262:
964:
603:(Gilyak, Amuric), another Paleo-Siberian language, is related to Chukotko-Kamchatkan on the basis of morphological, typological, and lexical evidence as the closest relative of Chukotko-Kamchatkan and came to prefer an interpretation of the similarities to Uralo-Siberian through language contact. Together, Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Nivkh could form a larger Chukotko-Kamchatkan-Amuric language family, and their common ancestor might have been spoken 4000 years ago.
340:
832:
36:
215:
534:
of lexemes, grammatical formatives, and vowel systems (see
Greenberg 2000–2002), rather than on the prevailing view that regular sound correspondences that are linked to a wide array of lexemes and grammatical formatives are the only valid means to establish
3897:
459:
The
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages have no generally accepted relation to any other language family. There are several theories about possible relationships to existing or hypothetical language families.
472:, a catch-all term for language groups with no identified relationship to one another that are believed to represent remnants of the language map of Siberia prior to the advances of
321:
are ambiguous, since the three terms are sometimes used to refer specifically to the family's northern branch; the last two names are portmanteau words referring to both branches.
734:
Fortescue 2011, p. 1361: "I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to , although I believe that some of the lexical evidence will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion."
866:
836:
3095:
382:. Almost all speakers are bilingual in Russian, and few members of the ethnic groups associated with the languages born after 1970 speak any language but Russian.
53:
3230:
3947:
1197:
3887:
594:
637:
4092:
859:
219:
The distribution of
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages (red) in the 17th century (hatching, approximate) and at the end of the 20th century (solid).
332:) has been in wide use since 1775 as a name for the family, although it is properly the self-designation of one of its constituent languages,
2720:
254:, with less than a hundred speakers left. The Chukotkan branch had close to 7,000 speakers left (as of 2010, the majority being speakers of
100:
2610:
2191:
72:
1692:
4102:
617:
536:
375:
The relationship of the
Chukotkan languages to Itelmen is at best distant, and has been met with only partial acceptance by scholars.
173:
2877:
79:
4117:
852:
119:
3970:
2853:
4097:
3223:
2092:
3812:
3800:
277:, no external genetic relationship has been widely accepted as proven. The most popular such proposals have been for links with
2011:
1947:
1190:
235:
86:
2624:
2375:
1866:
57:
3877:
2737:
1872:
4027:
4017:
4012:
3489:
3484:
3090:
1697:
1483:
1477:
368:. Chukotkan is considered anywhere from three to five languages, whereas there is only one surviving Kamchatkan language,
68:
3857:
2784:
2072:
4112:
4032:
4002:
3100:
3085:
2085:
1843:
1804:
3882:
2859:
1717:
3980:
3321:
3216:
3080:
3074:
2132:
2050:
2023:
1727:
948:
2646:
2104:
1762:
1722:
1712:
574:
508:
4107:
3649:
2307:
1902:
1732:
1418:
1183:
1074:
941:
2865:
2841:
2816:
2789:
2772:
1680:
1251:
46:
4047:
4042:
4037:
3905:
3827:
3822:
3478:
3464:
3239:
3058:
1782:
1737:
1707:
1206:
3588:
2537:
2369:
1424:
1240:
3872:
3817:
3418:
3307:
3105:
2912:
2549:
1431:
1062:
875:
582:
261:
3686:
3581:
3531:
3510:
3501:
3383:
3300:
3260:
2110:
2035:
1438:
1388:
666:
500:
469:
274:
242:. Its speakers traditionally were indigenous hunter-gatherers and reindeer-herders. Chukotko-Kamchatkan is
93:
3842:
3837:
3602:
3574:
3565:
3524:
3124:
2972:
2767:
2762:
2543:
2496:
2126:
2043:
1702:
1686:
1494:
1395:
1258:
1234:
1124:
1111:
270:
3595:
1460:
3994:
3867:
3847:
3390:
3328:
3170:
3068:
2757:
2560:
2350:
2339:
2301:
1908:
1882:
1787:
1777:
1376:
1227:
1142:
662:
641:
527:
2871:
2596:
963:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3805:
3659:
3472:
3356:
3145:
3030:
2902:
2710:
2683:
2666:
2634:
2532:
2246:
2171:
2098:
1877:
1854:
1826:
1757:
1668:
1449:
927:
492:
395:
365:
190:
4022:
3795:
3780:
3715:
3517:
3439:
3349:
3342:
3293:
3251:
2922:
2826:
2726:
2715:
2677:
2656:
2554:
2513:
2288:
2270:
2264:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2138:
2121:
1860:
1526:
1513:
1407:
1357:
1214:
1117:
972:
892:
523:
420:
361:
344:
243:
214:
185:
3756:
3710:
3625:
3620:
3615:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2778:
2747:
2742:
2695:
2689:
2640:
2585:
2508:
2392:
2356:
2317:
2259:
2066:
2061:
1772:
1531:
1500:
1466:
1454:
1413:
1288:
1132:
1047:
477:
2933:
2896:
530:, it remains very controversial. Part of the reason is that the Eurasiatic hypothesis rests on
3960:
3937:
3932:
3910:
3852:
3630:
3553:
3446:
2938:
2927:
2907:
2847:
2752:
2732:
2671:
2651:
2362:
2323:
2294:
2282:
2219:
2165:
2143:
2116:
2056:
2029:
1848:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1640:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1444:
1362:
1276:
1245:
1032:
570:
550:
516:
247:
278:
3922:
3915:
3862:
3790:
3785:
3742:
3735:
3665:
3609:
3547:
3453:
3425:
3411:
3397:
3314:
3286:
3274:
3267:
3155:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2917:
2810:
2705:
2629:
2567:
2519:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2415:
2399:
2334:
2329:
2312:
2253:
2147:
2079:
1990:
1957:
1935:
1925:
1821:
1793:
1742:
1663:
1647:
1633:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1554:
1536:
1520:
1506:
1328:
1311:
935:
905:
900:
781:
717:
578:
542:
504:
488:
473:
435:
425:
412:
379:
369:
333:
255:
150:
3749:
3700:
3654:
3537:
3432:
3404:
3363:
3280:
3150:
3025:
3010:
2979:
2700:
2661:
2526:
2472:
2344:
2206:
1972:
1967:
1832:
1747:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1583:
1488:
1471:
1270:
1090:
1056:
917:
817:
Indo-European and Its
Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 2, Lexicon
810:
Indo-European and Its
Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1, Grammar
531:
430:
357:
251:
163:
157:
772:
Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to
Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited".
339:
3927:
3695:
3160:
3020:
2989:
2960:
2591:
2477:
2460:
2410:
2405:
2276:
2213:
1983:
1977:
1897:
1892:
1838:
1815:
1560:
1382:
1339:
1322:
1316:
1294:
1282:
1166:
1106:
1018:
911:
600:
554:
512:
440:
831:
205:
4086:
3044:
2984:
2966:
2482:
2466:
2420:
2177:
1997:
1962:
1952:
1930:
1887:
1752:
1333:
1265:
1068:
1025:
1011:
993:
705:
3832:
3640:
3374:
1941:
987:
794:
743:
785:
721:
581:, Yukaghir, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo–Aleut calling this proposed grouping
343:
Map of the
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages. Languages with labels accompanied by a
546:
496:
35:
3208:
4007:
3726:
3676:
3542:
1588:
1175:
612:
519:, sometimes classed as "Paleosiberian" languages, to the Eurasiatic family.
199:
844:
17:
491:
identifies
Chukotko-Kamchatkan (which he names Chukotian) as a member of
3243:
1148:
558:
239:
3335:
3165:
3063:
468:
The
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are sometimes classified among the
338:
260:
356:
The Chukotko-Kamchatkan family consists of two distantly related
1137:
3212:
3184:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
1179:
848:
378:
All the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are under pressure from
265:
The language family tree of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages.
29:
577:
as well as in Chukotko-Kamchatkan, argued for a link between
706:"The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited"
522:
While the Eurasiatic hypothesis has been well received by
793:
Gell-Mann, Murray; Ilia Peiros; George Starostin (2009).
795:"Distant Language Relationship: The Current Perspective"
281:, either alone or in the context of a wider grouping.
