1129:, Latvian culture was too weak to assimilate the Livonians. For one thing, the society of the Livonians living in this area was exclusively sea-oriented and based on fishing, while that of the Latvians in the interior was exclusively land-oriented and mostly agricultural. This meant there was not a lot of interaction between the two groups. Also, the Livonian Coast was separated from the interior of Curonia by dense forests and impassable marshlands, which made regular interaction even less likely. The people of the Livonian Coast had much closer ties to the inhabitants of the Estonian island of
1221:
159:
322:
30:
728:
117:
96:
1235:. Actions by the Latvian government during the interwar years towards supporting the Livonian minority has been seen as lacking or non-existent, with claims that the Latvian government did not see the topic of Livonian culture as important enough. Nevertheless, the Livonian language and culture experienced a revival between the two World Wars (beginning with the term of the Latvian president
672:
75:
138:
1083:
1505:(Mustānum). The Latvian government discourages settlement of ethnic Latvians and other non-Livonians in this area and prohibits alterations to historic village sites. Also, it is prohibited for anyone to start a hotel, restaurant, or other public establishment which might adversely influence the Livonian culture or draw outsiders into the area.
1278:. It did approve the introduction of the Livonian language as an optional subject in elementary schools in the villages of the Livonian Coast that same year. In the 1930s, the first Livonian language reader, poetry collections of several Livonian writers, and a monthly magazine in the Livonian language, called "
1425:
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Latvia became once again an independent country. In this new nation, Livonians were finally recognised as an indigenous ethnic minority, whose language and culture must be protected and advanced. All rights and possessions which had been taken away from
1349:
ended all progress the
Livonians had made in the preceding twenty years. All cultural expressions were prohibited and just like twenty years before, the inhabitants of the Livonian Coast were driven from their homes. Most of them spent the war years in Riga or western Latvia, but some fled across the
1180:
from the east, but soon it was pushed back in a series of devastating German victories, which eventually left almost the entire Baltic region in German hands. The
Livonian Coast was occupied by the Germans in 1915. At their approach, many Livonians fled their homes, often never to return. Their main
1113:
and culture completely disappeared from the region known to this day as
Livonia; the last known speaker of the eastern Livonian dialect died in 1864, though according to some reports, there were still some people in the early 20th century in the Polish area In the Latvian dialect spoken in Livonia,
1508:
Today, many
Latvians claim to have some Livonian ancestry. However, there are only 176 people in Latvia who identify themselves as Livonian. According to data from 1995, the Livonian language was spoken by no more than 30 people, of whom only nine were native speakers. An article published by the
1374:
between 1945 and 1952, with a clear peak in 1949, when agriculture was collectivized in the Baltic states. Also, in 1955 a Soviet military base was constructed in the middle of the
Livonian Coast. To accomplish this, some Livonians were forcibly relocated to villages farther from the coast.
1070:, Estonia and Livonia, which had again been completely devastated after more than twenty years of war, were claimed by Russia. Curonia continued to be ruled by its dukes for another three-quarters of a century, but in 1795, that region also became a Russian possession as part of the
1725:
718:
The exact date of migration of
Livonians to the region has been disputed. "The Livonians claim to have inhabited their present homeland for over 5,000 years." "The Finnic tribes were pushed into the coastal regions by the Slav migrations of the sixth and seventh centuries AD."
287:
Historical, social and economic factors, together with an ethnically dispersed population, have resulted in the decline of
Livonian identity, with only a small group surviving in the 21st century. In 2011, there were 250 people who claimed Livonian ethnicity in Latvia.
1509:
Foundation for
Endangered Languages in 2007 stated that there were only 182 registered Livonians and a mere six native speakers. "The last Livonian", who had learned the Livonian language as a part of an unbroken chain of Livonian generations, was
1563:
In 2020, it was reported that newborn Kuldi Medne had become the only living person who speaks
Livonian as their first language. Her parents are Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne. In October 2022, they published
1962:
972:
in 1290. From then on most of Latvia remained under German control until the 16th century, with the city of Riga and several other cities existing as independent German-ruled bishoprics, and the
Livonian Order ruling the rest of the land.
1729:
1939:
284:. In 2020, it was reported that newborn Kuldi Medne had once again become the only living person who speaks Livonian as their first language. As of 2010, there were approximately 30 people who had learned it as a second language.
