-inch (100 mm) containers, from 'flats', 'plugs' or 'sprigs', and are planted apart to grow together.

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Many different species of grass are currently used, depending on the intended use and the climate. Coarse grasses are used where active sports are played, and finer grasses are used for ornamental lawns for their visual effects. Some grasses are adapted to

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encouraging alternatives to lawns to reduce water use. Researchers in the United States have noted that suburban lawns are "biological deserts" that are contributing to a "continental-scale ecological homogenization." Lawn maintenance practices also cause

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from neighbors and local municipal ordinances requires it, necessitates more organized and regular treatments. Usually once a week is adequate for maintaining a lawn in most climates. However, in the hot and rainy seasons of regions contained in

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and new ones, often more economical and environmentally sustainable by needing less water, fertilizer, pest and disease treatments, and maintenance. The three basic categories are cool season grasses, warm season grasses, and grass alternatives.

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offered lender inducements that aided the reduction of down payments for the average American from 30% to as little as 10%. These developments made owning your own home cheaper than renting, further enabling the spread of suburbia and its lawns.

702:' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models, dominated the British market. In 1902, Ransomes produced the first commercially available mower powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after 624:

cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. His mower design was to be used primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the

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onward. In medieval Europe, open expanses of low grasses became valued among the aristocracy because they allowed those inside an enclosed fence or castle to view those approaching. The early lawns were not always distinguishable from

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In 2022, the state of Nevada pass a bill that not only banned the installation of new lawns in the state, but also mandated the removal of any lawn deemed "nonfunctional." This was in response to a years-long drought in the state.

1694:, which is native throughout Europe and North America, has been used to replace grass in a lawn because it is drought resistant, can be mowed and walked upon, and spreads vegetatively to cover the ground, forming a soft "turf." 1861:

Sodding (American English), or turfing (British English), provides an almost instant lawn, and can be undertaken in most temperate climates in any season, but is more expensive and more vulnerable to drought until established.

213:), and are regularly mowed to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around houses, apartments, commercial buildings and offices. Many city parks also have large lawn areas. In recreational contexts, the specialised names 898:

and grass seed from England. New colonists were even urged by their country and companies to bring grass seed with them to North America. By the late 17th century, a new market in imported grass seed had begun in New England.

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gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles. His landscapes were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by

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jumped from 3,00 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built and the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world by a considerable margin.

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Alumai, Alfred; Salminen, Seppo O.; Richmond, Douglas S; Cardina, John; Grewal, Parwinder S. (2009). "Comparative Evaluation of Aesthetic, Biological, and Economic Effectiveness of Different Lawn Management Programs".

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or other outdoor recreational use. Lawns are useful as a playing surface both because they mitigate erosion and dust generated by intensive foot traffic and because they provide a cushion for players in sports such as

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over a long period often form a very low, tight sward similar to a modern lawn. This was the original meaning of the word "lawn" care, and the term can still be found in place names. Some forest areas where extensive

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aesthetic once again became a standard feature of North America, bouncing back from its minor decline in the decades before with a vengeance, particularly as a result of the housing and population boom post-war.

662:) and difficult to manoeuvre in the garden, and did not cut the grass very well. The blade would often spin above the grass uselessly. It took ten more years and further innovations, including the advent of the 348:

fields. The damp climate of maritime Western Europe in the north made lawns possible to grow and manage. They were not a part of gardens in other regions and cultures of the world until contemporary influence.

3002: 1907:, are available. Consideration for their effects on the lawn and garden ecosystem and via runoff and dispersion on the surrounding environment, inform laws constraining their use. For example, the Canadian 674:, for the lawn mower to become a practical proposition. Middle-class families across the country, in imitation of aristocratic landscape gardens, began to grow finely trimmed lawns in their back gardens. 2218:

the grasses' water demand. Most grasses typically recover quite well from a drought, but many property owners become concerned about the brown appearance and increase watering during the summer months.

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Maintaining a rough lawn requires only occasional cutting with a suitable machine, or grazing by animals. Maintaining a smooth and closely cut lawn, be it for aesthetic or practical reasons or because

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an interest in using indigenous species for lawns, especially considering their lower water requirements. Lawns are also established in garden areas as well as used for the surface of sporting fields.

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made it difficult to maintain the cultural standards that had become heavily associated with the lawn due to grass seed shortages in Europe, America's main supplier. Still, seed distributors such as

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grass-dominated vegetation were rare in the eastern part of the continent, enough so that settlers were warned that it would be difficult to find land suitable for grazing cattle. In 1780, the

2088:. The appearance of a healthy lawn was meant to imply the health of the man taking care of it; controlled weeds and strict boundaries became a practical application of the desire to control 4357: 2262:

and many local governments. The use of pesticides and other chemicals to care for lawns has also led to the death of nearly 7 million birds each year, a topic that was central to the novel

3442:"Russell, E. 2001. War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, USA" 4101: 2254:

An increased concern from the general public over pesticide and fertilizer use and their associated health risks, combined with the implementation of the legislation, such as the US

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Front lawns became standardized in the 1930s when, over time, specific aspects such as grass type and maintenance methods became popular. The lawn-care industry boomed, but the

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The origins of the popularity of contemporary lawns comes from 18th-century trends replicating the romantic aestheticism of grassy pastoralism from Italian landscape paintings.

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It was not until the 17th and 18th century that the garden and the lawn became a place created first as walkways and social areas. They were made up of meadow plants, such as

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over time to view the lawn as part of the household, as an essential furnishing, and to encourage their husbands to maintain a lawn for the family and community reputation.