258:), with a reported total ethnic population of 25,000.
443:
407:
401:
3993:
3946:
3896:
3769:
3724:
3684:
3675:
3639:
3564:
3500:
3463:
3373:
3250:
3138:
3115:
3043:
2887:
2609:
2577:
2495:
2384:
2190:
2157:
2010:
1918:
1662:
1576:
1353:
1304:
1213:
1099:
1083:
1046:
1003:
980:
971:
926:
891:
882:
289:Less commonly encountered names for the family are
198:
179:
169:
156:
144:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
838:Appendix:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan reconstructions
27:Endangered language family of the Russian Far East
3224:
1191:
860:
8:
4068:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3194:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3773:
3681:
3231:
3217:
3209:
3051:
2617:
2501:
2198:
2016:
1673:
1368:
1219:
1198:
1184:
1176:
977:
888:
867:
853:
845:
762:Comparative Chukotko–Kamchatkan Dictionary
599:In 2011, Fortescue instead suggested that
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
553:group Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages and
755:Language Relations Across Bering Strait
693:Language Relations Across Bering Strait
629:
511:, among others. Greenberg also assigns
819:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
812:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
269:While the family is sometimes grouped
131:
385:The accepted classification is this:
178:
7:
595:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages
539:(see for instance Baldi 2002:2–19).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
455:Relation to other language families
25:
962:
830:
802:Journal of Language Relationship
704:Fortescue, Michael (June 2011).
213:
34:
140:Chukchi–Kamchatkan, Luorawetlan
69:"Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages"
45:needs additional citations for
768:23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1:
4093:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
835:The dictionary definition of
815:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2002).
808:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2000).
786:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001
750:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
722:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001
232:Chukchi–Kamchatkan languages
760:Fortescue, Michael (2005).
757:. London: Cassell & Co.
753:Fortescue, Michael (1998).
246:. The Kamchatkan branch is
162:One of the world's primary
4134:
3888:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
592:
589:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
4103:History of Northeast Asia
4056:
3776:
3179:
3054:
2620:
2504:
2201:
2019:
1676:
1371:
1222:
1207:Primary language families
1160:
960:
638:"Russian National Census"
618:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
212:
174:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
158:Linguistic classification
139:
4118:Paleo-Siberian languages
2024:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
876:Paleo-Siberian languages
748:The Foundations of Latin
238:of extreme northeastern
4098:Agglutinative languages
4065:have no living members.
3948:East and Southeast Asia
3191:have no living members.
667:Demographics of Siberia
561:instead of Eurasiatic.
470:Paleosiberian languages
3171:Unclassified languages
3125:list of sign languages
2093:Northeastern Tasmanian
691:Fortescue, M. (1998).
348:
273:and geographically as
266:
250:, represented only by
3146:Constructed languages
766:Trends in Linguistics
663:Russian Census (2010)
342:
264:
1693:Binanderean–Goilalan
537:genetic relationship
54:improve this article
4113:Languages of Russia
3706:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3490:Northwest Caucasian
3485:Northeast Caucasian
2975:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
2878:Tequiraca–Canichana
2721:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1484:Northwest Caucasian
1478:Northeast Caucasian
1402:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
884:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
415:(Western Kamchadal)
400:Southern Kamchadal
391:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
228:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
135:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3971:Austronesian–Ongan
3770:Proposed groupings
2597:Tarascan/Purépecha
2086:Northern Tasmanian
1844:South Bougainville
1805:North Bougainville
949:Southern Kamchadal
573:, a specialist in
406:Eastern Kamchadal
349:
267:
4108:Language families
4080:
4079:
3989:
3988:
3981:Sino-Austronesian
3765:
3764:
3240:Language families
3206:
3205:
3156:Language isolates
3134:
3133:
3039:
3038:
2605:
2604:
2491:
2490:
2186:
2185:
2133:Western Tasmanian
2051:Eastern Tasmanian
2006:
2005:
1728:East Geelvink Bay
1658:
1657:
1349:
1348:
1173:
1172:
1167:extinct languages
1075:Southern Yukaghir
1042:
1041:
958:
957:
942:Eastern Kamchadal
936:(Western) Itelmen
644:on 6 October 2021
571:Michael Fortescue
551:Georgiy Starostin
528:Indo-Europeanists
285:Alternative names
224:
223:
164:language families
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4125:
4048:Proto-Euphratean
3774:
3682:
3650:Great Andamanese
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3052:
3006:Huaorani/Waorani
2890:(extant in 2000)
2854:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2625:Andoque–Urequena
2618:
2502:
2308:Plateau Penutian
2199:
2174:(Northern Daly?)