1027:, which had claimed Estonia after the Livonian War, ravaged Livonia from 1592. Eventually, the Swedes were victorious. In 1629, they could finally call Livonia and the city of Riga their own. Under the 17th Century Swedish Kings
894:
declared that all Livonians had been converted to Christianity. Afterwards they were obliged to join the Knights of the Sword as infantry during the wars against the Estonians and the Latvian tribes, which continued until 1217.
1358:. The Curonian Peninsula was one of the areas where the Germans held out until the general capitulation of May 9, 1945, which meant that often there was not a house left standing when the Livonians returned home after the war.
1012:(1558–1582) was a Russian defeat, but also the dissolution of the Livonian Order. Livonia and south-eastern Latvia were claimed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Curonia became an independent duchy (Courland), with
933:– who started to move into the area around 1220, and continued to do so for at least thirty years. They settled mostly in the Daugava Valley, so that the Livonians of Livonia in the east were cut off from those living on the
1263:), which considered itself the representative of the Livonian people. Also, a Livonian language choir was founded and Livonian song festivals were held along the entire Livonian Coast. Furthermore, a
1370:. For one thing, they were not allowed to sail far enough from shore to continue their fishery. For another, like the Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians, large numbers of them were deported to
644:
1375:
Subsequently, the western villages of the Livonian Coast had to be almost completely evacuated when the Soviet Union made its Baltic coastline (its western border) a "closed border area" of the
1137:
to the north. In their isolated fishing villages, these Livonians kept to themselves for centuries. It was not until the 20th century that the outside world intruded on their quiet existence.
1346:
1430:(Irē) was given back and transformed into a historical museum, called the House of the Livonian People. Also, the Livonian language was reintroduced in the elementary schools in Riga,
1181:
destinations were Estonia and inner parts of Latvia. The rest of the people were driven from their homes by the Germans and had to wait until 1919 before they were allowed to return.
1121:
and culture also came under heavy pressure, but here it retained a last foothold on the outermost tip of the Curonian Peninsula. Several factors made sure that in this area, known as
1382:
Livonian culture was repressed during the Soviet period. For example, the Livonian Society was banned and the Livonian Community Centre expropriated and given to others. Within the
856:. Berthold tried to convert the Livonians by force, launching two raids on Livonia. The first took place in 1196, but he was forced to retreat to Germany after being ambushed near
871:, who forced the Livonian leaders at the mouth of the Daugava River to give him land to build a Christian settlement. Building started in 1201. From this settlement, the city of
2386:
2001:
1854:
1200:
and left the Baltic region firmly in German hands. However, after the German capitulation in 1919, the Baltic peoples rose up and established the independent republics of
1754:
1579:
Latvian National Commission and the Latvian National Cultural Center, with various events held by individuals and institutions. In 2023, the first of 171 approved
1568:('Golden Child'), a book in Livonian and Latvian for children and parents, with plans for subsequent books and an audio version. Currently, the Livonian language
1699:"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības 01.01.2019.(The population of Latvia by ethnicity and nationality) – PMLP.gov.lv"
2482:
1309:
years served to give the Livonian people for the first time a clear consciousness of their ethnic identity. Before, they had always referred to themselves as
1197:
2361:
2237:
1394:
It was not until early the early 1970s that Livonian singers were allowed to found a choir named "Līvlist" ("The Livonians") in the western Latvian city of
700:
1768:
1698:
624:
1971:
1948:
614:
556:
2177:“Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane″ ('The last native speaker of Livonian from the older generation has died'), March 4, 2009.
981:
In the middle of the 16th century, the Livonian Order and the independent bishoprics were in turmoil because of the growing influence of
1533:
1529:
1521:
1114:
a large number of Livonian loanwords have survived, and other traces of Livonian can be found in many geographical names in the region.
609:
2414:"«Līvõdõn ja līvõ kīelõn istōrilizt Loul ja daņtš pivād – kūord sūrkontsert "Tīrums. Dziesmas ceļš" ... - LI Līvõd institūt | Facebook"
2389:[The sign of the name of Talsi Municipality now also in Livonian; similar signs will be placed in 44 Livonian Coast villages].
