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737:(1966), who consulted sources in both Russian and German, and wrote that Lomonosov observed a luminous ring (this was Ley's interpretation and was not indicated in quotes) and inferred from it the existence of an atmosphere "maybe greater than that of the Earth" (which was in quotes). Because many modern transit observers have also seen a threadlike arc produced by refraction of sunlight in the atmosphere of Venus when the planet has progressed off the limb of the Sun, it has generally, if rather uncritically, been assumed that this was the same thing that Lomonosov saw. Indeed, the term "Lomonosov’s arc" has frequently been used in the literature.
765:, which appeared to Pasachoff and Sheehan to most probably indicate a last fleeting glimpse of the photosphere. As a check against this, Lomonosov's German version (he had learned to speak and write German fluently as a student at Marburg) was also consulted; he describes seeing "ein ganz helles Licht, wie ein Haar breit"=”a very bright light, as wide as a hair". Here, the adverb "ganz" in connection with "helles" (bright) could mean "as bright as possible" or "completely bright"), i.e., as bright as the surface brightness of the solar disk, which is even stronger evidence that this can't be Venus's atmosphere, which always appears much fainter.
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Lomonosov's telescope would have been adequate to the task of detecting the arc. Thus A. Koukarine, using a 67 mm
Dollond on Mt. Hamilton, where seeing was likely much better than Lomonosov enjoyed at St. Petersburg, clearly observed the spiderweb-thin arc known to be due to refraction in the atmosphere of Venus. However, Koukarine's sketches do not really resemble the diagram published by Lomonosov.
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946:, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of
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674:, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same."
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638:. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science," though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.
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982:. He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called
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one of Peter the Great's most prominent generals, whose estates were located nearby, the bridge was erected in 1785−1987, and replaced a wooden bridge which had previously stood at the site. It was one of seven moveable stone bridges of similar design crossing the
Fontanka River, built simultaneously
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in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own
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The atheistic direction of
Lomonosov's scientific and artistic creativity was not always consistent. His world outlook, just as that of many other representatives of the age of enlightenment, possessed elements of deism according to which God, having created the universe, assumed no control over its
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Lomonosov's original sketches, if they existed, do not appear to have survived, Modern observations made during the nineteenth century transits and especially those of 2004 and 2012 suggest that what
Lomonosov saw was not the arc associated with the atmosphere of Venus at all but the bright flash of
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Learning was young
Lomonosov's passion, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many
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During his residence in
Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance
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Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov had fierce disputes with
Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg, as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous
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Koukarine's colleague V. Shiltsev, who more nearly observed under the same conditions as
Lomonosov, using a 40 mm Dollond at Batavia, Illinois, produced a close duplicate of Lomonosov's diagram. However, the rather large wing of light shown next to the black disk of Venus in his drawing (and
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He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of
Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other
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Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an
Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly
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It was preserved at Pulkova Observatory but destroyed when the Germans bombed the observatory during World War II. Thus, Lomonosov's actual telescope was not available, but other presumably similar instruments were employed on this occasion, and led the researchers to affirm their belief that
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M.W. Lomonossow in Freiberg. Herausgegeben anlässlich der Einweihung des Lomonossow-Hauses in der Freiberger Fischerstraße am 7. Februar 2014 (russisch u. deutsch). Freiberg: TU Bergakademie 2014. (Darin: F. Naumann, Michail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossows Weg in die Wissenschaft; F. Naumann, Das
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on 31 January 2013, under the headline "Astronomical Battle in US Over Lomonosov’s discovery." An attempt was made by a group of researchers to experimentally reconstruct Lomonosov's observation using antique telescopes during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012. One of them, Y. Petrunin,
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the solar photosphere before third contact. The first observers to record the actual arc associated with the atmosphere of Venus, in a form comporting with modern observations, appear to have been Chappe, Rittenhouse, Wayles and Dymond, and several others at the transit in June 1769.
1395:, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other schools in Russia and Kazakhstan.
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In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.
544:. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy and philosophy at the
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In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan consulted original sources, and questioned the basis for the claim that Lomonosov observed the thin arc produced by the atmosphere of Venus. A reference to the paper was even picked up by the Russian state-controlled media group
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Norbert Nail (March 2012): Russi intra muros: Studenten aus Sankt Petersburg 1736–1739 bei Christian Wolff in Marburg. Zum 300. Geburtstag des Universalgelehrten Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov am 19. November 2011. In: Studenten-Kurier 1/2012, pp. 15–19.
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debts they had accumulated in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland, unsuccessfully trying to obtain permission from Russian envoys to return to the St. Petersburg Academy.
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by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood, as well as another lie that he was the son of a priest, nearly got him expelled from the academy, but the investigation ended without severe consequences.
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development which was governed by the laws of nature. Lomonosov's deism was no chance factor. As Karl Marx aptly put it, deism was the most convenient and easiest way for many materialists of the 17th–18th centuries to abandon religion.
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smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses the term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle."
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758:". It should be kept in mind that, as stated in Sheehan and Westfall, "optical distortions at the interface between Venus and the Sun during transits are impressively large, and any inferences from them are fraught with peril".