928:. Until then, Americans had typically worked half days on Saturdays, leaving little time to focus on their lawns. With this legislation and the housing boom following the 1854:(turf), plant 'liners', or 'sprig' new lawns, when the soil is warmer and air cooler. Seeding is the least expensive, but may take longer for the lawn to be established. 1920:

they use in production. Experts advise that a healthy lawn contains at least some "weeds" and insects, discouraging indiscriminate use of potentially harmful chemicals.

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Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, who paid the costs of development and acquired rights to manufacture and sell lawn mowers and to

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Various organic and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant or time-release applications. Pesticides, which includes biological and chemical

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epoch of gardening began; during this period, the closely cut "English" lawn was born. By the end of this period, the English lawn was a symbol of status of the

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Due to the harmful effects of excessive pesticide use, fertilizer use, climate change and pollution, a movement developed in the late 20th century to require

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in the mid-Victorian period, the lawn mower was used to craft modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches and grass courts for the nascent sports of

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There are differences in the particulars of lawn maintenance and appearance, such as the length of the grass, species (and therefore its color), and mowing.

932:, managed grass spaces became more commonplace. The creation in the early 20th century of country clubs and golf courses completed the rise of lawn culture. 713:

From the 19th century, the cultivation of lawns, especially for sports, became a middle-class obsession in England. Pictured, a lawnmower advertisement from

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community began the first industrial production of high-quality grass seed in North America, and a number of seed companies and nurseries were founded in

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offers higher aesthetic and wildlife value. Growing a mixed variety of flowering plants instead of turfgrass is sometimes referred to as meadowscaping.

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experience shade in some shape or form due to surrounding fences, furniture, trees or hedges and these grass seed species' are especially useful in the

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In recent years, some municipalities have banned synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and required organic land care techniques be used. There are many

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Lawns began to proliferate in America from the 1870s onwards. As more plants were introduced from Europe, lawns became smaller as they were filled with

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Alumai, Alfred. "Urban Lawn Management: Addressing the Entomological, Agronomic, Economic, and Social Drivers." PhD., Ohio State University, 2008.

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and shearing the grass were required to maintain the lawn in its correct state, and most of the land in England was required for more functional,

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Whitney, Kristoffer (2010). "Living Lawns, Dying Waters: The Suburban Boom, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Dilemma".

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Whitney, Kristoffer (2010). "Living Lawns, Dying Waters: The Suburban Boom, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Dilemma".

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Whitney, Kristoffer (2010). "Living Lawns, Dying Waters: The Suburban Boom, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Dilemma".

4275: 4233:"Emerging from the Wilderness: (or, From Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas" 5389: 4954: 3677: 3561: 2308:. Lawns with high maintenance (mowing, irrigation, and leaf blowing) and high fertilization rates have a net emission of carbon dioxide and 4897: 902:

Much of the new grasses brought by Europeans spread quickly and effectively, often ahead of the colonists. One such species, Bermuda grass (

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not native to the area, particularly in the United States. This can produce a habitat that supports a reduced number of wildlife species.

1553: 4109: 565:. The increased availability of these grasses meant they were in plentiful supply for parks and residential areas, not just livestock. 4056: 3548: 3488: 764:

and her husband, exemplified the incorporation of the well manicured lawn into suburban life. Suburbs dramatically increased in size.

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The lawn as a reflection of someone's character and the neighborhood at large is not restricted to films; the same theme appears in

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Bornstein, Carol, Fross, David, and O'Brien, Bart; 'California Native Plants for the Garden;' Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA; 2005;

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Most lawn-care equipment over the decades has been advertised to men, and companies have long associated good lawn-care with good

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has encouraged gardeners to refrain from mowing in the month of May to encourage plant diversity and provide nectar for insects.

1875: 2689: 2092:, as well as an expression of control over personal lives once working full-time became central to suburban success. Women were 965:

Chemical producers unwilling to lose business propagate the ideal of a lawn, making it seem unattainable without chemical aid.

3981: 3868: 3553: 2907: 2459: 1000: 197:(or sometimes grazing animals) and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes—it is also commonly referred to as part of a 154: 60: 2164:. They may permanently linger in the environment and negatively affect the health of potentially all nearby organisms. The 1702:

Some plants native to Eastern North America that can be used as alternatives to grass lawns or incorporated into lawns are:

575:, in 1806, but many others had tried to emulate English landscaping before he did. Over time, an increasing number towns in 2828: 5068: 3642: 714: 699: 640: 299: 2982: 721:

This went hand-in-hand with a booming consumer market for lawns from the 1860s onward. With the increasing popularity of

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mower trial at the London Horticultural Gardens. Thus began a great expansion in the lawn mower production in the 1860s.

4399: 4361: 2305: 123: 592: 4020: 3832: 2255: 687: 538: 3904: 3886: 3134: 2780: 1967: 1776: 988: 150: 4812:"Rebecca Pineo, Botanic Gardens Intern Susan Barton, Extension Specialist. Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass" 4380: 3507:

Trudgill, Stephan; Jeffery, Angus; Parker, John (2010). "Climate Change and the Resilience of the Domestic Lawn".

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The open "English style" of parkland first spread across Britain and Ireland, and then across Europe, such as the

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Lawns and the resulting lawn clipping waste can be used as an ingredient in making compost and is also viewed as

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their color well in extreme cold and typically grow very dense, carpetlike lawns with relatively little thatch.

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industry as 'sedge' alternatives for 'grass' in mowed lawns and garden meadows. Both low-growing and spreading

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Lawns may have originated as grassed enclosures within early medieval settlements used for communal grazing of

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Before the mechanical lawn mower, the upkeep of lawns was possible only for the extremely wealthy estates and

1946:, among other methods, to sustain an attractive lawn in a safe garden. An example of an organic herbicide is 5084: 2471:

Shern, Lois C.; Sloan, Ann C. (1996). "The Impact of the American Lawn Ideal on Environmental Liveability".