1020:
1005:
2309:
2127:
1926:
1267:
was adopted, with the colours green (for the forests), white (for the beaches) and blue (for the sea), and a division similar to the
2921:
2475:
1998:
1892:
1192:
and the communists to make a grab for power in Russia, leading to the establishment of the Soviet government in Russia in 1917. The
629:
594:
886:, primarily consisting of Germans, to bring salvation to the pagans by force. In a campaign that was part of the wars known as the
2931:
518:
898:
Before the German Conquests Livonian inhabited territory was divided in lands of Daugava Livonians, Satezele, Turaida, Idumeja,
1588:
1342:
693:
2084:
2187:
432:
604:
1560:) was established to promote research and awareness of the language. It is led by linguist and activist Valts Ernštreits.
649:
2468:
2287:
1008:
entered the war as allies of the Livonian Order, resulting in almost a quarter of a century of war. The outcome of this
1984:
660:
599:
1537:
1101:
by the Latvians. The last remnant of this once vibrant nation was made up of several families living along the river
1679:
686:
301:
1569:
1071:
2413:
2102:
1453:
Furthermore, on February 4, 1992, the Latvian government created a cultural historic protected territory called
2704:
2170:
1098:
500:
1755:"Rl21428: Population by Ethnic Nationality, Sex and Place of Residence (Settlement Region), 31 December 2021"
1282:" ("The Livonian") were published. Also, contact was made with related peoples such as the Estonians and the
1193:
1093:
Partly because of the recurring devastation of war and the resultant mingling of refugees, the Livonians of
868:
634:
619:
417:
412:
2892:
986:
807:
541:
523:
2926:
2500:
1772:
1705:
1426:
them during the Soviet era were now returned to them. For example, the old Livonian Community Centre in
1264:
1185:
447:
442:
34:
1618:
1244:
2635:
1624:
1580:
1549:
1447:
1032:
934:
883:
546:
490:
277:
1575:
2023 was proclaimed as Livonian Heritage Year by the UoL Livonian Institute in cooperation with the
1415:
1220:
853:
589:
551:
508:
346:
281:
253:
1612:
1517:
2916:
1584:
1274:
In 1923, the Latvian government prohibited the formation of an ethnic Livonian parish within the
1059:
639:
513:
480:
2387:"Talsu novada nosaukums tagad arī lībiešu valodā; šādi uzraksti būs vismaz 14 piekrastes ciemos"
2022:
1540:
delivered her oath in Livonian before being asked to retake it in Latvian, which she did in the
1414:, bringing change. In 1986, the Livonian Cultural Society was founded. It was later renamed the
1236:
913:
was devastated, and whole regions were almost completely depopulated. This vacuum was filled by
2848:
1967:
1944:
1922:
1888:
1882:
1801:
1793:
1600:
1553:
1510:
1466:
1399:
1295:
1248:
1240:
1118:
1110:
1040:
993:
891:
821:. One of the first people to convert some Livonians to Christianity was the Danish archbishop
310:
261:
182:
2212:
2887:
2665:
2650:
2492:
1817:
1809:
1653:
1606:
1541:
1256:
1145:
1141:
1067:
1044:
1013:
906:
887:
842:
775:
579:
485:
427:
269:
186:
2131:
1591:, for the first time in the history of the event, a song with Livonan lyrics was featured.
1513:(b. 1921). He was buried on 28 February 2009 in the Livonian village of Kolka in Courland.
861:
2866:
2174:
2005:
1636:
1306:
1275:
1177:
1063:
1028:
941:
813:
However, with the traders came missionaries from Western Europe who wanted to convert the
495:
364:
265:
2627:
1659:
1630:
1243:). The clearest expression of this revival was the establishment on April 2, 1923 of the
1857:["Kūldaläpš. Golden Child" - Livonian book for children and parents published].
2640:
2613:
2570:
1837:
Tuisk, Tuuli: "Quantity in Livonian", Congressus XI. Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum,
1458:
1446:. The first research body dedicated to Livonian studies, the Livonian Institute at the
1283:
1268:
1189:
1157:
1126:
961:
957:
945:
849:
803:
457:
437:
321:
273:
64:
2455:
1462:
944:
the Knights of the Sword eventually had to look for support to the much more powerful
29:
2910:
2871:
2856:
2543:
1443:
1149:
982:
826:
779:
735:
731:
676:
452:
341:
336:
164:
2828:
2460:
2060:
1742:
882:, and Baltic peoples in the hinterland to convert, a knightly order was formed, the
834:
727:
2861:
2810:
2768:
2553:
2538:
2088:
1572:, with some 210 persons having some knowledge of the language at a A1 or A2 level.