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Alexandre Koukarine; Igor Nesterenko; Yuri Petrunin; Vladimir Shiltsev (27 August 2012). "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus".
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Alexandre Koukarine; Igor Nesterenko; Yuri Petrunin; Vladimir Shiltsev (27 August 2012). "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus".
685:, which is well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.
512:. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a
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Robert Crease / Vladimir Shiltsev: Fueling Peter's Mill: Mikhail Lomonosov's Educational Training in Russia and Germany, 1731–1741. In: Physics in Perspective, Vol. 20, Issue 3, September 2018, pp. 272–304.
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in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and
863:, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.
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of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg. At least in the English-speaking world, this attribution seems to have been owing to comments from the multi-lingual popular astronomy writer
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could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral
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He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.
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building in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V. Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (
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On the strata of the Earth: a translation of "O sloiakh zemnykh" / translated by S.M. Rowland, S. Korolev. Boulder: Geological Soc. of America, 2012. 41 p. (Special paper; 485)
1222:) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V. Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.
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adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an
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Koukarine, A.; et al. (2013). "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus".
2581:"On an optic pipe improvement" – Lomonosov M.V. Selected works in two volumes. Volume I: Natural sciences and philosophy. Moscow: Nauka (Science) publishing house, 1986
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originated from Mikhail Lomonosov. In July 1754, he developed a model of a small helicopter with a coaxial rotor and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Again, the actual words used by Lomonosov do not refer to an "arc" at all. In the Russian version, he described a brief brightening lasting a second or so, just before
1196:, a statue of Lomonosov replaced a statue of Catherine the Great in 1919. It stood until 6 January 2023, when it was removed by the city of Dnipro because of Russia's
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R.Crease and V.Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765): Scientist in Politically Turbulent Times" in Il Nuovo Saggiatore, vol. 33, issue 5–6 (2017), pp. 43–56
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R. Crease and V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765): Scientist in Politically Turbulent Times" in Il Nuovo Saggiatore, vol. 33, issue 5–6 (2017), pp. 43–56
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No atheistic conclusions spring from 'The Orb of Day has Set' to reverse Lomonosov's deism, but the poem still intrudes a painful gap between man and nature.
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in 1745. He established the academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count
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1564:. Translated by Vladimir Shiltsev in "Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus Atmosphere in 1761: English Translation of Original Publication with Commentaries".
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2589:: «Об усовершенствовании зрительных труб» – М.В. Ломоносов. Избранные произведения. В двух томах. Т. 1. Естественные науки и философия. М.: Наука. 1986
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Lomonosov's) is too coarse to have been the arc. Instead it appears to be a complicated manifestation of the celebrated optical effect known as the "
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without blocking the image. This invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by
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Peter Hoffmann: Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov (1711–1765). Ein Enzyklopädist im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011.
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The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher
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insulted various people associated with the academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.
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Sheehan, Jay; Sheehan, William (2012). "Lomonosov, the Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere, and Eighteenth-century Transits of Venus".
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Pomper, Philip (October 1962). "Lomonosov and the Discovery of the Law of the Conservation of Matter in Chemical Transformations".
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Crease, Robert; Shiltsev, Vladimir (December 2013). "Pomor Polymath: The Upbringing of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, 1711–1730".
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dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies," 1760).
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3679:– жизнь, научная деятельность, творчество, историческая родина, туризм на родину Ломоносова, 300-летний юбилей М.В. Ломоносова
337:, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the
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Lomonossow-Haus und seine Geschichte; C. Drebenstedt / B. Meyer, Deutsch-Russische Montanbeziehungen im Wandel der Zeit].
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was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.
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in Saint Petersburg was named after the polymath. Originally called Tchernyshov Bridge (Chernyshev Bridge) in honour of
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suggested that the telescope Lomonosov actually used was probably a 50 mm Dollond with a magnifying power of 40x.
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1992, the first commemorative coin of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation with a face value of 100 rubles. Gold
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504:, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to
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A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and the
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1831:. Translation and commentary by S.M. Rowland and S. Korolev. The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 485.
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Oratio De Meteoris Vi Electrica Ortis – Discourse on Atmospheric Phenomena Originating from Electrical Force (1753)
1585:. Translation and commentary by S.M. Rowland and S. Korolev. The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 485.
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Meditations on Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies (1760) / translation and commentary by Vladimir Shiltsev (2018);
1524:. Translated by Ronald Hingley in Marc Raeff, ed. Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology. Prometheus Books.
520:. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the
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years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of
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The Appearance of Venus on the Sun, Observed at the St.Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences on May 26, 1761
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Steven Usitalo (2013): The Invention of Mikhail Lomonosov (A Russian National Myth), Academic Studies Press.
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In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the
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and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous
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Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the
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3285:"Monuments to Pushkin, Lomonosov, and Gorky will be removed from public space in Dnipro – city council"
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His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General
848:. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of
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with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial
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Shiltsev, Vladimir (March 2014). "The 1761 Discovery of Venus' Atmosphere: Lomonosov and Others".
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2207:. Translated by Leicester, Henry M. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.
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Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied
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force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to
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In 1760, Lomonosov published a history of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand
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Kutateladze, Semen (April 2011). "The Mathematical Background of Lomonosov's Contribution".