2392: 2123: 2119: 1935: 1766: 1386: 1352: 973: 924:

A pivotal factor in the spread of the lawn in America was the passage of legislation in 1938 of the 40-hour

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Dickinson, Greg (2006). "The Pleasantville Effect: Nostalgia and the Visual Framing of (White) Suburbia".

2363: 1756: 1315: 116: 38: 3922: 2938: 5384: 5120: 2227: 2133:

Other concerns, criticisms, and ordinances regarding lawns arise from wider environmental consequences:

2064:

and societal norms by subtly excluding those who may not have been able to afford a house with a lawn.

1923: 1721: 1331: 961: 874: 636: 31: 678: 4496:

Milesi, Cristina; S.W. Running; C.D. Elvidge; J.B. Dietz; B.T. Tuttle; R.R. Nemani (8 November 2005).

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in the United States let American ex-servicemen buy homes without providing a down payment, while the

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has long been given credit for being the first person to attempt an English-style lawn at his estate,

5095: 4848: 4769: 4721: 4591: 4414: 3516: 2733: 2529: 2301: 2034: 1927: 1706: 1691: 1675: 1412: 746: 409: 405: 303: 2960: 2518:"Impact of mowing frequency on arthropod abundance and diversity in urban habitats: A meta-analysis" 5379: 2337: 2161: 2074: 2041: 1832: 1716: 1711: 1640: 1518: 1514: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1294: 1182: 1007: 620: 318: 274: 4849:"From vacant land to urban fallows: a permacultural approach to wasted land in cities and suburbs" 1812:

Seasonal lawn establishment and care varies depending on the climate zone and type of lawn grown.

5100: 4878: 4793: 4690: 4607: 4525: 4173: 4051: 3624: 3352: 3309: 3266: 3116: 3006: 2757: 2146: 2085: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1824: 1801: 1791: 1746: 1736: 1481: 1423: 797: 581: 3604: 2237:, 50 to 70% of residential water is used for landscaping, with most used to water lawns. A 2005 968: 4329: 4323:"Rebecca Pineo. Susan Barton. Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape" 1950:, which releases an 'organic dipeptide' into the soil to inhibit root formation of germinating 5212: 4995: 4980: 4965: 4950: 4870: 4785: 4533: 4517: 4476: 4430: 4400:"The effects of household management practices on the global warming potential of urban lawns" 4136: 4132: 3940: 3724: 3697: 3673: 3575: 3567: 3557: 3484: 3461: 3403: 3344: 3301: 3258: 3195: 2903: 2749: 2695: 2545: 2455: 2428: 2329: 1978: 1731: 1600: 1078: 761: 479: 244: 238:

The term "lawn", referring to a managed grass space, dates to at least the 16th century. With

5023: 4811: 2490: 5150: 5110: 4860: 4777: 4729: 4599: 4509: 4422: 4244: 4213: 4165: 3616: 3524: 3453: 3336: 3293: 3250: 3108: 2816: 2741: 2537: 2369: 2069: 1947: 1741: 1659: 1592: 1581: 1428: 1375: 1028: 980: 929: 904: 663: 568: 470: 432: 367:

and shearing. In most situations, they were also pasture land maintained through grazing by

266: 168: 4709: 3428: 882:

Prior to European colonization, the grasses on the East Coast of North America were mostly

639:

near Stroud. Among the other companies manufacturing under license the most successful was

5308: 5298: 5130: 3543: 2989: 2978: 2022: 2017: 1983: 1796: 1771: 1683: 1174: 883: 750: 742: 597: 494: 436: 359:

in 1830, lawns were managed very differently. They were an element of wealthy estates and

5019: 2316:. Lawns that are fertilized, irrigated, and mowed weekly have a lower species diversity. 404:. Lawns similar to those of today first appeared in France and England in the 1700s when 4773: 4725: 4595: 4418: 3741: 3520: 3395: 3038: 2808: 2737: 2533: 1576: 5369: 5348: 5323: 5318: 5160: 5125: 4217: 3772: 2992:", the patent number was assigned sometime after 1852 and took the form of "6080/1830". 2804: 2377: 2333: 2198: 1904: 1761: 1726: 1679: 1671: 1648: 1624: 1074: 1037: 849: 793: 777: 523: 502: 498: 428: 294: 4498:"Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States" 4071: 3850: 2721: 1954:

seeds. An example of an organic alternative to insecticide use is applying beneficial

5363: 5338: 5217: 4923:

The Edible Front Yard: The Mow-Less, Grow-More Plan for a Beautiful, Bountiful Garden

4882: 4177: 4125: 3814: 3628: 3120: 2761: 2745: 2387: 2348: 2344: 2309: 2285: 2269: 2264: 2234: 2093: 1786: 1781: 1751: 1667: 1628: 1606: 1562: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1249: 945: 913: 785: 758: 757:

at the turn of the 20th century. The garden suburb, developed through the efforts of

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However, his model had two crucial drawbacks. It was immensely heavy (it was made of

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in many parts of the world. They are created for aesthetic pleasure, as well as for

1052: 5343: 5195: 5033: 4075: 3988: 2214: 2178: 2138: 2100: 2061: 2005: 1963: 1863: 1855: 1843: 1663: 1655: 1644: 1588: 1461: 1382: 1371: 1149: 1102: 984: 870: 809: 765: 695: 562: 514: 510: 506: 483: 466: 447: 206: 202: 128: 4426: 1193: 4710:"Correction to "Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf"" 4470: 4232: 3528: 2897: 2451: 2422: 972:

A high school principal caring for the school lawn; from a 1916–1917 yearbook in

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Lawns take up space that could otherwise be used more productively, such as for

2081: 2057: 2053: 1896: 1473: 1432: 1417: 1390: 1258: 940: 891: 789: 703: 671: 613: 605: 576: 518: 490: 462: 451: 401: 360: 340: 332: 190: 108: 4830:"Meadowscaping is a Trendy Lawn Alternative- Here's How to Try It in Your Yard" 4651: 2691:

The Green Leap: A Primer for Conserving Biodiversity in Subdivision Development

2541: 5248: 5231: 5185: 5180: 4603: 4513: 4169: 3620: 3112: 2641: 2359: 2157: 2009: 1994: 1858:

just before planting/seeding may promote deeper root growth and thicker turf.