1411:
1376:
1338:
1287:
1134:
1066:
utterly destroyed Sweden's pretensions to being a regional superpower. In the 1721
1009:
969:
922:
818:
475:
394:
360:
211:
2655:
2645:
2450:
1317:("fishermen"). From the 1920s and 1930s on, though, they began to call themselves
2833:
2693:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2548:
1407:
1383:
1173:
926:
841:
converted some Livonians in the surrounding area, including the local chieftain
771:
750:
Historically, the Livonians lived in two separate areas of Latvia, one group in
561:
198:
2820:
2797:
2773:
1855:""Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem"
1838:
1681:
Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības
1486:
1478:
1351:
860:. He tried again in 1198, but this time he was killed by the Livonian soldier
838:
739:
379:
351:
2295:
2238:"Apstiprina 13. Saeimas pilnvaras; deputāti zvēr gan latgaliski, gan lībiski"
2838:
2785:
2748:
2740:
2565:
2560:
2516:
2509:
1474:
1435:
1395:
1271:(three horizontal bars with the middle one-half as wide as the outer ones).
1209:
965:
953:
930:
918:
899:
879:
857:
759:
734:
in 1200 – the Livonians inhabited the area north of the Balts, north of the
389:
384:
236:
220:
1366:
In the Soviet era, the Livonians were hard-hit by repressive measures from
1082:
422:
2876:
2760:
2714:
2595:
2584:
2526:
1640:
1502:
1470:
1431:
1403:
1286: — spurred by the Finnish promotion of closer ties with the kindred
1130:
914:
829:. In the 12th century, Germans invaded Livonia and established a base in
814:
791:
770:'coast dwellers' and supported themselves mainly by fishing, but also by
755:
743:
584:
228:
1302:) was founded with subsidies from the Estonian and Finnish governments.
890:, these knights defeated, subdued and converted the Livonians. In 1208,
2780:
2732:
2724:
2589:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1439:
1427:
1371:
1355:
1291:
1225:
1201:
1153:
1094:
1055:
910:
825:, who supposedly built a church in the Livonian village today known as
822:
799:
787:
751:
232:
122:
101:
2145:
2036:
272:. Initially, the last person to have learned and spoken Livonian as a
2881:
2805:
2719:
2660:
2456:
Museovirasto: Photographs of Liv Villages in Kurzeme Region 1902–1927
2391:
2362:"Re:voice - The First Livonian Language Road Sign Unveiled in Latvia"
2315:
2165:
1859:
1576:
1525:
1367:
1232:
1205:
1161:
1102:
1024:
1001:
997:
949:
257:
143:
80:
60:
1609:, leader of the Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century
1000:
invaded Livonia in 1558, seeking access to the Baltic Sea. However,
989:. Seeing a chance in the resulting military weakness of the Order,
2533:
2521:
1498:
1219:
1140:
At the beginning of 20th century many local Livs converted to the
1081:
1048:
1036:
795:
763:
726:
374:
368:
355:
224:
216:
2262:
1921:
Vilho Niitemaa ja Kalervo Hovi, Baltian historia, Helsinki 1991,
1337:
In 1940, Latvia, like Estonia and Lithuania, was occupied by the
1156:. Many graduates in later years became sea captains first in the
964:
in 1237, the former Knights of the Sword finally overpowered the
798:, and, from the end of the first millennium AD onwards, with the
2605:
1662:" (English: "My Fatherland"), the ethnic anthem of the Livonians
1386:, the Livonians were not recognized as a separate ethnic group.
1019:
After only ten years of peace, a new series of wars between the
990:
872:
2464:
2445:
1058:
at a distance, this could not be said of the Russians. In the
2337:
786:), their culture was highly developed through trade with the
2440:
1583:
with Latvian and Livonian text were placed on the border of
1016:, the Livonian Order's last Grandmaster, as its first duke.
1184:
The Russian defeat and the subsequent abdication of Czar
1461:– which included all twelve of the Livonian villages:
1152:
along with a grammar school nearby and navy school in
778:. Since they controlled an important trade route, the
766:
living there. The Livonians referred to themselves as
2103:"Livones.net – The Livonian Institute is established"
1196:
the following year ended the war between Germany and
878:
When this did not immediately induce the Livonians,
2847:
2819:
2796:
2759:
2684:
2626:
2499:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1109:), but in the second half of the 19th century, the
1035:, general elementary education was introduced, the
948:, which up until then had been active primarily in
204:
192:
176:
155:
134:
113:
92:
71:
54:
41:
956:. Having been reorganized as a subdivision of the
2310:"2023 will be year of Livonian cultural heritage"
1633:, teacher, cantor and Livonian cultural activist
1290:— and in 1939, the Livonian Community Centre in
1239:through the term of the last interwar president
1988:, Henricus (de Lettis) ed., Olion, 1982, p.43.