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In 1730, determined to "study sciences," the 19-year-old Lomonosov walked all the way to
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https://web.archive.org/web/20180130092120/https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54
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Diagrams from Mikhail Lomonosov's "The Appearance of Venus on the Sun, Observed at the
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Vernadsky, V. (1911) Pamyati M.V. Lomonosova. Zaprosy zhizni, 5: 257-262 (in Russian)
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2005, 3 rubles, silver. 250th anniversary of the founding of Moscow State University
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4149:
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3879:
1803:
1743:
1008:
860:
663:
568:
1398:
On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the
1003:
3708:
Evening Meditation on the Greatness of God on the occasion of the Northern Lights
1826:
1580:
4889:
4674:
4470:
4244:
4083:
3962:
3945:
3940:
3904:
2713:
2127:
1426:
1392:
742:
693:
567:, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher
513:
418:
410:
406:
2861:"What are the 'major' changes at Russian airports – and should you be worried?"
2794:
The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky and the Decembrist Exiles
717:
452:. Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with
4894:
4874:
4859:
4829:
4078:
3989:
3846:
3821:
3811:
3657:
3520:
3398:
2560:
2464:
2410:
2320:
2295:
2187:
1019:
880:
583:, composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg.
362:
212:
208:
42:
3604:
2750:
995:-inspired epic about Peter the Great, but he died before he could finish it.
871:
Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in
3920:
3841:
3416:"Nov. 19, 1711: Birth of Mikhail Lomonosov, Russia's first modern scientist"
872:
841:
825:
734:
608:
564:
366:
354:
220:
192:
188:
3149:"300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 100 rubles, Booklet Pane"
3343:
1686:
1681:. Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Friedrich Naumann. Walter de Gruyter.
1660:. Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Friedrich Naumann. Walter de Gruyter.
4279:
3874:
3867:
3685:
3240:
1406:
1170:
817:
797:
525:
334:
17:
3721:
Kutateladze S.S. The Mathematical Background of Lomonosov's Contribution
1150:
is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era, a main street in
3749:
3588:
3561:
3327:
2084:
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).
2071:
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).
1648:
Michail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossow. Ausgewählte Schriften in zwei Bänden
1399:
1193:
1155:
1151:
963:
904:
884:
849:
607:
Lomonosov was made a full member of the academy and named professor of
477:
377:, Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern
374:
358:
216:
204:
196:
50:
3457:
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2511:
3950:
1410:
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1189:
1181:
991:
939:
578:
497:
485:
426:
224:
3688:– electronic collection at the Russian Academy of Sciences website
3553:
5067:
3197:"Work starts on on-shore infrastructure for Russian floating plant"
2602:
1629:
1610:
3836:
3389:
2931:[In Dnipro, a memorial to Mikhailo Lomonosov was removed]
2543:
2447:
2393:
2145:
V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science",
1570:
1421:, in particular it was mentioned that the monuments to Lomonosov,
1175:
1018:
914:
859:– his most significant geological work. This work puts him before
845:
771:
716:
650:
550:
501:
471:
457:
2914:
1085:
was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater
658:
visits Mikhail Lomonosov in 1764. 1884 painting by Ivan Feodorov.
2691:
1908:
Galina Evgenʹevna Pavlova; Aleksandr Sergeevich Fedorov (1980).
1678:
Schriften zur Geologie und zum Berg- und Hüttenwesen (1742–1765)
1402:
issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
1380:, is named after him. It started operation on 19 December 2019.
1147:
1107:
with the river's granite embankments. Only Lomonosov Bridge and
837:
833:
829:
505:
4010:
3791:
3753:
666:'s experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted
3263:"1 Ruble (275th Anniv. – Birth of polymath Mikhail Lomonosov)"
3017:"Mikhail V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), Russian scientist and poet"
2995:"Mikhail V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), Russian scientist-polymath"
1545:. Translated by Henry M. Leicester. Harvard University Press.
975:
954:, measuring 4.8 by 6.4 metres (16 ft × 21 ft).
3127:"300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 200 rubles"
3105:"300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 100 rubles"
2225:
The Swings of Science: From Complexity to Simplicity and Back
1658:
Erste Grundlagen Der Metallurgie Oder Des Huttenwesens (1763)
1473:
2011, 2 rubles, silver. On the occasion of the 300th birthday
2973:"Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad"
1413:
decided to remove from the city all monuments to figures of
2935:(in Ukrainian). Radio Svoboda/Radio Freedom. 6 January 2023
2000:
1998:
291:
1961:
1959:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1860:
903:
and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of
630:. In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the
306:
300:
285:
3536:
C.A. Johnson (June 1964). "Lomonosov's Dedication to His
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
548:; there he intensified his studies of German literature.
5233:
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
3669:
2204:
Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory
2151:
http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1438
1542:
Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory
555:
The most grandiose of Lomonosov's mosaics depicts the
4984:
2929:"У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Михайлові Ломоносову"
1675:
Lomonosov, Michail (2017). Naumann, Friedrich (ed.).
1621:
Meditations on Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies (1760)
784:
In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a
309:
303:
297:
279:
3319:
Russia's Lomonosov, Chemist Courtier, Physicist Poet
2765:
The New Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics
2486:
Shiltsev, V.; Nesterenko, I.; Rosenfeld, R. (2013).