1440: 1141: 1133: 949: 730: 691: 572: 393: 356: 322: 321:

reserved for agriculture. The word "laune" is first attested in 1540 from the

210: 194: 4874: 4789: 4248: 3571: 3465: 3441: 3407: 3138: 2753: 2549: 5268: 5258: 5236: 5222: 5175: 3579: 3457: 2397: 2382: 2289: 2153: 2142: 2127: 2049: 1900: 1892: 1850:

Early autumn, spring, and early summer are the primary seasons to seed, lay

1687: 1674:. Trees and shrubs in close proximity to lawns provide habitat for birds in 1651: 1636: 1343: 1145: 1023: 953: 925: 781: 659: 443: 372: 314: 143: 134: 4521: 4434: 3958: 3348: 3340: 3305: 3297: 3262: 3254: 1839: 2963:, Passmore Jr., Everett G., "Lawn Mower", published 1869-02-23 2060:– lawn care has long been associated with men. These lawns also reinforce 5313: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5145: 4734: 2223: 2145:, which can also kill unintended target species. They may be composed of 2046: 1955: 1908: 1613: 1596: 1378: 1324: 1306: 1222: 1187: 1178: 1090: 887: 726: 239: 112: 5028: 4865: 4088: 2193: 2025:

greater than 8, lawns may need to be maintained up to two times a week.

1990: 1820: 17: 5328: 5293: 5115: 4797: 4757: 4398:

Gu, Guanhui; Crane, Johne; Hornberger, George; Caricco, Amanda (2015).

4384: 3099:

Clapson, Mark (2000). "The suburban aspiration in England since 1919".

3064: 2612: 2186: 2001: 1828: 1401: 1287: 1240: 1155: 1086: 996: 709: 646: 632: 558: 397: 389: 363:, and in some places were maintained by the labor-intensive methods of 345: 256: 186: 139: 4204:

Sedgman, K (1997). "Cutting Grass: In Search of the Australian Male".

2565:"Native Landscaping vs. Exotic Landscaping: What Should We Recommend?" 908:), became the most important pasture grass for the southern colonies. 5190: 5170: 5135: 5105: 5043: 3605:"'Nature Strip': Australian Suburbia and the Enculturation of Nature" 2089: 1632: 1394: 1278: 1231: 1117: 1113: 1098: 1082: 1061: 895: 769: 738: 734: 722: 625: 609: 455: 392:

is practiced still have these seminatural lawns. For example, in the

376: 364: 336: 307: 198: 4781: 2981:. This source indicates the patent number as "6,080". According to " 2340:

and neighborhood covenants that give these norms the force of law."

2152:

Lawn maintenance commonly involves use of fertilizers and synthetic

1997:

removes dead grass and decomposing materials that build up in a lawn

1874: 400:, such grazed areas are common, and are known as lawns, for example 78:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 4652:"Answers to Commonly Asked Questions from Dealers and Distributors" 3153: 5283: 5263: 5207: 5202: 5140: 5053: 2300:

A 2010 study seemed to show lawn care inputs were balanced by the

2210: 2192: 2170: 2000: 1989: 1977: 1959: 1838: 1819: 1620: 1575: 1366: 1192: 1159:

The area on the right has not been mown since the previous autumn.

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1803 painting of the main elements of the English landscape garden

528: 427: 384: 380: 368: 293: 149: 133: 122: 107: 4448: 2452:

Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are

5303: 5226: 4627:"California moves toward ban on gas lawnmowers and leaf blowers" 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3226:

Bormann, F. Herbert; Balmori, Diana; Geballe, Gordon T. (1995).

2935:"History of British Gardening Series – Georgian and Regency era" 2919:

Bormann, F. Herbert; Balmori, Diana; Geballe, Gordon T. (1995).

2293: 2238: 1951: 1912: 1137: 1094: 1065: 5057: 5029:

Integrated Pest Management Program: website & search-engine

2126:

and properties. In the United Kingdom, the environmental group

2118:

In response to environmental concerns, organic landscaping and

635:

other manufacturers. Together they made mowers in a factory at

201:. Lawns are usually composed only of grass species, subject to 5044:"EPA Management of Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" 4758:"The Primary Productivity of Lawns in a Temperate Environment" 2343:

In urban and suburban spaces, growing food in front yards and

1851: 1213: 215: 43: 2209:

Maintaining a green lawn sometimes requires large amounts of

796:, where the grass grew more poorly. This in combination with 174: 2288:, lawn heights are generally maintained by gasoline-powered 4276:"Mow problem: gardeners encouraged not to cut lawns in May" 4014:"Why We Support a Province-wide Ban on Cosmetic Pesticides" 3905:"Plant Native Ground Covers & Make America Green Again" 4898:"Growing food on parking strips and in front yard gardens" 2664:"Plants in the Classroom: The Story of Oklahoma Turfgrass" 1132:

alone. Other plants for lawn-like usable garden areas are

643:

of Ipswich which began mower production as early as 1832.

3869:"Beauty and Biodiversity: Native Ground Covers for Shade" 3370: 3368: 3366: 3192:

American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn.

1690:

can be an ideal alternative to a traditional grass lawn.