2017:
1903:Northwest Papuan
1867:Trans–New Guinea
1733:East New Britain
1708:Central Solomons
1674:
1419:Great Andamanese
1369:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
978:
966:
889:
869:
862:
855:
846:
834:
805:
799:
789:
780:(8): 1359–1376.
735:
732:
726:
725:
716:(8): 1359–1376.
701:
695:
689:
683:
676:
670:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
640:. Archived from
634:
543:Murray Gell-Mann
489:Joseph Greenberg
445:
409:
403:
358:dialect clusters
347:(†) are extinct.
217:
208:
151:Russian Far East
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4052:
4043:Paleo-Laplandic
4038:Pre-Finno-Ugric
3985:
3942:
3906:Greater Siangic
3892:
3878:Uralic–Yukaghir
3828:Ibero-Caucasian
3823:Elamo-Dravidian
3761:
3720:
3671:
3635:
3560:
3496:
3479:North Caucasian
3459:
3369:
3308:Paleo-Sardinian
3246:
3237:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3175:
3161:Mixed languages
3130:
3111:
3046:
3035:
2889:
2883:
2738:Katembri–Taruma
2612:
2601:
2573:
2487:
2380:
2193:
2182:
2153:
2002:
1914:
1873:Turama–Kikorian
1783:Lower Mamberamo
1738:East Strickland
1666:
1654:
1572:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1300:
1209:
1204:
1174:
1169:
1156:
1095:
1079:
1063:Tundra Yukaghir
1038:
999:
967:
954:
922:
878:
873:
827:
822:
797:
792:
771:
739:
738:
733:
729:
703:
702:
698:
690:
686:
677:
673:
661:
657:
647:
645:
636:
635:
631:
626:
609:
597:
591:
567:
532:mass comparison
486:
466:
457:
452:
354:
287:
252:Western Itelmen
236:language family
220:
204:
146:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Uralo-Siberian
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Serbi–Mongolic
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Dravido-Korean
3815:
3813:Dené–Yeniseian
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3801:Dené–Caucasian
3798:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3419:Hurro-Urartian
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3301:Paleo-Corsican
3297:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Indo-Pakistani
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Piaroa–Saliban
2782:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2550:Tequistlatecan
2547:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2073:Marrku–Wurrugu
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1432:Hurro-Urartian
1428:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
984:
982:
975:
969:
968:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
952:
945:
938:
932:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
908:
903:
897:
895:
886:
880:
879:
874:
872:
871:
864:
857:
849:
843:
842:
826:
825:External links
823:
821:
820:
813:
806:
790:
769:
758:
751:
740:
737:
736:
727:
696:
684:
671:
655:
628:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
608:
605:
590:
587:
583:Uralo-Siberian
566:
565:Uralo-Siberian
563:
499:that includes
485:
482:
465:
462:
456:
453:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
438:
433:
428:
418:
417:
416:
410:
404:
387:
353:
350:
328:(also spelled
286:
283:
222:
221:
218:
210:
209:
202:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
170:Proto-language
167:
166:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Eskimo–Uralic
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:Paleosiberian
3683:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:Austroasiatic
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:Austroasiatic
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:Indo-European
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:Indo-European