2109:
2107:
1429:
would be removed from the public space of the city.
692:
He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the
456:
schism in early youth and later in life he became a
282:
5228:
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
4908:
4810:
4767:
4746:
4693:
4662:
4646:
4593:
4527:
4479:
4443:
4410:
4329:
4288:
4132:
4021:
3733:
Lomonosov's matriculation, Marburg 17 November 1736
3433:"Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science"
2780:(originally from the Pennsylvania State University)
2300:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
1623:. Translation and commentary by Vladimir Shiltsev.
1604:. Translation and commentary by Vladimir Shiltsev.
1522:
Panegyric to the Sovereign Emperor, Peter the Great
294:
288:
254:
240:
230:
180:
165:
147:
125:
92:
64:
5258:Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
2933:(The site includes scripts from mail.ru and ok.ru)
2791:
2739:A Chronological Abridgement of the Russian History
1508:A Chronological Abridgement of the Russian History
938:Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of
488:. Shortly after arrival, he was admitted into the
27:Russian polymath, scientist and writer (1711–1765)
5213:18th-century philosophers from the Russian Empire
2488:"Replicating the discovery of Venus's atmosphere"
1433:Commemorative coins of Russia depicting Lomonosov
1077:. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named
5243:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1910:Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: his life and work
696:of light, contributed to the formulation of the
626:. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the
622:In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the
425:. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a
30:"Lomonosov" redirects here. For other uses, see
5193:18th-century historians from the Russian Empire
5133:18th-century scientists from the Russian Empire
2911:"A Rambling Dictionary of Tallinn Street Names"
628:Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna
329:8 November] 1711 – 15 April [
2082:Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S.
2069:Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S.
5138:18th-century painters from the Russian Empire
3765:
3377:Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics
3039:"Portrait of M. V. Lomonosov (by M. Shreier)"
2692:"М.В. Ломоносов: к 300-летию со дня рождения"
2128:https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54
8:
5123:18th-century writers from the Russian Empire
3894:
3865:
3851:
3587:Physics-Uspekhi, Kapitza P.L. (1 May 1966).
2762:Preminger, Alex; Brogan, Terry V.F. (1993).
2337:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
2252:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1809:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1405:On 6 December 2022, the City Council of the
1089:in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.
1083:Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg
780:Imperial Academy of Sciences on 26 May 1761"
634:which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's
3960:
1850:
1848:
1169:after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century
1139:is named after him. It was opened in 1970.
879:, theoretically predicted the existence of
670:was false. Anticipating the discoveries of
5143:18th-century poets from the Russian Empire
4018:
4007:
3799:
3788:
3772:
3758:
3750:
3695:Illustrated chronology of Lomonosov's life
3061:"275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov"
2831:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
2161:
2117:p. 514. Taylor & Francis: London, 1998
2057:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1895:
1883:
1866:
1184:, Ukraine in 2010, removed in January 2023
81:
61:
3745:Lomonosov's Passport, Marburg 13 May 1741
3456:
3388:
3322:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2542:
2446:
2392:
2319:
1820:
1818:
1628:
1609:
1569:
3171:"Russia connects floating plant to grid"
1388:M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
1002:
721:Scheme of the Lomonosov-Effect during a
4991:
2827:International Hydrographic Organization
2798:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2718:М.В. Ломоносов. Фабрика В Усть-Рудицах"
2201:Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil'evich (1959).
1796:
1431:
1378:Russian floating nuclear power stations
1224:
1042:. His great-granddaughter was Princess
875:. Lomonosov got close to the theory of
5223:Encyclopedists from the Russian Empire
5163:People from Archangelgorod Governorate
3243:(in Russian). ria.ru. 19 November 2011
2115:Reference Guide to Russian Literature,
2113:Cornwell, Neil and Christian, Nicole.
1386:, founded by him in 1755, was renamed
1097:Count Grigory Tchernyshov (Chernyshev)
662:In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate
333:4 April] 1765) was a Russian
2652:Prediction of Antarctica by Lomonosov
1207:celebrated his 300th birthday with a
1118:is officially named after Lomonosov.
429:'s daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.
389:Lomonosov was born in the village of
7:
3431:Shiltsev, Vladimir (February 2012).
3414:Shiltsev, Vladimir (November 2011).
3199:. World Nuclear News. Archived from
2955:"Mikhail Lomonosov's 300th Birthday"
2720:. Grokhovs1.chat.ru. 5 December 2001
1764:Northern (Arctic) Federal University
1142:The street "Lomonosova iela" in the
980:Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur
5183:Geographers from the Russian Empire
5168:Astronomers from the Russian Empire
1935:. Oxford University Press. p.
1487:2015, commemorative coin, 10 rubles
1111:have survived more or less intact.
1007:A portrait of Mikhail Lomonosov by
540:, a prominent figure of the German
500:a day, eating only black bread and
5218:Physicists from the Russian Empire
5203:Male poets from the Russian Empire
373:and others. The founder of modern
25:
5198:Inventors from the Russian Empire
5158:People from Kholmogorsky District
5153:Linguists from the Russian Empire
3241:"What was named after Lomonosov?"