628:, and he was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830. 619:

This all changed with the invention of the lawn mower by

446:, a particular favourite. In the early 17th century, the 281:) that originally meant heath, barren land, or clearing. 4992:

American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn

4557:"Where Lawns Are Outlawed (and Dug Up, and Carted Away)" 3396:"Are Bugs the Pests, or Humans? Organic Lawns Take Hold" 1497:(foothill sedge) (cultivar 'Santa Cruz Mnts. selection') 1128:

Lawns need not be, and have not always been, made up of

1120:

which is fed to livestock as a sustainable feed source.

3154:"Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates" 2304:

benefits of lawns, and they may not be contributors to

2222:

observed 1995 data that up to 90% of the water used in

461:

In the early 18th century, landscape gardening for the

235:

may be used, depending on the sport and the continent.

67: 2242:

required to keep up United States' lawn surface area.

4708:

Townsend-Small, Amy; Czimczik, Claudia (March 2010).

3085:

Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National

177: 4206:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy

3987:. The Coalition for a Healthy Ottawa. Archived from 3887:"Recommended Native Groundcovers for North Carolina" 3135:"Henrietta Barnett and the Beginnings of the Suburb" 3032: 3030: 3028: 171: 27:

Area of land planted with grasses and similar plants

3375:Palliser, Janna (2010). "How green is your lawn?". 2857:Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" 2516:Proske, Anja; Lokatis, Sophie; Rolff, Jens (2022). 4381:"Organic farming combats global warming--big time" 4124: 1370:species and cultivars are well represented in the 5039:Lawn Care University at Michigan State University 3833:"Creeping Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) for Lawn" 3003:"People at the cutting edge: lawnmower designers" 4089:UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. 2169:placed restrictions on the use of the herbicide 2012:in addition to leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. 3009:/Association of Gardens Trusts). Archived from 2722:"The Lawn-Chemical Economy and Its Discontents" 2454:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. 1970:approach is a coordinated low impact approach. 608:of the aristocracy. Labor-intensive methods of 412:that included a small area of grass called the 185:) is an area of soil-covered land planted with 3982:"Private Property Pesticide By-laws In Canada" 193:which are maintained at a short height with a 5069: 4260: 4258: 4047:"Ontario to prohibit cosmetic-use pesticides" 3483:. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 18. 2983:British patent numbers 1617–1852 (old series) 2720:Robbins, Paul; Sharp, Julie (November 2003). 2260:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2166:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2033:The prevalence of the lawns in films such as 1411:also use them for 'user-friendly' areas. The 666:for the production of the much lighter alloy 465:entered a golden age, under the direction of 8: 4977:The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession 4472:Water in Australia: Resources and Management 3672:. Ohio: Swallow Press. pp. Chapter 20. 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2899:The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession 2403:List of organic gardening and farming topics 414: 37:"Lawns" redirects here. For other uses, see 4964:. Lawns: Ch. 3: pp. 26–33. Macmillan. 3502: 3500: 2892: 2890: 2497:. National Science Foundation. 11 July 2018 1627:. An example of this is the floral lawn in 1040:has improved the ability to maintain them. 5076: 5062: 5054: 4194:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. 3552:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 1116:, used in the production of lawn clipping 956:, but also natural resources like water. 768:went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while 5048:includes mismanagement of lawns problems. 4864: 4733: 3544:"Richardson, Mervyn Victor (1894 - 1972)" 3212:America’s Romance with the English Garden 2829:"Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716–1783)" 2446: 2444: 670:and advances in motorization such as the 94:Learn how and when to remove this message 4672:"Lawns may contribute to global warming" 3598: 3596: 1869: 1393:grass replacements for lawns and garden 983:of the 1930s and in the period prior to 209:, maintained in a green color (e.g., by 4317: 4315: 2414: 2156:, which can cause great harm. Some are 4352: 4350: 4045:Mittelstaedt, Martin (22 April 2008). 1974:Mowing and other maintenance practices 1631:. Other alternatives to lawns include 1060:Lawns are a common feature of private 328:"heath, moor, barren land; clearing". 3923:"Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica)" 3771:. Gardening Australia. Archived from 2715: 2713: 2711: 1846:is one method used to maintain a lawn 1197:Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant 375:. Areas of grass grazed regularly by 7: 4300:Arvidson, Adam (2013). "Lawn Gone". 3796:"Rethinking lawn with native yarrow" 3230:. Yale University Press. p. 64. 3214:by Thomas J. Mickey, 2013. Cited at 2923:. Yale University Press. p. 19. 2563:Hostetler, Mark E.; Main, Martin B. 2122:systems have been developed and are 706:, invented the first riding mowers. 600:Hall, Yorkshire, England, circa 1889 493:(where he also designed the house), 4938:Bormann, F. Herbert, et al. (1993) 4407:Journal of Environmental Management 4102:"High Weed/Grass Complaint Process" 3643:"Making Silage from Lawn Clippings" 3063:. Thelawnmower.info. Archived from 2970:; see pg 1, col 2. For a copy, see 2785:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007 2662:Mitchell, Shelley (November 2020). 