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:Indo-European
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Original Thai
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:Hibito–Cholón
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2376:Yuman–CochimĂ
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:Southern Daly
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:Darwin Region
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Demta–Sentani
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:Indo-European
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:Austroasiatic
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
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841:at Wiktionary
840:
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744:Baldi, Philip
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560:
556:
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548:
544:
540:
538:
533:
529:
525:
524:Nostraticists
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Indo-European
498:
495:, a proposed
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
464:Paleosiberian
463:
461:
454:
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324:In addition,
322:
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316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:Paleosiberian
272:
271:typologically
263:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4069:
4062:
4061:Families in
4018:Pre-Goidelic
4013:Pre-Germanic
3843:Indo-Semitic
3838:Indo-Pacific
3833:Indo-Hittite
3748:
3741:
3734:
3705:
3664:
3641:Indian Ocean
3608:
3603:Austronesian
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3575:Sino-Tibetan
3573:
3552:
3530:
3525:Sino-Tibetan
3523:
3516:
3509:
3477:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3329:North Picene
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3195:
3188:
3187:Families in
3122:
3073:
2971:
2959:
2809:
2777:
2768:Pano-Tacanan
2725:
2688:
2676:
2647:Arutani–Sape
2639:
2584:
2566:
2559:
2544:Oto-Manguean
2542:
2525:
2518:
2465:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2398:
2391:
2368:
2361:
2349:
2322:
2300:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2212:
2205:
2164:
2131:
2127:Western Daly
2105:Pama–Nyungan
2103:
2091:
2084:
2071:
2049:
2044:Eastern Daly
2042:
2034:
1989:
1865:
1853:
1831:
1814:
1792:
1763:Kaure–Kosare
1723:Doso–Turumsa
1713:Chimbu–Wahgi
1703:Bulaka River
1687:Austronesian
1685:
1646:
1639:
1620:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1495:Sino-Tibetan
1493:
1476:
1459:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1406:
1401:
1396:Austronesian
1394:
1387:
1375:
1321:
1259:Nilo-Saharan
1257:
1250:
1235:Austronesian
1233:
1226:
1162:
1147:
1123:
1116:
1067:
1055:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
992:
947:
940:
910:
883:
837:
816:
809:
801:
777:
773:
765:
761:
754:
747:
730:
713:
709:
699:
692:
687:
679:
674:
658:
646:. Retrieved
642:the original
632:
598:
575:Eskimo–Aleut
568:
541:
521:
509:Eskimo–Aleut
487:
467:
458:
390:
384:
377:
374:
355:
329:
325:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:. Of these,
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
279:Eskimo–Aleut
268:
231:
227:
225:
180:Subdivisions
147:distribution
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3868:Ural-Altaic
3848:Indo-Uralic
3660:Sentinelese
3391:Afroasiatic
3357:Eteocypriot
3081:Germanosign
2985:Mura-PirahĂŁ
2866:Lule–Vilela
2842:Bora-Witoto
2817:Uru–Chipaya