1231:The Livonian Coast became part of independent
2476:
2188:"Composition of the 11th Saeima is announced"
1726:"Meklēt | Oficiālās statistikas portāls"
845:, who later allied himself with the Germans.
694:
8:
1940:Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)
1769:"Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года"
1224:Plaques at the Livonian Community Centre in
22:
1887:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 425.
2483:
2469:
2461:
1720:
1718:
701:
687:
295:
28:
21:
256:indigenous to northern and northwestern
2338:"Livonian Heritage Year - Lībiešu gads"
1671:
1054:Although Sweden kept the Poles and the
309:
298:
2286:Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011).
2012:, link retrieved on November 25, 2019.
1078:Assimilation and isolation (1795–1914)
2085:"Livones.lv – The Liv Language Today"
852:died in 1196, his place was taken by
754:and another on the northern coast of
7:
1849:
1847:
557:The First Latvian National Awakening
55:Regions with significant populations
1603:, one of the last Livonian speakers
2385:Ozola-Balode, Zanda (2023-01-27).
2061:"Livones.net - The Livonian Coast"
1627:, the last native Livonian speaker
1379:where no one was allowed to live.
1047:, and a university was founded in
280:, died in 2013, making Livonian a
14:
1524:into the Latvian parliament, the
1176:by attacking the Germans and the
630:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
595:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
1743:Settlement of peoples in Ukraine
977:Under foreign powers (1558–1795)
670:
519:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
320:
268:closely related to Estonian and
157:
136:
115:
94:
73:
2130:. July 19, 2011. Archived from
1589:Latvian Song and Dance Festival
940:Because of their defeat at the
260:. Livonians historically spoke
1558:Lețmō Iļīzskūol Līvõd institūt
1362:Repression by the Soviet Union
1021:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1006:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
968:in 1267, and subsequently the
758:. The latter were referred as
433:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
2242:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
2010:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1963:The Latvians: A Short History
1615:, linguist, poet and educator
1305:This cultural revival of the
650:2008 Latvian financial crisis
47:
2294:(in Latvian). Archived from
1501:(Vaid), Kolka (Kūolka), and
1398:. The 1980s, Soviet Premier
1172:In 1914, Russia entered the
2451:The Red Book of the peoples
2288:"Lībiešu valodas situācija"
2008:(book 2, line 36), p. 243,
1985:Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae
1160:, and later in independent
1097:were eventually completely
645:Restoration of Independence
16:Ethnic group in the Baltics
2948:
1999:Heinrici Chronicon Lyvonae
1544:of Latvian. In 2018, the
1450:was established in 2018.
1072:Third Partition of Poland
867:Berthold was followed by
625:1944 Soviet re-occupation
209:
197:
181:
59:
46:
27:
2922:Ethnic groups in Estonia
2244:(in Latvian). 2018-11-06
2213:"Livones.net – Facebook"
1884:One Europe, Many Nations
1863:(in Latvian). 2022-10-18
605:1934 Latvian coup d'état
2932:Ethnic groups in Latvia
1881:Minahan, James (2000).
1557:
1532:. In 2018, after being
1347:German invasion of 1941
1299:
1252:
1194:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1089:, Livonian fishing boat
635:Popular Front of Latvia
620:The Holocaust in Latvia
418:Principality of Koknese
413:Principality of Jersika
2366:revoice.falmouth.ac.uk
1966:, Hoover Press, 1995,
1313:("coast dwellers") or
1260:
1228:
1090:
747:
610:1940 Soviet occupation
542:Governorate of Livonia
524:Couronian colonization
1711:on February 17, 2019.
1643:pastor and translator
1566:Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns
1538:Janīna Kursīte-Pakule
1223:
1085:
1051:in southern Estonia.
730:
448:Bishopric of Courland
443:Archbishopric of Riga
205:Related ethnic groups
35:Flag of the Livonians
1581:road signs in Latvia
1550:University of Latvia
1448:University of Latvia
1333:The Second World War
1188:opened the door for
1148:church was built in
935:peninsula of Curonia
884:Knights of the Sword
869:Albert von Buxhövden
762:, together with the
547:Courland Governorate
501:Polish–Swedish Wars
491:Inflanty Voivodeship
2298:on 2 February 2014.