2859:Zubacheva, Ksenia (3 June 2019).
2357:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2012.01.01
2273:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.01.06
1226:Postage stamps of USSR and Russia
624:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
508:to study for short period at the
5178:Chemists from the Russian Empire
5090:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4968:
4967:
3342:Crease, Robert (November 2011).
2833:. September 2007. Archived from
2627:Life and Death of Alfred Wegener
2603:https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00909
1749:Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche
1479:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1286:
1272:
1258:
1244:
1230:
275:
260:
3293:(in Ukrainian). 6 December 2022
3466:Crease, Robert (August 2012).
3223:"History of Moscow University"
2790:Sutherland, Christine (1984).
349:. His spheres of science were
1:
3589:"Lomonosov and world science"
3316:Menshutkin, Boris N. (1952).
1724:Christian Wolff (philosopher)
1133:Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line
1044:Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya
792:forum. His telescope had its
271:Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov
97:Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
3897:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1931:Pushkin's Lyric Intelligence
1645:Lomonossow, Michail (1961).
942:. In 1754, in his letter to
401:, on an island not far from
87:Portrait by G. Prenner, 1787
3866:
2768:. MJF Books. p. 1104.
2294:Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004).
1825:Lomonosov, Mikhail (2012).
1729:Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov
1656:Lomonosov, Michail (2015).
1619:Lomonosov, Mikhail (2018).
1600:Lomonosov, Mikhail (2017).
1579:Lomonosov, Mikhail (2012).
1560:Lomonosov, Mikhail (2012).
1539:Lomonosov, Mikhail (1970).
1520:Lomonosov, Mikhail (1966).
1505:Lomonosov, Mikhail (1767).
1376:, the first of a series of
962:In 1755, Lomonosov wrote a
958:Grammarian, poet, historian
919:A first ever spring-driven
790:Russian Academy of Sciences
593:Russian Academy of Sciences
323:Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов
5274:
5253:Enlightenment philosophers
5238:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy alumni
3492:10.1088/2058-7058/25/08/25
3368:10.1088/2058-7058/24/11/32
2149:(February 2012), vol. 65,
1828:On the Strata of the Earth
1582:On the Strata of the Earth
1023:The grave of Lomonosov in
857:On The Strata of the Earth
490:Slavic Greek Latin Academy
399:Archangelgorod Governorate
152:Slavic Greek Latin Academy
115:Archangelgorod Governorate
37:In this name that follows
36:
32:Lomonosov (disambiguation)
29:
5128:18th-century male writers
4954:
4017:
4006:
3911:Methodological skepticism
3802:
3798:
3787:
3738:21 September 2020 at the
3658:10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x
3521:10.1007/s00016-013-0113-5
3399:10.1134/S1990478911020013
2820:"IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer"
2561:10.1134/S0038094613060038
2465:10.1134/S0038094613060038
2411:10.1134/S0038094613060038
2321:10.1017/S1743921305001390
2188:10.1179/amb.1962.10.3.119
1651:. Berlin-Akademie Verlag.
1069:bear his name, as does a
968:Russian literary language
700:, and stated the idea of
496:Lomonosov lived on three
379:Russian literary language
322:
259:
250:
173:
169:Elizabeth Christine Zilch
80:
71:
5148:Enlightenment scientists
2228:. Springer. p. 41.
1754:Johann Daniel Schumacher
1739:Gerhard Friedrich Müller
1011:, plaster, before 1793,
679:Law of Mass Conservation
325:; 19 November [
72:
5188:Grammarians from Russia
3726:16 October 2019 at the
3675:5 December 2020 at the
2633:11 January 2008 at the
2133:30 January 2018 at the
1384:Moscow State University
698:kinetic theory of gases
546:University of Göttingen
476:The Lomonosov house in
3961:
3895:
3861:Enlightened absolutism
3852:
3686:Lomonosov and His Time
3670:Сайт о М.В. Ломоносове
3501:Physics in Perspective
3083:"Patronage of science"
2888:"Lomonosov Gold Medal"
2741:, by Michail Lomonosov
1759:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
1185:
1137:Saint Petersburg Metro
1129:Lomonosovskaya Station
1035:
1029:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
1016:
923:
855:In 1763, he published
828:, he demonstrated the
781:
725:
702:conservation of matter
659:
656:Catherine II of Russia
642:Science and inventions
560:
518:St. Petersburg Academy
481:
442:Modern Church Slavonic
235:St. Petersburg Academy
156:St. Petersburg Academy
3827:Counter-Enlightenment
3700:13 March 2013 at the
2670:"Lomonosov biography"
2531:Solar System Research
2435:Solar System Research
2381:Solar System Research
1769:Stepan Krasheninnikov
1687:10.1515/9783110424065
1203:On 19 November 2011,
1179:
1109:Staro-Kalinkin Bridge
1022:
1006:
918:
812:Chemistry and geology
806:Herschelian telescope
775:
720:
654:
577:Ode on the Taking of
554:
522:University of Marburg
475:
444:(a grammar book) and
385:Early life and family
160:University of Marburg
3781:Age of Enlightenment
3714:13 June 2013 at the
2890:(in Russian). ras.ru
2840:on 11 September 2008
2637:by Alexey Fedorchuk
2222:Pismen, Len (2018).