2790:Ticuna–Yuri
2773:Peba–Yaguan
2758:Nambikwaran
2561:Uto-Aztecan
2497:Mesoamerica
2351:Uto-Aztecan
2340:Tsimshianic
2302:Palaihnihan
2172:Malak-Malak
1909:Papuan Gulf
1883:West Papuan
1788:Lower Sepik
1778:Lakes Plain
1681:Arai–Samaia
1669:the Pacific
1377:Afroasiatic
1252:Niger–Congo
1228:Afroasiatic
682:, pp. 13–30
665:; see also
547:Ilia Peiros
497:macrofamily
330:Luoravetlan
326:Luorawetlan
307:Kamchukotic
303:Kamchukchee
18:Luorawetlan
4087:Categories
4008:Pre-Celtic
3976:East Asian
3966:Austro-Tai
3956:Andamanese
3806:Eurasiatic
3727:North Asia
3677:North Asia
3589:Hmong–Mien
3543:Burushaski
3502:South Asia
3473:Kartvelian
3440:Philistine
3350:Eteocretan
3294:Tartessian
3075:Francosign
2923:Chiquitano
2903:Alacalufan
2711:Guaicuruan
2684:Chapacuran
2667:Cahuapanan
2635:Araucanian
2538:Mixe–Zoque
2533:Misumalpan
2247:Comecrudan
2099:Nyulnyulan
1878:Upper Yuat
1855:Torricelli
1827:Senu River
1758:Foja Range
1664:New Guinea
1589:Burushaski
1450:Kartvelian
1425:Hmong–Mien
1241:Khoe–Kwadi
928:Kamchatkan
678:Gell-Mann
624:References
593:See also:
493:Eurasiatic
484:Eurasiatic
396:Kamchatkan
366:Kamchatkan
244:endangered
191:Kamchatkan
145:Geographic
80:newspapers
4033:Pre-Vedic
4023:Pre-Greek
3995:Substrata
3898:Arunachal
3796:Nostratic
3781:Alarodian
3716:Yeniseian
3566:East Asia
3518:Dravidian
3375:West Asia
3343:Tyrsenian
3106:Tanzanian
3047:languages
2944:HodĂŻ/Joti
2888:Isolates
2827:Yanomaman
2763:Otomákoan
2727:Jirajaran
2716:Guajiboan
2678:Catacaoan
2657:Barbacoan
2586:Cuitlatec
2555:Totonacan
2514:Jicaquean
2393:Chimariko
2289:Muskogean
2271:Kalapuyan
2265:Iroquoian
2240:Chumashan
2233:Chinookan
2226:Chimakuan
2144:Yangmanic
2139:Worrorran
2122:Wagaydyic
2012:Australia
1861:Trans-Fly
1527:Yeniseian
1514:Tyrsenian
1408:Dravidian
1165:indicate
973:Yeniseian
893:Chukotkan
648:27 August
613:Kamchadal
569:In 1998,
526:and some
421:Chukotkan
362:Chukotkan
352:Languages
315:Chukotian
311:Chukchian
295:Chukotian
291:Chukchian
200:Glottolog
186:Chukotkan
4028:Vasconic
4003:Atlantic
3757:Eskaleut
3711:Yukaghir
3626:Koreanic
3621:Tungusic
3616:Mongolic
3554:Harappan
3465:Caucasus
3447:Sumerian
3322:Ligurian
3139:See also
3116:Isolates
3091:Japanese
3031:Yuracaré
2913:Candoshi
2872:Macro-JĂŞ
2837:Zaparoan
2832:Zamucoan
2822:Witotoan
2805:Tucanoan
2800:Tiniguan
2795:Timotean
2779:Quechuan
2748:Matacoan
2743:Mascoian
2733:Jivaroan
2696:Chibchan
2690:Charruan
2641:Arawakan
2578:Isolates
2509:Chibchan
2385:Isolates
2357:Wakashan
2318:Salishan
2260:Eskaleut
2166:Giimbiyu
2158:Isolates
2067:Jarrakan
2062:Iwaidjan
1919:Isolates
1773:Kutubuan
1641:Sumerian
1577:Isolates
1532:Yukaghir
1501:Tungusic
1467:Mongolic
1455:Koreanic
1414:Eskaleut
1305:Isolates
1289:Ubangian
1133:Eskaleut
1125:Sakhalin
1112:Hokkaido
1048:Yukaghir
1033:Pumpokol
1004:Southern
981:Northern
746:(2002).
607:See also
517:Yukaghir
478:Tungusic
319:Chukotan
299:Chukotan
248:moribund
206:chuk1271
110:May 2021
4063:italics
3961:Austric
3938:Kho-Bwa
3933:Hrusish
3911:Siangic
3853:Karasuk
3753: ?
3666:Kenaboi
3631:Japonic
3596:Kra–Dai
3557: ?
3548:Kusunda
3454:Elamite
3426:Kassite
3412:Kaskian
3315:Camunic
3287:Iberian
3244:Eurasia
3189:italics
3166:Pidgins
3151:Creoles
3101:Swedish
3069:Chinese
3016:Urarina
3001:Puinave
2955:Itonama
2949:Irantxe
2918:Chimane
2848:Chimuan
2753:Nadahup
2672:Cariban
2652:Aymaran
2613:America
2455:Waikuri
2448:Tonkawa
2441:Timucua
2434:Takelma
2427:Siuslaw
2416:Kutenai
2400:Esselen
2363:Wintuan
2324:Shastan
2295:Na-Dene
2283:Maiduan
2220:Caddoan
2194:America
2148:Wagiman
2146:(incl.