1732:on October 8, 2012.
1345:and the subsequent
600:War of Independence
590:United Baltic Duchy
552:Vitebsk Governorate
509:Second Northern War
470:Early modern period
347:Corded Ware culture
254:Balto-Finnic people
24:
2173:2011-07-20 at the
2004:2020-01-06 at the
1587:. During the 2023
1585:Talsi Municipality
1546:Livonian Institute
1229:
1216:The interwar years
1091:
1062:(1700–1721), Czar
1060:Great Northern War
1039:was translated in
909:, once prosperous
748:
640:Singing Revolution
536:National Awakening
514:Great Northern War
481:Kingdom of Livonia
2904:
2903:
2705:Northwestern Mari
2491:Peoples speaking
1972:978-08-17-99303-0
1960:Andrejs Plakans,
1949:978-90-04-39519-0
1625:Grizelda Kristiņa
1601:Viktors Bertholds
1595:Notable Livonians
1511:Viktors Bertholds
1465:(Livonian: Lūž),
1400:Mikhail Gorbachev
1119:Livonian language
1111:Livonian language
994:Ivan the Terrible
892:Pope Innocent III
833:, known today as
711:
710:
677:Latvia portal
585:German occupation
504:
503:(1600–1629)
278:Grizelda Kristiņa
242:
241:
172:
151:
130:
109:
88:
2939:
2896:
2493:Uralic languages
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2418:www.facebook.com
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:www.facebook.com
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2146:"THE LIVONIANS'"
2142:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2091:on June 9, 2008.
2087:. Archived from
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2037:"THE LIVONIANS'"
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1851:
1842:
1841:, Aug. 10, 2010.
1835:
1829:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:. Archived from
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1704:. Archived from
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1654:Livonian cuisine
1607:Caupo of Turaida
1570:is being revived
1542:Livonian dialect
1390:Modern situation
1245:Livonian Society
1146:Russian Orthodox
1142:Russian Orthodox
1117:In Curonia, the
1068:Treaty of Nystad
1014:Gotthard Kettler
960:and renamed the
907:Livonian Crusade
888:Livonian Crusade
843:Caupo of Turaida
776:animal husbandry
703:
696:
689:
675:
674:
673:
580:Latvian Riflemen
502:
486:Duchy of Livonia
428:Livonian Crusade
324:
314:
296:
282:dormant language
170:
163:
161:
160:
149:
142:
140:
139:
128:
121:
119:
118:
107:
100:
98:
97:
86:
79:
77:
76:
49:
42:Total population
32:
25:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2843:
2815:
2792:
2755:
2680:
2622:
2495:
2489:
2446:Virtual Livonia
2437:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2267:www.livones.net
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2175:Wayback Machine
2167:Eesti Päevaleht
2162:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2065:www.livones.net
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:Wayback Machine
1996:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1959:
1955:
1943:, BRILL, 2019,
1936:
1932:
1920:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1650:
1637:Edgar Vaalgamaa
1597:
1536:to the Saeima,
1402:'s policies of
1392:
1364:
1335:
1329:("Livonians").
1276:Lutheran Church
1218:
1174:First World War
1170:
1080:
1064:Peter the Great
1029:Gustav II Adolf
979:
942:battle of Saule
725:
723:The Middle Ages
716:
707:
671:
669:
655:
654:
615:Nazi occupation
575:
567:
566:
537:
529:
528:
496:Swedish Livonia
471:
463:
462:
408:
400:
399:
332:
312:
305:
294:
266:Uralic language
214:
158:
156:
137:
135:
116:
114:
95:
93:
74:
72:
37:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2614:Volkhov Chudes
2602:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:Tver Karelians
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2431:
2430:
2405:
2377:
2353:
2342:libiesugads.lv
2329:
2301:
2278:
2254:
2229:
2204:
2179:
2155:
2137:
2134:on 2011-07-19.