1927:Andrew Kahn (2008).
1912:. Mir. p. 161.
1499:English translations
1180:Lomonosov statue in
1123:Lomonosov Gold Medal
1025:Lazarevskoe Cemetery
786:reflecting telescope
343:conservation of mass
4787:Feijóo y Montenegro
4738:Vorontsova-Dashkova
3513:2013PhP....15..391C
3484:2012PhyW...25h..16C
3449:2012PhT....65b..40S
3360:2011PhyW...24k..21C
2961:. 19 November 2011.
2553:2013SoSyR..47..487K
2504:2013PhT....66b..64S
2457:2013SoSyR..47..487K
2403:2013SoSyR..47..487K
2349:2012JAHH...15....3P
2312:2005tvnv.conf..209M
2265:2014JAHH...17...85S
2086:Mir: Moscow, 1980.
1779:Vasily Trediakovsky
1639:German translations
1216:Academy of Sciences
1198:full-scale invasion
591:granted him by the
510:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
438:Meletius Smotrytsky
339:atmosphere of Venus
3926:Natural philosophy
3468:"Transit Watching"
3177:. 19 December 2019
3175:World Nuclear News
2073:Mir: Moscow, 1980.
1703:on 30 January 2018
1515:for T. Snelling. .
1373:Akademik Lomonosov
1186:
1116:Domodedovo Airport
1079:Mikhailo Lomonosov
1046:, the wife of the
1036:
1017:
1015:. Saint-Petersburg
966:that reformed the
924:
782:
726:
660:
561:
482:
347:chemical reactions
201:physical chemistry
4982:
4981:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3975:Scientific method
3832:Critical thinking
3582:978-3-631-61797-7
3458:10.1063/PT.3.1438
3290:Ukrayinska Pravda
2909:Hamilton, Simon.
2805:978-0-374-23727-1
2668:Elena Lavrenova.
2512:10.1063/pt.3.1894
2235:978-3-319-99777-3
2100:978-0-8285-2895-5
1838:978-0-8137-2485-0
1696:978-3-11-042406-5
1592:978-0-8137-2485-0
1488:
1474:
1460:
1446:
1423:Alexander Pushkin
1365:
1351:
1337:
1323:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1239:
1144:Maskavas Forštate
1073:and the asteroid
1059:Lomonosov, Russia
952:Battle of Poltava
897:Northeast Passage
877:continental drift
683:chemical reaction
672:Antoine Lavoisier
668:phlogiston theory
617:Moscow University
557:Battle of Poltava
397:in his honor, in
268:
267:
241:Academic advisors
175:Scientific career
119:Tsardom of Russia
66:Mikhail Lomonosov
16:(Redirected from
5265:
5248:Transit of Venus
5208:Paleogeographers
5095:
5094:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4990:
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4970:
4019:
4008:
3966:
3900:
3871:
3857:
3800:
3789:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3691:
3682:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3573:
3532:
3495:
3462:
3460:
3427:
3410:
3392:
3371:
3331:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
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3160:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
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3134:
3123:
3117:
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3114:
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3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3079:
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3068:
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3013:
3007:
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3002:
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2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2917:on 26 June 2011.
2913:. Archived from
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2546:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2514:. Archived from
2483:
2477:
2476:
2450:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2396:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1801:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1699:. Archived from
1671:
1652:
1634:
1632:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1575:
1573:
1556:
1535:
1516:
1511:. Translated by
1486:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1234:
1168:
1105:
1093:Lomonosov Bridge
1052:Sergei Volkonsky
1033:Saint Petersburg
893:Vasili Chichagov
883:(he argued that
802:William Herschel
730:transit of Venus
723:transit of Venus
632:State Councillor
599:Return to Russia
532:Education abroad
446:Leonty Magnitsky
393:, later renamed
365:, history, art,
324:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
264:
137:Saint Petersburg
132:
107:19 November 1711
106:
104:
85:
75:
74:Михаил Ломоносов
62:
21:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4964:
4942:
4904:
4806:
4763:
4742:
4689:
4658:
4654:Carvalho e Melo
4642:
4589:
4523:
4475:
4439:
4406:
4325:
4284:
4128:
4013:
3994:
3980:Spanish America
3854:Encyclopédistes
3817:Civil liberties
3794:
3783:
3778:
3740:Wayback Machine
3728:Wayback Machine
3716:Wayback Machine
3702:Wayback Machine
3689:
3680:
3677:Wayback Machine
3666:
3609:
3607:
3593:Physics-Uspekhi
3586:
3554:10.2307/2492939
3538:Russian grammar
3535:
3498:
3465:
3430:
3413:
3374:
3341:
3338:
3336:Further reading
3315:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2716:М.А. Безбородое
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2650:Eduard Belcher
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:Wayback Machine
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2587:Name in Russian
2582:
2580:
2576:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:on 4 July 2013.