2522:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2491:"Are our lawns biological deserts?" 1177:with cooler summers, and others to 4383:. Rodale Institute. Archived from 4302:Landscape of Architecture Magazine 4218:10.1002/j.1467-8438.1997.tb00284.x 3767:Lunn, Matthew (7 September 2004). 3692:Huxley, A., ed. (1992). Lawns. In 3549:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2694:. University of California Press. 1056:Newly seeded, fertilized and mowed 831:that require organic landscaping. 25: 5005:Wasowski, Sally and Andy (2004). 3742:"How to grow grass seed in shade" 2902:. Smithsonian Institution, 1994. 1587:Some lawns are replaced with low 960:pressure comes from neighbors or 698:lawn mower in 1893. Around 1900, 189:and other durable plants such as 4625:Willon, Phil (10 October 2021). 4274:Horton, Helena (29 April 2022). 4158:Western Journal of Communication 4070:Benzie, Robert (22 April 2008). 3980:Christie, Mike (13 March 2007). 3855:University of Maryland Extension 3479:Teysott, Georges (1 June 1999). 2783:, Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2746:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00366.x 2362: 1879:Lawn growth, 20-hour time lapse 1873: 1427:(dune sedge) expansively in the 873:concert on the west lawn of the 859: 848: 167: 48: 4962:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 4847:Korsunsky, Alex (7 July 2019). 3769:"Fact Sheet: Lawn Alternatives" 3694:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 2427:. SAGE. 2010. pp. 441–45. 2124:mandated in some municipalities 1409:natural landscaping and gardens 4555:Fountain, Henry (3 May 2022). 4127:Landscaping from the Ground Up 3794:Singer, Carolyn (3 May 2015). 3554:Australian National University 3440:Steen-Adams, Michelle (2002). 3394:Land, Leslie (12 April 2007). 3089:, first broadcast 6 June 2010. 3061:"The History of the LawnMower" 2864:.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157–183) 2593:. Etymonline.com. 10 June 1927 1986:maintaining even and low grass 1022:The appearance of the lawn in 1001:Federal Housing Administration 753:and the creation of the first 745:was heavily influenced by the 641:Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies 331:Lawns became popular with the 155:San Francisco Botanical Garden 1: 4940:Redesigning the American Lawn 4896:Cogger, Craig George (2019). 4427:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.008 4123:Trapp, Sara Jane Von (1997). 3961:. Royal Horticultural Society 3427:NASA Earth Observatory, 2003 3228:Redesigning the American Lawn 2921:Redesigning the American Lawn 2835:. Kew Gardens. Archived from 2813:. Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. 2591:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2424:Encyclopedia of Urban Studies 2230:was used for watering lawns. 2073:(1925), by American novelist 5390:Hydrology and urban planning 5020:"Planting and care of Lawns" 4925:. Timber Press, 2011. pg. 8. 4853:Journal of Political Ecology 4714:Geophysical Research Letters 4362:National Wildlife Federation 3529:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.002 3101:Contemporary British History 2306:anthropogenic global warming 2292:, which contribute to urban 1835:to spread seed or fertilizer 1580:One of ground cover plants, 1540:Smooth Stalked Meadow Grass) 829:locations with organic lawns 408:designed the gardens of the 5034:How to look after your Lawn 4902:Washington State University 4836:. Better Homes and Gardens. 4475:. Oxford University Press. 4469:Smith, David Ingle (1998). 4072:"Pesticide ban set to grow" 3210:Influence of catalogs: See 2688:Hostetler, Mark E. (2012). 2256:Food Quality Protection Act 1567:Strong Creeping Red Fescue) 526:and others from the 1710s. 471:Lancelot "Capability" Brown 74:the claims made and adding 5406: 4762:Journal of Applied Ecology 4358:"Cut Your Lawn - In Half!" 4131:. Taunton Press. pp. 3731:, 0-9628505-9-4. pp. 74-5. 3005:. Parks & Gardens UK ( 2833:Kew History & Heritage 2542:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127714 1968:Integrated Pest Management 989:Scotts Miracle-Gro Company 489:His work still endures at 300:Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte 265:which is derived from the 36: 29: 5091: 5024:UNT Govt. Documents Dept. 4677:Christian Science Monitor 4604:10.1007/s11252-008-0073-8 4514:10.1007/s00267-004-0316-2 4170:10.1080/10570310600843504 3815:"If Not Lawn, Then What?" 3621:10.1177/07255136030741005 3542:Wood, Richard V. (2002). 3113:10.1080/13619460008581576 2668:Oklahoma State University 2617:Oxford English Dictionary 1903:, treating diseases like 1887:Fertilizers and chemicals 1808:Lawn care and maintenance 1572:Ground cover alternatives 1152:that can be walked upon. 4994:. W.W. Norton & Co. 4960:Huxley, A., ed. (1992). 4945:Hessayon, D. G. (1997). 4502:Environmental Management 4249:10.3197/0967340042772676 4091:access date: 25 May 2010 3927:illinoiswildflowers.info 3041:. The Old Lawnmower Club 3037:The Old Lawnmower Club. 2314:global warming potential 1962:, such as the larvae of 1958:to combat soil-dwelling 1451:(cultivar 'The Beatles') 1064:, public landscapes and 737:and others. The rise of 475:English landscape garden 355:Before the invention of 5007:Requiem for a Lawnmower 4975:Jenkins, V. S. (1994). 4691:"Retrieved 17 May 2010" 4237:Environment and History 3458:10.5751/es-00407-060201 2988:17 October 2011 at the 2977:1 February 2012 at the 2781:Encyclopædia Britannica 2571:. University of Florida 2393:Organic lawn management 2268:by the conservationist 2120:organic lawn management 1936:biological pest control 1911:of Quebec and over 130 1647:habitat gardens, paved 1389:as low-maintenance and 1387:sustainable landscaping 1353:Pennisetum clandestinum 1299:Stenotaphrum secundatum 1038:rainwater storage tanks 1014:in the modern context. 974:Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 822:organic lawn management 546:French landscape garden 517:village), in traces at 435:'s landscape design at 278: 4990:Steinberg, T. (2006). 