2119:
2094:
2076:
2052:
2028:
2014:
1990:
1976:
1953:
1937:Florin Curta,
1930:
1927:978-9513091125
1907:
1893:
1873:
1843:
1830:
1785:
1760:
1746:
1735:
1714:
1690:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1459:Livonian Coast
1416:Livonian Union
1391:
1388:
1363:
1360:
1334:
1331:
1261:Līvu savienība
1241:Kārlis Ulmanis
1217:
1214:
1190:Vladimir Lenin
1169:
1166:
1158:Russian Empire
1127:Livonian Coast
1079:
1076:
978:
975:
962:Livonian Order
958:Teutonic Order
946:Teutonic Order
724:
721:
715:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
680:
679:
666:
665:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
458:Baltic Germans
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:Livonian Order
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
358:
349:
344:
339:
333:
331:Ancient Latvia
330:
329:
326:
325:
317:
316:
307:
306:
299:
293:
290:
240:
239:
207:
206:
202:
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
174:
173:
167:
153:
152:
146:
132:
131:
125:
111:
110:
104:
90:
89:
83:
69:
68:
65:Livonian Coast
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2944:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Southern Sámi
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Northern Sámi
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Ingrian Finns
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2263:"Livones.net"
2258:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:(in Estonian)
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1894:0-313-30984-1
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1775:on 2011-08-07
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:, pmlp.gov.lv
1683:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:, nationalist
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:Pētõr Damberg
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:The Livonian
1514:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:Livonian flag
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Soviet Russia
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:faith. A new
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:, across the
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
983:Martin Luther
976:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
937:in the west.
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
837:. Archbishop
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:Livonians to
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Daugava River
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
741:
737:
736:Daugava River
733:
732:Baltic tribes
729:
722:
720:
713:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
684:
682:
681:
678:
668:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:Modern Latvia
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
453:Terra Mariana
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
404:
403:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
370:
366:
362:
359:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Narva culture
340:
338:
337:Kunda culture
335:
334:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
315:
308:
303:
297:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:mother tongue
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
208:
203:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
175:
168:
166:
165:United States
154:
147:
145:
133:
126:
124:
112:
105:
103:
91:
84:
82:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
45:
40:
36:
31:
26:
2927:Baltic Finns
2747:
2739:
2731:
2709:Eastern Mari
2612:
2604:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2554:Tornedalians
2539:Forest Finns
2508:
2501:Baltic Finns
2422:. Retrieved
2420:. 2023-07-07
2417:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2395:(in Latvian)
2390:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
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2319:. 2022-12-08
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2194:. 2011-10-06
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2128:"Livones.lv"
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2109:. 2018-08-21
2106:
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2079:
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1993:
1983:
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1773:the original
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1706:the original
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1619:Uļi Kīnkamäg
1574:
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1518:Dāvis Stalts
1515:
1507:
1489:(Kuoštrõg),
1454:
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1393:
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1365:
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1336:
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1310:
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1288:Baltic Finns
1279:
1273:
1269:Latvian flag
1237:Jānis Čakste
1230:
1183:
1171:
1139:
1135:Gulf of Riga
1122:
1116:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1053:
1018:
1010:Livonian War
980:
970:Semigallians
939:
923:Semigallians
904:
897:
877:
866:
847:
830:
819:Christianity
812:
783:
767:
749:
717:
661:
476:Livonian War
395:Semigallians
361:Baltic Finns
286:
249:
245:
243:
212:Baltic Finns
19:Ethnic group
2891: [
2698:Meadow Mari
2686:Volga Finns
2641:Kildin Sámi
2292:Livones.net
2150:www.suri.ee
2107:Livones.net
2041:www.suri.ee
2023:"Liivlased"
1814:liiviläiset
1467:Miķeļtornis
1455:Līvõd rānda
1418:(Livonian:
1410:opened the
1408:perestroika
1384:Latvian SSR
1307:Interbellum
1186:Nicholas II
1168:World War I
1123:Līvõd rānda
1105:(Livonian:
1099:assimilated
987:Reformation
927:Latgallians
905:During the
782:(Livonian:
772:agriculture
738:and around
562:New Current
407:Middle Ages
311:History of
215:Especially
199:Lutheranism
2911:Categories
2821:Hungarians
2798:Ob-Ugrians
2774:Izhma Komi
2661:Skolt Sámi
2636:Inari Sámi
2441:Livones.lv
2424:2023-07-19
2399:2023-07-19
2371:2023-07-19
2347:2023-07-19
2323:2023-07-19
2272:2022-01-05
2248:2018-11-15
2223:2018-11-15
2198:2018-11-15
2113:2018-11-15
2070:2024-06-09
2046:2024-06-09
1997:(in Latin)
1867:2023-07-19
1839:Piliscsaba
1779:2009-12-24
1667:References
1534:re-elected
1493:(Pitrõg),
1481:(Sīkrõg),
1477:(Ūžkilā),
1352:Baltic Sea
1343:occupation
1033:Charles XI
839:Hartwig II
788:Gotlanders
740:Cape Kolka
714:Prehistory
662:Chronology
380:Latgalians
352:Amber Road
2917:Livonians
2867:Nganasans
2839:Magyarabs
2786:Besermans
2741:Meshchera
2701:Hill Mari
2656:Pite Sámi
2646:Lule Sámi
2579:Livonians
2566:Karelians
2561:Izhorians
2517:Estonians
2510:Bjarmians
2192:saeima.lv
1951:, p. 562.