2485:
2484:
2480:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2162:Menshutkin 1952
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2135:Wayback Machine
2125:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2058:Menshutkin 1952
2056:
2035:
2029:Menshutkin 1952
2027:
2023:
2017:Menshutkin 1952
2015:
2011:
2005:Menshutkin 1952
2003:
1996:
1990:Menshutkin 1952
1988:
1984:
1978:Menshutkin 1952
1976:
1972:
1966:Menshutkin 1952
1964:
1957:
1947:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:Menshutkin 1952
1894:
1890:
1884:Menshutkin 1952
1882:
1873:
1867:Menshutkin 1952
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1774:Stepan Rumovsky
1719:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1644:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1415:Russian culture
1400:USSR State Bank
1366:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1162:
1099:
1087:Lomonosov Ridge
1081:after him. The
1075:1379 Lomonosowa
1040:Nikolay Raevsky
1001:
984:sound symbolism
972:Church Slavonic
960:
948:Peter the Great
936:
913:
869:
814:
715:
649:
644:
601:
538:Christian Wolff
534:
470:
387:
371:optical devices
351:natural science
341:and the law of
278:
274:
245:Christian Wolff
185:Natural science
158:
154:
148:Alma mater
143:
134:
130:
121:
108:
102:
100:
99:
98:
88:
76:
73:
67:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:Russian deists
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4124:Wollstonecraft
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3704:
3692:
3683:
3665:
3664:External links
3662:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3637:978-1618111739
3629:
3616:
3599:(5): 720–728.
3595:(in Russian).
3584:
3574:
3548:(2): 328–332.
3533:
3507:(4): 391–414.
3496:
3463:
3428:
3411:
3383:(2): 155–162.
3372:
3344:"Mikhail Who?"
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3276:
3254:
3232:
3214:
3203:on 9 June 2019
3188:
3162:
3140:
3118:
3096:
3074:
3052:
3030:
3008:
2986:
2964:
2946:
2920:
2901:
2879:
2851:
2811:
2804:
2782:
2774:
2754:
2743:
2731:
2705:
2683:
2672:. Foxdesign.ru
2660:
2642:
2618:
2614:Lomonosov M.V.
2606:
2599:Lomonosov M.V.
2591:
2574:
2537:(6): 487–490.
2521:
2478:
2441:(6): 487–490.
2424:
2387:(6): 487–490.
2370:
2327:
2286:
2241:
2234:
2214:
2193:
2182:(3): 119–127.
2166:
2164:, p. 120.
2154:
2138:
2119:
2103:
2075:
2062:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1955:
1945:
1919:
1900:
1888:
1871:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1814:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1672:
1667:978-3110424072
1666:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1557:
1552:978-0674574205
1551:
1536:
1531:978-0391009059
1530:
1517:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1200:into Ukraine.
1071:crater on Mars
1013:Russian Museum
1000:
997:
978:, notably the
959:
956:
944:Leonhard Euler
935:
932:
926:The idea of a
912:
909:
895:) to find the
889:Southern Ocean
868:
865:
813:
810:
794:primary mirror
778:St. Petersburg
714:
711:
707:Leonhard Euler
648:
645:
643:
640:
636:Table of Ranks
600:
597:
581:from the Turks
533:
530:
469:
466:
386:
383:
266:
265:
257:
256:
252:
251:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
182:
178:
177:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
149:
145:
144:
141:Russian Empire
135:
133:(aged 53)
127:
123:
122:
109:
96:
94:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5270:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4988:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4953:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4910:United States
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Budai-Deleanu
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
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4436:
4433:
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4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
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4390:
4388:
4385:
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4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
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4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
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4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
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4228:
4226:
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4218:
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4213:
4211:
4208:
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4198:
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4191:
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4178:
4176:
4173:
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4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Ashley-Cooper
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4005:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Progressivism
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Individualism
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:Slavic Review
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:Physics World
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:Physics Today
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:Physics World
3345:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3265:. colnect.com
3264:
3258:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3151:. colnect.com
3150:
3144:
3141:
3129:. colnect.com
3128:
3122:
3119:
3107:. colnect.com
3106:
3100:
3097:
3085:. colnect.com
3084:
3078:
3075:
3063:. colnect.com
3062:
3056:
3053:
3041:. colnect.com
3040:
3034:
3031:
3019:. colnect.com
3018:
3012:
3009:
2997:. colnect.com
2996:
2990:
2987:
2975:. colnect.com
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2866:Russia Beyond
2862:
2855:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2775:9781567311525
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Physics Today
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:(1): 85–112.
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:Physics Today
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:0-8285-2895-0
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:, p. 24.
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:, p. 23.
2018:
2013:
2010:
2007:, p. 17.
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:, p. 20.
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:, p. 16.
1979:
1974:
1971:
1968:, p. 15.
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:9780191552939
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 13.
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 12.
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:, p. 11.