4756:Falk, John H. (1980). 4231:Coates, Peter (2004). 4190:Fitzgerald, F. Scott. 3668:Logsdon, Gene (2004). 3603:Hogan, Trevor (2003). 3341:10.1353/tech.2010.0033 3329:Technology and Culture 3298:10.1353/tech.2010.0033 3286:Technology and Culture 3255:10.1353/tech.2010.0033 3243:Technology and Culture 3194:W.W. Norton & Co. 3190:Steinberg, T. (2006). 2638:"Etymology for "lawn"" 2201: 2110:Environmental concerns 2013: 1998: 1987: 1847: 1836: 1584: 1316:Eremochloa ophiuroides 1198: 1160: 1057: 976: 962:homeowner associations 718: 655: 601: 544:being replaced by the 534: 486:are often overlooked. 439: 415: 310: 247:in surrounding areas. 158: 147: 131: 120: 117:University of Virginia 39:Lawns (disambiguation) 4979:. Smithsonian Books. 3696:3: 26-33. Macmillan. 2937:. BBC. Archived from 2896:Jenkins, Virginia S. 2347:can not only provide 2196: 2008:clean up debris from 2004: 1993: 1981: 1924:Sustainable gardening 1842: 1823: 1757:Allegheny pachysandra 1712:Virginia springbeauty 1698:Eastern North America 1579: 1336:Bouteloua dactyloides 1196: 1158: 1055: 971: 875:U.S. Capitol Building 712: 649: 595: 532: 431: 420:, or "green carpet". 297: 153: 137: 126: 111: 32:Lawn (disambiguation) 5096:Artificial waterfall 4735:10.1029/2010GL042735 3873:Direct Native Plants 3446:Conservation Ecology 2473:Human Ecology Review 2324:Non-productive space 2302:carbon sequestration 2280:Environmental impact 2162:endocrine disruptors 1928:organic horticulture 1816:Planting and seeding 1742:Canadian wild ginger 1554:Festuca trachyphylla 1508:Grass seed for shade 1413:J. Paul Getty Museum 1247:Feather reed grass ( 1183:continental climates 1124:Types of lawn plants 911:Kentucky bluegrass ( 747:garden city movement 588:Middle class pursuit 410:Palace of Versailles 127:The lawn of a small 30:For other uses, see 4866:10.2458/v26i1.22949 4774:1980JApEc..17..689F 4726:2010GeoRL..37.6707T 4596:2009UrbEc..12..127A 4419:2015JEnvM.151..233G 4368:on 9 February 2012. 4280:www.theguardian.com 4106:City of Akron, Ohio 4026:on 16 December 2008 3775:on 3 September 2009 3521:2010AppGe..30..177T 3141:on 6 December 2013. 3013:on 26 February 2012 2972:Google Patents copy 2941:on 16 February 2010 2810:On Modern Gardening 2738:2003Antip..35..955R 2534:2022UFUG...7627714P 2338:zoning restrictions 2086:marketing campaigns 2075:F. Scott Fitzgerald 2042:Edward Scissorhands 1932:organic fertilizers 1827:can be attached to 1825:Broadcast spreaders 1686:. In shaded areas, 1635:, drought-tolerant 1519:Northwestern Europe 1515:Northern Hemisphere 1465:(blue sedge) (syn. 1421:(meadow sedge) and 1295:St. Augustine grass 1267:Warm season grasses 1256:Tufted hair grass ( 1202:Cool season grasses 694:patented the first 621:Edwin Beard Budding 473:. They refined the 317:, as distinct from 157:lawn, United States 4680:, 22 January 2010. 4561:The New York Times 4059:on 28 August 2008. 4052:The Globe and Mail 3959:"Autumn lawn care" 3851:"Groundcover List" 3813:Kleinrock, Scott. 3670:All Flesh Is Grass 3400:The New York Times 3007:University of York 2220:Water in Australia 2205:Water conservation 2202: 2147:introduced species 2014: 1999: 1988: 1944:companion planting 1940:beneficial insects 1848: 1837: 1802:Spotted cranesbill 1797:Purple wood sorrel 1787:Dwarf crested iris 1782:Common blue violet 1762:Woodland stonecrop 1641:natural landscapes 1585: 1529:subsp. commutata ( 1449:Carex caryophyllea 1424:Carex praegracilis 1361:Grass alternatives 1199: 1161: 1058: 977: 719: 656: 602: 535: 440: 311: 159: 148: 142:lawn at a club in 132: 121: 59:possibly contains 5357: 5356: 5213:Herbaceous border 4955:978-0-903505-48-2 4631:Los Angeles Times 4112:on 9 August 2010. 3909:choosenatives.org 3746:icanlawn.com Blog 3679:978-0-8040-1068-9 3649:. 23 October 2014 3563:978-0-522-84459-7 3509:Applied Geography 3481:The American Lawn 3152:Hollow, Matthew. 2839:on 8 October 2012 2330:urban agriculture 2137:Lawns can reduce 1930:methods, such as 1884: 1883: 1660:butterfly gardens 1607:purple flowering 1429:Sculpture Gardens 804:The chemical boom 762:Henrietta Barnett 480:Charles Bridgeman 245:biodiversity loss 104: 103: 96: 61:original research 16:(Redirected from 5397: 5151:Garden buildings 5111:Borrowed scenery 5078: 5071: 5064: 5055: 4926: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4868: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4695:sciencedaily.com 4687: 4681: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4536:on 16 March 2010 4532:. Archived from 4493: 4487: 4486: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4387:on 12 June 2009. 4376: 4370: 4369: 4364:. Archived from 4354: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4335:on 9 August 2017 4334: 4328:. Archived from 4327: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4192:The Great Gatsby 4188: 4182: 4181: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4130: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4108:. Archived from 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4055:. Archived from 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4019:. Archived from 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3748:. 