1806:liivlased
1660:Min izāmō
1497:(Sǟnag),
1475:Jaunciems
1436:Ventspils
1396:Ventspils
1311:rāndalist
1210:Lithuania
1178:Austrians
966:Curonians
954:Lithuania
931:Selonians
919:Curonians
917:tribes –
900:Metsepole
880:Estonians
858:Salaspils
768:rāndalist
760:Curonians
390:Selonians
385:Curonians
365:Livonians
246:Livonians
237:Izhorians
221:Estonians
177:Languages
23:Livonians
2877:Kamasins
2849:Samoyeds
2834:Székelys
2761:Permians
2715:Mordvins
2676:Ume Sámi
2671:Ter Sámi
2596:Kreevins
2585:Vepsians
2171:Archived
2002:Archived
1974:, p. 15.
1802:Estonian
1794:Livonian
1648:See also
1641:Lutheran
1554:Livonian
1503:Melnsils
1471:Lielirbe
1469:(Pizā),
1432:Staicele
1420:Līvõd Īt
1404:glasnost
1323:līvnikad
1315:kalāmīed
1296:Livonian
1253:Līvõd Īt
1249:Livonian
1131:Saaremaa
1041:Estonian
1004:and the
854:Berthold
850:Meinhard
792:Russians
756:Courland
744:Courland
302:a series
300:Part of
262:Livonian
252:, are a
193:Religion
183:Livonian
2872:Selkups
2829:Csángós
2781:Udmurts
2733:Meryans
2725:Mokshas
1900:Oct 22,
1826:lībieši
1818:Latvian
1810:Finnish
1798:līvlizt
1548:at the
1522:elected
1495:Saunags
1491:Pitrags
1487:Košrags
1485:(Irē),
1483:Mazirbe
1479:Sīkrags
1473:(Īra),
1440:Dundaga
1428:Mazirbe
1372:Siberia
1356:Gotland
1341:. This
1327:līvlist
1292:Mazirbe
1257:Latvian
1226:Mazirbe
1202:Estonia
1154:Mazirbe
1107:Salatsi
1095:Livonia
1045:Latvian
915:Latvian
911:Livonia
835:Ikšķile
831:Uexküll
823:Absalon
800:Germans
752:Livonia
292:History
270:Finnish
233:Votians
187:Latvian
123:Estonia
102:Ukraine
50:432–616
2888:Mators
2882:Yurats
2857:Nenets
2806:Khanty
2749:Muroma
2720:Erzyas
2392:Lsm.lv
2316:lsm.lv
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1860:Lsm.lv
1577:UNESCO
1526:Saeima
1457:– the
1368:Moscow
1233:Latvia
1206:Latvia
1162:Latvia
1125:, the
1103:Salaca
1025:Sweden
1002:Sweden
998:Russia
950:Poland
875:grew.
848:After
804:Swedes
423:Tālava
313:Latvia
304:on the
258:Latvia
210:Other
171:(2018)
162:
150:(2002)
144:Russia
141:
129:(2021)
120:
108:(2002)
99:
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81:Latvia
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2862:Enets
2811:Mansi
2606:Chuds
2590:Votes
2549:Kvens
2534:Finns
2527:Võros
2522:Setos
1709:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1499:Vaide
1463:Lūžņa
1444:Kolka
1325:, or
1319:līvõd
1284:Finns
1280:Līvli
1150:Kolka
1056:Danes
1049:Tartu
1037:Bible
862:Ymaut
827:Kolka
815:pagan
808:Danes
796:Finns
764:Balts
375:Balts
369:Vends
356:Aesti
248:, or
229:Võros
225:Setos
217:Finns
2769:Komi
2694:Mari
2628:Sámi
2314:eng.
1968:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1902:2019
1889:ISBN
1822:līvi
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