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Franz Aepinus
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1209:Google Doodle
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
993:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:by combining
969:
965:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
928:coaxial rotor
922:
921:coaxial rotor
917:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
770:
766:
764:
763:third contact
759:
757:
751:
747:
744:
738:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
710:
708:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
657:
653:
646:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
613:Ivan Shuvalov
610:
605:
598:
596:
594:
588:
584:
582:
580:
574:
570:
566:
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
542:Enlightenment
539:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
479:
474:
467:
465:
461:
459:
455:
454:Old Believers
451:
447:
443:
439:
433:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Mishaninskaya
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
314:
272:
263:
258:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:15 April 1765
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:Mishaninskaya
95:
91:
84:
79:
70:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4958:
4722:
4703:Catherine II
4155:Beaumarchais
3985:Universality
3956:Reductionism
3903:
3880:Human rights
3707:
3690:(in Russian)
3681:(in Russian)
3608:. Retrieved
3596:
3592:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3504:
3500:
3475:
3471:
3443:(2): 40–46.
3440:
3436:
3423:
3419:
3380:
3376:
3351:
3347:
3318:
3295:. Retrieved
3288:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3226:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2967:
2958:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2923:
2915:the original
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2864:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2814:
2793:
2785:
2764:
2757:
2746:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2715:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2663:
2657:(in Russian)
2651:
2645:
2639:(in Russian)
2626:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2583:(in Russian)
2577:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:the original
2495:
2491:
2481:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2224:
2217:
2203:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2146:
2141:
2122:
2114:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2024:
2012:
1985:
1973:
1950:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1827:
1807:
1799:
1744:Ivan Kulibin
1705:. Retrieved
1701:the original
1677:
1657:
1647:
1620:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1541:
1521:
1507:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1220:Ekaterina II
1213:
1202:
1187:
1173:and lawyer.
1146:district of
1141:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1091:
1067:lunar crater
1057:The city of
1056:
1037:
990:
988:
979:
961:
951:
937:
925:
899:between the
870:
861:James Hutton
856:
854:
815:
783:
767:
760:
752:
748:
739:
727:
691:
687:
677:That is the
676:
664:Robert Boyle
661:
621:
615:in founding
606:
602:
589:
585:
576:
569:Robert Boyle
562:
535:
524:and then in
495:
483:
462:
449:
441:
434:
431:
388:
270:
269:
231:Institutions
174:
131:(1765-04-15)
59:
54:
46:
5118:1765 deaths
5113:1711 births
5085:Outer space
4960:Romanticism
4782:Charles III
4623:Poniatowski
4560:Leeuwenhoek
4540:de la Court
4528:Netherlands
4372:Mendelssohn
4367:Lichtenberg
4245:Montesquieu
3963:Sapere aude
3946:Rationalism
3941:Rationality
3931:Objectivity
3181:1 September
2751:hist.msu.ru
2306:: 209–219.
1804:"Lomonosov"
1427:Maxim Gorky
1393:Petrography
1163: [
1100: [
1063:Oranienbaum
911:Engineering
743:RIA Novosti
694:wave theory
514:scholarship
411:Pustozyorsk
407:Arkhangelsk
51:family name
47:Vasilyevich
5107:Categories
4802:Villarroel
4797:Jovellanos
4733:Radishchev
4680:Micu-Klein
4618:Niemcewicz
4585:Swammerdam
4575:Nieuwentyt
4565:Mandeville
4420:Farmakidis
4306:Burlamaqui
4215:La Mettrie
4190:Fontenelle
4145:d'Argenson
4140:d'Alembert
4064:Harrington
3990:Utopianism
3890:Liberalism
3847:Empiricism
3822:Classicism
3812:Capitalism
3610:24 October
3354:(11): 21.
3328:B0007DKTQU
3297:6 December
3269:2 February
3247:2 February
3155:2 February
3133:2 February
3111:2 February
3089:2 February
3067:2 February
3045:2 February
3023:2 February
3001:2 February
2979:2 February
2894:2 February
2694:. narfu.ru
1786:References
1707:29 January
1630:1801.00909
1611:1709.08847
1061:(formerly
1048:Decembrist
881:Antarctica
832:origin of
756:black drop
450:Arithmetic
403:Kholmogory
395:Lomonosovo
363:mineralogy
213:mineralogy
209:geophysics
103:1711-11-19
43:patronymic
5061:Astronomy
5037:Geography
5025:Chemistry
5001:Biography
4923:Jefferson
4865:Hutcheson
4754:Obradović
4723:Lomonosov
4718:Kheraskov
4628:Śniadecki
4392:Weishaupt
4387:Thomasius
4377:Pufendorf
4220:Lavoisier
4205:d'Holbach
4200:Helvétius
4180:Descartes
4175:Condorcet
4170:Condillac
4104:Priestley
3921:Modernity
3842:Democracy
3625:0931-0444
3605:1063-7869
3570:163610178
3529:120066473
3478:(8): 16.
3390:1104.2783
3207:4 January
2939:6 January
2569:119201160
2544:1208.5286
2498:(2): 64.
2473:119201160
2448:1208.5286
2419:119201160
2394:1208.5286
1791:Citations
1571:1206.3489
1407:Ukrainian
1114:Moscow's
1065:), and a
1009:F. Shubin
873:geography
867:Geography
842:petroleum
826:evolution
735:Willy Ley
713:Astronomy
609:chemistry
565:chemistry
480:, Germany
468:Education
367:philology
355:chemistry
255:Signature
221:philology
193:chemistry
189:Astronomy
55:Lomonosov
18:Lomonosov
4973:Category
4918:Franklin
4885:Playfair
4855:Ferguson
4812:Scotland
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