24 August 2022 3738: 3732: 3721: 3704: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3372: 3361: 3360: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3188: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137:. Archived from 3131: 3125: 3124: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3034: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2910: 2894: 2865: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2819: 2817:Internet Archive 2814: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2776:"Lancelot Brown" 2772: 2766: 2765: 2717: 2706: 2705: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2569:wec.ifas.ufl.edu 2560: 2554: 2553: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2468: 2462: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2419: 2372: 2370:Gardening portal 2367: 2366: 2312:that have large 2070:The Great Gatsby 1948:corn gluten meal 1877: 1870: 1722:Dwarf cinquefoil 1684:wildlife gardens 1582:common bearberry 1531:Chewings Fescue) 1491:(mountain sedge) 1457:(Berkeley sedge) 1391:drought-tolerant 1385:are used in for 1313:Centipedegrass ( 1175:oceanic climates 1029:Victa lawn mower 981:Great Depression 930:Second World War 905:Cynodon dactylon 863: 852: 664:Bessemer process 569:Thomas Jefferson 552:In North America 433:Capability Brown 424:The English lawn 418: 267:Common Brittonic 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 99: 92: 88: 85: 79: 76:inline citations 52: 51: 44: 21: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5375:Garden features 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5309:Stepping stones 5299:Reflecting pool 5087: 5085:Garden features 5082: 5016: 4947:The Lawn Expert 4935: 4933:Further reading 4930: 4929: 4921:Soler, Ivette. 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4782:10.2307/2402647 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4670: 4666: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3994:on 3 March 2016 3991: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3941:"Salvia lyrata" 3939: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3564: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3209: 3205: 3189: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3067:on 22 July 2011 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3039:"Mower History" 3036: 3035: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2990:Wayback Machine 2979:Wayback Machine 2966: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2895: 2868: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2805:Walpole, Horace 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2719: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2450:Robbins, Paul. 2449: 2442: 2435: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2326: 2282: 2252: 2228:drought periods 2207: 2112: 2031: 2023:hardiness zones 2018:social pressure 1984:lawn-mowing bot 1976: 1889: 1818: 1810: 1777:Blue-eyed grass 1717:Wild strawberry 1700: 1672:kitchen gardens 1574: 1510: 1482:C. praegracilis 1363: 1269: 1204: 1170: 1126: 1050: 1020: 880: 879: 878: 877: 866: 865: 864: 855: 854: 853: 844: 843: 837: 818: 806: 759:social reformer 751:Ebenezer Howard 743:interwar period 739:Suburbanisation 654:lawnmower, 1902 598:Kirkby Fleetham 590: 584:ended in 1865. 554: 495:Blenheim Palace 437:Badminton House 426: 357:mowing machines 298:Gardens of the 292: 287: 253: 170: 166: 100: 89: 83: 80: 65: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5349:Zig-zag bridge 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Sylvan theater 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Garden railway 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5015: 5014:External links 5012: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4988: 4973: 4958: 4943: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4888: 4859:(1): 282–304. 4839: 4828:Readel, Anne. 4820: 4803: 4768:(3): 689–695. 4748: 4700: 4682: 4674:by Judy Lowe, 4664: 4661:. August 1998. 4643: 4617: 4590:(2): 127–144. 4573: 4547: 4508:(3): 426–438. 4488: 4481: 4461: 4449:"Hosepipe ban" 4440: 4390: 4379:Sayre, Laura. 4371: 4346: 4311: 4292: 4266: 4254: 4223: 4212:(3): 143–147. 4196: 4183: 4164:(3): 212–233. 4148: 4141: 4115: 4093: 4081: 4062: 4037: 4005: 3972: 3950: 3945:wildflower.org 3932: 3914: 3896: 3878: 3875:. 8 July 2022. 3860: 3842: 3824: 3819:The Huntington 3805: 3786: 3759: 3733: 3705: 3685: 3678: 3660: 3634: 3592: 3562: 3534: 3515:(1): 177–190. 3496: 3490:978-1568981604 3489: 3471: 3432: 3420: 3386: 3362: 3335:(3): 666–672. 3319: 3292:(3): 664–666. 3276: 3249:(3): 662–663. 3233: 3218: 3203: 3166: 3144: 3126: 3091: 3087:Ockham's Razor 3078: 3052: 3024: 2994: 2952: 2926: 2911: 2866: 2859:Garden History 2850: 2820: 2796: 2767: 2732:(5): 955–979. 2707: 2700: 2680: 2654: 2629: 2604: 2582: 2555: 2508: 2482: 2463: 2440: 2433: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2378:Bacterial lawn 2374: 2373: 2357: 2354: 2345:parking strips 2334:home gardening 2325: 2322: 2281: 2278: 2251: 2248: 2226:during summer 2206: 2203: 2199:lawn sprinkler 2191: 2190: 2182: 2174: 2150: 2111: 2108: 2052:as well as of 2030: 2029:Social impacts 2027: 1975: 1972: 1964:chafer beetles 1913:municipalities 1905:gray leaf spot 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767:Green-and-gold 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737:Sensitive fern 1734: 1732:Creeping phlox 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1699: 1696: 1625:creeping jenny 1593:creeping thyme 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1549:Sheeps Fescue) 1541: 1532: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1478: 1477:(meadow sedge) 1470: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1444: 1383:native species 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1350:Kikuyu grass ( 1348: 1339: 1329: 1322:Carpet grass ( 1320: 1311: 1302: 1292: 1285:Bermudagrass ( 1283: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1203: 1200: 1169: 1166: 1125: 1122: 1049: 1046: 1019: 1016: 946:petrochemicals 868: 867: 858: 857: 856: 847: 846: 845: 841: 840: 839: 838: 836: 833: 817: 814: 805: 802: 755:garden suburbs 677:In the 1850s, 652:petrol-powered 589: 586: 553: 550: 541:à la française 524:Alexander Pope 503:Harewood House 499:Warwick Castle 425: 422: 406:André Le Nôtre 304:André Le Nôtre 302:, designed by 291: 288: 286: 283: 252: 249: 119:, facing south 102: 101: 56: 54: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5402: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Water feature 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 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