2117:Tangkic
2057:Garawan
2030:Bunuban
1991:Tambora
1958:Maybrat
1926:Abinomn
1849:Teberan
1810:Pauwasi
1800:Mairasi
1768:Kiwaian
1648:Tambora
1634:Shompen
1616:Kusunda
1609:Kenaboi
1595:Elamite
1567:Siangic
1549:Kho-Bwa
1543:Hrusish
1461:Kra–Dai
1445:Japonic
1354:Eurasia
1329:Sandawe
1312:Bangime
1277:Songhay
1163:Italics
1149:Sirenik
906:Chukchi
901:Alyutor
559:Almosan
436:Alyutor
426:Chukchi
413:Itelmen
380:Russian
370:Itelmen
334:Chukchi
256:Chukchi
240:Siberia
94:scholar
3923:Mijiic
3916:Digaro
3863:Pontic
3791:Borean
3786:Altaic
3750:Rouran
3743:Turkic
3736:Uralic
3725:Other
3610:Turkic
3538:Nihali
3433:Gutian
3405:Hattic
3398:Turkic
3364:Minoan
3336:Sicani
3281:Basque
3275:Turkic
3268:Uralic
3252:Europe
3064:BANZSL
3026:Yamana
3011:Trumai
2980:Movima
2934:FulniĂ´
2897:AikanĂŁ
2811:Tupian
2706:Chonan
2630:Arauan
2568:Xincan
2520:Lencan
2473:Yokuts
2370:Yukian
2335:Tanoan
2330:Siouan
2313:Pomoan
2254:Coosan
2080:Mirndi
1973:Porome
1968:Pawaia
1822:Senagi
1794:Madang
1743:Eleman
1698:Border
1629:Nihali
1622:Minoan
1602:Hattic
1584:Basque
1555:Mijiic
1537:Digaro
1521:Uralic
1507:Turkic
1358:Europe
1215:Africa
1143:Naukan
1100:Others
1057:Chuvan
918:Koryak
774:Lingua
710:Lingua
680:et al.
579:Uralic
549:, and
507:, and
505:Altaic
474:Turkic
431:Koryak
345:dagger
234:are a
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3701:Nivkh
3655:Ongan
3021:Warao
2990:Nukak
2961:Kunza
2939:GuatĂł
2928:Cofán
2908:Camsá
2701:Choco
2662:Boran
2611:South
2592:Huave
2527:Mayan
2478:Yuchi
2461:Washo
2411:Karuk
2406:Haida
2345:Utian
2277:Keres
2214:Alsea
2207:Algic
2192:North
1984:Taiap
1978:Sulka
1833:Sepik
1748:Engan
1489:Ongan
1472:Nivkh
1340:Shabo
1323:Jalaa
1317:Hadza
1271:Mande
1118:Kuril
1091:Nivkh
1084:Nivkh
1019:Assan
912:Kerek
798:(PDF)
601:Nivkh
557:with
555:Nivkh
513:Nivkh
441:Kerek
101:JSTOR
87:books
4070:bold
3928:Miju
3696:Ainu
3196:bold
3123:See
3059:Arab
3045:Sign
2996:Páez
2973:Maku
2967:Leco
2483:Zuni
2467:Yana
2421:Seri
2178:Tiwi
1998:Wiru
1963:Mpur
1953:Kuot
1936:AnĂŞm
1931:Abun
1898:Yuat
1893:Yawa
1839:Skou
1816:Ramu
1667:and
1561:Miju
1383:Ainu
1363:Asia
1361:and
1334:Laal
1295:Kadu
1283:Ijaw
1246:Kx'a
1138:Yuit
1107:Ainu
1069:Omok
1026:Kott
1012:Arin
994:Yugh
804:(1).
650:2024
515:and
476:and
364:and
317:and
305:and
226:The
73:news
3643:rim
3242:of
1948:Kol
1942:Ata
1888:Yam
1753:Fas
1266:Tuu
988:Ket
782:doi
778:121
718:doi
714:121
336:.
230:or
56:by
4089::
2150:)?
800:.
776:.
764:.
712:.
708:.
585:.
545:,
503:,
480:.
372:.
360:,
313:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
4072:.
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2899:?
2880:?
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